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g!/' POCC~Li1CK~lI1 ~HCT~TYTP~Cl1 CTPATEn-1l1ECKVlX VlCCJ1EAOBAH~Li1
HAHAHYHE- -BEIIIHDI BDIHbl:PDI:I:IR I MIP
MOCKBa 2014
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eT~JI CO-
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I'afipnaae HaTaJIHQHa, npenOAaBaTelIb yHwBeponeTa "Canaenua", Ha}"lHbIJ1
COTpYAHHK HCClIeAOBaTelIbCKOrO QeHTpa CEMAS (li1TaIIWR).
POCCIUI B Cl1CTEME ME)I(,[];YHAPO~HbIXOTHOIllEHl1M HAKAHYHE
IIEPBOM Ml1POBOM BOMHbI
1914 r. CTaJI rrepelIoMHbIM rO~OM B ~CTOpJ1J1 acero M~pa ~ HbIHe,
rro rrpolliecTB~~ CTOJIeT~R, npononxcaer OKa3bIBaTb BJI~RH~e Ha COCTO-
RH~e OTHOllieH~M Me)f(~y pa3lIWIHbIM~ rocy~apcTBaMliL EClI~ rOBOpJ1Tb
06 OCHOBHbIX reerax, xoropsre xapaKTepJ130BalIJ1 Me)f(~apO~Hyro no-
lI~T~Ky rrOClIe~HJ1X 20 JIeT, TO BJI~RH~e BTOpOM M~pOBOM BOMHbI B 3Ha-
tIHTeJIbHOM CTerreHJ1 COllilIO Ha HeT. (C pR~OM J1CKlIlO'feHJ1M, CBR3aHHbIX
B TOM 'f~CJIe c YTpaTOM CBO~X rr03~~J1M eBporreMCK11M~ CTpaHaM11 11ne-
p;aBH11M B03Bpal.I\eH~eM K pyccKo-aMep11KaHcKoMy rrpOT~BOCTORH111O
B pane per110HOB - Esporre, DJI11)f(HeM BOCTOKe, Ha rrOCTCOBeTCKOM rrpo-
CTpaHCTBe.) B TO BpeMR KaK Kp113~C pa3JIWIHbIX COCTaBlIRIOl.I\11X rrOJI11-
T11'feCKOMC~CTeMbI, C03p;aHHOM B 1919 r. 'fT06bI BOCCTaHOB~Tb M11pOBOM
()PR~OK, napyurennsrà BoeHHbIM KOH<PlI~KTOM, OKa3bIBaeT 60JIblliOe
BlI11RH11e~ Ha cospestenayto rvroòansnyro nomrrnxy.
TIpoBalI 11~e11 B~lIbCOHa o perylI11poBaH1111 Me)f(p;yHapo~HOM no-
lI~T~K~ 'fepe3 ~HcrreK~110HHble areHTCTBa, uensro KOTOpbIX RBlIRIOTCR
C03~aH~e 61Iarorrp~RTHbIX yClIOB~M ~lIR Me)f(rocy~apCTBeHHoro COTpy~-
eCTBa 11xenonyiuenae B03H11KHOBeH11R arpeCC~BHOM BOMHbI, conpo-
O)f(~alICR rrOII~T~'IeCK~M pacnanosr IOrOClIaB1111 11B03H~KHOBeH~eM
ara HeCTa6~lIbHOCT11 Ha Banxanax, HOBbIM~ scnsnuxasrn H~110Ha-
CT~'IeCK11X HaCTpoeH~M 11 CTpeM11TelIbHOM scxanauaeà HaC11lI11R Ha
l1)f(HeM BOCTOKe, COCTaBlIReT TOlIbKO 'IaCTb rrpOT~BOpe'f11BOrO aacnen-
a Bepcanscxoro M11pa. B CBR3~ C 3T11M 11CClIe~OBaH11e BorrpOCOB, CBR-
HblX ~ TIepBoM M~pOBOM BOMHOI1, Ba)f(HO ae TOlIbKO ~lIR rr03HaH11R
pl1~, HO ~ npexcne acero ~lIR rrOH11MaH11R rexynreà gl1HaM11K11 Me)f(-
TBeHHbIX oraourenaà.
