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MAD RAS D IS TR ICT GAZE TTE E R S
STATISTICAL APPEND IX
SALE M D ISTR ICT
M A D R A S
PR INTE D BY THE SUPE R INTEND ENT , GOVE R NM ENT PR E SS
TABLE O F CONTENTS .
TABLE
I. Area , Popu la ti on , etc . , i n
II. V a riat ion in Popu la tion since
1925- 26 I:III. R oads In
IV . List of Tra ve l lers’ BuDéalowsAmendmen ts to the A bove List
1921 I:V . R ehgion s In { 153 1 0
1916VI. V ita l S tat ist ics
1926—1930VII. Causes of D ea th (Average of the 1925
sta t ist ics for 5 yea rs ending ) { 1930VIII. Ca stes, Tribes and R a ces in { iggiIX . Cla ssifica t ion of A rea and 1 335 ( 1925—26)
P rincipa l Crops in F asl i { 1340 ( 1930—3 1)X . R eserved F orest and A rea preposed 1926
for R eservat ion on the 30th June 1931
XI. Classificat ion of A rea and M oney R a tes accordingto the La st S ettlement
Part 1 .—A rea under I‘ach M oney R a te
Pa rt 2 .-Cla sses an d S ortsincluded under E a ch
M oney R a te( 1870 - l 925 u . u .
XII R a‘nfa“(1870— 1930;
XIII . Holdings, Cul tiva t ion 1335
and D emand in F a sl i 1340
XIV . R evenue payable by Perm a 1335 (1925uently Sett led E states in F as l i 1340 (1930
XV . D emand, Collection and
Balan ce of,
Current Land ( 1326—1335)R evenue and Cesses (in (1336—1340 )thousa nds of rupees) —F a s1i
XVI. R em issions ( i n thousands (1326—1335)of rupees) In F asl i (1336
XVII . Land Improvement and Agri (1326—1335)cu l tu rists’ —F a sl i { 0 336— 1340)
XVIII. Pr ices i n S eers per rupee— F asli 839?
$1
]
$28;XIX . Abkari and O p ium“352-1 338
1916—1925XX . R evenue R ece ipts 1926— 1930
XXII. Incom e and E x penditure 1925—26
of Loca l Boards in 1930—31
TABLE O F CONTENTS
TABLE
XXIII. Income and E x penditure of 1925—26S a lem M un ic ipa l ity in 1930 - 31
XXIV . E duca tion in {1831XXV. Schools a nd S chola rs 1926
on the Sl st M a rch 1931
XXVI. E x pendi ture on S chools in
XXVII. Hospita ls and D ispensa ries in
( 1923— 19 25
1928— 1930.
XXIX . Civ i l Justice (A verage for) { igégl-
lggg19 16—25XXX . Crim ina l Just ice { 1926—30
Work of crim ina 1{19 16
Courts (Average for) 1926— 1930
x x x n . Pol ice a nd Ja i ls in“fig?192 2— 1926
XXXIII. Income- ta x
S upplement to the D istrict Gazetteer for S a lem
XXVIII. Va ccina tion
PAGE
2
II.—Var ia t ion in Population since 1891.
Town s.
The w hole d istr ictArron TALUK .
At turDHARM APURI TA LUK .
Dha rm apuriHosua TALUK .
HosurKRISHNAGIRI T ALU K .
K aver ipa tnamK r ishnagiriNAM AKKAL T ALUK
Nama kka lS endamanga lamR ABIPURAM TALUK .
R asipuramS ans »; TALUK.
S a lem
Trsvcns oos TALUE .
Tirnchen gode
Percentage of va riationPopulat ion.
of population .
192 1 .
1 2 8
+ 126 3
III.— R oads.
the D istrict Boa rd .
T a luk Boa rds.
Un ion Boa rds.
Yea r
1911- 1 2
19 25- 26 .
Bonds ma inta ined byD o. do.
0 0 . do .
D o . do . S a lem M un ic i
lity T runkoat s
O t her Bonds
The te rrito ria l l im its of ti e d istr ic t were revised in 1910 and again in 1918.
3
IV.—List of Tra vel lers’ Bunga lows.
Nature of a ecommoda tl on .
D ha rmapuri L .F .D .
Adamankotta D ha rmapuri,5 m iles.
Thopp nr Dharm apu i i,17 miles.
Pa la kodu
M a randaha l li F .W.D
Pennagara in (a ‘ E .U. D ha rmapuri,(R est house ) . 19 miles.
Hoga inakal (a ) Do. D harmapuri(R est house ) . 2 9 mil es.
7-A M u thur (InspectiO n shed ) .
Utta/nga ra i Ta luk
Uttanga rai L .F .D . Sama lpa t ti,5 m i les.
Pa l lipa tti F .W.D .
(a) No r ent~
charged for th‘ese Forest rest -houses.
Tiled . F our rooms w ithtwo ba th rooms, two
bath t ubs, on e kitchen ,
two emergency kitchens,on e garage for a c ar,
we l l w a ter . F urn ished .
Tiled . Two big rooms, two
ba th tubs, one kitchen ,
two stables fi t for ca rs.
Tiled . Two big rooms, two
ba th tubs, two k itchens,one veran da h used as
motor garage. F ur
h ished
Tha tche l . Two sets of
rooms,ba t h tubs a nd
stab les availab le ; ga rage ;r iver is c lose by.
Tiled . Two rooms, furnished
, on e ba t h room ,tub
a nd garage . D ra w we l lT iled . Two rooms, fur a ish
ed, two ba th rooms, tubsand ga rage , wate r can
be had from the Cauveryand Springs c lose by.
Tiled . O ne m a in room , a
ba th room w ith fron tveranda lu a nd a kitchen .
m otor ga rage undercon struct ion .
Tiled . Tw o b ig rooms, two
ba th a nd dressingrooms, two ba th tubs ,two stab les fit for ca r s .
Furnished .
T i led . TWO sets of rooms,
ba t h tubs and sta b lea va i lab le .
T i led Two rooms , t w i)
ba th rooms, two b a t h
tubs and three rooms in
the out -houses and a
sta b le,no ga rage, has a
w e l l . F urn ishe d .
4
IV .— List of Tra ve l lers’
Bunga l ows—cont.
Nea restra i lw ay
By w hom sta tion ,if
ma in ta ined . a ny , a nd
the distancefrom i t .
Na ture of accommoda tion .
D HABM APUR I
D IV IS ION—cont .
Utta ngara i
Ta tub - cont .
S ingara pe t
K ambe la i
Suriyagadai
Chitteri
Papireddipa t ti
Bomm idi
Iii- A K o t ta pa t t i l i led . Two rooms, two
ba th rooms with a
Ve ra nd ah , out- houses of
fl ow n D IV l S l oN. fou r m oms a nd a ha ll ,no ga rage , no ba th tub.
Hosd i Ia luk
17 Hosnr
lB Udda napa lh
S ince t ra nsfe rred to the D is tric t Forest O tfl c e r, Voj lo re .
O ne m a in room, one ba th
room t i led , a nd one bathtub , two rO O ms in the
out ~houses,ha s a we l l
no ga rage . F urnished .
O n e m a in room,one ba th
room a nd one ba th tub,a t iled build ing, furn i~h
ed, ha s a v.el l,no sta ble
,
no gm age .
D O .
Tha tched . O ne m a in
room , one ba th room,one
b a th tub and one s ta b l e,
three rooms in the out
houses, ha s a we ll . Fur.
nished .
A t iled building, two
rooms, two ba throoms, two ba th tubs.
M otor ca r may be kep tin front ve randa h . F ur
h ished , the re is a. we l l inthe adjoming R a nge
ofiice compound .
D o.
T i led . Two big rooms,two
ba th tubs , ve ra ndahwh ich is used a s mo tor
g a ra ge , two s ta bles fi t
f or c a rs, one k itchen ,
one serva nts' qua r ters.
F urn i shed .
‘l iled . Two b ig rooms,two
ha th tubs , one k itch e n,
stab les . F urnished .
5'
IV —Li st of Tra ve l lers’
Bunga l ows—cont.
Hosus D IVIS ION— con t
19 Shulagiri
20 D innur
An che tti (a )(R est-house) .
By whomma in ta ined .
L .F .D .
F .W.D .
Na trapal aiyam (a ) D 0 .
(R est- house) .
Urigam (a )(R est -house) .
D enkanikota (a ) .
(R est- house)
Aiyur (a )(R est -house) .
Ja va lag iri (a )(R est-house)
D o.
Nea restra ilway
stat ion ,if
any ,and
the d istancefrom it .
D ha rmapur i ,35 m i les .
Na ture of a ccommodation .
Til ed . Two furnishedrooms, two bath room s,
tubs and garage . D raww e l l .T iled . TWO furnishedroom s
,one ba th room,
tub,
sta b les. Priva t ewe l l .
T iled . Two rooms,two
ba th rooms w ith ba thtubs and stables .
T i led , new ly constructed ,one room and two ba throom s, furn ished . We l lis c lose by .
Tile d . O ne furnishedroom , two
'
ba th rooms,
tubs and ga rage . D raww e l l .
T iled . Two rooms, two
ba th room s, tubs and
ga rage . D raw w e l l.
O ne tha tch ed room, two
ba t r rooms, tub and
ga rage .
Tiled,
u n furnished , one
room , two ba th room s,
kitchen tha tched . Pri
vate we l l .
(a ) NO ren t charged i’
or these Fores t ren t -houses .
Tiled . Two big room s , twoba th rooms, two au te
room s, one kitchen ,
serv ants’ qua rte rs, furnished . A verandahwhich is used as motorgarage.
T erraced and t iled . Twose ts of rooms, ba th tubsand stab les availa b le .
6
IV .—b ist of T ra vel lers ' Bunga lows—cont.
Hostm D IV l S IO N- con t
Tal uk .
K rishnagiri
Boya kotta i
Ba rgur
By w ho‘
m
L .F .D .
Nea rest
S am a lpa t ti,7 m i les .
store of 5 0 00 mmods tiou .
Tiled , unf iirnished, one
room , two bath rooms,
kitchen tha tched . Pri
va te wel l .
A tha tched inspect ion
shed , u n furnished , o ne
r0 0 1n, two bath rooms .
Priva t e w’
é l l.
tub s, k i tchens, serva nt s ’qua rte rs,availa ble , vera nda his used a s motorga rage . F a rnished.
Ti led a nd tha tched in
front , two b ig rooms,two ba th and d ress ingrooms
,two k ichona, one
ve ra nda h for motor .F urn ish ed . Wa te r from
(C) No rout charged for these Fa cet rest-houses.
Two room s , two ba tha nd dressing rooms,tw o k it chens , servnnts
'
quarters, two sta b les fi tfor c a rs . F ur nished .
Tiled O ne big room W ithtw o ba th rooms , one
k itc he n . one serva nts'qua rte rs , one vera nda h[ or motor , wel l wate r .Furnished .
7
IVwfi List of Travel lers’ Bunga lows—cont.
Nea restra ilway
By whom sta tion , if
m a inta ined . any , a ndNa tu re of ac commo d a t ion .
the d ista ncefrom it.
Boson D IVIS ION—cont.
—OO Bt .
Nedungal F .W.D .
D a sampatti ,12 miles .
M aharaj agada i(a.) F .D . K rishnagiri(Rest- house) . 7 miles.
M edugampa l l i (a ) .(Rest-bouse) .
Jegadevi L .F .D .
(R est house) .
K averipatnam
Kurumba rapal li
Nama kka l Ta luk.
Nama kka l L .F .D .
Valayapatti
K ulivalu
(K oll imalais) .
Vasalur
(a ) No rent charged for these Forest rest- houses.
l‘
iled. O ne suite of rooms,
ba th tubs and stablesava ilab le .
Thatched . Two sets of
rooms, bath tubs and
stab les garage ava ilab le .
Tiled . T wo furn ishedroom s, two ba th rooms,
two ba th tubs , garage .
Priva te we l l c lose by.
Ti led . Three rooms,two
bath room s,furn ished
,
two ba th tubs, garage .
D raw we l l . S ta tion notaccessib le by motor .O ne room, no ba th tubor garage.
Tiled . Two rooms, two
ba th rooms , two k l tChO D S ,four stab l es, one motorshed . F urnished .
Tiled , one room , on e bathroom . one k itchen
,a nd
one stab le . F urnished .
Corruga ted iron roof.Two rooms
, two ba throoms, two ba th tu bs
,
tw o wash ba sins, com
bined kitchen andservants’ room . A draww el l .Tha tched . O ne room , on e
z inc ba th tub. A private
we l l .
50 - 4
8
IV .— l i ist of Tra vel lers’ Bunga lows— cont .
NA ) !“i s“.
D IVI S IO Nfl con t .
Na m akka i Ta l uk- cont
Va la ppur
Puiiyansho la i
( h‘
oot of K ol l im a la is) .
E ru n a ipa l ti
Ra sipu r Ta luk .
M unchavadi
Pudupa t ti
SALEM D IV IS IO N.
Attur Ta luk
.\ t t ii
Nea restra i lway
sta tic", if
a ny ,and
the d istancefrom it .
By whomm a in tained .
K il litta lai,
38 m iles .
I. F‘
.D . S a lem Town,
18 m iles .
Sa l em Town,
2 5 m iles .
S a lem T O WD ,
3 2 m i les .
Na ture of accommodation .
Tha tched . O ne room,one
z in c bat h tub . A p rivatew e l l .
'
l ha tchedl
roof . O ne rooma nd two bath room s w ithone ba th tub
,kitchen
and servants’ qua r ters.
O n e room and two ba throoms W ith one
' ha t litub, kitchen and ser
v ants’ room
,one stab le.
A stream c lose by .
T il ed . A private we l lc lose by.
T iled . Two rooms,two
ha th tubs,k itchens,
sta b les and garage , a
w e l l ior water,fur
'
nished.
O ne ha l l and two ba throom s W ith out -house ,(3 huts) a nd two horsesta l ls . Horse sta l lserves as mo tor shed ,
one z inc bath tub .
Tiled . Two rooms, two
both rooms w ith ba th
tubs . v erauduh a l l ronuri,
a. new k itch en for
Ind ia n trave l le rs unde rconstruc t ion , no ser
v a nis'
q na rte rs, a'
draw
we l l for w a ter .
9
IV.—List of Tra vel lers’ Bunga lows—cont.
rhi
zllnt’
agh?d Na ture of aocommoda ticn.
S AL EM D i v i sioN
—con t.
A ttur Ta luk—con t .
54 Ta laivasa l L.F .D . Sa lemTown, T iled . Two sets of rooms
4 2 m iles. with ba th rooms and
veranda hs a l l round .
No ser vants’ quarters.
65 Panamadal Tiled building . O ne room
and two ba th rooms,
side veran dahs, on e bathtub and motor ga rage,furnished ; has a wel l.
Tammampatti Trich inopoly, Tiled. Two rooms and
m iles ; two bath rooms with
S a lem,two z inc ba th tubs
,
60 m iles. k itchen and servants’qua r ters , one stable . A
draw we l l.
57 M ayam abadi
Periyakombai
Gangava l li
Sa lem Tahik.
58 K aripatti L.F .D . Salem Town,9 m iles.
M a l lur
S AL — 2
Tiled . O ne room and
two ba th room s w it hone ba t h tub, kitchen ,
servan ts’ room and one
stab le . A spring c loseby .
Tha tched and thattiwa l ls p lastered over w ithm ud, one room , a
stream c lose by , not
furnished .
Tiled . O ne room ,one
bath room, not f ur
n ished ; a we l l close by .
Two sui tes of rooms, ea chcon sisting of a m ain
room , dressing roomand bath room , fur
nished ; water avail ab le .
Two suites of rooms con
sisting of a m a in room ,
a dressing room ,ba t h
room,
decently fur
ni shed, sta b les.
6 1
10
l V .
— List of Trave l lers’ Bunga lows— cont.
S ALrM D IVIS IO N- cm t o
Sa lem—cc
Ta li/J:
nt .
By whom
ma inta ined .
P reviouslyPub l icVVcrks
D epa rtmen t , now
M un ic i.
pal .
A t the foot of L.F .D .
Shevaroy h il ls(R est-house ) .
Vi l i ppadi
A chank utta
pa t tyhouse) .
(Best
F .W.D .
Nearest
ra ilw aysta tion ,
if
any ,and
the d is tancefrom it .
Suramanga
lam ,
1 3 m iles.
Sa lem Tow n,
5 m iles.
S a lemTown .
17 m i les .
S al em Town,
ra ilwaysta tion ,
12 } m i les.
Na ture of accommoda tion .
Tiled buil d ing ,two rooms
w ith a ba th room .
O ne ma in room ,on e ba th
room and dressing room ,
rooms are furn ished 3we l l for wa ter .
Two su ites of rooms consisting o f a m a in room ,
d ressing room , a bathroom
, sepa ra te ou t
houses , room s decentlyfurnished
,w e ll wa te r .
Ve ra nda h is used as
motor ga rage .
O ne ma in room,one ba th
room ,iurn ished
, we l lwa te r .
Corrug a ted iron roofing ,
a cen tra l d in ing roomw ith two sni tes of rooms
consisting of a bed room ,
and a ba th room a lso a
store room ; good wa te ravaila b le ; rooms we l lfurnished . R ent As . 8
per d iem for a sing leperson a nd A s . 12 for a
ma rr ied couple . Pub l icWorks D epartment
offi cers have a preferen
t i a l righ t to occupy the
bunga low ; others shou ldobta in previous permission of the Col lector.
12
IV.- List of Travellers’ Bunga lows—cont .
Nea restra ilway
By w hom sta tion , if
ma intained . a ny , an dNa ture of accommodation .
the du tance
from it.
S am sma c s
D x n sION— con t .
flhruc hen gode
Ta luk .
7 1 Tiruohengode L .F .D .
72 Sankaridrug
73 Pakka nad
(i) Ch arge s for bu nga lows unde r the Loca l F und D epa r tment A s . 12 pe r
diem for an adult and R e . 1 for a m a rrried coup le. H a lf the a bove ra t es forsix hours .
( i i ) Cha rges for bunga low s unde r the PublicWorks D epa rtment—A s.
’
8 per
diem for a n a dul t a nd A s. 12 for a ma rried c oup le . Their occupa tion by non
ofiioia ls is subjec t to the Col lec tor ’s p u t-miss ion.
( iii) Cha rge s for t unga lows und er the F orest Depa rtment—A s . 8 per d iemfora in ad u l t a nd As. 12 for a ma rried coup le . But for Thammaippa tt i, As. [ 2
per d iem is ch a rged .
Tiled . Two rooms, twoba th rooms, kitchen ,
sta b les ; a verandahwh ich m ay be used as
moror ga rage ; we l lw a ter .T iled . Two rooms, two
ba th rooms, one k itchen ,two store rooms
,two
motor sheds ; rooms
ful ly furnished .O ne ha l l and a backroom .
(Average of the statistics for 5 yea rs ending
Ta luks.
IDs /mus eum D imeo .
Hosua D IVIS IO N.
NAMAK KA L D IVIS ION .
S A L EM D IV ISION.
S ANKAR IDBUG D IVIS ION .
Oma lurT iruchengodu
M UNIC IPAL ITY .
0 0 0 s oc
Town Cmcnrs.
Tota l for the d istr ict
16
VIL— Causes of D eath .
Cho
era
.
ANv
R atio of dea th s per of popu la tion .
A03
v A9v an
Fe
ver.
Av
Dysentery
and
AO)
V
di
arrhcna
.
3fi «3o 8
5—A O 3<1 E-4
(7 ) (8)
17
VIII—Ca stes,Tribes and R aces in 1921 .
S trength .
Caste , tribe or race .
I.—H1Nnu AND Amm s
'
r CAe s.
(a ) Tam i l.
(b) Telugu.
18
VIII.
— Castes, Tribes and R aces in 192 l—cont.
S trength .
Caste,tri lie or race .
I .
— H1ND U AND A mm sr Cas'rss
con t .
(c) M a la iya la m .
M a l aya li
(d) K an a rese.
(e) Ort ga
(f Other M adra s La ngua ges.
K sh a triyaM a ra thaS oura shtra
[I .
— M UsSAmu N.
III.— Cnmsrrss s.
Indian Christians
IV.— O '
ra ass
Tota l
I
22
X.
— R eserved F orest and Area Proposed for R eserva tion( in squa re m iles) on 30th June 1926 .
Ta luks.
D s sa 111 11 0 3 1
9 101 12
Hosea D IVISION .
-72
5-1 6870 ?
NAm am L D IVISION.
59 685 88
S AL E M D IVISION.
6 190 8
2094 18
S ANK AR IDBUG D ivi si oN.
Oma l ur 89 80 410 57 1
T im chengodu
b e t reve n ue rea l ized under forests duringK 8 .
19 16—17 192 1- 2 2
1917 - 18 192 2 - 2 3
1918- 19 1923 - 2 4,
1919 - 20
1920 - 2 1 1925—36
A rea ha nded over to the panehaya t is acres.
1620 72 60 3
097 8:118
-
27
an
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26
to the Last S ettTem ent—con t .
XL—C lassifioa tion of Area and M oney R ates according
(Pa rt l .— Area under each money rate)—con t.
D harma puriDivision .
ACS .
M
89
7 70 3 9
51 30 202 18
10 1 02 2 50 4
124 81
26 73 9 1
14 37
520 4 3
Wet (u noccup ied).
30 00
2 9 90
691 4:
260 '08
10 459
Sa lem D ivision.
253 28
(Area under each money ra te in the settled hi l l v i l lages. )
ra tes .
T ota l
Money ra tes E x tent .
98
XL—Classifiea tion of Area and M oney R ates according to theLast S ettlement—con t.
(Pa rt 2 .— Classes and sorts included under each money rate .)
Wet la nds in the resett led ta luks of D ha rmapuri, K rishnagiri a nd Hosur.
Soil c la ssifica tion . F irst C lass . S econd Class.
Th ird C lass. Fourth Cla ss F ifth C la ss.
Ta ram . R a te .
(10 ) ( 11)
8 8 . A . 3 8 . A.
Non a—Al l the above tab les re late to the Ta luk s as they stood before t heyw ere reconstituted in 19 10 .
S AL — 5
news
rH’
BJ‘BiL
‘
e ieg
°
ul w eLL
‘
eqe g
ween
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e wg
‘me x em
'
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29
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2
88
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o o o om
H NO'
J CDH H
21
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9 6
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.
H N GO Q
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1
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ma
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m
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32
XL—Classification of A rea and M oney R a tes accordingto the Last S ettlement - cont .
(Pa r t 2 .—C la sses and sorts included under each money ra te) cent .
4 ,—D ry la nds in the vi l lages of Sa lem a nd Attur Ta luks
,settled for the
fi rst time in Faslz 13 15.
S oil c la ssification
Tm'
rd group . Four th group F ifth group . S ix th group.
R S . A . 8 8. A . R S . A. l 8 8. A .
