SAP2000®

三维结构

线性和非线性

静力动力

分析设计

程序

入门手册

COPYRIGHT

The computer program SAP2000 and all associated

documentation are

proprietary and copyrighted products. Worldwide rights

of ownership

rest with Computers and Structures, Inc. Unlicensed use

of the program

or reproduction of the documentation in any form,

without prior written

authorization from Computers and Structures, Inc., is

explicitly prohibited. Further information and copies of this documentation may

be obtained

from:

Computers and Structures, Inc.

1995 University Avenue

Berkeley, California 94704 USA

tel: (510) 845-2177

fax: (510) 845-4096

e-mail: info@csiberkeley.com

web: www.csiberkeley.com

© Copyright Computers and Structures, Inc., 1978–2002.

The CSI Logo is a registered trademark of Computers and Structures, Inc.

SAP2000 is a registered trademark of Computers and Structures, Inc.

Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation

AutoCAD is a registered trademark of Autodesk, Inc.

FrameWorks Plus is a trademark of Intergraph Corporation

DISCLAIMER

CONSIDERABLE TIME, EFFORT AND EXPENSE

HAVE GONE INTO THE DEVELOPMENT AND

DOCUMENTATION OF SAP2000. THE PROGRAM

HAS BEEN THOROUGHLY TESTED AND USED.

IN USING THE PROGRAM, HOWEVER, THE USER

ACCEPTS AND UNDERSTANDS THAT NO

WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED BY THE

DEVELOPERS OR THE DISTRIBUTORS ON THE

ACCURACY OR THE RELIABILITY OF THE

PROGRAM. THE USER MUST EXPLICITLY

UNDERSTAND THE ASSUMPTIONS

OF THE PROGRAMANDMUST INDEPENDENTLY

VERIFY THE RESULTS.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Thanks are due to all of the numerous structural engineers,

who over the years have given valuable feedback that has

contributed toward the enhancement of this product to its

current state. Special recognition is due Dr. Edward L.

Wilson, Professor Emeritus, University of California at

Berkeley, who was responsible for the conception and

development of the original SAP series of programs and

whose continued originality has produced many unique

concepts that have been implemented in this version.

Table of Contents

Chapter I Welcome to SAP2000 1 Chapter II Getting Started 3 Installing SAP2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

If You Are Upgrading... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

About the Manuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Technical Support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Help Us to Help You. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Phone and Fax Support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Online Support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Chapter III The Structural Model 7 Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Objects and Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Coordinate Systems and Grids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Load Cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Analysis Cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Design Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Output and Display Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Learning More. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

目录

第一章 欢迎使用 SAP2000

第二章 入门 3

安装 SAP2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

升级 ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

关于本手册 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

技术支持. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

获得帮助. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

电话和传真支持. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

网络支持. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

第三章 结构模型 7

单位. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

对象和单元 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

组. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

坐标系和轴网. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

属性 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

荷载工况. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

函数 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

分析工况. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

组合. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

设计选项. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

输出和显示定义. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

更多. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Chapter IV The Graphical User Interface 17 The SAP2000 Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Main Window. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Menu Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Toolbars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Display Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

Status Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Using the Mouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Viewing Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2-D and 3-D Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Pan, Zoom, and 3-D Rotate . . . . . . . . . .22

Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Element View Options . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Other Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Refreshing the Display Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Basic Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

File Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Defining Named Entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Drawing Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Snap Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Drawing Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Selecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 28

Selecting Graphically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Selecting by Feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Assigning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Undo and Redo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Analyzing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Displaying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Graphical Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Function Plots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Tabular Displays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Designing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Locking and Unlocking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Entering Numerical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

Setting Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Getting Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