Hy)f(HO YKa3aTb, Bo-rrepBblx, '!TO coxpaHeH11e nonotiaoro ~tP<peK--sa MaclliTa60B 11 rny6J1HbI rrOlI11T11'IeCK11X 113MeHeH11I1, nponao-
Me)f(AY 1914 11 1918 rr. (oTKa3 AMep~K~ OT 11301IR~110H113Ma,
36r. HamallUt{Ua
OKTR6pbCKOJlpeBOllIOl.\MR) M npO~Oll)KeHHbIX B pa3BMTMeBOMHbIC 1919 r.
(BepcallbCKMM, TpMaHOHCKMM M CeBpCKMM MMpHble ~OrOBOpbI, C03~a-
HMe JIMm Hal.\MM), MMeeT B CBOeMOCHOBe "KOHCTMTYMPYIOll.\)'IO"npM-po~y TIepBOM MMpOBOM BOMHbI. 3TO nOHRTMe OTHOCMTBOMHY, KOTOpaH
npMHMMaeT B TO)Ke BpeMH XapaKTep "Bceo6ll\eM BOMHbI" (generaI war),
nocxorrsxv OXBaTbIBaeT ace "nomoca" CMCTeMbIMe)K~YHapo~HbIX OTHO-
weHMM B OC06bIM MCTopU'IecKMM MOMeHT, BbI3blBaH nepepacnpe~elleHMeBllaCTM, TaIOKe M K "MCXO~HOMBOMHe" (source war), B xozte KOTOpOMnpo-
MCXO~MTnepeYCTpOMCTBO Me)K~YHapO~HOM nOllMTM'feCKOM CMCTeMbI,
OCHOBaHHoe ae Ha rrpe~weCTBYIOll\MX Tpa~Ml.\MHX Me)K~YHapO~Horonpasa, a Ha TOllbKO 'fTO 3aKpenMBwMXCR TeH~eHl.\MHXl.
KaK B ~pyrMX nonoénux cnysaax (TpM~l.\aTMlleTHHR BOMHa, Hano-lleOHOBCKMeBOMHbI), nocne OKOH'IaHMR TIepBOM MMpOBOMBOMHbI Me)K-
~YHapO~HaR CMCTeMa,xasanocs, 6bIlla MaKCI1MallbHO B03MO)KHO yrropa-
noxeaa M npaseneaa K llOrM'feCKOMY KOHl.\Y, o 'feM CBM~eTellbCTBOBallO
nOllHOCTbIO ~OMI1HMpyroll\ee nOllO)KeHl1e CTpaH-no6e~I1TellbHI1l.\, a ccpop-
MMpOBaHHaR CMCTeMa,B CBOIOo-repens, 6bIlla npaasaaa 06eCne'fMBaTb
MCKllIO'IMTellbHO I1X MHTepeCbI. MbI ne ~Oll)KHbI TaK)Ke 3a6bIBaTb, 'ITO
nOClle~CTBMR "rnaBHbIX BOMH" (major wars) TO)Ke OKa3bIBaIOT BllMRHMe
Ha nOllMTM'IeCKOe nepeYCTpOMCTBOBTHHYTbIX B HMX rocy~apcTB, M npe-
)K~e acero CTpaH, nOTepneBUIMX B HMX rropaxenae. TI03TOMY BerrnxaaBOMHane TOllbKO rronoaorna KOHel.\ Me)K~YHapO~HoM CMCTeMe, CcpOPMM-
pOBaBweMCR nocne Bencxoro KOHrpecca, HO TaK)Ke M rropO~Mlla HOByro
Me)K~YHapO~HYIO CMCTeMY, yCTaHoBMB HOBbIM - nYCTb l1 ~OCTaTO'IHO CO-MHMTellbHbIM - MMpOBOMnopR~OK2.