B:—D ry la nds m the resettled ta luks of Dha am a p uri , K rishnagi ri a nd Ham".
S oil c la ssifica tion .
R S . A . BS . A . R S . A . 8 8. A .
4 2 12 5 2 0 0 1 6
(5 1 6 l 2 8 0 14
2 3 1 2 h l 7 l 2 8 O 14 9 O 9
8 4 2 3 7 1 2 8 O 14 9 0 9 1 1 0 6
4; 5 3 8 O 14 9 0 9 10 0 7
t 4, 9 0 9 10 0 7 I t 0 G 12 0 4
5 5 5 10 0 7 12 0 4 12 0 4 13 0 3
33
9 513 8 8 a; H o o o o
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113 CO 5 . 00 O ) 2r
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r—i N G co w 0men u, 13
Ta luks .
D HA LM APUR I Dwnsxos .
D hurm a pun
U tta nga ra i
Hosea D 1v .sxox .
H osur
K rishnagiri
NA M AK KAL v x so .
Namakka l
D irm e x .
A rtur
S a lem
Ha x m moncc
D IVIS IO ‘I .
Oma lur
T iruche ng odo
Tota l
1
,490
38
XIII.—Holdings, Cu lt ivat ion
Tota l holdings.
Tota l .
ACB.
8
and D em an d in F a sl i 1335 .
C0
Cul t iva tion including wa ste cha rged .
ACS .
42
ACS ’
l,15,870
3 1 855
2
793
53 4:
2,53
,G28
40
XIV .
—R evenue Payable by Permanently -settled E states inF asl i 1335 .
T a luk s and esta t es.
B111 RM AP UR I D in sxo x
D ha rm ap ur i Ta luk
Pa ng una ttam
Ne kknndi
Nulaha l li
R eddiha ll i
Pa pa ra pa t ti
) l ut tuha lli
Acharaha l li
Volam pa t ti
Pana iku lnm
Pa llipa t ti
Vop pa la lm l li
G iddanaha l li
K ukkuta ma rad sha ll lPa pmaya kampa tt i
E lnm icha naha l li
Ba vuhani
Thirum a la va cl i
Snga nahnni
M a ra ndaha l liBegaraha lli
Be lug aya puram
Ha num an thapuram
E rra slga laha l li
Go l laha ll i
Kana nurKandan ahall i
Fippireddill a l li
lmm uhzl lli
Na l la ppa na ickauaha l li
l’ illa ppaua icka uahal li
mm auur
u j a p a la iyamE tt iya naha l l i
Tot tanaha l li
Mu thur
Mauc lnna ikanaha ll i
E rraha iy zm aha ll i
Ka damada i
Tota l 7 38
Utla ngura i Ta lu k .
4 1
X 1V .
—R evenue Pa v ahle by Perman en tly- sett led E sta tes i n
b‘
asl i 1335— 0 0 71t.
Ta luks and esta tes.
D s ssn sruar DIVISION —0 0 'n t .
Utta 'n 9am : Ta lnk— con t .
T a laua tham
Buddireddipa tti
Venk a tadriha l l i
K ada turHosaha l liBa snvapuram
M aniyambadi
Chin ta lapadi
S ingir1ha ll i
Vagn ttuppa tti
Kera ikodiha l li
Na l lak utt laha l li
Gedakaraha l l i
O bil inaya kkanahal liK adi rin aya kk anaha l li
Bosinayak ka naha ll i
L inginaya kkanaha l l iBa tha laha l li
Tot a l 4,4C5 3
R en ted V1. lla ges.
Tota l
Ina/m Vellage.
Ka ttuppa t t i
Tota l 14
HO S U R D iv x snov .
Hosu r Ta luk.
BagalurShu lag iri
BerikaiPunnagaram
C repa lh
Doripa ll i A .
D oripa l li B.
Pan a kandoddi
Thradi
K uruba ratipa l li
42
X1V .
- R evenu e Pa r able by Permanent ly - settled E st ates inF a sl i l 335— cont.
Ta luks and estates.
HO SUR D IVIS IO N— cont.
Hosu r Tu luk cont .
Na l lurM utha nuha l li
Nammandaha l li
Roya kot ta i
Soolikun ta
G anz a naha l li
H ilagum
Cla g am
Doddame tra i
Hosa ha l liK ot tagurik i
Kou eri A c raharam
Ka ruk a naha lh
Bangana hafl i
Meda i Agra hara rn
Tota l
K rish/na giri Ta l uk .
Kuuda rapa l l i
Kuruba ra ha l li
Ner lya nakuppam
Chi nnam au aw ra n ap a ll i
Pichukunta pe tha uapa l l i
ll il la na ku ppa -u
S aman thama la i
K ndipal li
S ileypa l li
Bayya nap ane
Tippan a pa l le
Bo lla rapa l le
Chenda rapa lle
Jegadev1
Ga ngfl efl
Moramadagu
A garumThum bu lapa l leTha va lam
h u lam a la i
Achchamunga lam (Group 1 1Do . (G roup l I-a )Do . (G roup l l . b)
Pnrushottama purmu (Group I)l ) n , ( G l O O p 11)
l kondam kn tta pa lli
Penneswurumutam
Tuliha lle
A va tavadi
Norm—There have Leon territoria l changes in Hosur a nd Krishnagiri Ta luks.
44
X1V.—~ R eveuue Payable by Permanently-settled Es tates in
F a sl i l 335 —cont.
Ta luks and estates .
2
4 2
43
4 4
45
46
48
4 9
QO
m-P-
WM
H
1
45
XIV.—Rev9 11ue Payable by Permanently-settled E sta tes in
Fasl i 1335—cont.
Ta luks a nd est a tes.
NAMAKKAL D 1v1sl oN— con t.
Namakka l Ta luk— cont .
Kirambur
R aj ampa la iyam
Selur .
Thindamangalam
Nal laka vandanpa la iyam
E ranapuram
Kol lukattipalaiyam
Kodur Q' .
Thaligai
Sirkar Va lavandiSirka r P a lapattiNarava lur Thottipal aiyam
Tota l
S ALEM D IVISION.
Ra sipwr Ta luk.R asipurS inga landapuram
Kanagabommampatti
Arasampa la iyam
Kakaveri
Chandrasekarapuram
Ka liyan i
Tota l
At tur Ta luk.
A ttur Ta lnk
Sek kadipatti M ittah
Tota l
SAL — 7
4 5 14
1 346
290
56
46
XIV .-R evenue Payable by Permanently-settled E states in
F asl i 1335 —cont.
Ta luks and esta tes.
S ALE M D IVIS ION—con t .
S a lem Ta luk .
S a lemPal lapa ttiAnnadanapatti
A lagapuramAlagapuram PudurHasthsmpa tti
Kannan knrichi
R akkipatti
QC .
Tota l
81mma mas s D rv xsrow.
Om a lur Ta luk.
K arnkk elavadi
M uttuna ickampatti
Paga lpa tt i
Nal lakavanda npa tti
Sellapil laiknttai
Tota l
Timohengodu Ta luk .
Animur
Kokka lai
O hinnamana l i
Periyamana li
Tbondipatt i
M ol ipa l li
Nel lipalaiyamE lanaga r
Akka la mpatti
Puttnr
M a na th iM us1riM am ka lampa tti
M avnreddipa tti
Ohitha landur
K omammang a lsm
Komara ps le iyam
Tbokavadi
K a va ndanpa la iyam
M nn jnnurUnj a niPa lam edn
K a ttnpal a nyam ,West
D o. E ast
47
XIV .—R evenue Payab le by Permanently-settled E sta tes 111
F asl i l 335— cont.
M isc e l oTa luks and estates. Peshkash . la neons Tota l .
revenue .
Sm x a x mauo v x sl oN— com .
Tiruchengodu Ta luk— cont.
Maraporai
Kuppiobipa la iyam
M a rapora i, S outh ”
Minnampal li
Nagarpa la iyam
Morangam
Karumanur
Kutta na ttamKokkarayampet
San ka riKasthuripatti
37 KonganapuramKot ta varndampatti
39 Irnga lur
M ettupalaiyam
Total
D istrict tota l 34 ] 66 997
114
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52
cans
XXIII. - Income and E x penditu re of Sa lem M un ic ipa l ityin 1925—26.
A . Genera l Accoun t— R eceipts —O rdina ry
( l ) Taxa t ion and m isce l l aneous revenue(2) Governmen t gra n ts exc lud ing grants- 1n -aid of
genera l resou rces(3) Endowmen ts and con tri bu tions(4 ) R emunera t i ve enterpr ises(5) O ther rece ipts
Tota l
(6) Deduct— Contr ibut ion from General Accoun tCu l ina ry— to( i) Lighting Account— O rdina ry(11) E lementa ry Educa tion Accoun t —O rdina ry .
(i i i ) Wa ter-supply and D ra inage Accoun tO rdina ry
(7) R ece ipts— O rdina ry— Genera l A ccoun t(8) Tota l ordina r y expendi ture(9 ) Surplus or defic i t(10) Governmen t gran ts 1n - a id of genera l resources .
(11) Net surplus or deficit
B . General Accoun t —Cap i ta l
(12 ) Governmen t grants(13) Endowmen ts and con tr ibu t ion s(14) Loans(15) O ther rece ipts(16) Tota l rece ipts(17 ) Tota l expend itu re(18) Ne t expendi tu re [ i tem (17)
m
mz'
nus i tem(19) Add— Contr ibut ions f rom General Acceun t
O rdinary— to(i) Light i ng Accoun t— Cap i ta l( i i ) E lemen ta ry Educa t ion A ccount —Cap i ta l .(i i i) Wa ter- supp ly and D ra inage A ccoun t
Capi ta l(20) Tota l cap i ta l expendi t ure from genera l revenues .
(2 1) Net surplus or defic i t a f ter mee t ing Cap i t a lexpendi tu re [i tem (11) min us i tem
(22 ) O pen i ng ba lan ce(23 ) C losing ba l ance(24 ) D i fference [ i tem (23 ) m inus i tem (22 )
M et from Ca pi ta l ba lance .
Norm—Arrea rs (bo th ta x and nomtax i te m s)Unpa id b i l ls
Ta luks.
DHARM APUBI D IVI SION.
D harmapuri
U ttangarai
HOS I’
JB D IVI SI ON.
Hosur
K rishnag iri
NA’
MAK K AL D IVIS ION.
Namakkal
R a sipur l
SAL EM D IVIS ION.
Sa lem
S ANKARIDRUG D IV IS ION .
Oma lur
Tirnchengode
D istrict tota l
Hindus
M ussa lmans
Christian s
O thers
XXIV in 1921 .
7
66 ,
XXV . Schools and Schola rs on the 31st M a rch 1926,
Number of schola rs.
inst itutions.
(6) (7 )
Public:
Art s Col legesM en .
Arts Col leges_Women .
l
Professiona lCol leges—M en .
Profess iona lCol legesz
—Women.
(0 ) S econdaryS chools for lboys.
(0 ) S econdaryS chools for
‘girls.
b E lem entar r
lS chools
yfor
boysI) E lem entar
S chool s y ior'
n girls,Tra in ing S chool forM a sters .
Tra i n ing School forM istress es
O therschools.
-l ota l
Hriva te.
,Tota l
Gra nd tota l
(a ) Inc lude s E uropean H igh a nd bh ddle school s .
(b) Inc ludes E uropea n Pr im a ry schools.
68
000
00
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80
.
80
306
56
0
90
70
XXVIIl .
Number of persons b.
R
tigi8t°r9 d B
"5 é 5g
succ essful ly n -ra te perI 5 h o
l OOO of o m 0 P”
vacc ina ted. .o 3 0 <0populatnon . 5 0 9 «aw
no
o oJ,
Name of ta lnk .
g
75 3g8:O5;
'0
i‘fi .g.E
s?H 4
(5 (6 (7
Dnu mu m uD IVHIO N .
Dhurmapuri
Unt angnra i
Hosua D IV I S IO N .
Krishn agiri
NAMAKK AL D IVIS I O N .
Namakka l
S AL E ! D IVI SI O N .
A ttur
Sa lem
S ANKAR IDR UG D IVI SI ON.
Oma lnr
Tirucbengodu
M UNICIPAL ITY.
S a lem
D intrict tota l
71 3
XXIX.—Civi l Justice.
(Average of the statistics for the yea rs 1916
Cla ss of court .
(3 ) (5) ( 6) (7)
Village Courts
Village Bench-Cour ts
Village Panchaya t Courts .
Reven ue Courts 196 18 14
iD istrict M unsifs’
Courts 2 30 22 1 152 1
Subord inate Judges’ 629 28 3 2
Courts .
D istrict Jadge's Court 18
(a ) A verage for six years from 19 16 to 1921 .
(b) Average for four yea rs from 1922 to 192 5.
The District M un sif and t he Sub Judge , Sa lem ,have disposed of £27
and 5 ,982 sma l l cause suits, respec tive ly ,during the ten years.
73
XXXI.—Work of Criminal Courts .
(Average O f the sta tistics for the ten years 1916
Class of courts .
M agistra tesCourts
8
ary S ubordina te Magistra teseputy, Assistant and Joint M agist ra tes
D istrict M agistra teA dditiona l D istrict M ag istra teCourt of Sessions
Assistant SessionsA dditional Sessions
The territoria l lim its underwen t a ltera t ion in 1918.
(a ) Ave rage from 1919— 19 25 .
(b) R e l a tes to 1925 (one year) .Inc lud ing revision .
74‘
zXXXII.—Eolice and Ja i ls In 1926.
Dn suuarusr
D IVISI ON .
Hose s D IVI S ION .
NAM AK KAL D IVIl N.
Rasipur 2 1 12 79 2 2
Nama kkal l 1 9 82 83
S ANK ABIDBUG
D IV Ie N.
TiruchengoduOma lur P
O!
m 63
8 1 mmD IVIS ION.
A tturSa lem Town Pol iceCirc le .
A rmed R eserveHeadquarters sta ff .
Prosecuting stafi
Tota l 15 12
Ras ipur Ta luk is included in the Sa lem Ta luk Police Circ le .
f S ergeant. I S ergea n ts . §Jamada r.
60
5880
0
.
mo
fieamao
o
vso
m
awn
795m
.
mu
cu
oo
amc
H
(5) (6 ) (7 ) (8(4 )
1 861 A
sum sn ubs .I ed 2uorzsrudod Io Iq ueq
‘
n et 2
'
136 1 9;
1 9 19 1119 41 8
more“6
93
°9 9 3 0 111A E
°
sq l
A
menu: sn ubs u ; m ay 53
76
534
+
20
1
580
290
+
5
1
345
14
0
(formed
77
II.—Va r iat ion in Populat ion since 1901.
Pe I cen tage of va r ia tion ofPOpula t Ion .
popu la tion .
Towns.
The w hole d istrict .
Attur Ta luk .
A ttur
Dharmapuri Ta luk.
D ha rmapuri - 20 3 12 29
Hosur
Krishu a girs'
Ta luk .
K r ishn ag iri
Namakka l Ta luk .
Nam akka lS en dama nga lam
R asipw am Ta luk.
S a lem Ta luk.
S a lem'
Tiruchengodu Ta lu k.
Tiruchensodu
R epresents a. m un icipal ity .
SALEM - 11
78
IIL— R oads.
Year .
1930- 31 .
Trunk roads h anded over to Pub l icWorks D epa rtmen t
M a in tained by the D ist rict Boa rdD O . T a luk a nd Un ion
Boa rds
Tota l
M a inta in ed by Sa lemM unicipa lity .
G rand Tota l
M ileage O f roads m a in ta ined .
Tota l
12083
M eta l led . Unmeta l led .
79
1V .— List of T ra vellers’ Bunga lows.
Additions and a ltef a tion s to the l ist of Trave l lers’ Bunga lows a t pages 3 to 12.
D s a suarusr D IVIsION.
D harmapwn'
Tal uk .
Page 3 , D harmapuri D elete two bath tube in column 5 .
item 1.
2 Adaman kotta For“two bath tubs in column 5, read
tw o bath room s
3 Thoppur For D ha rm apuri, 17 miles In column 4 ,read “
D han ishpet ra ilway sta tion ,
10 m i les” and substitute“rooms for
tubs in column 5.
Add the fol low ing a fter item 7-A , Muthur (Inspect ion shed )7 -B Gerigaipa tti (a ) (In s F .D . Pa lakode , 10 m iles. Tiled
, one
pection shed ) . m a in room ,two ba t h rooms a nd a
kitchen.
Uttamga ras’
Ta luk.
8 Utta ngarai D elete “two ba th tubs in column 5 .
10 Ha rur For x“no g arage in the fifth line in
column 5 , read“a nd garage
Suriyagada i Add in the 5th column a fter the wordditto ”
ha s no we ll
16 Bomm idi For“do. in column 5
,read a s fol lows
A tiled building, two room s,two ba th
room s a nd one ha l l,motor car may be
kept in sta b les,furn ished . There is a
we l l .”16-A Kottapa tti D elete no ba th tub in column 5 and
add the words “has a well in the end .
Hosua D IVISION .
Hosur Tatuk.
17 Hosur For“tubs in column 5, read “rooms
18 Uddan apa l l i D O .
Page 5, For Bil ligundlu (Ins Substitute the fol lowingitem 27 . p ection shed ).
Gera tt i (a ) (In spection E D . Kelamanga lam 3 2 m iles. T il ed,
shed ). on e room , two ba th rooms and a
kitchen .
Add the fol lowing a fter item 30 as 30-A'
Page 6, M a randaha l li (a ) (In a n . M a randaha l li 1 mile . Tiled, n
‘
u
item pec tion shed) . furn ished,one room
,two ba th rooms
,
SO~A . t ha tched kitc hen, priva te wel l .
80
lv .— List of Travel lers' Bunga lows cont.
Krishn ags’
n’
Taluk.
Krishnagiri D elete“three tube in column 5 .
Jagadevi (rest house ) Delete the w hole item .
NAmas s“. D IV ISI O N .
Nam akku l Ta luk.
Page 8, Va laram (Inspection For Va l a ram in column 2, read
item 4 8. shed ) . Pa l la V IIa i am in Va l : ppa r vil lage"
.
4 9 Va lappar For a l a upur in column 2 , readS e l lipa t ti
R asipur Ta luk.
61 M unchavadi For tubs in column 5, read rooms
Add t he fol low ing a fter item 52 (Pudupa tti)52 -A Ra sipuram L . F .D S a lem Town
,16 m iles. Terraced ,
two rooms,tw o ba t h rooms
,Ind ian
a nd Eu ropea n k i t chen ,motor garage .
52-8 Naducomba i E .H . F D T i led,one ha l l w ith two ba t h rooms
(Ba i lnad). and vera nda s, kitchen,
serva nts’room a nd motor ga rage . F urn ished .
81m m D IVIsION.
Attu/‘r Ta luks
53 Attur
Page 9 ,item 54 . Ta la iva sa l
55 Pa nam ada l
56 Thammampat ti
57-A Periyakomba i
S a lem Ta luk.
58 Ka ripa tti For“S a l em Town
, 9 miles” in column4 , read Kuripa t t i, 1 m i le
59 M a l lur For D O .
"in column
,t read S a lem
Tow n,9 m ile s " and delete the word
Page 10 , decen tly in colum n 5 .
item 62 . Va lappadi F or a s lem Town ,17 m i les in column
4, read Va lapadi, 1 } miles
For“S a lem Town , 3 2 miles in column
4 read At tur, I m i le and a lso deletew ith Pa th tubs In column 5 .
For“S a lem Town , 4 2 m iles in column
4,r ead l
‘
a la ivasa l
For S a lem,28 m iles in column 4 , read
Yetha pur road , 8 m ilesAdd M otor ga rage w iIh syces, g
ua r0
te rs a fter the word “stab le In
colum n 5.
D e lete the whole item .
81
IV .— List of Travellers’ Bunga l ows— cont.
Na ture O f a ltera tions or additions .
Pa ge 10 , A cb a ukuttapa tti (Best For“Sa l em Town R a i lway sta tion , 12}
item house) . mile s " in column 4, read M a sinaya
62 -A . k ampat ti, 61 m i les
3 A ) ( A R ID R UG D IV I S ION .
Oma l ur Ta luk .
She varoy h il ls (Cauvervpea k)
Oma lur
Lok ur
68 Kurambapa tti occu rring beforein co lumn 5 and
D an ishpe t
For 19 m iles in colum n 4 , read 25
m iles and de lete “t ha tched in
c o lum n 5 .
For S a l em Jun e t ion,8 m i les
"
column 4,rea d Om a lur , 5m ile
Add the w o' ds“and ga ra g e ”
a fte r theWo rds “
downst a 1rs and delete the
word s front veranda h US t d a s
ga ra geD elete t he word no
M otor ga rage ”
su bsti tu te“and
Delete“no before garage in column 5
and in sert has a
°
selumeg
9 5mm
19 10 1.
1 3 118 111 9 3
s etups 9;
1 9 20 1 5
‘
SGIBEH SJ 1;
‘
seyew 3
3
mamw eg is:
s a le” 3;
09 “
82
m u:
84
VII— Causes of D ea th .
(Average of sta tist ics for the fiv e yea rs ending
R a tio of dea ths p er O f the
popu la t ion from
Ta luks
D a asn arum D IV I S I ON .
D harmapuriUttanga ra i (Ha rur)
Hosus D IVI SI ON .
NaM As un . D IVI SI O N .
S AL EM D IV ISI ON .
SANK AR IDBUG D IVISI ON .
5 0 0
M UNICI ALl TY
sa lem s o .
T OWN CIscrss.
Ye rca udA ttur
R as ipuramNam a kka lS endam snga l am
T iruchengoduHosurD ha rm apur iK r ishnagiri
Tota l for the disl riot
Norm—The figures for S a lem ta luk and for the town c ircles ex cept
Yerca ud represen t on ly averages for fou r yea rs.
85
VIII—Castes, Tribes and R aces In
Caste, tribe or rac e.
I.—HINDUS AND ANINIsr Casrss
(a) Brahman .
(b) D epressed Cla sses.
Adi-D ravidaAruntha thiyar
Chuckl i
M a la
Pa l la rPa nchama
f a rayar
Va l luv a r
(o) Other Hindus.
Arya VaisyaBoya
Gol laKa l la rNav itban
S engu ndar
V ania rVennen
Vanniya
View a Brahm in ,Tami l
D O . TeluguYadhava
Other castes not Specified
1I.—M USLIM S
U L—CHS ISTIANSIV .
- Oruss s
SALEM— 12
Tota l
Tota l
T ota l
Tota l
S trength .
1 ,002 ,7 l 5
89
X —R eserved F orest and Area proposed for R eserva tion on 30th June 1931In squa re m i les .
Area pro. Percen tageTa luks R eserved posed for A rea of of column 4
forest. reserva Ta luk . to cu ltiva tedtion a rea
D HAsuAPUsr v xsxos .
D ha rmapuriU tt angara i (fl arur)
How s D IV IS ION.