第四章 图形界面 17

SAP2000 屏幕 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

主窗口. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

菜单. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

工具栏. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

显示窗口 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

状态条. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

鼠标使用. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

视图选项. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

二维和三维视图. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

轴侧图. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

平移、缩放、三维旋转. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

范围. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

单元显示选项. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

其它选项. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

刷新和显示窗口. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

基本操作. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

文件操作. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

定义命名项. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

绘图. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

绘制对象. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

捕捉工具. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

绘图控制. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

选择. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

图形选择. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

条件选择. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

编辑. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

指定. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

撤消和重做. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

分析. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

显示. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

图形显示. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

函数绘图. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

表格显示. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

设计. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

锁定和解锁. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

输入数字数据 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

设置选项. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

帮助. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37

Chapter V Working with Data Tables 39 Classification of Tabular Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

Model Definition . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 39

Analysis Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Design Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Tables and Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Uses for Tabular Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 41

Formatted Tables for Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Structured Database Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Displaying Tabular Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Printing Tabular Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Custom Report Writer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Format Control for Display and Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45

Interactive Table Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Exporting Tabular Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Importing Tabular Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Automatic Export During Save . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 48

Export During Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Tabular Database File Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 49

Microsoft Access Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 49

Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 49

Plain Text File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 50

More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

第五章 使用数据表格 39

表格数据分类. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

振型定义. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

分析结果. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

设计结果. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

表和域. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

使用表格数据. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

格式化表格报告 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

结构化数据库表格. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

显示表格数据. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

打印表格数据. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

定制报告书写器 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

显示和打印格式控制. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

交互表格编辑. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

输出表格数据. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

导入表格数据. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

保存时自动导出. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

分析时导出. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

表格数据库文件格式. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Microsoft Access 数据库. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Microsoft Excel 电子表格. . . . . . . . . . . . 49

文本格式文件. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

更多信息. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Chapter I Welcome to

SAP2000

SAP2000 represents the most sophisticated and

user-friendly release of the SAP series of computer

programs. When initially released in 1996, SAP2000 was

the first version of SAP to be completely integrated within

Microsoft Windows. It features a powerful graphical user

interface unmatched in terms of ease-of-use and

productivity.

Creation and modification of the model, execution of the

analysis, and checking and optimization of the design are

all done through this single interface. Graphical displays

of the results, including real-time display of time-history

displacements, are easily produced. This program offers a

quantum leap forward in the way models are created and

modified, and in the way analysis and design are

managed.

The analytical capabilities are just as powerful,

representing the latest research in numerical techniques

and solution algorithms. This release is available in three

different analytical versions that all share the same

graphical user interface: SAP2000, SAP2000 PLUS and

SAP2000 Nonlinear.

All of these programs feature sophisticated capabilities,

such as fast equation solvers, force and displacement

loading, non-prismatic frame elements, tension-only

braces, highly accurate shell elements, Eigen and Ritz

modal analysis, multiple coordinate systems for skewed

geometry, many different constraint options, the abil-ity

to merge independently defined meshes, a fully-coupled

6-by-6 spring stiffness, and the option to combine or

envelope multiple dynamic analyses in the same run.

第 一 章 欢 迎 使 用

SAP2000

SAP2000 是SAP系列程序最复杂和友好用户界面

的版本。当在1996年刚发布的时候，SAP2000是SAP

的第一个完全集成到Microsoft Windows中的版本。强

大的图形界面在易用性和高效性上无可匹敌。

模型的创建和修改、执行分析、校核、设计优化

都在一个环境中实现。结果图形显示，包括实时时程

位移，很容易生成。在模型创建和修改、分析和设计

过程上，程序提供了一个质的飞跃。

分析能力强大，代表了数值分析和求解算法的最新研

究成果。在一个同样的图形界面内，有三种版本：

SAP2000、SAP2000 PLUS、SAP2000 Nonlinear。

程序代表了复杂的能力，如快速求解器、力和位移加

载、变截面框架单元、单拉支撑、精确壳单元、特征

值和里兹（Ritz）振型分析、适用斜的几何形态的多个

坐标系统、不同的约束选项、连接独立定义的网格、

完全耦合的 6x6 刚度、在一次运行中组合或包络多个

动力分析选项。

The SAP2000 PLUS program adds unlimited capacity,

bridge-analysis capabilities, a complete range of finite

elements, and time-history analysis options. Ground motion

effects with multiple base excitations can be included.