XOTR ace eBponeMCKMe ~ep)KaBbI MrpallM Ba)KH)'IO pons B pa3BH3bI-BaHMM KOHcpllMKTa l1 n03)Ke CMllbHO nocrpanan« OT ero rrOClle~CTBMM,
pons POCCI1M6bIlla pewaIOll\eM M B onpe~elleHMI1 aanpaszremo, pa3BI1-
TMR Me)K~YHapO~HbIX OTHoweHMM, l1 B npl1HHTMM peweHMH O Ha'Ialle
BOMHbI, M B rrepnyro osepens M3-3a .Pl'oM30We~WI1X B HeM Kap~MHallb-
HbIX nOlll1TM'IeCKMX M3MeHeHMM - B yTBep)K~eHI1I1 pH~a Ba)KHeMwMX
npMHl.\l1nOB nosoro MMpOBoro nopsnxa. MHTepeCHO n03TOMY paCCMO-
rperi, cxeMY B3aMMOCBH3MPOCCMMCKOMI1Mnepl111_ a TaK)Ke COBeTCKoro
COI03a, KOTOpbIM crarr eé npeeMHMKOM, XOTH M B a6comOTHO MHOMcpop-
Me rocy~apcTBeHHoro M nOllMTM'IeCKOro pe)KMMa, - l1 TIepBOM MMpOBOM
l Bonanate L. Storia internazionale. Le relazioni tra gli Stati dal 1521 al 2009. Milano;Torino: Bruno Mondadori, 2010. P. 15-29.2 Wight M. Power Politics. London : Continuum, 2004. P. 100.
37P01CC!lJl B cucmesse MeJICayHapOaHbtX omHoz.ueHUlt HaKaHyHe BOltHbt
BOMHbI. TaKMM 06pa30M, MbI nOnbITaeMCR BbI~elll1Tb TpM rtpofinerasr,
B03HI1KWl1e sa ~eCRTl1lleTl1H ~O tra-rana BOMHbI l1 OKa3aBWl1e BllVlHHVle Ha
rexeuae MMpOBOMI1CTOpMl1,a TaK)Ke nonpoéyex BbI~Bl1HYTb Ha nepasnr
nnaa TpM HaM60llee Ba)KHbIX nOClle~CTBI1H OKTH6pbCKOM peBOllIOl.\MI1 -
c TO'IKM 3peHV1HcpOpMl1pOBaHMHnoaoro Ml1pOBOrO nopH~Ka.
Ilepnaa npofineaa - nepBoe pernemle. TIapl1)KCKMM Ml1pHbIM ~O-
rOBOp, KOTOpbIM 3aBepWl1n Kpsnacxyio BOMHy 1853-1856' rr., aurno-pyc-
cxoe cornaurenae 1888 r., 03Ha'IaBWee KOHel.\"òonsuroà nrpsr" B CpenaeàA3MM, M, HaKOHel.\, nopazcenae B PYCCKO-HnOHCKOMBOMIle 1904-1905 rr.,
xoropoe nsnrynano CaHKT-TIeTep6ypr cocpe~OTO'IVlTbCH Ha ansrepaa-
TMBHbIX Bapl1aHTaX nOl1CKa asixona K "TennbIM MOpHM". B xone peanM-
3al.\l1M3TOM nOnl1TMKI1 oco6oe crparernsecxoe 3Ha'leHVle npnoéperanaBanKaHbI3. Ilnanaposanae POCCVleMp,eMCTBVlMB 3TOM HanpaBneHMVI Ha-
sano pa3BMBaTbCH y)Ke B 70-x rr. XIX B., o 'IeM caanerenscrsytor nocne-
nosarensuas nonnepzcxa Cep6Ml1 VI aoopyacénnoe astcrynnenae B 3a-
I.l.\MTycnaBHHCKVlX naponos Banxaa npOTl1B OCMaHCKoro npaBneHVlH BO
BpeMH BOMHbI 1877-1878 rr." Onnaxo B naxane XIX B. 3aU\VlTa pyCCKMX
• Hal.\VlOHanbHbIX MHTepeCOB Ha Banxanax npnoripena euré éorn.uiee 3Ha-
'feHVle, nocxonsxy VlMeHHO3TOT perl10H npep,CTaBnHn C060M ep,VlHCTBeH-
HbIM B03MO)KHbIM KOpVlp,Opp,nH ssrxona K MOpIOs.Bropaa npotineaa - BTopoe perneHMe. Bcrynnemre Ha npeCTon rep-
MaHCKoro Kalbepa BMnbrellbMa II, ero KOHcpnVlKTc peMXCKaHl.\JJepOMOT-
TO cpOHEVlCMapKOM 11OTKa3 OT B0306HOBneHMH c POCCMeMCornaureanaO nepecrpaxosxe npVlBenM K KopeHHOM nepeouenxe CMCTeMbI COI030B,
Ha'KOTopOM 6a3MpOBaJJaCbEBponeMCKaH CVlCTeMaBO 2-M nOnOBl1He XIX B.