0 0 0
NAMAKK AL D IVIS ION.
S ALE M D IVISION.
0 0 0
S ANK ABID RUG D iv mon.
0 0 . 0 0 0
Net revenue rea l iz ed under F orests during
90
TABLE
Vide pages 23 to 35 of this volum e—No
‘
89 889 0
pun snoeueueoslm‘Jumqo u
‘QBHGAOJ pus l Jo; pus luep [uqoL
‘
sasseg
°
pusmep rea son 19mm
°
9nflQAGJ SD OGU8HOO 81m
°
1ueqx g
‘
eisr-m sm sut-
pu[ou1 1uemssessv
‘meax a
j uemssessv
quanta
au emssessv
°
aueqx q
uuamssassv
"men'
s;
SALEM— 13
v
f ‘
2+
a:H
0 1F t
A
(
8)
(7)
(6)
(
5)
(
4)
93
94
XIV .— R evenue payable by Perm anen tly Settled E states
in F a sl i 1340 (1930—3 l ) .
Ta luks and estates.
D s asmspuar D IVISION.
D ha rmapuri Ta luk.
Pungan a tham
Nekk undi
Nul aha l l i
R eddiha lli
l’appa rapa tti
M adeba l li
Acbam ha ll i
Ve lam pa t t i
Pan a iku lam
Pa ll i pa t ti
V e pa lab a l li
G iddan aha l li
Kukut am a radaba l li
l ’a pm a yak an ahal l i
E lumicbanaba l li
Ba voba ll i
Thiruma lv adi
S agga n a hani
M a ra ndaha l liBe laga raha l li
Be laga puram
Ha numan thapuram
E rrasegul a ba l li
Uol laba l li
K a nanu rK a udan aba l li
T hippiredd iba ll i
D inn a ha l li
Na l la ppana ika naba l li
Pi lla pan ac ka naba l li
S a m a nur
R ayapa la iyam
E thiya na ha l l i'
l hottan a ha l li
M othu rM an iobinaya ka naha ll i
E rra baya nahe ll i
K adam adugu
Koda ngnba ll i
Cbeenan a ha l li
Cbe t t iba ll i
Ba t bs l aha l l i
Kotti A thim a lu
Aga ra m
Tota l
96
XIV .—R evexfil e payable by Permanent ly S ettled E states
in F a sl i 1340 (1930—3 1)—co nt.
Ta luks and estates.
Hosus D IVISION.
Baga lurShu lagiri
Berika iNa l lurUtbanaha ll i
Namma naha lli
Baya K oliS ool igunta
Ganganaha lli
Helagam
U lagam
D oodame ta i
Hosaha l liKottagurithi
K cneri A graha ramKarakanaha l li
Banganaha lli
M eda i Agraha ramK ondagundan aha l li
Ba l ina i ckan ahalli
Tota l
Krishnagz'
ri Ta luk.
Kundarapa l li
Kumba ra pa lli
Nerianakuppam
Cbinnam an ava ra napa ll i
Picbak un tapethanapa l l i
Bil la nakuppam
S ama na tham a la i
K odipa l li
S ileypa l li
ByyanapaHi~
Thippana pa l li
Chenda ra pa l l i
Jagad eviG anga leri
M oramad ugu
AgaramThumma la pa llil
l hara llam
S ulama lai
Aobamanga lam (G roup I)D o . (G roup I l ~a )D o . (G roup l I- b)
Purusbotbama puram (G roup I) .
97
Xl V.— R evenue payable by Permanen tly S ettled E sta tes
i n F asl i 1340 (1930- 3 l )— con t.
Ta luks an d estates.
Hosua D IVIsI ON— con t.
K rishn agiri Ta luk—oon t.
Purushothamapuram (GroupIkon damkottapa l li
Pennesw arama tbam
Ta l liha lli
Ava t avadi
M ahendramanga lam
Jakka samudram
Jit tandaba l li
Bommanur
Chon tahal li
M a layamdahal li
Ta lgunn i
Sellanapa l li
Vathiganap a l li
Payyanapa l li
A lapa tti
Nakka lapal liK a rntb am arapa l l I
Paripa l li
Vengal iganap al li
Poova tb i
S embadamathur
Total
Nn ux x u . D IVISION.
Na/makka l Ta luk .
Namakka lK odiset tipatti
M uttanchetti
Laddivadi
PonneriAgrahara Va lavandiM nthagapatti
T ipram ahadevi
E rum a ipa tti
S . Pa layampalaiyam
Tbot tam udayam pa tti
Pavitram
S inga lankombai
PudukkottaiTbusur
Thettupa tti
Periyapa l lambarai, I
98
XIV .—R evenue payable by Permanent ly S ett led E states
in F asl i 1340 ( 1930—3 1)—cont.
Ta luk s and esta tes .
NAM AK KAL D ivIsION—con t.
Nama kka l Ta Ink— cont.
Periyapa l lamba ra i, II
Bel fl k urIOhi 0 0 0
Timma lug iri
M ela pat t i
Uppukom ba i
Thuthikulam
M a rurpa t ti
T ha lambadi
Thinuampa l li
Pot ta nam
An iyar
M uda la ipatti
K a dapa l li
Na llipa laiyam
T humma nku ricbi
M ara ppana iokampa tt i
TolurS hendamanga lam
Bommasa n iudram
Periya kul amPonna ikulam ,
ID o. II
D o . III
D o. IV
Sola siraman i
T hidum a l
Kuda cberi, West
0 0 . E ast
Gonur
Pe runkuriobi
Kupprika pa laiyamPIl lur
K iram bu rR a j am pa la iya rnS e lurThm dam anga lam
Na l lagonnda n ra la iyam
E ra n apuram
K ol luka ttipa la iyam
KodurTha liga i
XIV .—R evenue payable by Permanent ly Settled E states
100
in F asl i 1340 (1930 - 31) —cont.
Ta luk s and esta tes.
S A LE M D IVIS ION
A ttur Ta luk .
1 Attur
Tota l
Sckkadipa ttz'
M i tta. inams.
2 Jaugamasamudram
3 Kot tavadi
4 O ll ayamp a tti
5 Akkiche tt ipa laiyam6 M a l lika rai
Na tta r Agra haramChinnaka lraya n H il lsPeriyak a lrayan H illsS okka nur Agra haramO
CO
Tota l
Sa lem Ta luk .
S a lemPa l la pa ttiAnnada napa tti
A laga puramA lagapuram PudurHas thampa tti
Ka nna nkurichi
mfl
fib
vl
v-F-
CO
N
H
SANKu m suo DIVISION.
Oma lu r Ta luk .
K a rukka la vadi
M u thun a icka npa tt i
Pa ga lpa t ti
Nu l la ka v undam pa t ti
S e l la pil la ikutta iO'
fi
fifi
N
H
Tota l
2 019
2 15
2 15
354
374
101
XIV .
— R evenne pa y abl e by Permanently Settled E statesin F a sl i 1340 (1930 - 3 l ) —cont.
Ta luks and estates.
SANK ABIDBUG DIVISION—won t .
Tiruchengodu Ta luk.
Animoor
Kokkala i
Chinn am ana liPeriyamana li
Thondipa tti
M olipa tti
Na llipa laiyam
E langar
Akka lampa tti
Puttu rM ana thiM usiriM arakkalampatti
M avureddipa tti
Chitta landur
K om aramanga lamK omarapa la iyam
Tbohkav adi
Goundam pala iyam
M onj emurUnj an eiPa lameduKottem pa la iyam ,
West
D O . E ast
M orappa ra i
Kuppiobipalaiyam
M orapp arai, S outhM in nampa l li
Naga rpa la iyam
M oran j amK arumanur
K uttanatham
K okarayampet
S anka riK a stburipatti
[ve liKonganapuramKotta va rudampattiIruga lur
M et tupa laiyam
D istrict Tota l
SALEM— 14
Tota l
1 084
‘ 104
XVII. Land Improvem ent a nd Agriculturists’ loans .
Tota l amoun t a dvanced under the La n d Improvemen ts and Agricu lturist s' Loans A cts in
Ta luks .
D HABM APUR I [ IVIS IO N.
Da rm a p uri
U tta ngara i (Ha ru r)
Hoses. D IV ISION.
NAMAK KAL D IV ISIO N.
S AL E ) ! D IVISION.
Su m m on s D IVIS ION.
D istrict Tota l
13 100
6,c00
54 6
XVIII. PR ICE S IN SE E R S PE R R UPE E .
109
XIX.—Abkari and O pium.
Coun try Spirits.
Number of reta il shops 279
Issues in Im peria l proof ga l lon s.
Number of persons per retail shop .
Gross receipts from duty R s
D o. ren ta ls. 1 ,26,6OO
I bddy.
Number of reta i l shops licen sed 4 96
Number of persons per shopG ross receip ts from tree-ta x . R s
D O . renta ls.
Gan j a ,Bhang.
Number of retail shops l icen sed 10
S . T .
G . 1t
'
t old 11 seersQuan 1 y s IB. 3 4 6 0
Number O f person s per shopGross receipts from duty
D O . renta ls.
Op ium .
Number of retail shops l icensed 9
8 . T .
Quantity sold in seers 1 64 5
Number of persons per slIOpGross receip ts from duty
D o. rentals.
276
499
10
8 . T.
72 5 0
9
S . T .
196 3 1
272
498
14
8 . T .
4 8 782
9
S . T .
267 3
XX .- R evenue R eceipts.
Land R evenue and
273
I,99,860
503
14
563-
4 0
8 . T .
815 3 3
2 66
475
7 ,42 ,6Io
148 . T .
2 707-2 1
580 56
9
8 . T .
2717 9
S till
s: 7 ,751 7
E x cise,4 15 27
F orests 60
R egistration
Opium
Su ms— 15
112
XXIII.—Income and E xpendi ture of Sa lem Municipa l ity
in 1930- 31 .
Items.
A Genera l Accoun t—R eceipts— Ordinary( l ) Ta x ation and M iscel lan eou s R evenue(2 ) Governmen t G rants e x cluding Grants- in-a id of
genera l resources(3 ) Contribut ions(4) R emunera t ive E nterprises(5) O ther R eceipts
(6 ) D educt—Contribut ion from Genera l AccountO rdin a ry— to(i) Light ing Accoun t—O rdina ry( i i) E lementa ry E duca tion Account—O rdinary .
( i i i) Wa ter osupply and D ra inage AccountO rdin a ry
(iv) Town -P lanning F und Account
(7 ) R eceipts—O rdinary— Genera l Account(8) Tota l , O rdina ry E x pendi ture(9) S urp lus or D eficit( 10) Government Grants-in -aid of genera l resources
(11) Net surplus or deficit
B. G enera l Accoun t— Cap ita l(12 ) Government grants(13 ) E ndowmen ts and Contribu tions(14 ) Loans(15) O ther R eceipts( 16 ) To ta l R eceipts( 17 ) Tota l E x pendi ture(18) Net E x pendi ture [i tem ( l 7) m inus i tem
(19 ) Add— Contr ibutions from Genera l AccountO rdina ry—to(i) Lighting A ccount— Capita l(11) E lementa ry E duca tion Accoun t—Capita l
( i i i ) Wa ter ’ supply and D ra inage AccountCapita l
(20) Tota l , Capi ta l E x pendi ture from genera l revenues.
(2 1) Net surplus or deficit a fter m eeting capita lex pendi ture [i tem ( l l ) minus i tem
(22) O pen ing ba lance
(23 ) Closing ba lance
(24) D i fference [item (23 ) minus item
Nora —Arrea rs (ta x and non -ta x items)Unpa id b i l ls
R s. added to Cap ital ba lance .
Ta luks.
D s AImAP URI D IVISION.
Hosea D Ivrso .
NAM AKKAL D IVI S ION.
S ALE M DIVIS IO N.
S ANKAR ID RUG
D IVISION.
0 0 0
D istrict Tota l
XXIV .
—Educa tion in 1931.
113
810
7 18
1 2
114
XXV .— S chools and S cholars on the 31st M a rch 1931 .
Cla ss of
institutions .
PUBLIC .
A rts Col legesProfessiona lges.
Col lel
( S econd aryS chools for
boys .
S econda ryS chools for
L gir ls.
( E lem enta ryschools for
boys.
07) 1E lemen ta ryS chool ls for
L gir l s.
T ra ining S chool sfor M asters
Tra in ing Schoo lsfor M istresse s.
O ther S pecia lSchool s.
Tota l
P R IVATE .
Tota l
G rand
Number O f in stitutions.
d
.9
.2C
d
50
>1 .3
(3 ) ( 4 )
1 8
Nati
ve
state
s
; 5\
Number of schola rs
rs
8[
8 G d
35 0
<1 e.
(6 ) (7 ) (8) (91 ( 10) ( 11)
1 103
15 4 5
28 270 298
768 7
2 5 1 2 19
1 1
802 39
'
546
12 32 1 2 5 34 6
6 1
116
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Bo
om
Ta lnka and
M unicipa l ities .
D a Amu PUm
D i vm oN
Bosua v m ox .
S AL EM D IVIS ION.
SANK ARIDBUG
D IVIS IO N.
M os x cxm u n .
Sa lem
D istrict Tota l
120
XXV Il I.—Va ccinat idn .
Num ber of personssuccessful ly vacc ina ted .
38 4 1 40
40 4 2 4 5
38 30 3 2
7 7 6
0 0 .
65 6 0 78
3 3-2 32 2 33-2
0.
8—29 .
9
(4 ) (5) (6) (7)
12 1
XXIX .— C ivil Justice.
(Average of the sta tistics for the yea rs 1926
C lass of Court .
Vil lage Courts
Vil lage Panchayat Cour ts
R evenue Courts
D istrict M unsifs’ Courts
S ubordinate Judges’ Courts.
D istrict Judge’s Court
68
20
26
3 1
158
55
17
(5) (6) 7 )
2 0
16
28
15 1 3
37 183 97
356 158 81
50
53
122
XXX .—Crim ina1 Just i ce .
(Number of persons convicted of certain offences in each of thefi ve yea rs, 192 6
O ffences .
M urd erCu lpa b le hom icideHu1 ts a nd a ssau l tsO ther ofi ences aga inst the
person.
D acoityR obberyHouse -brea kingCa tt le - theftO th er the l tsO ther charges aga instp roperty.
O ffences aga inst pub l ictranquil l ity (Chapte r VIII) .
O ther off ences aga inst the
Pena l Code.
Tota l
S ecurity for keep ing the peacea nd for good beh aviour .
O fi enc es und er the M adra sS a l t Act, IV of 1889 .
O ffences U nder the M a dra sA bk i ri A c t
,I of 1886 .
O fl’ences und er the M adrasForest Act, V of 1882 .
O fi en ces under the D istrictM un ic ipah ties Act .
O ther off en ces aga inst Spe cia land Loca l Laws .
G rand Tota l
12 4
XXXII .— Pol ice and Ja i ls in 1931.
Pol ice Force.
113 1 1é “
a; 8 53 w' “
53
TaIUke. 8‘
83
F2 2.
g Q h‘
5 a t? 0 8 c m
3, . g ra g 85 S 3 3 2 :c
an D H 8 0 g
503 3 5 am:
H 7) 3: O 94 21 Z Z
(1) (5 ) ( 6 ) (7 (8) ( 121
D 11AR ! APUR l
D IVISIO N.
Hosua v mron .
HosurK rishnag i ri
NAM AK KALD IV IS ION.
Nama kka lR asipur
S ANK ARIDBUG
D IV ISION.
S AL E M D IVIS ION.
A tturS a lemYercaudS a lem R ese rve a nd
D istrict S chool .Preside ncy G enera l 5 60
R eserve .
P rosecutingIn spec tor .
Prose cut ing S ub
Inspector .D istric t l nte ll igence l 3
Burea u .
D istrict S pecia l 1 3
Branch .
1 4 per cent t e
serv e .
Governmen t R a i lw ay Police .
Crime a nd Spec ia lBra nchc
Police T ra iningS chool.
M otor Veh icleS taff .
Va ca ncy—Rese rve.
Tota l 88 14 2 386 78
125
XXXIII.—Incom e- ta x .
Incidence of ta x .
Year s.
R s. A . P . a s. A . P .
1927 - 28 980 149 3 O 0 l 2
1928—29 188 7 8 0 1 5
1929- 30 171 7 0 O 1 4
19 30- 31 20 2 9 9 0 1 7
ii
height of about The northern slopes are broken byra vines running an echelon in a north - ea st by west. di rec tion
,the
ch ief of wh ich are (1) Varagur-komba i , (2 ) Mula i -kurichi , (8)P eriya—kom ba i and (4 ) Vala -komb ai
,and the descent to the l ow
country is by numerous l ong and gently -mp ing spurs. F rombelow
,the portion of the hil ls that lie i n the Namakka l taluk has
the g en era l appea ran ce of a fia t-topped mass,which a ccounts for
the h ills b eing ca ll ed by the i nhabitants of the surroundingcountry “Sadura -
g i ris or “ squa re moun ta ins ”. In rea l ity ,
however,this port i on of the hi lls com prises a high levd pla tea u
made up of five basin - shaped depressi ons covered with terra cedcul tivati on , and resembl ing vast verdure- cl ad amphi theatres.
These depressed ba sins a re divided from one another bynum erous tolerably deep ravines and va l l eys formed by spursrunning out from thei r sidesu O ne of these basins is a t the end
of the range , another in the na rrower central pa rt and the otherthree (a la rge one w ith two sma l le r ones ly ing north -westand south-ea st of it) are on the southern portion of the range .
The R asipuram Kolli -ma la is are rather differen t i n structure .
To the south -west is the ma ssive and lofty dome of Bayil -Nad,
from which the va l l eys a l ready referred to appea r to radia te .
The paths which cross the hea ds o f these ra v ines commandspl endid v iews of the plains and of the hil ls (S hevaroys,Tenande-ma la i and K a lrayans) tha t bound them on the north .
The edge of the p la teau to the west towers above the pla ins to a
height of above sea l evel ; the north-west heights are
about 400' l ower. The ridges tha t separa te the northern
va l l eys a re a t th eir top The highest peak here isVetakkara -mal a i In the Namakka l porti on of the
h i l ls, the high est peak, i n the south -west porti on ca l l ed SelurNad
,is h igh and the genera l l evel of the upper surfa ce of
the range is not more than and its eastern and northeastern fianks dra in either into the Turaiyiir va l l ey or theva ll ey of the Periyar .
Only from the outer eastern edge of these hil ls or from someof the higher ridges in the i nteri or can any v iew of the l owcountry he obta ined, but owing to the diversified cha ra c ter ofthe upper surfa ce of the range the scenery with in it is oftenbeauti ful . Numerous l i ttle basins of cu ltiva ted land commun icate w ith one anoth er by wooded g l ens ,
o r i n a few cases bysma l l rocky pa sses, and i n the east, in the neighbourhood of a
gorge which opens i nto the Tura iyur va l ley, are some very boldbluffs and prec ipi ces overl ook ing a grea t rav ine though wh ichthe K oilfir torrent rea ches the low country .
At the head of this ravine stands the famous S i va templeca l led Arappalisva rankovil , which is rega rded w ith very greatreverence not only by the hi llmen of th is range , but also by theM alayAlis of the Pa cha i -ma la is and of the K a lrayan hills to the
north of them as wel l a s by the H i ndus o f the pla ins. A festival lasting three days, from the fi fteenth to the eighteenth day of
Adi (July- August), is held there every year, to which greatnumbers of p i lgr ims th rong to perform their vows. The pri estsin the temple are Brahmans, but water for the god
’s bath is not
fetched by Brahmans, a s in other Brahm anica l templ es, but byM a layalis. The temple car is a fine one, but it sta nds uncaredfor outside the templ e a nd has only once, it is sa id
,b een used.
The M a layalis declare tha t it ought not to be used without firstofi ering a human sacrifice so
,in the presen t state of the law,
they ha ve to do wi thout it. The s tream near the temp le conta i ns thousands of fish which are considered holy and u nder the
protect ion of the god and are fed by pilgrims to the shrin e. A
common vow made by devo tees is an undertaking to provide a
gold nose-ring for one of them if the i r prayers are answered.
The fish are extreme ly tame and wil l come and take food fromone’s hand, and every noon they are summoned to dinner by thesound of a bel l 1 The M a layalis a ssert tha t nea r this templ el izards do not chi rp nor ta la i plants flower . The hill on wh ichthe bui lding stands is ca l led the Kolli-ma la i proper, its namebeing supposed to be derived from the fact that any one whocomm i ts a sin there wi l l be ki l led (kol lu). It is a lso ca l led the
madhu vanam (“honey forest ” ) of the monkey king S ugriva ,
mentioned i n the great Hindu epi c , the Ramayana .
Two mi l es below the templ e is a fine wa terfa l l Ca ll ed the
Akfisa G anga i the sky i n wh ich every p i lg rimmakes a point of ba thing. The M a layalis bel ieve tha t i f a
sinner ba thes there the wa ter turns aside and refuses to fa l lupon him .
Page 22 .—Add a fter the fourth pa ragraph
The Ta la i -ma la is are a sma l l range of hi lls lying fourteenm i l es south - east of Namakka l . O ne of the peaks, selected as
a survey station , rises to feet above the sea . Trich inopoly offic ia ls used a t one tim e to resort i n the hot wea therto a bunga l ow on the top of them,
belong ing to the mittadar ofValavandi, but their bad reputat ion for fever and the sca rc ityof wa ter has led to the pra ctice be ing abandoned. A we l lknown V ishnu templ e stands on one of the i r peaks a nd is muchv isited by p ilgrims from the ne ighbouring pla ins, especial ly onS a turdays in Purattasi (S eptemb er—October ) .
Page 2 2 .—Add a f ter pa ragraph 5
Among the scattered hi lls may be ment ioned the isolatedrock a t Na ina-ma la i i n the Namakka l ta luk
,which is
feet above'
the sea there is a sma l l h i l l templ e on it .
1 S a lem D sstrict M anua l (M ad ra s, 1883) II, 1 12 .
In scriptions on its wa l ls, since dec iph ered , show tha t the temp le was
endowed by th e Chola Kings of the l oth and 11th cen turies A .D . Certain stone
figures in the compound are believed to represent M a layali Chiefs.
6
IV
CHAPTE R II.—POLITICAL HISTORY .
!
P a rt I, page 4 6 .
—Insert between the second and thirdparag raphs the fol lowing :
Sa lem distric t was divided during the period of the
Tam i l S angam among a few C h iefta ins,the m ost important
of them being Adiyaman Nedaman Anj i and his son PohuttuE liui of Tagadur (Dha rmapuri) , who ruled pract ica l ly overa l l the Baramahals. The K ol lim a la is were in the o ccupa t i onof another ch ief ca l led the Ori, the eastern portion probablyforming pa rt of the terri tory of the M a layaman ch ief ta inof Tiruk kfiyilfir. A sma l l portion on the west formed the
Kongu, a nd w a s a t this t ime under the Chera s,the Adiyaman
h imself belonging to this family . La ter on the Chera conquestextended to the Kongu prov inces andthe K ol limalais. Kari
,the
M alayaman ,had been turned out of his country and was a
fug iti ve w ith the Cheras. He was responsibl e fo r dispossessingOri of the Koll i -mala is and handing them over to the Chera , to
ga in his goodwill for his own purposes.