Harmonic steady-state and power-spectral-density analyses

are also available.

The SAP2000 Nonlinear version extends the PLUS

capabilities by adding a nonlinear link element (gaps,

hooks, isolators, dampers, and multi-linear plasticity), a

multi-linear plastic hinge for use in frame elements, cable

behavior, and geometric nonlinearity. Analysis

capabilities include static nonlinear analysis for material

and geometric effects, pushover analysis, and staged

construction; nonlinear time-history analysis by modal

superposition or direct integration; and buckling analysis.

All of the above programs feature powerful and

completely integrated design for steel, concrete, and

aluminum, all available from within the same interface

used to create and analyze the model. The design of steel

and aluminum frame members features initial member

sizing and iterative optimization. The design of concrete

frame members includes the calculation of the amount of

reinforcing steel required.

Members can be grouped for design purposes, and a

single mouse click on an element brings up the detailed

design calculations. A wide variety of the latest national

and international design codes are supported, and more

are being added all the time.

All SAP2000 data, including model information, analysis

results, and design results, can be accessed using a

tabular data structure. Tabular data can be edited and

displayed in the interface, or exported to a Microsoft

Access database file, a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet file,

or a simple text file. You can use exported data to create

reports or to perform specialized calculations. This same

tabular data can be imported into SAP2000, enabling you

to generate or modify models outside SAP2000. Import

and export capabilities also exist for other popular

drafting and design programs.

The SAP name has been synonymous with

state-of-the-art analytical solutions since the introduction

of SAP, SOLIDSAP, and SAP IV thirty years ago,

followed by its implementation on the PC with SAP80

and SAP90. To these sophisticated numerical techniques,

SAP2000 adds a tremendously easy and complete

graphical user interface linked with powerful design

capabilities, providing the structural engineer with an

analysis and design program unequaled in efficiency and

productivity.

SAP2000 PLUS 增加了无限制自由度、桥梁分析选项、

一系列有限元单元、时程分析选项。可包含多个基振

的地动效果。也具有稳态谐振和强谱分析功能。

SAP2000 Nonlinear 扩展了 PLUS 版的功能，增加了

非线性连接单元（隙、钩、阻尼、分段线性塑性）、

框架单元中的分段线性塑性铰、索特性、几何非线性。

分析功能有，包含材料和几何效应的静力非线性分析、

pushover分析、阶段施工；振型叠加或直接积分的非线

性时程分析；屈曲分析。

上述的程序特点针对强大的集成钢结构、混凝土结构、

铝结构设计，这些功能都在一个集成环境内创建和分

析模型。钢和铝框架单元设计包含初始构件尺寸和迭

代优化。混凝土框架构件设计包含所需的配筋计算。

设计中构件可以分组，鼠标一次点击可以进行详细设

计计算。包含一系列国家和国际设计规范，更多的规

范会不断的加入。

SAP2000中的数据，包括模型信息、分析结果、设计

结果，可以通过表格数据结构存取。表格数据可以在

界面中编辑显示，或者输出到Microsoft Access数据库

文件、Microsoft Excel数据表格文件、文本文件。可以

输出数据产生报告或进行其它特殊计算。这些表格数

据也可以导入SAP2000中，在SAP2000外部建立或修改

模型。程序也包含对其它通用制图和设计程序的导入

和导出功能。

自从三十年前SAP，SOLIDSAP，SAPIV的产生，跟随

的在PC机上的SAP80和SAP90，SAP的名字几乎就是分

析计算科学最新紧张的同义词。SAP2000在此基础上

增加了强大的复杂易用的图形界面和强大的设计功

能，为结构工程师提高工作效率提供了无法匹敌的分

析和设计程序。