(COI03rpéx "KOHcepBaTVlBHbIX" MMnepaTOpOB - POCCVlVI,ABCTpO- Benrp VI11
I 11fepMaHVll1). B 1879 r. Me)Kp,y fepMaHCKOM M ABCTpo-BeHrepCKOM VlM-
nepl15IMM 6bIlI nonrnrcan ,D,BoMcraeHHbIM COI03 (KOTOpbIM B 1882 r. no-
cne npncoenanenxs K HeMy MTanVll1 cran TpoMcTBeHHbIM), 'lTO BbIHy-
p;l1no POCCl1IOnaxar» nOVlCKB03MO)KHOCTl13aKllIO'leHMH HOBbIX CO!030B6•
PaBHOBeCl1eCMn 6bIllO BOCCTaHOBneHOMe)K~y 1891 VI 1894 rr. c 3aKnIO-
'feHMeM cppaHKo-pyccKoro COI03a, no KOTOpOMy CTOpOHbI o6H3anVlcb
3 Schroeder P. W. The 19th-Century lnternational System: Changes in the Structure 1/World Politics. 1986. VoI. 39, No l. P. 4-6.4 Biagin! A. F. Storia della Turchia contemporanea. Milano: Bompiani, 2005. P. 8-16.S Bull H., Watson A. L'espansione della società internazionale. L'europa e il mondo dalefine del Medio Evo ai tempi nostri. Milano: [aca Book, 1994. P. 65-78.6 Kissinger H. L'arte della diplomazia. Milano: Sperling&Kupfer, 1996. P. 52-97
1
I
38r. Hamanu~ua
OKa3bIBaTb nOMOlQb npyr l1.ABCTpo-BeHrpMIiI Ha PocculO
pyryB
J1ClIY'Iae Hanal1.eHM5I fepMaHMM MlIM
T " MlIM TalIMM M fepM rh
eneps CMJIbI l1.Byx UeHTpalIbHbIX ensc 6 aHMM Ha 'VpaHQMIO.
COlO30M Me)Kl1.Y l1.ByM5I rOCYl1.a
pCTB l1. p aa bllIM BHOBb ypaBHOBeweHbI
M BOCTOKa. Ilocne »ce C03TT
aH aMM, xoropsre OKpy)KalIM MX c 3anal1.aM MH HOBoro aHrno-ri-.pa
B 1907 r. 6lIarOl1.apH nOl1.nMcaHMIO oros ,,'t' HKo-pyccKoro COlO3a
AHTaHTe (1904 r) u anr l1. opa o Cepl1.e'IHOM corrracrra" -• " .r lIO-pyCCKOMy co
Hble OTHoweHMH Me)l(TTV JIo rnaweHMIO 1907 r. HanpH)KeH-MI Hl1.0HOM M DapM)K Adi
JIOHl1.0HOM M CaHKT-DeTep6yproM B C e _ eM B rppaxe M Me)K!l.Y
lIOM npeononeau TaK)Ke KaK U ..p l1.HeM A3MM M KMTae 6bIlIM B ue-, Yl cepbe3Hble Ml1.eOJIO
CMH Me)Kl1.Y 3TMMM CTpaHaMu7 B .. rM'IeCKMe paaaorna-Yl. ce 3TO npMBelIO K CO
1030B, xoropsre sa 30 ner TTO'" 3l1.aHMIO CMCTeMbI co-M "Toro Ka3alIMCb 6bI np
HaQMOHalIbHo-nOlIMTM'IeCKue OCTO HeB03MO)l(HbIMM8.Yl MHTepeCbI POCCM B
6bllIa BbIH~l1.eHa nOCTOHHHO K M Ha anxaaax, rne OHaOHcplIMKTOBaTb c AB B -
lIHlIMCb l1.lIH neè Ba)l(Hee nanpn .. CTpO- eHrpMeM, HB-.n)KeHHbIX OTHoweH - B 6
CMcTeMa COlO30B B nasane XX MM C elIMKO pMTaHMeM.