P a ge 4 7, pa ragraph 1.—R eta in the fi rst two sentences o f
this paragraph and substitute f or the rest the follow ingThey came into the possession o f Kauchi about the third
century A .D . V ishnu Gopa, a Pa lla va ru ler o f Kanch i of thefourth century
,is ment ioned in the Allahabad pi l la r i nscript ion
of S amudragupta . Then fol lows a ser ies of ru l ers about fi fteen innumber
,who not merely rul ed the territory stretch ing from the
Kistna southwa rds, but cla imed a k ind of overlo rdship over thecountry of the Banas and the Ganga s, tha t is the pla teau com
prising the southern ha l f of the M ysore S tate a nd the basi n o fthe Palar . A bout the end of the sixth century A . O . a F a l lavaKing S imha V ishnu felt his position sufficien tly secure to
adva nce as far south a s the Kaveri and to annex a part of the
Ch é ra country to his own . D uring the next six or seven genera tions the Pa llavas had to fight constantly aga i nst the Chalu
'
k
yas, who a t one t ime penetra ted a s far south as Ura iyur (orUragapura) nea r Trichinopoly . The Pa llavas were u ltima te lyable to beat them back .
On the death of Paramé éva ra Va rman II, ea rly in the e ighthcentury , the Fa l lava throne became va cant , a nd the choice ofthe peopl e seems to have fa l len upon the col la tera l branch , thedescendants of the brother of S imha Vishnu . This was NandiVarman Pa llava -M a l la . LIe a ppa rently had a r iva l in the legitima te l in e, who had the support of a ll the o ther Tam i l k ings.
Nandi had to stand a sieg e by these Tam i l rul ers nea r Kumba ‘
konam,a nd was rel ieved by his genera l, Udaya Chandra , who
w ith his own hand sl ew Chitramaya , the l eader of the opposingTam i l k ings. [Add here the last three sentences of paragraph 1of page
The notes to this chapte r we re k ind ly supp lied by D r. 3 . K rishnaswam
Ayya ugar, hL A la tely Professor of Ind ian History in the M adras University.
Christ ians.
that he strengthened his nothern front ier. This is the positionwe find when V ij ayanaga r rose into importance a s a result ofthe struggl e between the Hoysalas and the M uh ammadans ofthe south . Wi th the founda tion of a M uhammadan sta te at
Gulba rga la ter in the reign of M uhammad Bin Tughlak,V i jay anaga r emerged a s the most promi nent sa l ient fromwhich to resist the aggression of this rising power A fter
putting his northern fronti er in de fence for this even tua l ity Vi raBal lala conduc ted operations in person aga inst the M uhamma
dans, which necessitated his change of cap ita l to Tiruvannama l a i
,and later on to Kannanur nea r Trichinopoly . Where h e
fa i led the n ew state o f Vij aya naga r succeeded,and i n the
course of about 20 yea rs made the whole of S outh IndiaHindu. We hea r a good dea l o f the Bana territo ry in the accountof the southern campa igns of
‘Kumara Kampana ,but nothing
a t a l l of e i ther S a l em or Kongu. We may therefore take ittha t both these pla ces rema i ned under the Hoysalas and passedon wi thout inciden t to Vij aya naga r.
CHAPT rlR 111. -THE PE OPLE .
Pa rt I, p age 90 .
-To the tab l e i n the margin add the
fol lowing
Page 92 .
—Add to the fi rs t paragraph
There were n ine towns in the distri ct in 193 1 with
a popula t ion exceeding i n ea ch . The headqua rters of
the ta luks except in fi tt ank ara i and .
Omal i'
ir, and S endamanga
lam in the Namakka l ta luk a re towns. S a lem town fe l l fromi n 1901 to i n 191 1 and to i n 1921
,the
ch ief cause for the decrease being the preva lance of plague in
the town during the la st two censuses. F or the same.
reasonKaveripatna in in K rishnag i ri ta luk fel l from in 1911
to i n 192 1.O ther tow ns tha t suffered from plague at
the 192 1 census were Krishnag iri , R asipu ram a nd Hosdr ; their
popula t i on however rose f rom a nd i n 192 1
to and i n 1981 0 r a n i ncrease of 75,
and 10 per cent .
The po pula tion of S a lem town i n 193 1 roseby 95 5 per cent to
Page 93 .
- S ubstilute for the last pa ragraph the fol low .
In 193 1 Christia ns numbered of whom 20 1 were
E uropeans or Anglo- India ns . R oma n Ca thol ics formed nearly
82 percent
,the rema i ni ng 18 pe r cent be ing dw ided among
the Angl i can a nd vari ous Protestant denominations.
vii
Page 95, paragraph 1,last line—F or Madura read
Trichinopoly
S ubstitute for last paragraph ending on page 96 thefol lowi ngF ather M artin z was succeeded at M oramangalam after a
year by Father V ice . D e Nob il i returned soon after and
stayed here for nine years, during which peri od he gatheredmany converts i n the surroundi ng country , notab ly at Satyamanga lam and D harmapuri . In spite of its early prom iseM oramangalam did not atta in to D e Nobili
’s expectations. F rom
1640 it was occa si ona l ly visited by a m issionary from K ari'
ir
and from 1647 to 1655 by one from S atyamangalam . Thenthe district Chri stians were attended to by a priest from Paehur
(near Namakka l ) . F rom 1665 to 1675 the v isiting priest camefrom Tottiyam nea r M usi r i and K ongupa tti to Oma lur.From 1676 to 1684 An akaraipa layam on the Kaveri , west ofSa l em
,became the m issionary centre . In 1680 as a resul t of
the M a ratha i nvasi on of M ysore the Christi ans of D harma
puri emigrated southwa rds i nto the M adura country and neverreturn ed. In 1684 the distri ct was taken over by the M ysorem ission .
P age 97, paragraph 2 , lines l 2—13 .—D elete the clause “in
whose cha rge it sti l l rema ins .
”
Page 100 .
-Insert between pa ragraphs 1 and 2 the fo l lowingnew paragraph
In June 1930 the whole of the S a l em district, W i th theexcept ion of some deta ch ed vi llages scattered i n Hesur talak
,
was made in to a separate diocese w ith Sa l em a s its episcopalsee . As it now stands the new di ocese has a R om an Cathol ic
population of about with 18 pr in cipa l sta ti ons,a newly
started high schoo l for Indian boys ,the E uropean boys
’and g i rls
’
schools at Yercaud and a few boys’ and. g i rls’schools elsewhere.
P age 102 — Omit the clause i n l ines 2 1- 22 beg in ning withand a poli ce constable and endi ng w ith
“ register.”
Add at the end of paragraph 2 the fol lowingThe improvement in genera l behav iour at M uttampatti
in recent years ha s been most marked, and i n spite of them igrat ion of severa l fam i l ies to Ceylon owing to famin e thenumbers in 1929 had sl ightly i ncreased.
The work among the K oravars has received considerablea ttent i on recent ly . In 1923 a settl emen t w as opened at
Kalyanagiri, nea r E ttapur, on the same pri ncipl es except thatthe peop le were not bapti zed. At about this time a tahsi lda rfounded nea r that place two settl ements at M anivilandan and
K allauattam,which Government handed over to the m ission .
The sa la ries of the tea chers come from Government,but the
m ission suppl i es the superv ision and meets other in cidentalex penses.
The LondonM ission.
v i i i
In 1927 Government sanctioned a scheme fo r the establishment of a centra l boys’ home for K oravars i n Attur, i nto .
wh ich sel ected lads from various villages could be brought.This was open ed a t the end of 1928. It is built on missionground and the boys a ttend the m ission ’s school in the town .
The Government pa id the capita l c ost of the bui ldings ; theya lso sanct ioned a yea rly gran t towa rds the boarding chargesA simi lar home a nd school fo r g i rls is unde r contempla ti on .
S ubstitute for pa ra graph 3
In 1908 w a s established the S outh India Uni ted Chu rch .
The church es of the London m issi on in the distri ct come underthe union
,i n w hi ch
,however, thei r a utonomy is very la rge ly
preserved. The Sa lem town church ha s long been sel f-supporting and ha s even taken over frpm the m i ssion the control andpa r tia l suppor t of two gi rls
’
schools. With it are associatedthe two branch church es of Hastampet a nd S uramanga lam ,
the three form ing a group independen t o f missi on aid. Thereare a lso churches a t E la tagiri, D harmapuri , Yercaud, Seh dara
patt i (in cluding K eneripa tti) and A t tur . E la tagiri be l ongs tothe Nat iona l M issiona ry S ociety
,and a ll the rema in ing fou r
chu rches rece ive some help from the London m iss ion but are
steadily g rowing i n sel f- support . There a re a lso congreg a tion sa t Sankaridrug ,
Tiruchengedu,M uttampa tti and E liz abethpe t.
A s a result of the Christian mo vement among the Adi
D ravidas on the oth er side of the Kaveri, Pa nch ama con v er tsa re in crea sing in numbers i n a nd nea r Tiruchengodu and at
E dappadi and K u llampatti (Arasiramony) .
Besides the schools i n connect ion with the fi ve Kereve rsettl ements and the three schools for boys and six for g i rls inSa lem town ,
there are fourteen v il l age schools ma in ta ined by them issi on for caste and non- ca s te ch i ldren , o f which the school a tAttfir is the la rgest wi th thi rteen tea chers a nd two hundred
pupi ls.
In 1914 the industria l school wa s closed . The boys’
bo arding hom e,ch iefly for v i l la g e ch ildren ,
wa s started byM r. R ob ertson i n 1916 . There is a lso a g i rls
’ home,a nd i n
1927 a women ’s norma l school w as Opened, the Hoba rt school ,connected with the g irls
’ home,being used for tra i ning the
teachers.
Considerable changes have taken pla ce i n the m issionh igh school a t S alem . Wi th a v iew to effic iency the strength
of ea ch class has been reduced . T he idea o f the m ission is to
make the school e ventual ly the cen tre for the h igh school educat ion of Christian boys in the Tamil a rea of the m issio n . Thesta ff ha s been made ma inly Christian . The scheme w il l bedeveloped further so a s to make the inst i tution a wel l - equippedresident ia l high school .
E xcluding Hosfi r, the number of Christ ians belong ing to
the Un ited Church in the distr ict in 1929 wa s
diggi ng of drink ing-wa ter wells for the Panchamas,for ex ten
sion of thei r cheris and the l ike,are being afforded by the
Col lector, and subsidi es are granted to certa i n non-offi cialbodies and workers on the recommenda tion of the l o ca l autho
rities for educati ona l purposes .
In 1928—29 a sum of R s. wa s granted to the Londonm ission fpr the constructi on of the boardmg home for the Kora vaboys a t A ttur and for the establishment a nd ma intenance of a nagricultura l farm for thei r benefit . Three sch ools in M anivilandan, K a llanattam a nd K a lyanagiri of A ttfir ta l uk ,
i n tendedfo r the educati on of the boys i n the Kora va settlements, are a lsob eing financed by Government.
In the sam e yea r R s. was sanct ioned to enable a
pl eader of S a lem to meet the cost of ma i nta in ing a boa rdi nghome at Sa l em for the benefit of the depressed cl asses. The
gran t ha s si nce been made annua l and the re were 24 boys i n thehome in 1929 . G overnment a lso sanc tions a boa rding gra ntfor Korava pupi ls in the London mission boys’ boa rding homeat Sa l em.
CHAPTE R IV .—AGR ICULTURE AND IR RIGATION.
Page 205.—Add to the first pa ragraph
Agricul ture : Paddy occup ies about 6 per cent of the tota l cultiva ted a reaS taple crops. in the district, and is of a coa rse ki nd (the finer vari eties
requi r ing greater care) and is general ly poor i n y ield.
F or the footnote on this page substitute the fol low ing .
Percentage of tota l crapped a rea (including wet lands) infasli 1338 (1928—29) in the ta luks of
Grain.
a
DJ M
(2 ) (3) (4 (5 ) (6 (7) (8 (9 (10) (11)
14
19
ea
2 1
25M
N
15
ra
ce
to
ru
st
y-no
g
oo
oo
ex
cn
co
wu
q
es
cn
cz
8 2 3 7
9 9 10
16 2 2 12
30 9 15
20 26 24
11 13 13
21 3 19
3 5 5
1725
19
24
12
11
b
X1
Page 206.—F or the ma rg inal table of the first paragraph
substitute the fol lowing
D harmapuriUttankarai
Hdsfi r
Krishnag i r iNamakkalRasipuramAtturS a lemOma lurTiruchengedu
P age 2 12 .—Add to the fi rst paragraph
The a rea under paddy cul tivation , however, varies from yea rto yea r and depends much on sea sonal ra infa l l and the supply ofwater i n the i rrigat ion tanks and channels .
Page 2 24 .—F 0r the last paragraph substitute
iii?15
1
0
228
5
. The cu ltiva t ion of groundnut as an i ndustria l
1315 I: cr0p ha s shown remarkabl e progress a s the
13 20 ma rg ina l ly noted figures wou ld indi cate . Sowing132 5 takes p lac e in July or, A ugust and the ha rvest i n1330
1335D ecember .
1338
Pa ge— Add the fol low ing to paragraph 5 - The area
under tob ac co has considerably decreased i n recent yea rs.
Page 226 , pa ragraph 5 .—Add —The a rea under cotton fe l l
from acres i n F asl i to a cres i n F a sl i 1326wi th the fa ll in prices during the ea rl i er period of the War, but
rose aga in to a cres in F a sl i 1328 and to acres i nFasli 1338.
Page 2 27.
- Insert between the first and second para
graphs
Cambodia has replaced a ll other va rieties of cotton, and
the a rea under it in 192 7 - 28 w as of which a cresare g rown under i rrigated conditi ons and the rest under unirri
ga ted condit ions. It flourishes in l ight red soi ls. It is sewn
i n October-November . P ick ing commences towa rds the closeof M a rch or early in Apri l and is compl eted in M ay. A
second or summer p icking is obta ined in July -August, a fterwhich the plants are pu lled out .
Add to paragraph 2 .—There are elev en g inn ing factories in
the district. M ost of the cotton is g inned a nd sen t to the mi l lsat Co imba tore or to Tu t i corin for export .
G roundnut.
Cotton .
Irr iga tion.
M inor works.
i‘
.
X11
P age 235, p a ragraph 4 .
—F or the table i n this pa ragraphsubsti tute the fol lowing sta temen t for fa sl i 1338
T a luk .
ACS .
Tota l
Page 2 36 .- For the tabula r sta temen t i n the margin of
paragraph 3 substitute the fo l lowing
Ta luk .
Page 239.— Add to the second pa ragraph — The construc
tion of the dam,which was held up by the Wa r and by long
drawn out discussi ons and a rb i tra tion with the M ysore Government t i l l 1925, wa s fina l ly taken up in July of tha t yea r . Thedam and its c onnected works are expected to be compl eted i n1933 . F or a de ta i led a ccoun t o f the scheme see the Gaz etteer ofthe Mett fi r ta luk a t pp . lxxi to lxxv i of this book . The dam a t
M ettur whic h w il l impound the wa ter is e x pected to conta in 50m i l l ion cub ic feet of m asonry and wil l b e the biggest in the world.
fourteen societi es with a m embership of thirty thousand and a‘
work ing cap ita l of R s. lakhs is no mean a ch ievement . O f
these 4 57 were agri cultura l credit societi es with a capital of»
R s. lakhs. Among other societi es there were 16 for Governmen t servants, 14 fo r the hil l tribes and 5 town ba nks. Ofthe h il l soc ieties 6 were for Ma layalis on the Kolli -ma la is with theBaptist m issionary a t Va lavandindd a s president and a work ingcap i ta l o f R s . Two bui lding societies had advancedR s. lakhs for construct ing or completi ng houses . For the
depressed classes a lone there were 47 societies . The importa nceof these societies i n the rura l economy of the district is suffici
ently proved by the fa ct that Rs. 26 lakh s of rupees had beendistributed as l oans in tha t yea r by the agricultural societies a ti n terest less than ha lf the market rates. These l oans weretaken fo r repaying old debts a t higher ra tes, fo r cult iva ti on ,for buy ing provision , for bui lding or repa ir ing houses and in
some cases for buying lands. The movemen t has to some extentrel ieved the acute indebtedness of the agricul turists in villagesand the wage - ea rners i n towns.
CHAPTE R V .—F OR ESTS .
Part I, p age 249 , pa ragraph 2 .— Insert between this and
pa ragraph 3 the followingThere are since 1925 thre e forest districts i n S a lem,
North ,Centra l and S outh . North S a l em district consists of Anchetti ,D enkaniketa (East and West), Krishnag iri and D ha rmapuriranges Centra l S a l em of A ttur (which includes Tagarai, K auai,
Putta i, Parigam and R angappam’
i r reserves of South A rcot),Kaveri
,Ha rur (which includes a lso Anaudavadi, Ra va ndavadi
and North Ponniar reserv ed forests of North A rcot) and theShevaroys (North and South ) ranges ; and S outh S a l em ofThammampatti, Rasipuram and Namakka l ranges in S a lem and
Tura iyur range i n the Trich inopoly distric t.'
1he headqua rtersof the North D istrict Forest Offi cer is Hosur, a nd of the othertwo officers S a lem town .
P age 253, p aragraph 3 .
—Add the fol l owing paragraphbe tween this and the existi ng fourth pa ragraph
The old working plans ha v ing b ecom e obsole te a nd unworka ble ,
rev ised Work ing pla ns were i n O peration in North S a lem,
ca l led the Hos i‘
ir and Krishnag ir i pl ans. T he forme r which wasstarted i n 19 17 includes Anchetti a nd Denkanikota , E ast and
West,and rela tes chiefly to sanda lwood and graz ing . R ecently
spike disease had de ve loped rapidly in this a rea and a ttempts
a re be ing made to eradi ca te it . The Krishnag iri plan , begun i n1924
,concerns i tsel f with fuel and gra z ing ,
rotati on bei ng fixedat forty years
,the system be ing simple coppi ce reserv ing
important spec ies coupes are sold wherever there is a demand,
XV
and most of the fue l is con verted i nto charcoa l and exported,ch iefly to M adras. The policy o f the department is to work theforests under their control a s a commerc ia l concern . S anda lwood is extracted and sold departmental ly , and a ll other k indsof forest produce are worked through the agency of contra ctors.
P a ragraph 6 .— Add —'
l’
he above system of fire protectionhas been replaced in the Koll i-ma la is by a new one
,under which
certa i n port ions of reserved forests are a l lotted to the ne ighbouring M a layal i v i l lages for clea rance of fire l ines and for
protect ing them from fire during the dry season, i n return forwhich Government pays the M a layalis fixed rates per mi l e forclea rance of l ines and another ra te fo r successful protecti on , a t
so much per squa re m i l e. Thus the cc-operat i on and goodwil l of the M a layalis ha s been secured, and the system is sa idto work wel l in pra ctice .
P age 254 , paragraph 1.—Add —In ea ch sanda l coupe under
working sanda l seeds a l ong with seeds of other speci es are sewn
in p its from which dead sanda l trees ha ve been extra cted.
F orest gua rds h av e to ma inta i n one-a cre plots in each beat .The best t im e for sowing sanda l seeds is Apr i l-M ay.
Paragraph 2 .-Add :— The sma l l bamboo (D endroca lamus
strictus) ex ists i n great quantiti es and is explo ited on a la rgesca le, but the big bamboo (Bambusa arundinacea ) is somewhatscattered.
P a ragraph 3 .— Add — The bamboo a reas are div ided up into
coupes and are sold in aucti on every yea r to contra ctors. The
rotat ion va ries from three to five years. Banga l ore a nd Sa l emare also good ma rk ets.
P age 255, paragraph 2 .— Add :— Sanda l a reas are div ided into
fell ing series or blocks, ea ch ser i es consisting of a number ofcoupes . E arly each year b efore M arch a ll the dead trees in thea rea are enumerated. A fter the summer ra ins
,when the soil
gets soft, extract ion beg ins, the trees being removed in serial
Year . Tons.
order, i n cluding roots of the si z e of a
1816- 17 50 ru pee , and cleaned and secured a s
1921- 22 167 descr ibed above,
and despatched to
jgggj g Tiruppattur or V ellore for sa l e , which
203 usua l ly takes p lace in November . The1929- 30 24 7 quan t ity of sanda lwood col lected in the
2 23 district is shown in the ma rg in.
The Shevaroys and Chitteries contain a very va luabl e crop ofsandalwood which though young is healthy and is reported to
produce a la rge amount of revenue . The sp ike disease whichis ravaging thei r Species in North Sa lem forests is absent here .
S anda lwood on the Koll i -ma la is and Pa chama lais is as good a s
that found in D enkaniketa but Spi ke is p reva l en t on these bills.
The tota l spiked area on the Koll i-mala is i n M ay 1931 was
scertaingd tQbe about 44 square m il es.
Bamboos.
Sandal .
Gra z ing.
In 1928 spike disease damaged the crop oonsiderabl in
Hfisfi r ta luk i n North Sa l em and werk was concentra tefour yea rs on extra cting sp iked and dead trees with a view to
check the Spread o f the disease . In 192 7 the F orest D epa rtment i n conj unctio n with the Institute of S cience a t Banga l orecommenced invest igati on into the ca use and cure of the disease .
Page 256, pa ragraph l .—Add :— La rge tra cts are ava i lable for
graz ing i n the forests under the panch ayats, a nd the fees havebeen sl ightly i ncrea sed with a v i ew to l im i t gra zing.
P a ragraph 3 .
—Add —A s green manure is more fert il i z ingto wet crops i rriga ted by we l ls ,
manure lea f coupes of conven ientsi zes have been so ld a nnua l ly in open auction . This ha s pa rtlyresu lted i n depl eting many a
'h il l slope of va lua ble tree growthand in mut i la ting and re tarding the growth of Usilai trees
(A lbiz z t'
a amara ) very usefu l for fuel . It is proposed to brin a ll
the manure l ea f working c ircles under more effi cien t conti‘o byadopting the coupe system o f work ing, by excludi ng area
'
s
which are definitely requi red for the productio n of fuel ; anda lso by restric ting the remova ls to the lea ves of spec ies that donot contribute towards the supp ly of timbe r o r fuel .
P age 257, p a ragraph 2 .-Add produce is put up
’
forauction every year . Tamarind and a va ram ba rk are the chief
products.
L ast pa ragraph.-Add the following to the tabula r state
men tYear. Gross revenue . E x p end itu re . Net revenue .
Page 258.— Add the fol l ow ing to the first table
The ch ief heads o f revenue i n 1980—81,a yea r of grea t trade
depression , were a s fol lows
1 . Timber
2 . F irewood and ch arcoa l
8. Bamboos
4 . S anda lwood
5. G ra z ing
6 . M inor forest producea nd manure leaves
xvi i i
wool len blankets is_thei r heredi tary
'
occupation ; of the twosections of them,
A ndi and Gadage Kurumbas, the formerdo not rea r sheep or goats, but buy wool and make cumblies
as a subsidia ry occupa tion . The Gadage Kurumba s rea r sheepand goa ts and the i r chie f occupat i on is the manufa cture ofcumblies with l iv e wool . Kurumbas buy the wool and shea r thesheep of other ca stes on condition tha t they g ive the ownersa few cumblt
’
es . Dead wool cumblies are not as durable as thosemade from l ive wool . The dead wool is bought i n the tanneriesa t Sa lem ,
then cl ea ned and ‘carded and spun on spinning wheels .
D ead wool ca rpets are made in two factories,one a t Sa l em
“
and
the other at Viranam , six m i les from it. There are about sixtylooms. and about a thousand carpets a re made i n a monthand exported to Banga lo re .
~ In two vi l lages n ea r Namakka lwooll en carpets wi th l ive wool are made by some Labbais anda few Vel lalas .
Add the foll ow ing pa ragraphs between the second and
th ird
Weav ing next to agri cul ture employs the largest number of
people i n the district . Weavers whatever thei r caste a re
m ostly i l literate , l i ve from hand to mouth a nd g i ve no educat io nto thei r children, who a re obl iged to con tribute thei r labour to
the fam i ly i ncome . Labour-saving devices they w i ll not adopt ,and street si zing sti l l subsists and peg -wa rpi ng continues in a
few v i l lages . Thri ft is a lmost an unknown virtue among them,
and the drink ev i l ha s taken a deep m e t i n the community .
A s a resul t of M r . Gandh i’s advoca cy of the_cu l t of the
charka , one of his chelas sta rted the Gandhi A sramam at
Pudupala iyam i n the Tiruchengodu ta luk .
' In about 200 haml etsi n its neighbourhood h a nd sp inning on the cha rka wa s in troduced i n 192 5. The spinners are K avandan women and gi rlsand a few Adi-D ravidas, and it is sa id tha t about cha rka sa re at work i n the loca l ity . Cotton is suppli ed by the
Asramam ,a nd the yarn is coll ected by it and made in to cloths
by its own weavers . The ya rn is natura lly coa rse and the
cloths wo ven too thick for wea r . A wide market is a ll the samea va i lable for the c lo ths made h ere, though the spinner gets onlya n anus and a quarter a day, and the ya rn c osts 33 per centmore tha n m i ll ya rn . Ha nd—spin n ing is not therefore a pay ingproposit ion , i n spite of wha t its protogan ist may say ,
and unlessthe wel l - to—do cla sses con ti nue to pa tronise khada r, the industrya s an occupa t ion during seasons of drought or when there isl ittle agri cul tura l w ork to do, c annot b e a paying on e .
P a ge 266— Add to the th ird pa ragraph - The reputa tion o f
S a lem veshtis has sti l l further suffered owing to the la rgeadmixture of Japanese ya rn i n thei r ma nufa c ture . Wi th loca lor E ngl ish ya rn the cloths were we ll and la sted from six
months to one yea r,but with Japanese ya rn their l i fe is
xix
under three months. Another device employed is the use ofart- silk or m ercerised coloured ya rn for the borders and passingthem off as rea l silk borders. Gundanchu is the name by whichthese ma le c loths w ith pla in si l k borders are known , and about
l ooms are engaged i n weav ing them, and they are
exported to a ll parts of the Presidency .
P age 267 .— Insert the following between the fi rst and second S ilk w ris
paragraphs
The pure si lk and la c e sa r is of Sa lem are famous throughout S outh Indi a , and a re made in Ammapet, a part of S a lemtown
,and cost from R s . 50 to R s. 500 . The weavers a re
S engunda M ndaliyars (K a ikfi lars— old style), and aboutfamil i es are engaged in m aking them on ordina ry ha ndlooms
,
which a re fitted with bunches of ,work-ha rnesses for weaving
the required designs for the borders. The fly shuttle is not
employed .
In severa l pla ces silk angava sthrams with white si lk for S il k and
the body and coloured sol id borders with designs i n gold lace :ztt
a
‘
in
are manufactured i n large quantit ies on about looms . vafthmm g ,
The warp is twisted si lk whil e the wefts are not,and the designs
on the borders a re obta ined from draw-boy ha rnesses workedwith hooks and a tta ched to the l ooms. Cotton angava sthrams
with si lk borders whi ch cost less are a lso madeo
on about a
thousand l ooms. These angava sthrams are brought by the
w eavers every evening to the S a lem ba zaa r where they are
bought by wholesa le,
m erchants,for cash and sold l ocal ly or
exported to difi erent pa rts of the country .
Ya rn sa ris. for the l ower class women a re largely manu° Ya rn a nd
factured i n S a l em town and i n severa l v i l lages . Notwith' a rt’ s‘l k
standing the cra ze for art- silk saris,the dema nd (both loca l
same
and foreign) for ya rn saris conti nues ; and the fast colour of thesecloths and the ir durab il ity are fa c tors tha t count . The weavers
get dyed ya rn or pl a in white yarn, which they dye with Germanstuff. The cloths made in v illages a re sold i n shandies, and
those made in and nea r S a lem town are exported to otherdistricts and to Ceylon and the S tra its . A rt-si lk is got fromItaly and E ng land, and the craze for sa ris made of them wa s
phenomenal soon a fter the close of the late war. A boutloom s (about 70 per cent of them in C a ga i a lon e) were engagedi n mak ing them . Cloth s in exact imi a t ion of a ll— si lk saris weremade for 10 per cent of the cost, and the desire to wear them l n
pla ce,of the costl ier silk was responsible for the la rge demand .
The craze is subsiding now as these art - silk stuffs do not wea rwel l .nor last very long .
P age 2 7 l .—Add a fter pa ragraph 2 the fol lowing z— Hand C loth
block printing on khadar cloths is carried on in Pudupa la iyam Prm t‘mz
Asramam on a smal l scal e , Both indigenous a nd foreign dyes
S tee l.
M agnesite .
XX
are used, and designs and patterns are obta ined from Tirupp'
urand M asul ipatam .
P age 2 7 l .—Add to pa ragraph 3 — E very v i l lage or two has
its o i l -presser who is genera l ly a Van ian , and he owns a m i l lworked by bul ls . O il is pressed on a commercia l basis a t
Krishnagi r i and Kaveripa tnam a nd expor ted to various districts .
The re are sowcars i n these two places who advance money tothe workers from whom they buy the oi l . About 300 t ins o foil a re exported da i ly . Gingel ly o i l is often adul terated with
groundnut oi l whi ch is much cheaper and passed off a s pure
gi ngelly o i l.
P age 2 76 .
-Add a fter second pa ragraph
Iron pl oughs and household utensi ls are made by K annars
in M uttunaikampa tti, Oma lur ta luk . In A riagoundanpa ttio f Rasipuram ta luk certa in blacksmiths make coun try i ronlocks costing from fou r annas to R s. 1- 8—0 each . The l ocksare sold i n shandi es and a re i n great demand among the rura l
population o n a ccoun t of their streng th. There is,however
,
one obv ious defect about them, tha t they a re a ll uni form andw ith one key all l ocks of the same si ze can be open ed. InD enka n iko ta a few M uhammadans make a rti cl es of furnitureout of i ron . They have a sma l l workshop, and it is sa id thattheir a r ti c les are sold a ll over the distr i ct and i n Banga lore andTri ch inopoly .
About five m i l es from S a lem,a l ittl e beyond S a l em j unction
,
the ra i lway passes through a la rge a rea of m agnesite-bea ringland
,which extends to the foot o f the Shevaroys i n the north
east . The product ive land consists of l ow - ly i ng roundedhi llocks, devoid of vegeta ti on , rising to a height of abou t 70 feetabove the surrounding pla ins. T he i rregula rly forme
h
d crisscross veins of magnesi te can be seen outcroping over the en t i resurfa ce . About acres of this land is he ld by the M agnesiteSyndi cate, Ltd.
,of London , wh ich establ ished this i ndustry over
30 yea rs ago. Up to workers a re employed i n the va riousqua rries from whi ch the magnesi te is extra c ted. All the mi ningopera ti ons a re Open ca st, and the th ickness o f the ve ins and thepercentage o f mi nera l to ea rthwork va ries cons iderably from
pla ce to p la ce . The forma ti on is suc h that the veins cannot befol lowed
,and al l the surrounding rock has to be removed in
order to win the m inera l . A ny adhering rock o r ea rth tha tm ight discolour the produc t on ca l c ina tion is thoroughlyremoved by clea ning hammers. The clean m ine ra l (magnesiumca rbona te) is remo ved to the k iln s a t the ra i lway siding . Onlythe purest m agnesite is a ccepted, a ll the infe ri or qua l ity beingrejec ted, so that the product is pure whi te .
There is very l i ttle demand fo r c rude magnesi te, a nd'tbis has
to be ca l c ined to g ive a ma rketable product, though sma l l
F ibres .
Pot- stone .
xxii
P age 277 .
— Add to pa ragra ph 1 —The workers a re mostlyM uhammadan gosha women , who get thei r kora i grass from thev il lages on the banks of the Kaveri . The wa rps for the mats
consist of twisted a lo e fibre . D ate -mats are m ade i n severa lo the r v il lages of the Hosfi r ta luk b esides M arandaha l l i wherelarge numbers of da te trees e x ist on the hillsides and wa stelands . La rge q uantiti es of them are sent to Banga lore wherethey are used for pa ck ing .
Pa ra graph 2 .— Add -As a resu lt of the la rge extensi on of
cultiva tion under wel ls and the consequent demand. for ba l ingropes, coi r ropes from _
coconut fibre are la rgely made . i ncerta in vi l lages of the Oma lur ta luk . Bandy l oads of coconut husk are purchased i n the vi l lages on the Kaver i
,
soaked i n water fo r two months and then bea ten for fibre fromwhi ch the ropes are ma de . S a l em merchants a lso get coi rfrom Ca l icut and empl oy men to make it in to ropes.
F ib re from pa lmyra lea ves is a lso made i nto ropes for drawing water .
P age 278, p a ragraph 4 .
— Add — Pot- stone utensi ls are a lsoused now by c a stes other than Brahmins, and they a re exportedby rail to distant p laces l ike Be zwada , Ne l lore and M adras,where they find a ready sa le . The workmen a re blacksmiths
,
and the stone qua rri es are leased from pattadars o r fromGovernmen t . Crowba rs, chisels and hammers are the onlytools they use . Idols i n bla ck sma l l -gra ined gn eiss are a lsomade to order by these blacksm iths for i nsta l la tion in Hindu .
temples, and the workmanship is sa id to be very fi ne .
Pa ragraph 5 .
—Add:— The making of lea f umbrel las cal l ed i nTam i l Ta zhan- kuda i is another industry wor th notic ing . Thesea re made by Satanie
,and the frame is bamboo wh i le the cover is
the l ea f of the screwpine . These umbrel la s a re a ttra ctive inappea rance, cost 12 a nnas ea ch a nd are i n grea t demand.
Wooden combs a re made by certa i n D omma ras i n U ttanka
ra i ta luk . They get their wood from the forests on permits , anda s these combs a re requi red in every househo ld the i ndustry isa paying one . A hundred combs can be had fo r a rupee .
In Tiruchengodu town a nd i n a v i l lage nea r it imitatio nrubies and other prec ious stones a re made by Jang ams. The
industry w as sta rted i n a bout 1890 and about 70 fam i l ies are
engaged in it,shaping -whee ls i n sa ndstone a nd pol ish ing
whe els i n copper be ing their chief tools.
CHAPTE R VII.—COMM UNICATIONS .
P a rt I , pa ge 296 , pa ragr aph 2 .
— Add — There were (in 1929)m i les of loca l fund roa s and 50 mi les of roads ma inta i ned
by the forest department .
xxii i
Page 297, pa ragraph 1.
- Add — h‘or a deta i l ed l ist of trunkand bran ch roads - see the Appendix at the end of this chapter .
Page 298.— Insert between pa ragraphs 1 and 2 the fol l ow
There are no roads on the Koll i-mala is. A forest road takesoff from Sendamanga lam to the foot of the h il ls (fourm i l es), but the approach from there to the pla teau is by a
bridl e -path . The missi on settl ement and hospital at
Vala vandinad are a t least ten m i les by this pa th a longwhich you go by dhooly (l itter) or on horseback . M alayalis
have their own short- cu ts and avo id this c ircuitous pathway .
There a re several vil lages on the plateau wi th la rge patches of
ga rden and wet cultivati on , and the produce on the hi lls isbrought to the fa i rs a t the foot of the hil ls on the heads, shou lders or ba cks of men and women . A gha t road to the pla teauand a road through the centre a long its enti re l ength w ith two orthree cross-roads cutting it, appear to be grea t ly needed.
The M a layalis themselves are .not anxious to have the i r coun t rythrown open to the dwell ers of the pla ins, but the fru its and
the grains tha t they grow wou ld fetch better pri ces at theirown doors
,if only a ghat road were cut, through which bul lock
carts cou ld go up to their vi l lages and ca rry away theirsurp lus produc e ,
With the prospect of a ra i lway l ine a few
m iles from the foot of the hi l ls,a ghat road, i f c onstructed,
wou ld cpen up these wonderful h il ls~
and enri ch the people .
Page 299, p aragraph 3 , line 5.— For “ 14 stations read
19 stations.
”
For ‘the fourth senten ce substitute the following z— F romS ama lpatti feet above sea l eve l) the gradient ascends tom i l e 1552 5 feet), then descends to the Penu aiyar to
at m i l e 16 1,and reascends to M orappu r and
Bom idi
Third l in e from bottom .— F or “K adaiyampa tti read
D anishpet.”
Page 300, pa ragraph 1, lines 2 to 4 .
—Substitute - The latteris a gi rder bridge with 22 clea r spans of 64 feet ea ch, the formerbeing of 18 spans of 30 feet a rches.
P aragraph 4,third sen tence — Add and
'
the‘
l in e fromD harmapuri to Hosiir was opened on 15th M ay 1913
F or the last two sentences substitu te — “The permanen tway consists of flat - footed steel ra i ls 3 0 lb . per ya rd, 30
’
l ong ,
sp iked to 5’
0" by 7
" by 4"ha rd-wood sleepers, twelve to a
ra i l l ength, with b ear ing pla tes a t each point . Bea ring pla tesa re used on a l l bridge sl eepers.
Kol li-ma la is.
R a ilways .
F am in efeeder l ines.
S a l em-M etturR a ilw a y.
xxiv
Insert between the sixth and seventh paragraphs the foll ow ingThe l ine from D harmapur i to Hosu r rises from above
sea level at M orappur to abov e sea level a t Hosfi r— a
tota l r ise of feet . The heaviest a scent is betweenM a randaha l l i and R oyakota on a grade of 1 i n 666 . F romD harmapuri to m i le 4 2 , the commencement of the ghat, thesharpest curve is feet radius, and beyond mi l e 42 , owingto the diffi cult na ture o f the country, there is considerabl ecurva ture and 6 curves (955
” radius) have been used.
The Sa lem-M ettur R a i lway tak es off from the ma in l ine at
about two mi les north of S a lem junct ion stati on . To a vo iddoubl i ng this length points ha ve been inserted on the ma inl i ne n ea r an exist ing siding i nto the S a lem M agnesiteWorks. F rom m i le 2 the l i ne runs in a genera l northwest di recti on to Omalur a t m i l e 7 . F ollowing the same
genera l direct ion the l in e conti nues to m i l e 18, with M eché riR oad station a t m ile 173 2 . F rom m i l e 18, the summ it o f along ridge , the genera l di rect ion is westerly to M ettur D amsta ti on a t m il e The rul ing gra dient for the first 17 m i lesis 1 i n 80
,and the sharpest curve ha s a radius of feet.
Beyond m i l e 17 the ru l ing gradi ent is 1 i n and thesha rpest curve has a radius of 955 feet . M é ttfir D am sta ti onis on the ea stern bank of the r iver Kaveri and about a m i leawa y from the dam now under construct ion .
The section between S a lem a nd M eché ri has been bui lt a s a
l ight broad gauge branch l in e gua ra nteed aga inst l oss by theM adras Government with l ikel ihood of conversion tometre gaugeto be extended to D ha rmapuri , to form a pa rt of the metre gaugeconnexio n to Banga lore . The secti on beyond M ech eri toM ettfi r has been constructed a s an a ssisted siding . The l inewas opened for tra ffi c on 15th Apri l 1929.
The D istri ct Boa rd, Sa l em , constructed a broad augel ine from Suram anga lam (S a l em Junction sta tion) to Sa l emTown. The ownership of the l ine has been transferred to theS ecreta ry of S ta te for India from f at April 1928, and theD istric t Boa rd’s capi ta l on the l in e has been reta ined as thei rsh a re, ranking equal ly wi th the S outh Indian R a i lway capita lfo r the purpose _
of div idends.
The S a lem -A ttfi r- Vriddhacha lam ra i lway,on which work
was sta rted early in 192 9,is a metre gauge l ine . S ta rting
from S a l em Town it runs m’
a A ttur andChinna salem to Vriddhacha lam junction on the new chord l in e from V i l lupuram to
Trichinopoly . Leaving S a lem Town it run s pra cti ca l ly duewest closely fol lowing the D istrict Boa rd road. The schemeincludes conversion from broad to metre gauge from S a l emTown to S a lem M a rket and the addi ti on of a thi rd ra i l (makingcomb ined gauges) from S a lem M a rket to Sa lem j unction . Thisha s been constructed as an imperia l l ine and wa s opened fortraffi c on 18th A ugust 193 1. The S tations on this l ine are
Xxvi
The abbreviat i ons used a re
r .s . R a i lway stati on R .1 . O ne room R . 2 . Two rooms B.
1. One ba th room B. 2 . Two ba th rooms ; TI. 1. One ha l l ; F .
F urnisli e S . 1 . O ne stable ; 4 . 5 m . 4 m ilesd 5 furl ongsThe amounts noted with in brackets a re the charges fo r a
singl e person and for a ma rri ed couple for a day.
T RUNK R OAD S .
M adras to Banga lore R oad.
E nters the distri ct a t 1452 m . Ba rgur R . B. 2 ,
F . As . 12 and Be . l ) 149 1 m . Krishnagi ri R . 3 , B. 3, F .
As. 12 a nd R e . 1) 1606 m. Kurumbaraha lli (R . l , B. 1,As. 2
and As. 168 1 m . S fi lagiri (R . 2 , B. 2 , S . 2,As. 12 and Re .
1) 178 1 m . H é sfi r (R . 2 , B. 2 , F . A s . 12 and R e . 1) m .
and ends i n 196 4 m . where it enters M ysore S ta te .
M a dra s- Coimba tore-Ca licut R oad .
Takes off a t 159 5. m . of M adra s -Bangalore Trunk road ;Krishnag i r i (r.s
,R . 3 , B. 3 ,
F . A s. 12 and R e . 1) 1606 m .
Kaveripa tnam (R . 1,B. 1
, As . 2 and 4 ) 166 3 m . Ka rimanga lamm . to 174 8 m . D ha rmapuri B. 2
,B. 2 , F . 1
,A s. 12
and Be . 1) 187 4 m . Adama nkotta i (H. 2 , B 2,F . A s . 12 and R e.
1) m . T hop pur (H . 2 , B. 2 , F ,As . 12 and Re . 1) 204 4 m.
Pusaripa tti 2 12 7 m . Oma lur (R ,2,B. 2
, S . 2 , F . As . 12 and
R e 1 ) 2 19 6 m . S a l em 2 293 m . M cD onald’
s Choul try243 5 m . S anka ridrug H . 2 , B. 2
, S . 2,F . 2 , As. 12
and R e . 1) 2533 m . K oma rapa layam 266 m. where it crossesthe Kaveri by a bridge and en ters Coimba tore district.
BRANCH Row s .
l . Andapuram to Va layapa tti (H . 1,B. 1
,F . 1
,As. 12 and
R e . 1) m . pa rtia l ly me ta l led and unbridged but practi cablea t a ll season s .
2 . Bagah‘
i r to Berika i 7 4 m . pa rtia l ly meta l led a nd unbridgedbut pra c t i ca ble a t a l l sea sons .
3 . Chola ppadi to Baga l i‘
ir, 68 m . Up to Perumba la i , merefoot pa th . Perumba la i to l ’enn aga ram pa rtia l ly me ta l led
,nu
bridged, but practi ca ble a t a l l sea son s . Penna ga ram to Kunduko tta
,forest road, K undu lcctta to Ilenk a niketta
,road unm e ta l l ed
and unbridged, bu t pra ctica ble i n fa i r wea ther . D enkanikotta
to Baga lfi r meta l led a nd b ridged a nd pra cticabl e a t a l l sea sonsand fi t fo r motors . Cross Sana thknmara river b ridged a t
m . of Hosfi r-D en kan ikctta road, flosfi r (R . 2 , B. 2 , S . 2 , F .
A s. 12 a nd R e . 1) 24 m . Cross Chinnar river bridged i n 2 4 ofH é sfir-M a l i
‘
i t road.
I XVl l
4 . D enkanikota- Krishnag i r i road, 3 2—2 m . Kelamanga lam76 m . Cross the Ponnaiyar river, unbridged a t 4 1 .
R oad fit for motors and pra cticable at a ll seasons. R ayakottaR . 2
,B. 2 , S . 2
,F . As. 12 and R e . I), I7 m . Krishnag i r i
R . 3 , B. 3 , F . A s. 12 and R e . 32 m .
5. D ha rmapuri to Tirnppattfi r (North Arcot D istrict) m
meta l led and pra cti cable a t a l l seasons. D ha rmapuri R, 2 ,
B. 2 , F . As. 12 and Re . Irumattfi r vi llage, 12 8 to 131 m .
Cross the Ponn a iyar r iver, unbridged i n m . M attii r
(R . 2,B. 2 , F . As . 12 and R e . 1 ) m . Cross the M attur
river , unbridged i n 24 7 . D istrict frontier to Tiruppa ttfi r, 10
mi les R . 2,F . A s.
6 . D anduk a ranaha l li to K aka ngara i A g ravel led roadas fa r a s Kaveripatnam,
thence meta lled ; pra cti cable at all
seasons. Kaveripatnam (R . l,B. 1
,A s. 2 a nd As 4 ) 10 m .
E nds i n 17 ° l of ro ad from Kaveripatnam to the distri ct l im it viaKa nandahalli 28 1 m .
7. Eda ppadi toThoppur 30 4 111 . R oad pa rtly gra ve l led butnot bridged pra ct icable in fa i r weather. Ja lakantapuram 111 .
Nauga valli (R . 1 , B. 1,F . A s. 8) 13 1 m . M eché ri 19 1 m .