K npaKTM'IeCKM OTKpbITOMY KO:~:::Be:aB:=H~T- DeTep6ypr He TOlIbKO
My npOTMBOCT05IHMIO c BeplIMHoM9 BTY
OM, HO TaK)Ke M K CKpbITO-
CH Me)Kl1.)'HapOl1.Ha5I CMCTeMa B . nepasre rons: XX B. ClIO)KMBwaH-blpOl1.MlIaCb B cue ri-.
Me)K!l.Y l1.BYM5I COlO3aMM 06"LeTT Hy l1.lIH KOH't'pOHTaQMM, D MMHHBWMMM Bemmr
LIepe3 HeCKOlIbKO JIeT OHU npaur M,....,Me MMpOBble nepxaasr.Yl "lIM K TOMy 'ITO
06H3aTelIbCTB M cB060TTa TTe" _ ,ypOBeHb MX B3aMMHbIXM M "CTBMM He MOT'VT TT
HeCOBMeCTMMOCTM MX nau - r : ziarree coxpaHHTbCH M3-3a•..•MOHalIbHbIX MHTepeco
nOlIMTMKOM npOTMBHMKOBIO• B c 3KcnaHCMOHMCTCKOM
Tpersa npo6neMa - TpeThe penrenae BKOTOpbIM nOClIel1.0BalI aa y6MMC . xone MlOlIbCKoro KpM3Mca,
B CapaeBe (28 MIOHH 1914 ) TpBOM ~PQrepQora <PpaHQa <Pepl1.MHaHl1.ar., OCCMMCKa5I MMnep
3aHMMaBWa5I BbI)KMl1.aTelIbHYIO MH, nepBOHa'IaJIbHO
BO MMH Ml1.eM naHClIaBM3M I.!93MQMIO, peWMJIa nOl1.l1.ep)KaTb - KaKa, TaK M l1.lI5I Toro 'IT06 6
ABcTpo-BeHrpMeJ.1 BalIKaHIl ,bI M3 eacars 3aHHTMH, - peweHMe Cep6cKoro KopolIeBCTBa He
7 Michon G. The Franco-Russian Al!' N8 Wa/t S. M. The Origins of Alliance~a~t~e. ~w York: MacMillan, 1929. P. 54.9 Snyder G. H. The Securit Dilem '. aca , London : Cornell Univ.Press, 1987N2 4. P. 463-465. Y ma In Alllance Politics Il World Politics. 1984. VoI 36lO A/b t' .L . ,I1 er In! . Le origini della guerra del 1914 (voI I) .
Sagan S. D. 1914 Revìsìted. AlI' Off " MIlano: Casa ed. F.lli Bocca 1942. ies, rense and r t bili ' .1986. VoI. Il, No 2. P. 163. ns a 1 ity Il International Security.