Thoppur (H 2, B 2
,.F As. 12 and R e. 1) m .
8. E tta pur to Belu r 5°6 m . Cross the Vasistanadhi r iver
,
unbridged between 2nd and 3rd m i l es of Belur- E ttapu r road ;practicable during hot season .
9 . E rnmaipatti to Na iuama lai 5 3 m. , pa rt ia l l y meta l led butnot practi cable during ra iny sea son. E rumaipa tti, S endamanga
lam,Na inama lai.
10. Ganga va l l i to M a h jani 111 . Whol ly gravel l ed and
unbridged but practi cab le at a ll seasons.
11 . Ha rfi r to M ukkanur 16 4 111 . R oad pa rtia l ly m eta l ledand bridged, pra cti cabl e at all season s . Harfi r (R . 2
,B. 2
, S . 2 ,
F . A s . M orappii r 111 . M ukk anur m.
12 . Hariir to Pennaga ram 4 4 m . M eta l led and pra ct i cable ata ll seasons, M nkkanur 16 m . D harmapuri R . 2
,B. 2
, F .
A s. 12 and R e . 1) 25 m . Pennagaram (R . 2,B. 1 , F . As. 8) 4 4 m .
13 . Harfi r to Tirthamalai 94 m . Harfi r (R ,2,B. 2
, S . 2, F .
As . 8) Tirthamalai 9 4 m . R oad pa rt ia l ly meta l l ed. Cross theVarattar river
,unbridged i n 13 m.
14 . Hosur toAdamankotta i 54 2 .2 m . R oad 1 3 fair and bridged.
Hosu r (R . 2 , B 2,S . 2 , F , A s 12 and Re . Uddanapa l l i (R . 2
,
B. 2 , F . A s. 12 and R e . 1) 12 1 m . R ayakotta 2,B. 2
,
S . 2 , F . A s . 12 and R e . 1) 2 1 4 m M ahendramanga l am (H . 1,
R . 2 , B. 2,F . A s. 8) 2 6 1 m. Pa lakode R . 2
,B. 2
, F .
A s. 12 and R e . 1) and 38 1 m . Sogattfi r 4 95 m . Adaman .
ketta i 542 m .
15. Irumattfir to Jendam é du 15 4 m . Cross the Penna i
yar river, unbridged i n 133 and 134 m . of road from
xxviii
D ha rmapur i to Tiruppattur . R oad partly meta l l ed and bridged,pract i cable at all seasons.
16 . Iruttakctta to Tha l l i 166 mi l es. Pa r ti al ly meta l l ed,
practi cable at all seasons. Uenkanikctta,56 m. Tha l l i 11 m i les
further on .
17 . Jedarpala iyam to Tiruchengodu 272 m . A fa i r road
pa rtia l ly meta l led, not bridged, pra cti cable a t a ll seasons .
Chitta landiir 2 16 m . Tiruchengodu (H. 2 , B. 2,F . A s. 12 and
R e . 1) 272 m .
18. K adathfi r to Buddireddipat ti m . A meta l ledroad
, pract i cable a t a ll sea sons .
19 . K a llav i R . 1,B. 1, F . A s. 8) to K arappa tti 114 m .
Cross the Pambar river, unbridged in 2 4 m. of K a rappa tti
Ka l lay i road.
20 . K amba inalh‘
ir to Anandfi r 53 m . Cross Ponnaiyar
river, unbridged in 3 4 m .
2 1 . K ambainallfi r to Irnmattur— abandoned road,
not
under ma intenance .
2 2 . K ottapatti to Ha nu 'n athirtham mi les. Cross the
Peuna iyar river, unbridged i n 47 5 m . of road from S a l em to
distri ct l im it v ia Ha rur- fj ttangarai. Cross the Vaniyar r iver,unbridged in 93 m . of Hanuma thirtham-Kettapa tti road. R oad
pa rtia l ly m eta l l ed and unbridged, pra cti cable in fa i r weather.
2 3 . Krishnag i r i to M aha rajakadai m . The road is
m eta l led but not fi t for motors. Krishnag i r i R . 3 , B. 3,F .
A s . 12 and R e. M aharajakada i (R . 2,B. 2 , S . 2
,F . A s 8)
m. Kuppam (North A r cot D istrict) .
24 . Kunda rapall i to Veppanapa l l i 102 111 .
-A gravel l edroad, practi cable a t a ll sea sons .
25. M a cD ona ld’
s Choul try to Jelakantapuram m .
Partial ly m eta l led and b ridged, practicable a t a l l seasons.
M cD ona ld’
s Choul try Chinnappampatti 10 m . Ja lakanta
puram 16 6 m .
26 . M asakk a lipatti to Edappadi, 22 6 m . R oad meta l l edbut unb ridged ; practi cable a t a l l seasons ; the unbridgedSpots a re i n and 93 m il es of E dappadi
-M cD ona ld’s
Choul try road, 93 m. of A ttiyampa tti-M asakka lipa tti road and
9 4 m . of Saukari-Edappadi road .
27 . M chan ur to Tiruchengodu 3 12 111 . Cross the Tirumanima ttar river, unbridged i n of V é l fir-M chan fi r road. R oad
pa rtly meta l l ed and practicable a t a ll seasons Pa ramathi 13 m .
Chitta landfi r 25 6 m . Tiruchengé du (R. 2 , B. 2 , F . A s. 12 and
R e . l ) 312 m .
28. M ohannr to Va layapa tti (H . 1,B. 1, F . As. 12 and R e . 1)
83 m . Cross one stream unbridged a t m . be fore Va laya
pa tti road partia l ly meta l led and practicable at a ll seasons.
XXX
38. Pennaga ram to Ka rimanga lam 32 °2m . Pa rtial ly meta lledand bridged, practicable at a l l sea sons , Pennaga ram (R . 2 , B. 2
,
F . A s . Pa lakcde (r s.,R . 2 , B. 2 , F . A s . 12 and R e. 1)
2 12 m . Ka rimanga lam 32 2 m .
39. Puttur to M innampall i— Gravel l ed a s far a s D a ttadri
puram ,beyond tha t tra ck only . Puttur, D a ttadripuram ,
M in
n ampa l li (non-ma inta i ned route) .
40 . Puttur to Vvappam ala i 9 m . (non -ma i n ta i ned road).
4 1. S alem to Kadiyam pa tti 24 4 m . Good road up to
D ivattipa tti 19 6 m. and fa i r from there to Kadiyampatt i 2 4 4 m .
S a lem O ma l iir (R . 2,B. 2
,S . 2 , F . A s . 12 and Re. 1) 10 m .
D iva ttipatti 196 m . Kadiyampa tti R . 5,B. 2 , S . 2
,F .
A s. 8) 24 4 m .
4 2 . S a l em to Na ugava lli 2 l°2 m . R oad g ravelled a nd
practi cable at a l l sea sons . S a l em j unction 3 5 m .cross
S arabangan adi unbridged i n 117 m . Tarmanga lam 122 m .
Nangava l l i 2 12 m .
4 3 . Oma lur to Sanka ridrug 24 4 m . R oad meta l led and fi tfor motors. S a nkaridrug H . 2 , B. 2 , S . 2
,F . A s. 12 and
R e . 1) cross the S araba nga r iver b ridged i n 10 4 m . of Oma lurS ankaridrug road,
Chinnappampatti 103 m . Cross 3 streamsbridged ; Sank a ridrug 24 4 m .
4 4 . Sendamanga lam to K ollima la i bills 37 m . Pa rtial lym eta l led, prac ti cable i n fa i r weather .
45. S ingarapé’
tta i to Krishnag i r i 34 7 m . The road is
m eta l led and fi t for motors. The Pambar river is unbridged inS inga rapettai, cross the Pamba r riv er unbr idged i n 3 3 m.
U tta nga ra i (H . 2 , B. 2,S . 2
,F . As. 12 a nd R e . 1) 6 m . S ama la
pa tt i rn . Cross the M athur ri v er bridged i n 183 m.
a nd 203 m . bridged. M a thur 18 1 m . Jagadé vapa laiyam (R . l
B.l,As . 4 ) m . cross 3 na las. Krishnag i r i R . 3
,B. 3
F . A s. 12 and R e . 1) 34 7 m .
2
4 6 .S ingarapé tta i to Na ttrampa ll i. Cross a b ranch of the
Pamba i riv er unbridged i n 11 6 of'
Tirupa ttfi r to S ingarapetroad
,T iruppa ttfi r 18 4 m . Pudupet ; Na tta rampa lli.
4 7 . Soga ttr’
ir to Pa pparapa tti 72 m . pa rtia l ly metal led
prac ti cable i n fa i r wea ther .
48 . Ta la ivasa l to Pa ll ipalaiyam 75 5 m. The road is pa rtly,meta l led but not fi t for mo to rs . Ta la iva sa l (R . 2
,B. 2
,
As . 12 and R e . 1) 102 m . M a l l iyak a ra i 17 111 . Cross K finé ri,
Narasingapuram rivers unbridged and M anga la puram river ia2 55 m. unbridged, fordable , Namag iripetta i 363 m
. ,cross one
stream unbridged in 3 113 in fordab le,R asipuram 4 2 3 m .
Vyappamala i,50 4 m .
,cross the Tirum animuttar r iver unbridged
i n m . Tiruchengé du (H . 2,B. 2 , F . As. 12 and Be. 1)
64 2 m.,cross one stream fordable . Pa llipalaiyam 755 m.
49. Ta la ivasa l to Salem 4 2 2 m . The road is meta ll ed andfi t for motors. Ta la ivasa l (R . 2 , B. 2
,F . A s
_. 12 and Re.
cross Va sishtanadi r iv er i n 03 and 0 4 m A t ti‘
ir (R . 2,B. 2
,
F . A s. 12 and R e . 1) 102 m . Cross the Keripa tti r i ver bridg edin 12 1 m . Peddanayakampa la iyam 181 m . Cross the Kudu
v aiyar ri ver bridged in 2 5 m . Va lappadi ( R . 2,B. 2 , F . As. 12
a nd Re . 1) m . K a ripa tti (R . 2,B. 2
,F . A s. 12 a nd Re . 1)
3 34 m. S a l em 4 2 2 m .
50 . Tammampa tti to Tedavur 152 in . Cross the Tammam
pa tti and Auappar r ivers,u nbridged in 31 m . a nd 4 5 m . R oad
wholly gra vel led and unbridged, but p rac ti cab le e x c ept duringra iny sea son . Ta rnmampa tti (R . 2 , B. 2
,S . 2, F. As . 8) Ganga
va ll i 122 m . Tedav fir m .
51. Tammampatti to Va lappadi 2 1 m . Pa rtly m eta l led roadunfi t for motors . Tammampatti r iver i n 0 - 1 m . M a llikari
r iver in 8 5 m .
,Chinnar r iver in 94 m . unbridged, M a ll ik ara i
9 6 m . Va lappadi (R . 2,B 2
,F . A s. 12 and R e . 1) 2 1 m.
Cross the Singipuram river un bridged m 182 m .
52 . Ta ttaiyaugé rpé tta i to Namakka l (H . 2 , B. 2,F . As. 12
and R e. 1) 2 1 m . Pa rtia l ly meta l led and bridged, practi cable i nfa ir weather.
53 . Tha l l i to Hosur R . 2 , B. 2,S . 2
,F . A s. 12 and
R e . 1) 16 2 m . Pa rtia l ly me ta l l ed and bridged, pra ct i cable a t
a ll seasons .
54 . Tiruchengedu (H . 2 , B. 2,F . As. 12 and R e . 1) to Periyfi r
20 m . Cross the Penuaiyar r iver unbridged in 115 m . fo rdabl e,a part ia l ly m eta l l ed and bridged road, pra ct i cable a t a ll seasons.
55. T iruppattfi r (r . s.
,R . 2 , F . As. 8) to Bargfi r (R . 1, B. 2
, F .
As . 12 and R e . 1) l 5' 1 m . meta lled and par tia l ly bridged .
56 . V a layapa tti to Pul la rnpatti 5 1 m . The road is m eta ll edas far a s E dappadi and fi t for m otors except between E dappadiand Pulampa tt i, Va laipatti (H. 1 , B. 1
,F . As. 12 and R e . 1)
Namakka l (H . 2 , B. 2,F A s 12 and Re . 8 1 m . , Puthur
16 6 m . Tiruchengedu (H. 2 , B. 2 , F . A s . 12 and R e . 1 )
m . S anka ridrug r .s .
,P. H . 2 B. 2
,S . 2 , F . As . 12 ) and m . ,
E dappz’
tdi m .,Pulampatti 54 m .
57. Valappz‘
i di (R . 2,B. 2 , As. 12 and Re . 1 ) to Thumba l 13
m .,cross the Vel lal apa tti and Edappadi r i vers unbr idged in 3 4
m . a nd 10 7 m .
,road pa rtia l ly m eta l led but n ot in good order .
58. Viraganfi r to Ta la iva sa l . (R . 2 , B . 2 , F . A s. 12 a nd
{ e . 1 ) 8 1 m . Whol ly gravel led and un br idged, pra cti cable a t
a ll seasons.
59 . Va ikuntham - to K a lipatti 111 .
In 1924 .
XXXII
CHAPTE R VIII.—RAINFALL AND SEASONS .
Pa rt I, p age 3 10 .
- Add a t the end o f the page
On the night of 16th Oc tober 19 16 there was unusua l lyh eavy ra infa l l on the S hevaroys, the officia l register a t Yercaudmark ing 67 3 in ches . The gauges overflowed a t severa l pla ces onthe h i lls , and there wa s abnorma l fl ood in the T irumanimuttar
ri ve r which rose to severa l feet a bove the parapet wa ll ofthe ma in b ridge a cross it i n S a lem town . The compound ofthe Queen A l exandra hospita l ly ing just bel ow the bridge wasfi l led wi th wa ter. The pa t ients i n the hospita l were r emoved tosa fety w ith diffi culty . S evera l houses i n the M ettu streetwhich stood on the river bank were washed away or badlydamaged. On the O pposite bank a colony of sweepers
’ hutsand a row of bakers’ shops were compl etely wa shed away .
There was fortuna tely no loss of l i fe anywhere i n the town . It
was the highest flood on record s ince 1880 . The ma in cause ofthe flood w as the brea ch ing of a tank known a s Té ttt' é rt i nVa la saiyfi r v illage a t the foot of the Shevaroys .
In June 1924 ow ing to unpreceden ted ra in during the southw est monsoon the Kaveri overflowed its banks to such an exten ttha t many houses on the r iver banks were washed away and
numbers of people were rendered homeless and desti tute .
Among the v i l lages so a ff ected in this district were O rava ndfi ri n Namakka l ta luk where 106 houses were reported .to havefa l len , and Pa l lipalaiyam ,
Koma ra pa laiyam and Pullakondanpa tti
i n Tiruchengodu ta luk where a lso a number of houses col lapsed.
The dam age caused by the floods to crops, i rriga tion worksand house property in the distri ct w a s estimated a t 2§lakhs.
CHAPTE R 1X.— PUBLIC HE ALTH.
Pa ge 3 1 l .
—Add to pa ragraph 1— '
1‘
he econom i c condition ofthe m a sses is v ery low,
a nd successive yea rs of drough t haverendered condi ti o ns of l iv ing very di fficult . The disea ses most
preval ent i n the distric t o ther than mala ria a re aff ections o f theeye, the sk in a nd the digest i ve system .
Pa ragraph 4 .-Add —D nring the groundnut ha rvest a very
la rge numbe r of peopl e a re a tta cked. S ome of these cases are
reported a s cholera a nd occur, l ike it, i n D ecember .
P a ge 3 12 , pa ra graph» 2 .—Add — O ma l f1r and Rasipuram
ta luk s a re a l<o grea t sufferers a nd i ndeed no ta l uk ca n besa id to be f ree from it
,though cases are not so very common i n
the northern ta l uks. In most o f the v i llages step-we l ls andstagnant pools of dir ty wa ter a re the ch ief sources of supply fordrink ing and ba thing ,
a nd the dea rth of wa ter i n th is distric t,
notorious fo r its prolonged seasons of drought, drives people touse water from a ny ava ilable source. The D istrict Boa rd isspending over R s . per annum i n prov iding pucca draw
E duca t ion.
By commun i
ties.
xxxiv
want of ra ins, this tank was able to supply the whole of Sheva
pet . As a specia l measure this tank wa s connected to the p ipesystem in Shev apet block, and the diffi culty w as t ided over.D uring the severe outbreak of cholera i n 1926 it was not icedthat no case occurred in the a rea suppl ied by the Arisipalaiyam
tank .
P age 3 19.
—Add a t the end of the chapterz—The supply channelto the tank has been widened. There are three sl ow sand fi lterbeds and the quantity of water which can sa fe ly be drawn fromea ch bed is ga l lons a day, whereas ga l lons a rerequi red a t 15 ga l lons per head per day. F rom the fi l ter bedsthe wa ter is chlor ina ted and suppl ied to the town by gravita ti on ,but is drawn only from the street p ipes, there being insuffi cientwa ter for house connec tions. Many pa rts of the town do not
derive any benefits from the piped supply . Owing to the continuous fa ilure of ra i n the wa ter l evel in the tank often wentdown to one or two feet, and a n infi ltrati on ga l l ery was thereforeconstructed to augment and purify the supply . The tank ha snever rea ched its fu l l capa ci ty s ince the da te of its construc
ti on in 191 1 owing to poor ra infa l l and i nadequa cy of ca tchm ent . The Vara ttar whi ch suppl ies the tank gets heavi ly si l tedupevery yea r so that even sma l l freshes i n it inundate the
ne ighbourhood and are wa sted. The wa ter—level rea ched its
maximum in Janua ry 1923 when it stood a t 232 feet,and the
ra i nfa l l sta tist ics show that it wil l never b e possible to get a
ful l supply i n the tank . The leve l wa s so low i n 1925 thatan infil tration ga l lery wa s constructed a long the rea r toe of thebund a t a cost of R s . It was expected tha t it wouldy ield copi ously and it w as v ery prom ising during the first yea rit w a s opened. But once the subso i l wa ter was drawn off
pe rcol a ti on wa s reduced. A ttempts to augment the supp ly inthis w ay having fa i l ed,
and, there be ing no hope of secu ring an
unfa il ing drink ing wa ter suppl y by a ny other means of impro vement of this source
,the only hope of putti ng the wa ter—supp ly
of S alem beyond anxiety , in fa ct the only poss ib l e dependablesource
,appea rs to b e the M ettur reservo i r ; a nd the Counc i l ha s
decided to get the supply from this reservoir a t an estima tedcost of 19 lakhs, and its i nvestiga tion is i n progress.
CHAPTE R. X.
—E DUCATION.
P a rt 1, page 320 , pa ra graph l .
—Adcl to the ta ble in this
paragraph the fol lowing figures in col umns 1 to 4
192 1
1931
P age 32 1, pa ragraph 1 .—Add to the tabu la r statement the
fol lowing pa ragraph—S ta tist ics of l itera cy in va rious commu
nities and ta luks i n 192 1 and 193 1 are found i n Table XXIV of
XXXV
th is volume. Between 1911 and 193 1 it rose from 40 to 53 per
m i l le am ong Hindus, from 128 to 14 4 among M uhammadansand from 12 7 to 177 among Christ ians. Among the la st it hadfa llen to 84 and r isen bu t sl ightly among M uhammadan (2 perm i l le) in 192 1. This decrease i n l itera cy among Christ ians in192 1 must be attributed to la rge additions to the fa ith in the
previous decade from the depressed c lasses who are mostlyill itera te, and the l i ttl e rise among M uhammadans to the
genera l poverty of the lower classes of the community,who
preferred putting their young boys to some work tha t pays tosending them to school . Among fema les
,l iteracy among
Christians fel l from 86 to 55 for the reason ex pla ined abovebetween 1911 and 192 1 but rose sha rply to 1 15 i n 1931 .
P aragraph 2 .—Add —For a compa r ison of the i ncrease in By ta luks.
l iteracy in the va ri ous ta luks i n 192 1 and 193 1 reference maybe made to Table XXIV of this volume . S a lem
,Namakka l and
A ttur ta luks a re i n this order the m ost l itera te while Krishnag ir iand Tiruchengodu are the least l itera te ta luks.
P age 323, p aragrap h 3 .
—Add to the tabula r statement the E ducationalfollow ing figu res in columns 1 to 4 progress.
Paragraph 4 .—Add — O u 31st M arch 1931 the work of edu E ducational
cation was distr ibuted as foll ows agencies.
Agency.
Page 324 , pa ragraph 2 .
— In 1930—31 the loca l Local Boardboards were respons ib le for six high schools and the S a lem muni “P d
l
mnm '
cipality for one whi ch is a tta ched to the Col lege . The loca l boa rdhigh schools are lo ca ted at Hosur
,Krishnagi r i, D ha rmapuri,
Namak ka l,R asipuram and Tiruchengodu . The D istrict Boa rd
a lso mainta ins incompl ete secondary schools a t K averipatnam
xxxv i
and E dappadi. E lementa ry education has been transferred tothe control of ta luk boa rds whi ch had under them i n 193 1
574 e lementa ry schools for boys and 18 ! fo r gi rls, whil e the
Sal em municipa l ity had 30 such schools fo r boys and twelvefor g i rls.
P a ragra ph 13.— Add — The number of a ided elem enta ry
schools i n 193 1 w as 768 for boys and 25 for g i rls whi leam ong seconda ry schools six for boys and one for g i rls
(m issi on school a t Yerca ud) were a ided i nst itu t ions. Thenumber of boys
’schools m a in ta ined by Christ ian m issions i n
193 1 w as 83 wi th pup i ls while the number of g i rls’
schoolswas 15 .
Paragraph 4 .
— Add : —The~London m issi on h igh school isthe la rgest school of the ki nd i n the di strict . The school hasan extens i v e compound of 18 acres . The m issi on proposes to
develop it further a s a residen tia l instituti o n a nd ha s selecteda site of 28 acres for putting up the necessa ry b ui ldings.
P age 325, pa ragraph 2 .
—Add : —The m ission industria lschoo l was cl osed in 19 14 .
Pa ragraph 3 .-Add -The E uropean h igh school a t Yercaud
kept by the Brothers of S t. Gabri el is ca l l ed the M ontfordschool . This a nd the S a cred Hea rt girls
’ high sch ool are
situa ted in the midst o f p i cturesque scenery a t an a lti tude offeet above the sea lev el . The former had a strength of
14 3 in 193 1 and the latter 103 .
P age 326, paragraph 2 .
—Add —M r. Shutie ret ired i n 1915,
s in ce when the pr incipa l’
s chai r had b een fi l l ed by Indian
gentlemen . The rise i n the strength of the college classes i nea ch of the fol l owing years is noteworthy
The l ow figures i n 1912 - I3 and 192 2—23 were due to p lague.This is the only col lege in the Presidency ma i nta ined by a
muni c ipa l ity . It ha s been proposed a t various t imes to hand ito ver to Government a nd c on fine the counc i l ’s expenditure to
e l ementary educa tion.