Pace wc B cucmeMe MeJ/CayHapoaHbtX amHaz,ueHuu naxanyne BaUHbl 39
npMHI1MaTb yClIOBMH ylIbTI1MaTyMa BeHbI, a 3aTeM M 06'bHBI1Tb 'IaCTM'l-
HyIO M06MlIl13aQMIO npOTI1B ABCTpo-BeHrpI1M12. B pe3ylIbTaTe 6blJIO sa-nyuteno l1.eMCTBl1e MexaHM3Ma Me)Kl1.)'HapOl1.HbIX COI030B
13, npasemnee
B CMlIy MCnOlII-IeHMH eBponeMCKMMI1 CTpaHaMM 06H3aTelIbCTB, B3HTbIX
Ha ceéa B 3aKlIlO'leHHbIX B npensoenasrà nepnon norosopax, K aa-rarry06lQeeBpOneMcKoM Bm1HbII4• B 3TOM OTHOWeHI1M éonsuroe 3Ha'IeHl1e
HMelOT DapM)KcKa5I BOeHHa5I KOHBeHQMM (2 MaR 1915 r.) M JIOHAoHcKMe
comaureana (26 anpelIR 1915 r.), B KOTOpbIX <PpaHQMR, J1TalIMR, POCCMR
M BelIl1K06pMTaHMR 06'bRBliIlIliI o CBoeM COI03e, OTKa3e OT 3aKlIlO'leHIiIR
cenaparnoro MliIpa, a raioxe o HaMepeHMRX corrracosars CBOIiI soeaasreyCMlIliIR (nasce npM TOM, 'lTO emororo OnepaTI1BHOrO nlIaHliIpOBaHMR
TaK HMKorAa l1.0CTliIrHYTO ae 6b1lI0) 15.BbI60p POCCMIiI liI ABCTpo-BeHrpMM,
CAelIaBWI1X crasxy Ha 3CKalIaQliIIO KOHcplIMKTa nocne y6MMcTBa 3PQrep-
nora, BbI3BalI uernryro peaKQMIO, ycanennyro CTpaXOM Aep)KaB nepeA
"a6aHAOHOM" CBOMX COI03HIiIKOB. LIpe3BbI'IaIllHaH )KeCTKOCTb CIiICTeMbI CO-
1030B, CTaBwaR peayns'raroa MHorOlIeTHeM 3CKalIaQl1IiI HanpR)KeHHOCTIiI
liI CTpeMlIeHl1eM CTpaH 06eCne'II1Tb C06CTBeHHyIO 6e30naCHOCTb M CBR3aB-
WaR OCHOBHble esponeàcxae nepacassr (POCCIiIR / <PpaHQMR - ABCTpO-
BeHrpMR / I'epvaaaa - <PpaHQIiIR / BelIIiIK06pIiITaHMR), OCTaBliIlIa xpaà-
ne MalIO B03MO)KHOcTei1 AlIR MaHeBpa (lIliIWb 11TalIliIliI Yl1.alIOCb n03)Ke
nepeMeTHYTbCR 1iI3 onnoro 6lIOKa B npyroà): BeJI.YlQMe esponeàcxae ro-
CYAapCTBa, naxce nepnoaaxansno HenocpeACTBeHHO ne 3aTpOHYTble Ha-
naneiorera, npliIHRlIliI peweHliIe BMewaTbCR B BOi1HY 113onacennn, 'lTO ne-
CTa6MlIM3aQMR cliITyaQI1IiI, B03HliIKwaR M3-3a IiIX OTKa3a cnenosars nono-)KeHMRM COI03a, 3aKOH'IIiITCR nopaaceaaesr COlO3HliIKOB 1iI,KaK cnencraae,
ocna6neHliIeM Ii1X n0311QIi1i116 (HY)KHO nOA'IepKHYTb, OAHaKO, 'lTO Me)KrO-
CYAapCTBeHHble OTHoweHMR B resenae nexoroporo BpeMeHIiI RBHO WlIli1
K nasany BOi1HbI, oc06eHHO Me)KAY <PpaHQl1ei11iI fepMaHli1ei1)17.
12Trachtenberg M. The Meaning of Mobilization in 1914 Il lnternational Security.1990-1991. VoI. 15, No3. P. 125-126. .13 Waltz K. N. Teoria della politica internazionale. Bologna: Il Mulino, 1987. P. 297-351.14 Cesa M. Alleati ma rivali. Teoria delle alleanze e politica estera settecentesca. Bologna:Il Mulino, 2007. P. 48-53.15 Biagini A. F. In Russia tra guerra e rivoluzione. La missione militare italiana 1915-1918.Roma: Nuova Cultura, 2010. P. 9.16 Cesa M. Alleati ma rivali. Teoria delle alleanze e politica estera settecentesca. Bologna:Il Mulino, 2007. P. 104-113.17 Snyder G. H. Op. cit. P. 463-465.
40 r.Hamanuuua
B xozte B03HMKllieJ1: "l\enHOJ1: peaxuna" cpena CTpaH-l.meHOB npo-
TMB060pCTByro~MX 6rrOKOB B 'rexemre aenena nocne MCTel.JeHMR CpOKOB
aBCTpMJ1:CKOrO ylIbTMMaT}'Ma ",lIMlIeMMa 6e30naCHOCTM" BOBlIeKJIa B KOH-
CPlIMKT POCCl1J1:CKyro, Fepsraacxyro, ABCTpO- Benrepcxyro M EpMTaHCKyIO
MMnepMM, a rarose <DpaHl\MIO. Cxryauarr, CBR3al-IHaR c 3a~MTOJ1: Hal\MO-
narrsusrx MHTepeCOB KOHKpeTHOJ1: CTpaHbl (B ,lIaHHOM clIyqae Cep6MM),
BbllIMlIaCb B OTKpbITOe CTOlIKHOBeHMe MHTepeCOB ,lIByx BelIMKMX ,lIep-
)f(aB (ABCTpo-BeHrpMM M POCCMM), cnposouxposasmee MX COI03HMKOB.
J1MeHHo n03TOMy <DpaHl\MR M BelIMK06pMTaHMR ,lIO castoro KOHl\a non-nepaorsana POCCMIO (6e30naCHOCTb KOTOpOJ1: MeHbllie npyrnx sasucenaOT Me)f(rocy,llapCTBeHHblX cornanremrà Me)f(,lIy l.JlIeHaMM AHTaHTbl), M3-
òeraa KaKMX-lIM60 cornauremoi c fepMaHMeJ1:. Bbl3BaB caxryro xpyrmo-
MaClliTa6Hyro BOJ1:HY,xaxyio TOlIbKO MCTOpMR snana ,lIO aroro BpeMeHMI8•
IIeperrOMHbIM MOMeHT. TPM rona BOJ1:HblHa BOCTOl.JHOM cppoHTe 060-
CTpMlIM rrOlIMTMl.JeCKMe, 3KOHOMMl.JeCKMe M couxansirsre rrpOTMBOpel.JMR
B POCCMM. He COBceM RCHO (l.JaCTMl.JHO M3-3a CMlIbHOJ1: rrOlIMTM311pOBaH-
HOCTM TpaKTOBKM MCTOpMl.JeCKMX C06blTMJ1: aroro nepaona), HaCKOlIbKO
,lIeJ1:CTBMTelIbHO TR)f(elIOJ1: 6bllIa BHYTpMrrOlIl1TMl.JeCKaR cirryauxa B CTpa-
ne, no KpaJ1:HeJ1:Mepe B nepasre naa rona BOJ1:Hbl, eClIM MCXOAMTb M3 Toro,
KaK 3TO CTalIM TpaKTOBaTb COBeTCKMe MCTOpMKM nocne peBOlIIOl\MM.
B 3TOJ1: CMTyal\MM ,lIOCTaTOl.IHO MHTepeCHblM RBlIReTCR pRA nOlIO)f(eHMJ1:
MX OTl.JeTOB, OTnpaBlIeHHbIX B KOHl\e 1915 r. nOlIKOBHMKOM 3AyapAoM
Ponono, BoeHHbIM ar'ranre MTalIbRHCKoro Bepxosnoro KOMaH,lIOBaHMR
B POCCMM. OTHocMTelIbHo TeH,lIeHl\MM pa3BMTMR noennsrx onepanxànOlIKOBHMK OTMeTMlI: "EClIM npoTMBHMK OCTaHOBMT CBOM nacryrrarerrs-
nsre ,lIeJ1:CTBMR [Ha PyCCKOM cppOHTe] M3-3a Toro, l.JTO COI03HMKl1 opra-
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yrnepxnan, l.JTO xepea ABa MecJRla pyccxas apMMR, CMlIbHaR M nOlIHaR
CMlI, HeMeAlIeHHO B0306HOBMT 3HeprMl.JHOe nacryrrnenxe, HO OHa 6YAeT
B COCTORHMM nOAroTOBMTbCR K HeMy M 6bITb AeJ1:CTBMTelIbHO rOTOBa
CKOBaTb ana-nrrensnoe KOlIMl.JeCTBO BOJ1:CK npoTMBHMKa. Ho eClIM no-
3BOlIMTb npoTMBHMKy npOAOlI)f(MTb AeJ1:cTBoBaTb B TOM »ce xartpaanenaaM ycneunro ynepacnaars pyCCKyro apMMIO B rexyutesr KpMTMl.JeCKOM