P aragraph 3 .— Add -The schools at Hosur
,Rasipuram and
Ti ruchengodu have since been ra ised to high schools,and to the .
h igh school a tNamakka l is a ttached a hoste l , the gif t of a l oca l
philanthropist, M r. S . Kandaswami Kanda r of Nanja i E dayar,
F ina nce .
x x x vfii
Last paragraph—Add the fol lowi ng figures to the tabula rsta tement
Yea r .
P age 328, pa ragraph 1.
— S ub8titu te :— There is a Governm en t seconda ry school for gi rls at Sa l em i n wh i ch the VI formw a s O pened i n 1927 . Its strength i n 193 1 was 195. The otherseconda ry school for g i rls is at Yercaud
,wh ich is run by the
S isters of S t . Joseph of Cluny and is ma inly intended forE uropean and Ang lo
~Indian pupi ls.
P aragraph 2 .— Add to the tabula r sta tement of gross
e x penditure, the fol lowing
Yea r .
PAR T II.
CHAPTE R XI —LAND R EVENUE ADM INISTRATION.
P a rt II, page 60
— Add a t the end of the page .-There was
a redistribut ion of distric t and ta luk a reas in 19 18. Namakkalta l uk of the Tric li ino ii oly distri ct l ess Thattiengarpetta i firkawa s taken back to S a lem
,a nd a new ta l uk ca lled R asipuram
was_ca rved out of the old S a lem
,Namakka l , Tiruchengodu
a nd A ttur ta luks ; the divisiona l cha rges a lso underwent revisiona s fol lows
D ivisions .
Nfimakka l c o o
Ta luks.
Hosu r and Krishnagi ri .
D h a rmapuri a nd fi ttankara i.S a lem and A ttur.Tiruchengodu, M ettur and
Oma lur.Namakka l and R asipuram .
xx xix
Page 7 l .—Add to the table on this page the fol lowing
Tenure
acting.
Name .
Permanent M r E . W. Legh 6 Nov . 1914:
E . A . D avis 8 F eb . 19 19
T . B R usse l l 30 D ec . 1919
P . M a cqu een 9 Jan 19 2 0
sa w . R Robertson l 6 June 192 1MB.R y R a i Ba hadur 12 June 1 92 2U . R ama R ao
M r J W. Bhore 12 Jan . 1924
T . B R usse l l 1 Apr 1924
C H il ton Brown [ 1 O ct . 192 4
F . L . Brigstocke 29 D ec 1924
0 . H ilton Brow n 23 M ar. 1928
K a i imul la h F a rukhi S ah ib 3 D ec . 1928
M r K . S unda ram Ayyangar 2 1 Aug , 1929
C . K . 30 S ep. 192 9
A . H . A . T odd 2 4: O ct . 1929
D . W. D odw e l l 1 Sep 1 93 1
A . H . A . Todd 11 O ct . 1931
E . Bennett 27 O ct . 1931
A . H . A . Todd.“
f. . 2 9Nov . 193 1
CHAPTER XII.
— ABKARI AND M ISCE LLANEOUS
R EVENUE .
P age 73 .—Add a fter the second pa ragraph
The excise revenue i n the distr ict is now chiefly deriv ed E x cise.
from country sp irits, toddy, f0 1 e ign l iquor, hemp drugs and
op ium. A ll shops except those deal ing l n foreign l iquor and
beer are sold a nnua l ly by publ i c aucti on . F ore ign l iquorl icences a re issued on the “fix ed fee system . D uty is a lsolevied on arrack, gan j a , opium , fore ign l iquor (loca l ly m anufac
tu red, in cluding beer ) and on trees ma rked for fermented teddy.
The district is divided into four ci rcles with headqua rters a t
S a lem,Hosur
,S anka r i and Namakka l
,each in cha rge of a n
i nspector .
Page 74 .— Add after the third paragraph
The contra ct disti l lery system introduced in 1901—02
st i l l contin ues,M essrs. Pa rry Co .
,a ct ing as contract suppl iers
for the district . D epots and big shops ob ta i n the i r supply di rectfrom the fi rm
’
s wa rehouse a t S uramangalam ,and the renters of
the other shops get their supply from the loca l depots.
Total prohib ition of a rra ck by the closure of a rrack shopsw as under experiment in A ttur ta luk from l st Apri l 192 4 . E venin its init ia l stag e the experim ent paved the way for a furtherdevelopment of i llicit disti l lat ion w ithout in any way substituting
Arrack .
Toddy .
toddy for a rra ck as was expected. The l imit of private
possessi on was reduced to 2 drams from 1927 , and the ex peri
ment conti nues to be under tria l . A la rge number of cool ieshave had to em igra te to distant plac es i n sea rch of wo rk owingto a succession of
.
bad seasons, and unti l the i r return on therestora ti on of norma l econom i c condit ions no defin ite conclusionsabout the experiment can he a r ri ved a t .
Go vernm ent sa nc tioned a s a purely experim enta l measurethe closure o f a ll toddy and a rra ck shops in Namakkal
,Tiru
chengodu and R asipur ta luks from l st Apri l 1930 . Theexper iment is being wa tched by temperance reformers.
Pa ge 75 .
— Add a fter the fi rst pa ragraph
The tree- ta x system continues to be in fo rce throughout thedistrict . Under th is system tapping fo r fermen ted toddy is
a l lowed fo r l icensed S ll O pS a fter the ma rking of trees on paym entof presc ribed tree- ta x (yea rly o r ha l f - yea rly ) by the renter .
L icences and perm i ts are issued for tapping and tra nsportrespect ively . Coconut a nd pa lmyra t rees a re commonthroughout the district bu t da te trees a re found only i n the
northe rn ta luks. Cocon ut toddy is usua l ly pre ferred ex cept bythose who
,for cheapness, prefer palmyra or date toddy .
S ubstitute f or the statement a t the foot of the page the
following
Ta luk .
S a lem (M unicipa l non
M un icipa l)O rna lur
At turT iruchengod uH osurK r ishnagiriD ha rm a puriUttanga ra iNama kka lR asipuram
Tota l
Pa ge 77 .— Add a fte r pa rag ra ph 2 the fo l l owing new pa ra
gra ph
The most c ommon o ffen ces rela ti ng to a bkari a re il l icitdisti l la tion , i l l ic it tappi ng a nd unl icensed sa les of toddy and
a rrack . The pa late of the consumer is appa rently a ccustomed to
a rra ck stronger than the issue streng th of l ic it a rrack,a nd this
pa r t ly a ccounts for i l l ic it disti lla tion in c erta in parts of the
Sa l tpetre.
Income -ta x .
xl i i
Page 79 .
—Insert between the second and third pa ragraphs
The district being an in land one conta ins no sa lt fa ctoriesand ha s to ge t its supply from outside , principal ly from M adra sfrom fa ctories in the Tanjore and Tinnevel ly distri c ts, and
to a sma l l extent from Bombay v ia Ca l icut . The sa l ine a reasi n the distr ict a re not suffi cien tly rich to a ff ect the sa ltrevenue .
P age 79 .— Add to the th ird pa ragraph
S a l tpetre is st i l l manu fa ctured i n the Ti ruchengodu and
Namakka l ta luks . Unde r the rules in tr oduced wi th effec t froml st Ja nuary 192 7 a singl e l i cence is issued for the manufa ctureof both c rude a nd re fined sa l tpetre , and the l icence fee is
regul ated wi th refe rence to the dimensi ons of the plant used i nthe refinery . The refiner obta ins his requirements of the raw
produc t from the c rude sa l tpetre work s situa ted i n the adj o in ingv i l lages, and is l eft free to d ispose of the sa l t educed i n the
refi nery .
P age 8U.
— Add to pa ragraph 1 — Under the Income-ta x Actof 1886 a ll incomes of R s
,500 a yea r and upw a rds were l iabl e
to ta xa ti on . The taxable m i n imum was ra ised to R s.i n
1903 and to R s,
i n The maximum rate of ta x was5 pics in the rupee t i l l 19 16 when it w a s ra i sed to 12 p ies. In
192 l the m aximum wa s ra ised to I6 pies in the rupee . In 19 17
the S uper- ta x A ct wa s pa ssed by which an additiona l tax va rying f rom one anna to three a nn as i n the rupee wa s
lev ied on incomes i n e x c ess of R s. In 192 1 the max im um ra te of super - ta x wa s ra ised to 4 annas. The Income-ta xA ct was amended i n 19 18 a nd the S uper - ta x Act in 1920 . Thelaw rel a t ing to i n come -ta x a nd super
- ta x wa s further reviseda nd conso l ida ted by the Income-ta x Act, 1922, which withminor a ltera t i ons is new i n force . The maximum ra te of incom e - ta x wa s ra ised in 193 i to 26 p ies i n the rupee , a nd the
maximum ra te o f super- ta x to a nnas i n the rupee . The ra tesare not now l a id down in the A ct, but a re prescribed f rom yea rto year by the F inance Ac t.
The Income- ta x re venue wa s t i l l 192 2 adm i n istered by theM adras Boa rd of R evenue subj ect to the co n trol o f the Loca lGovernmen t . It is new adm i niste red di rect ly by the Government of l ndia through the Centra l Boa rd of R evenue a t D elhia nd a Commissioner for the Presidency .
CHAP'
I‘
E R XML— JUDICIAL ADM INISTRATIO N.
P a rt II. page 89 .— In sert between the first and second pa ra
graph s the fo l lowing -F rom l st A pril 19 18 the D istri ctM unsif
’s Court of Namakka l wa s brought within the j urisdiction
The m inimum w a s tempora r i ly reduced to its. during the 15 monthsend ing w ith M a rch 1933 .
xl iii
of the D istrict Court of S a lem . Two firka s of the R asipuramta luk were taken from the j urisdi cti on of this Court on 1st
Jan ua ry 1924 and added to the Conrt of the additi ona l distri c tmunsi f of S a lem , which wa s renamed the district munsif ’scourt of S ankaridrug at Sa lem wi th eff ec t from 3 1st M ay1926
,the p rincipa l munsi f being cal led merely the district
munsif o f S a lem .
P a ragraph 2 .—A dd :—The work in the D istrict Court increas '
ed a fter Namakka l ta l uk had been added to the district,and a
temporary subordinate j udge’s court w a s opened a t S a lem in
F ebrua ry 19 19 whose term w as extended from yea r to yearunti l Apri l 1929
,when it w a s made perman ent. The
sub- judge is a lso A ssistant Session s Judge and tries the lessserious cases com i ng befo re the Sessions Court.
P a ragraph 3 .—A dd :—Civ i l l itiga tion shows a tendency to Li tiga tion.
increase,the prepertion of su its fi led being one to every 103
persons of the popula tion .
P a ragraph 4 .- Add the fol lowing to the tabula r statement
Average for Or din a ry . Sm a l l causes.
1925— 1929
Page 90 , pa ragraph 1 .
—Ad0l —Vi l lage panch aya ts ha ve beenconsti tuted i n seve ra l v i l lages under the M adras Ac t XV of 1920
,
while 1 16 courts formed under the M adra s V i l lage Courts A cto f 1888 a s amended by A ct II of 1920 a lso tried petty c ivi l andcrimina l cases in rura l a rea s.
Paragraph 2 .
— Beta fia the fi rst two sentences of the para R egistration
graph and substitu te the follow ing for the rest z—A districtreg istra r is sta tioned a t S a lem a nd is a ssisted by two jo int sub .
reg istra rs i n his own office and by a thi rd joint sub - reg istra rhoused i n a sepa rate bui ldi ng i n the same sta tion . These exerc iseconcurrent ju risdi ct ion with him in orig ina l registra tion i n hissub -district . There a re twen ty-six other sub - reg istra rs of whomten a re at the ta luk headquarters and the rest a t Den
kanikdta . E dappadi, M a llasamudram ,S ankaridrug , Gangava l li ,
Harfi r,M eché ri, Namagiripet, Puducha tram , Palakodu,
Penna
garam ,Pa rama thi
,S endamanga lam,
Vel ii r,Vala ppadi and
S hevaroy H i l ls. The last ment ioned o ffi ce is i n charge of thedeputy tahsi l da r. R eg istrat ion has made rap id strides, the
aggrega te va lue of immovable property reg istered annua llyha v ing risen during the la st fi f ty years from lakhs to 3crores.
Page 9 l , p aragraph 2 .
— Add :— There a re now besides the Crimin a labove a subdiv isiona l mag istra te,a tahsi lda r-mag istra te and a justice
stationa ry sub-magistrate at Namakka l , a tahsddar-mag istra te
Grave crime
Koreve re
Pol ice.
The Centra lJa i l .
xl iv
a t Rasipuram and a deputy tah si lda r-mag istrate a t Paramathi,
a first- class bench cou r t a t Sa l em ,a nd second - cla ss b ench es a t
Hosur, S a nkaridrug, Namakka l , R asipuram and Kaveripa tnam.
P age 92 , para gra ph 2 .—Ar?d — M urders a re stil l numerous i n
the district. The la st three y ea rs showed a m a rked decrease inc rimes a ga i n st proper ty, which is probably due to the appl ica ti onof the Cr im ina l Tribes A ct .
Page 93 , paragraph 2 .
—D elefe the eighth sen tence a s the
mora l e of the pol ice ha s considerably improved since and the
rema rk canno t be j ustified .
Page 96 .
—Insert the fol lowing paragraph between the fi rstand second
The K oravars h ave b een brought under the Crimina lTribes Ac t a nd a re be ing checked a ccording to the degreeof their c rimi nal ity e ither nigh tly or twice a week by the
pol ice or panchaya tdars There are a bout 200 panchayatcen tres, and a scheme fo r recla iming them has been sta rted.
There a re no K ora var settlements as such,but there are three
cen tres where Korav ars l ive i n communa l groups, a t Ka lyana
g i ri , K a llana tham and M aniva landan i n At tur ta luk . The re isa p roposa l to sta rt cc - opera t ive societies fo r the benefit of the
K oravars and a specia l offi cer has been appointed by Governmen tto watch the i r interests in the Talag hat ta luks. Lands a re beingset apa rt fo r assignment to them , and the rigours of the kava lsystem a re no longer so keenly fel t in the distri ct.
Pa ge 97 , pa ra graph 3 .- Add — In 1929 there were 47 pol i ce
sta ti ons and 17 outposts excluding the pol ice sta ti on a t M ettfi r
and the outpost a t Kola thur, and the strength of the forc e stooda t 12 inspectors, 6 6 sub- i nspectors, 13 1 head co nsta bles a nd 994constables. Of super io r oth
'
cers there a re,besides the D istrict
S uperintenden t a t S a lem , an A ssistant S uperi ntenden t at Hosura nd a D eputy S uperintendent a t S a lem . M en with highereduca ti ona l qua l ifica ti ons a re now o ffering themse lves for en l istment as constables and a re encouraged.
P age 98.
- Add a t the end of the page
The ja i l ranks a s a first - class cen tra l ja i l and has a ccom
moda tion fo r l,4 l 5 pr isoners. As it is a spec ia l ja i l fo r
h abitua ls for the whole p residency a ccommoda tion is sti l linsuffi c ient. There is a spec ia l a nd sepa rate annex e fo r l epers.
Because of the l a rg e n umber of ha bi tua ls c onfined in it,it
has a strong guard of E uropea n and India n w a rders ; and
no conv i c t wa rde rs a re empl oyed h ere a s in other ja i ls. A
disch a rged prisone r’s home wa s recently opened i n the town
to a fford help to conv ic ts on release .
F unctions.
F in an ce .
Beceipts.
x lvi
been reorgan ized ea ch ta luk having a‘
ta luk board exceptNamak ka l , which w il l in clude more than one revenue ta luk .
Pa ragraph 13.—S ubstitute for the existing paragraph the
fol low ingThe D istrict Board and a ll the ta luk boards a re presided ov er
by non -offi cials. E a ch boa rd has a lso a non -official v ice -
president.
P a ra graph 4 .—F or th is p a rag ra ph (which runs into pag e 102 )
substitute the fol l owing — The D istrict Boa rd is responsibl e fo rthe co nstruct ion and ma in tenance of a ll importa n t roads, withthe bridges, cul verts, road‘ dams a nd ca useways a cross th em
,
and of a ll tra v el lers’ bunga lows and rest - houses and districthospita ls and dispensa ries. On the ta luk boa rds fa lls the costo f ma inta i n i ng v il lage and . feeder roads
,other hospi ta ls and
dispensa r ies, el emen ta ry educa t ion,markets and ch oultries
,
improvement of v i l lage sites a nd wa ter- S upply , san ita tion and
vaccina ti on . The chie f functions of the panchaya t boa rds a re
the l igh ting of roads and streets within the i r l im i ts, san ita tion
,
conse rvancy, wa ter-supply and dra inage .
P age 102 , p a ragraph 2 .—Add :— The financ ia l posi tion of
the D istri ct Bo ar dhas since much improved. The finances of
the ta luk boa rds being poor the D istr ict Boa rd ha s taken up fo rma i n tena nce some roads whi ch were formerly ma inta ined bythem .
Pa ragraph 3 .
- Add —The resources of the Iowa ] boa rds h a v enow increa sed considerably , a nd thei r ordina ry incom e a t the
end o f 1928—29 was R s. The figures i n rega rd to
the fol lowing items wil l show how grea t has been the i ncreasesince 1912
Item . 1928—29 .
Land and R a i lway cess
Net tol l rece ipts
S chool fees
Avenue produce
House-ta x
M a rket fees
F isheries
F erry rents
To these must be added Gov e rnment g ran ts for educa ti on(R s . con tribution from R a i lw ay a ccount (R s .
R a i lway rece ipts (R s . G ove rnment gra nts for roads(R s . educa ti on t a x (R s and m isce lla neous items
(R s. Tol l -g a tes have been abolish ed from l st Apri l1 93 1 a nd the Governmen t col lect a provincia l ta x on motorveh ic les whi ch they distribute among the severa l loca l bodies .
x l vi i
P a ragrap h 41.
— Add — But under the Loca l Boa rds A ct of19 10 , p rior to its amendment by Act XI of 1930
,this c ess w as
abol ished and in its pla ce a n addi t iona l la nd cess of 3 pies i n therupee w a s being l evied f0 1 D istrict Boa rd pu 1 poses. A separateaddi t iona l land
o
-cess o f 3 pies i n the rupee w as a lso levied a nd
credi ted directly to the ta luk boa rds. An educa tion tax of 3pies in the rupee was a lso lev ied by certa in ta luk boa rds.
P age 103 , pa ragraph 1 .—Add : - The revenue from a v enue
prod Jce is however grea ter than tha t of any other di s trict i n thePresidency
,and i n 1928—29 the amount rea l ized was R s.
Under the Loca l Boards Am ending Act of 1930 land cess is ,l ev ied a t a ra te of 18 p ies i n the rupee throughout the distric t .
The D istrict Boa rd and the ta luk boa rds ea ch get six p iesand the Vi l lage D evelopment Fund three pies from this cess.
Pa nchaya t boa rds get thei r income from the remaining threep ies from the v illages 1n thei r a rea s
,the ta luk boa rds getting
the same from non -
panchaya t vi llages .
Pa ragraph 51.— Add —There ha s been a corresponding in
crea se in expenditure . The chief cha rges, o1dina ry and capita l ,under the importan t heads of a ccount in 1928- 29 were a s
follows
P age 10 4 —Insert between pa ragraphs five and six thePanchayat.
f o l lowing
All the uni ons have come to be ca l l ed Panch ayats under theAct XI of 1930 amending the Loca l Boa rds A ct of 1920 . Thejurisdi ct ion of the Y erca ud union boa rd now known as the
SheVaroys Panchaya t is the sam e a s tha t of the independentdeputy tahsi lda r a t Yercaud excluding the ham lets of M undachedu
,A raman aikadu a nd Veppady under the control of the
S a l em ta luk boa rd. Besides th is there are 54 2 panchaya ts i nthe distri ct.
San ita ryassocia t ions.
P age 104 , p aragraph 5.—Add :— The S an itary a ssoc iati ons
wh i ch existed some yea rs ag o have been g radua l ly convertedi nto v illage panchayats. There is on ly O ne assoc iat ion sti ll inexistence and tha t is at R ayakota i n Hosiir taluk .
Sa lemP age 105, pa ragraph 1.
— Add - The counci l now empl oys aM un icipa lity .
hea lth officer, an eng ineer an d a re v enue officer . The electionsare l ively and con tested . The council maintaius 53 m iles ofroad whose genera l condit ion is sat isfa ctory. The mun ic i
pa l rest house 18 a poo r rented bui lding and unworthy of an
importan t distric t headquarters. The counc il is a ttempting to
R ece ipts.
E x pend iture .
Hosur Ta luk .
x lv i i i
h ave the town l igh ted with e lectric ity from M ettur, wh i ch getsa large supply of power from the M ysore S ta te . F orty - threee lementa ry schools, a seconda ry school a nd a second-
g radecol lege are run by the council . M a sonry dra i ns have beenconstructed i n severa l wa rds . The new town exten s io n ca l l edS iva swamipuram consists of wel l- bui lt houses in spac ious com
pounds and is in hab ited by the better class people , and severa lo ther town e x tension schemes ha ve been notified or a re i n
prog ress. For an a ccount o f the wa ter-supply schem e p leasesee notes under Chapter IX, Publ ic Hea l th .
Pa ra graph 2 .
—Add to the tabula r statement the fol l owingfigures for 1928—2 9 to indica te great i ncrea se in municipa lrevenue since 1909—10
Items.
House and la nd ta x esVehic les a nd ca rtsProfessionsTolls”
School and co l lege fees
P a ragraph 4 .— Insert in the tubular statement unde r this
pa ragraph the figures for expenditure i n whi ch has
grown since 1909- 10,fo r wh ich figures a re g iven in the table
Items. 1928—29.
Publi c Hea lthE duca t ionPub l ic WorksAdm inistra tionLight ing charges
CHAPTE R XV.—GAZETT EER .
I.
— BALAGHAT—HO SD tt TALUK .
Part IL p age 107 , p ara graph 2 .
— Adi l :— The Kav é ri meets thedistri c t a t
.
the sou th - west corner of the ta l uk , runs a long a deepand rocky bed a nd is j o ined by severa l h i l l stream s . The hillstha t l ie to the left of this r iver i n this ta luk a re ca l led Melagiris,which a re dra ined by five big ba si ns, the b iggest being theD oddaha lla . About two m i les a f ter it meets the district the r iveris so na rrowed by the outcrops of the h il ls on e ither side of it tha tthe na rrowest po in t is on ly a few ya rds wide a nd ha s come to beknown as M é ka -da tu (or goa t
’
s leap). Three m i l es above this
° The innome from t ol ls is be ing rep la ced by a subsidy from Govern mentout of a provmc ia l tax on motor vehic le s.
Berikai.