nOlIO)f(eHMM, ne nanaa di: B03MO)f(HOCTb npMJ1:TM B ceés, TO 3TO. sxyne
c BHYTpMnOlIMTMl.JeCKOJ1: caryauneà, MO)f(eT npasecra K nOCrre,llCTBMRM,
18 Snyder G. H. Op. cit. P. 474-475.
e ue~òyHapoÒHblX OmHOUIeHUU HaKaHyHe BOUHblPoccwr B cucmeM m ~
41
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-r _ M pyCCKOM BalIIOTbI. "l.1136e)f(aTb pe3KOM AeBalIbBal\M nop ra nllieHYll\bI, 60RTbCR
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peIÌHoro 113MeHeHl1R pe)f(l1Ma. u 11 B KTO KaK 3Pl1K X06c6aYM,onOIIO)f(HblJil Te311C Tex, ,
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POBaHl1e Me)f(AyHapoAHOl1 Cl1CTeMbl yCTp,l., 23
soeaaoro KOH't'lIl1KTa . n npeACTaBJilTelIRMJiI COBeTCKOJ1:POC-
ITep8btU pe3y~bmam. OAn_JilCaHl1eB EpeCT-DJilTOBCKe (MapT 1918 r.),Cl1l1 KpaJ1:He TR)f(elIblX yClIOBJill1 Ml1pa
. . L issione militare italiana 1915-1918.19 B' .' A F In Russia tra guerra e nvoluZlOne. a mwgml ..P.29.20lbid. P. 30. .... R . (Pietrogrado 15-28 gennaio 1916 -21lRopolo E Note sulla sìtuazrone interna m ussia 8
. ) /I SME-AUS. MMIR. B. 9 .Rapporto al Comando Supremo '. Bur 1997. P. 71-106.22Hobsbawm E. f. Il secolo breve 1914-1991. Milano. •Trino' Einaudi. 1974.23 Carr E. H. 1917: Illusioni e realtà della rìvoluzione russa. o .
r42 r. Hamanuuua
OTcyrcTBJ.1e npencrassrreneà POCCl1l1 Ha Ilapl1)f(CKOJ.1 xoarpepeauaaIi'l iraxano rrpOTl1BOCTORHl1R "KpaCHbIX" 11 "òerrux" - BCe 3TO OKa3bIBaeT
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24 Ferguson N. XX secolo l'età della violenza. Una nuova interpretazione del Novecento.Milano: Mondadori, 2008. P. 158-173.25 NolteE. La guerra civile europea 1917-1945. Nazionalsocialismo e bolscevismo.Milano: Bur, 2008. P. 47-69.26 Ferguson N. Op. cit. P. 173-198.
43
27 (Il a3HbIM rrpli'l'lYlHaM Y)f(e B 1919 r. 6bIlIOt-'[OpcKoe rrpeBocxOfl,CTBO. O P ynaTb rrpOTYlB
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. /I The Geographic Journal. 1904.27 Mackinder H. J. The Geographical Pivot of H1StOry
VoI.XXIIl,N24.P.421-444. f B' . g the Revisionist State Back In /I28 Schwe/ler R. L. Bandwagoning for Pro u. nngm
. 1994 V I 19 NQl P.72-107.International Secunty. . o'. '. M.'l . Edizioni di Comunità, 1970. P. 130.29 Aron R. Pace e guerra fra le naziorn. 1ano.
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44r. HamallU/,jua
3031 ~a;r Eb' H. The Twenty Years' Crisis. New York: Palgrave 2001
o om o A. La disunità del mondo D '1 l ,.2010. P. 195-206. . opo I seco o globale. Milano: Feltrinelli Editore,32N l .o te E. Op. cit, P. 219-346.
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