Bil igundlu.
Page 124 .
—Insert between paragraphs 1 and 2
T he villa ge bear ing th is name con ta i ns only a few housesand is a hamlet of M e lurnala i 2%m i les away . The inhab ita ntsare chiefly Hede rs and a re gra z iers or cul ti va tors.
Pa ra graph 4 .—Add : -The pa la ce wa s repa i red a fter the
pol iga r took cha rge of his esta te i n 192 3, and is now in a goodconditi on .
Pa ragraph 5.— Add « Cultiva ti on of mulberry and the rea ring
of si lk worms have b een g iven up.
Pa ge 128, p ara graph 1 .— Add —The estate was under the
manag ement of the rece i ver a ppo i nted by the D istrict Court from1912 . The hei r who succeeded to the esta te on the conclusi onof the l i tigation bei ng a mi nor, the Court o f Wa rds took up the
management a nd handed over the estate to the owner,M a athi
M ummadi Ba sa va Rajah, i n 1922 .
Pa ragraph 2 .
—Add :—Tra ces of Col . Shaw ’
s commodiousbunga l ow can st i l l be se en . The ga l lan t gentl eman
’
s fa i lureto i nt roduce coffee i n his esta te “ G lenshaw wa s due moreto want of labour than to the cl imate or the soi l thoughthe pla teau w as too low fo r tea or chinchona . R ound abou tthis p lace is a superabundance of ant-hi lls wh ich rise sometimesto 10 or 12 feet .
P age 129, paragraph— Add : —The fe rry is sti l l k ept up
though it fe tches a very paor rent. The m a i n v i l lag e is Na tra
pala iyam ,
a nd Biligundlu is only a ham let of about a dozen hutssi tuated in the midst of thick forest growth on the ba nk of the
K avé ri Its inhabi tants are ma inly Roman Ca thol ics, descendants of the converts o f the ea rly J esuit missiona ries .
P a ge 130, p a ra graph—Add : —The old or Ca r-peta is
now a deser ted vi lla ge e x cept for the templ e to Betrayaswami
a nd the stone revetted tank a t its entrance . The few Ayya ngar
Bra hmans who resided there i n 19 15, be i ng a tta ched to the
templ e, had to remo ve to the new pé ta owing to the scourge offever
. The car festiva l,however, conti nues to a ttra ct pi lgrims .
P a ra graph 2 .
—A dd -The si te of the old for t is now verymuch overgrown wi th prickly—pea r , a nd many o f the housesthat e x isted in 19 15 a re i n ru i ns, the i nha bi tan ts ha vrngremo ved to the new peta o r left the v i l lage . Porti ons o f the mud
wa l ls of the outer a nd i nner fort a nd the Janda -medu or flagsta ff mound still exist a nd can be identi fied through the hugebushes of the ubiqu i tous prickly -
pear.
The town is sa id to deri ve its n ame from a she- demonD anha n i , whom V ishnu came to destroy a ssuming the formof a hun ter (Beta raya ) to whom the templ e i n the Car-
pate.
i idedica ted. There a re a lso o ther and ingen uous derivationsof the n ame
,but this is the genera l ly a ccepted one .
l i
There is a deputy tahsi lda r and sub-magistra te in thetown, and the new peta which l ies on the slope of a hi l lis a wel l - la id out town
, the principa l streets running stra igh t upthe side of the bill a t right ang les to the c ross streets. The townis a union
,a nd its depot fo r forest products, chiefly sanda lwood
,
is the la rgest i n the district . The magistra te’s court was the
scene of a shocking tragedy some yea rs ago when a M uhammadanconstabl e who w a s a ccused i n a case shot the magistra te deadin court through a window a t the back of the mag istrate
’s
seat. The m an appa rently though t th a t the m ag istra tew a s l ikely to conv ict him . He was tried and hanged ; and thewindow w a s wa l led up.
Page 13 1, paragraph 1.
-Add —There are only about twentyLingaya ts i n the v i llage now
,the rest ha v ing long ago
m igra ted to the M yso re S ta te . E ven now one c an countsevera l ruined temples over an area of two to three squa re m i lesround the vi l lage .
P a ragraph 2 .—Add — The chances of Hosu
’
r bei ng connected HOW”
w i th Banga lore by ra i l a re considered remote. It is the term inus of the l ine b ra nching from M orappu r . The town is easilya ccessib le from Ban g a lore, M elur, Krishnag i r i or D enkan ikotaby mo tor buses. The ra ilway sta ti on is about a m i l e fromHosur.
Page 132 , p aragraph 1 .—Add — The town has not ex tended
a long the Mal fi r road a s a nti c ipated ; a nd the congestion in thenew p é ta st i l l exists and is a source of danger to the hea lth of thetown. Apparently the inhabi tants a re too poor to abandon theirold houses and bu ild new ones on the site a cqu i red withGovernment funds.
P aragraph 2 .—Add : - The giganti c coconut pa lms have
mostly disappea red ,a few straggl ing trees were a ll that
rema ined i n 192 9 . The ta luk o ffi ce ha s been removed fromCockburn’s ka cheri to a block of new bui ldings on the higher
ground on the M attigi ri road, but the old kacheri now
a ccommodates the Post and Te leg raph offi ce and the distri c tmunsif
’
s court and is kept i n good repa i r. The distri ct munsi f,
who ha s his permanent offi ce at Krish nag i ri , holds his cour t a t
Hosur for two to three weeks i n every quarte r.
P aragraph 3 .—Add —The Pub li cWorks D epa rtment bunga
low at D innur is no longer in use a s a rest—house, a fresh one
hav ing been bu ilt n ea r the n ew ta luk o ffi ce . i t is the residenceof the Re venue D ivisiona l Officer , a fter he was obl iged to
vacate K ennilworth Castle on its being declared unsa fe .
P age 133 ,p aragraph 1 .—Add:— The dispensa ry wa s converted
into a hospi ta l some yea rs ago and ha s provisi on for ten beds.
It is under the con trol of the ta luk hoard.
Pa ragraph 2 .— Add —The m ission ball has b een bu il t and
there is a resident E uropean m issi ona ry in the town .
P aragraph 3 .— Add to the tab ula r statement i n the margi n
the follow ing1921
193 1
P age 134 ,pa ragraph l .-Add —The old pé ta or Chfidavadi is
thinning rapidly . The so- ca l led Car street has a few coconut
palms on itsma rg i ns but not-hing is left of it except the crumblingwa l ls of numerous cha trams and mantapams for a short distancenea r the templ e ga teway, and the tank and a few houses in whichthe temple servants l ive . The templ e tank is the only sourc eof wa ter-supply for the old peta .
Page 136, la st paragrap h— Add — The lof ty tower showed
serious cra cks and had to b e demol ished ; and the castl e wasdecla red dang erous for occupation . The old h istori c bui ldingis
,howeve r, kept i n some repa i r by the Publ ic Works D epart
m ent,but its big h a l ls and side rooms and the la rg e outhouses
and servan ts’ qua rters a re untenanted except by an a rmy ofbats and som e owls. Th e ma i n bui lding is i n danger ofcom ing down a t any tim e and tumbl ing into the moa t.
P age 13 7, paragraph 1 .- Add —The bu i ldings i n the fort
ha ve all been vacated except the temples to K otta imariamman
a nd to S iva ,where worship is respect ively conducted twice and
once a week . The umbre lla trees are a lso there and the wholecompound ha s appa rently been leased for graz ing . La rg e sumso f mon ey w ere spent i n repa i r ing the Castle and the out
houses and bui ldings which unti l a few yea rs ago a ccommoda tedcerta i n publ i c offices. But the fort
,the Castl e and the bui ldings
now presen t a de solate appea rance .
K e lamanga P a ge 14 2 , para graph 15.— Add —There is a ra ilway station15 m nea r the v il lage . The old ba nyan tree is sti l l a l ive, but there is
noth ing a ttra cti ve i n it now. Nea r it was the place where old
M a jo r G l over l ived the la st few yea rs of his l i fe .
K undfini. P age 14 2 , last pa ragraph to p age 147, third p a ragraph.
K undani Hobali has been tra nsferred to Krishnag i ri ta luk,
and its a ccount must therefore b e taken to the Ga z etteerof tha t ta luk .
Page 14 7 , p a ragraph 3 .
—Add - The popula ti on of the vi l lagein 193 1 wa s of whom a la rge percentage were R oma nCa thol ics . The re are no representa tives of the orig i na l InamdarNanjappa in the v i l lage a t present .
M attisirl . Page 148, p a ragraph 4 .
—Add the fol l owing new pa ra
graph
The village had a popula tion of in 193 1 . On theabol i t i on of the l temcun t D epot the popula t ion showed a tendency to decrease, but i n 1927 the Loca l Government purchased
Cross- breeds .
S heep,poul try and
Adm inistration .
R ayakOta .
is b est for both work and m ilk . Governmen t have a specia lresea rch station for this breed a t Chin ta ladev i
,Ne l lore district
,
though a sma l l herd is kept tempora ri ly in th is fa rm a lso .
A ttempts are a lso being made here to evolve cro s s-breeds bymating the Ayrshi re bu l l on nati ve cattle
, pre ferably S indhisand S aniwa ls . Two herds a re kept here ' ca lled the
Co imba tore and the Banga lore herds. The best cross- breeds a re
k ept a t Co imba tore where they supply the l a rge colony at the
Agricultura l College wi th m i lk and butter,the dry ca lves and
cows be ing sen t o ver to Ilosfi r peri odi ca lly .
E xperiments a re a lso be i ng made to produce from the
Bel l a ry sheep, whi ch is b la ck and white,
a wh ite sheepwi th more wool and better mutton . P ure white rams a re
d iffi cul t to rear and are not as robust as the bla ck and white.
Wool y ield is on the in crease now and the i nstitute hopes toevol ve a white breed i n time. R ams of a h igh standa rd a re
ava i lable fo r breeding a nd are in g reat demand. Amongpoultry there a re only white Leghorns, the best layi ng breedon the fa rm
,and good cocks and ch ickens and eggs for
sett ing a re offered a t cheap prices. Austra l ian Be rksh ire
pigs are bred here for ut i li z ing da i ry and vegetabl e-ga rdenwaste-products and for suppl ving breeding stock to the publ ic .
Good boa rs for crossi ng and pigs for k ill ing are for sa l e onthe esta te .
The e sta te ha s extensi ve pa sture lands, though a rable fa rming is also necessary to supplement gra z ing. Gui nea grass,R hodes grass and fodder crops such as ma i z e
,cholam and
lucerne are grown throughout the yea r , L a rge qua n ti t ies offodder crops a re c ut and made into si lage , tha t is, conse rvationof fodder i n p i ts, which is ut i l ized whenever there is shortage o f
gra zing i n the hot wea ther . In the a rable a rea two creps can bera ised
,a s this por t ion of the distri c t is favou red by the monsoons .
Hay m aking ,wh ich is ra re i n South India , comm ences i n
October or November and is on up- to-da tc l ines. E ng l ish
mow ing ma ch ines, hay rakes, tedders and eleva tors a re at workfor two or three months.The fa rm is i n g enera l cha rg e o f a deputy di recto r of agri
cul ture , under whom is a n a ssistan t d i rector in immedia techa rge . Th ere a re speci a l exper ts i n cha rge o f breeding and
da i ry ing a nd there is a lso a veterina ry a ssista nt surgeon . Therea re quarters for a l l officers a nd men on the esta te and a resthouse for visitors. The e x cise depa rtment h a ve a store sh eda nd dry ing fi eld, which is sepa ra te ly enclosed , and they prepa re
ganja here from the crop grown i n this d istri ct .
Page 157 .—P la ce the a ccoun t o f R ayakota , pages 181 to
188 under Krishn ag i ri taluk , a fte r the pa ragraphs dea l ing wi thR a tn ag i ri , a s R ayakota is now included i n the Hosur ta luk .
To th a t a ccoun t add the fo l lowing] t is now a ra ilw ay sta tion on the M orappfi r
~Hosfi r sec tionof the S outh Indian ra i lway . Its popu lation increased but
lv
sl igh tly ( 160) at the census of 192 1, and in v i ew of the greatdrought that has preva i l ed i n these pa rts for severa l yea rs it isa wonder th a t as ma ny a s people should l ive in this
place i n l931 . The “D ubash Kinar ” which is the sourc e ofwa ter- supply to the lower fort conta ins a sma l l quan tity of
wa ter at great depth . The lower for t or old pé ta n owconsists o f a few houses a round the temple . The few old
bui ldings that stil l rema in are used for the hosp ita l and
the pol i ce station, and nothing of M a jor G l o ver’s bunga l owrema ins except the basement a nd a few crumbl ing wa l ls . S omeof the shel ters for the sentries can st il l be seen . The writerascended the durgam by the foo t- pa th from the l ower {w t andfound tha t i n the ca ve of D fi rva sa R ishi , ha l f way up, somesort of worship wa s kept u p by a S atan i . l
‘
he ca ve is broad a t
its mouth in which the re is a sma l l j onat (which w a s dry at
the t ime) but tapers to a poin t a t a heigh t o f a few yardsfrom which a c ircula r hole leads
,no one knows where . A sort
of lingam set up a t the entrance to this hole represents D a rva saR ishi and puja is offered to it .
The old bu i ldings in the fort are genera l ly wel l -preserved,but cra cks have appea red i n m a ny of the i r w a l ls and on theirroofs . On the top- h ost peak , whi ch is diffi cu l t to approach ,
is
a stone p latform which is a fixed point i n the Trignometrical
S urv ey of India . F rom this can be had a good view of the
country, its numerous verdure- clad hil ls,its winding ghat roads,
the Pagoda hil l of Hosfi r and the Krishnag iri rock . S omea nc ient i nscriptions on the bare gnei ss were visible on the
peak , but pa rts of them have been b roken up for stones by the
contra ctor who repa i red the pla tform ment ioned above . The
story of t he sui cide o f Jagadeva Raya ’
s daugh ter- in lawrelates to this pla ce a nd deserves menti on . The lady ,
Ba lé swari,
was sea l ed one day in her apa rtment i n a state of dishabil lea fter her ba th
,dry ing her ha i r, when her fa ther 1n law en tered
hasti ly w i thout no tice . Her modesty rece ived such a rudeshock tha t she committed sui c ide by throwing herself from the
summ i t of the durgam . A templ e w ith an idol ca l led a fter herhas been bui lt a t the spot Where she fel l .
D oveton’s garden is now owned by the mittada r
’s rela tions
,
but it has f a llen on ev i l t imes,and a l l the fru it trees ha ve dis
appeared except a few coconuts . The tra ct between the
pa ra -wel l and the new peta is now comple tely deserted and is
p loughed up a nd cul tiva ted with dry crops. The Idga and
tomb bu i lt by M ajor Glover are objects of wo r ship, and
Col . D oveton ’8 well suppl ies wa ter to a g reat part of the V i l lage.
The v i llage m unsif who w a s M r. R i chards’ authority on the loca ltraditions was st i l l l i ving in 192 9 nea rly eigh ty years old and
repea ted the stories about M aj or John G lover and otherE uropean a rmy officers and dep lored the presen t conditi on ofthis once famous mi litary sta ti on . A sketch of Rayakota findsa place in Welsh
’
s M i l itary R em iniscences.
T‘
l i ta n
Irrigation.
Forests.
Page 160, paragraph 3 .
—Add —Ta l i possesses an excellentcl imate wh ich earned for it the nick-name of Li ttle E ngland.
”
It is connected wi th Arekal, Gumma lapuram and Jaulagiri bya fam i n e road a nd its ch ief trade 13 in gra i ns.
P age 160 , p t ragraphs 3 to 5 a nd p age 161, p a ragraph 1 ,
—Thea ccount of T irta 'u should come under Krishnag i ri ta luk to
wh i ch the v il lage wa s added i n 1910 .
Page 16 1, pa ragraphs 3 to 15.— The village o f Veppanapa l l imust a lso go under Krishnag i ri ta luk in which it was includeda t the rev ision of ta luks i n 1910
,
11.— BARAMAHAL—KR ISHNAGIR I TALUK .
Page 162 , paragraph 2.— F or the last senten ce substitute the
fol low ingThe western ha l f o f the ta luk is drained by the Pennaiyar
a nd the M arkanda -nadi, and the ea stern ha l f is tra versed by
the S andur, M a ttu r a nd Bargur rivers and merges i n to the
level pla ins of Uttanka rai and T ii uppa ttflr ta luks . The lastthree rivers were once perenn ia l , but as a resul t o f the fa i lureof ra ins for severa l yea rs on end they h a rdly conta in any wa ternow except i n the w et weather
,a nd the coconut topes on the
banks of these ri vers,where they sti l l exist, are pa rched up and
conta in only dead or dying pa lms .
Pa ra graph 3 .— D elete the third and fo urth sentences, a s
R ayakota is not now i ncluded i n this ta luk .
P a ge 164 , pa ragra ph 1 .—Add - There ha s been l ittle ra i n in
the ta l uk si nce fasl i 1 526,and the Pennaiyar and the Sandfir,
M a ttur a nd Barg fir trib uta ries of the Pambar, run only for afew days i n the yea r . In the Pennaiyar there is no flow formo re than 20 or 30 clays in a yea r a nd even the springs in the
ri ver- bed ha ve fa i led . The va lue of la nds on the banks o f theri ve r has the re fore fa l len considerably , and the lands to the
south of Kaveripa tnam a re no longer the r ichest in the ta luk .
P a ra graph 2 .
- S ubstitute f or the first sentence the fol lowing
The a rea covered by forest reserves is acres,fo rming one range and one working circle .
Add the fol lowing a fte r the tabula r sta tement
The forest a rea s specified below were handed over to panchaya ts from l st No vember 19 22
No. a nd name.
122 Va rta na -ha l l i6 4 Thoga ra
o
pa l li
123 Ta t ta k ka l
M a ttur.
lvii i
There are only a few wel ls (severa l feet deep) at which crowds ofwomen can be seen morn ing and even ing try ing to fi ll their pets,drawing out a few ounces of wa ter ea ch t ime with their small brasschembus . When the tanks a round the town receive the i r supplya fter the ra ins the diffi cul ty is l ess.
The G overnment hospita l and the D istrict Boa rd high schoola re si tuated be tween the old and the n ew peta ,
and the ra i lwaysta ti on is a lmost opposite . The ta luk offi ce which was l ocatedi n the new peta unti l a few yea rs ago has now been removed toa bu i lding constructed on the sta nda rd plan nea r the districtmunsif
’
s court, and a ccommodates the sub - j a i l and the sub
mag istra te’
s office . The ch ief industry is the manufa cture of
g ingel ly o i l i n crude wooden o il -presses worked by bol locks, ofwhich about a hundred ex ist in the old peta , the oi l beingmostly ex ported.
The district m unsi f has jurisdi ct ion o ver the Hosur ta luka lso , and holds his court peri odi ca l ly a t the la tter p la ce . The
ham let to the south of the durgam is i nha bited by descendan tsof the sepoys who fol lowed the M ahara tta i nvaders of the 17 thcentury a nd of thei r camp fol l owers ; there a re a lso a few
M aha ra tta fam ilies i n the old peta i tself .
P age l 73 .
— Add to paragraph 1
The new town,D aulatabad, ha s broad streets and is well
pl anned. The founder Lakshman R ae is sa id to ha ve bui lt theV i shnu and Ha numan tem p les a t the east and west end o f theagraha ram where he bu i lt his own house
,wh ich is now in ruins
a nd choked wi th p rickly pea r. These and the ha l f- filled wel ls onits site ha rb our vipers, and the i r ha l f- rui ned wa l ls in the m idsto f inhabited qua rters g i v e co ve r to thieves at night a nd serveas latrines by day. Lakshma n R ae
’
s descendants da re not
build 0 11 them or sel l the sites, as there is a be l ief among themthat thei r i l lustrious ancestor had buried treasure under it andthat to pa rt with it would be di sastrous to the fam i ly . A
portio n of the old ta luk o ffi ce bu i lding is occupied by the v i llagechavadi , a nd the sub- reg istra r
’s office is bui lt on a pa rt of the
si te,though the rest of the old bui lding is i n ruins. A deep
ta nk, wel l revetted wi th stone , nea r the Hanuman temple , a ndca l led the R ay a r tank a fter Lakshman R a e who bui lt it
,once
suppl ied wa ter to this pa r t of the town , but it has becomeneglected now . The town is a centre for m otor tra ffi c .
P a ge 178, pa ragraph l .
—Add - The meda l is sti l l i n thepossession of Khan Bahadur Ha bib -nl-lah S ahib
, the grandson ofthe donee
,who is now (1929) a venerabl e old man .
P age 181 , paragraph 4 .—Add a re a poli ce station
,
post offi ce , a rura l dispensa ry a nd l oca l fund school here,
S i nce the construc tion of the bridge a cross the Penna iyar a t
Kaveripa tnam the M adras-Ca l icut trunk road does not pa ss
lix
through this vil lage . Ground nut and dhal are the ch ief articl esof trade, and there is extensive manufacture o f palmy raj aggery by the Shan ars of the neighb ourhood.
P age 181, last p a ragraph, to page 188, first p aragraph.
- The
notes on R ayakota should go above those of Sulag i ri a t
page 157 under Hosur ta luk .
DHAR M APUR I TALUK .
P age 192, pa ragraph 4 .
-8ubstitute -A s i n Krishnagi ri , the M ittas.
mittas are numerous but sma ll . Th ey numbered 13 i n 1883 andhad spl it up into 25 by 1912 . In 1925 the number rose to 38
,and
i n 1929 there was further spl itting up and there were 4 2 m ittas.
F or the l ist of them and thei r peishkash i n 1926 see page 4 0
abo ve . The subsequen t changes a re mentioned bel ow z— Belaga raha l li, peishkash R s . 688, wa s Spl it up in to Belagarahalli
(R s . 572 ) a nd Chennanaha l li (R s. 116) Ha numan thapnram
(R s . 563) i nto Hanuman thapuram (R s . 4 52) and Ba tha lahalli
(R s . K annaniir (R s . 2 89) into K annan fir (R s . 2 11) and
Kotta i Adimuttu (R s. 28); and M a chin aya kan aha lli (R s. 522 ) i n toM achinayakanahal li (R s. 329) and K odangihal li (R s.
Page 193, pa ra graph 2 .
— S ubstitu te - The a rea under F Orests.
reserved forest is a cres,of which an extent of
a cres has been p la ced under the contro l of forest panchayats .
P age 194 , p aragraph 2 .
— Add —M o tor buses ply on a l l the Comm un iroads and connect D ha rmapuri wi th a ll the important pla ces in ca tions .
the district. The road from Pennaga ram to Perumbala i is not
i n a good conditi on and its openmg has not st imu lated the“ fading prosperity
” of Pennaga ram or brought about any
great econom i c revolut ion in the villages enroute , as wa s foretold.
P age 195, penu ltima tep a ragraph— Add -The Adamankotta i A dan?“
tank has not had a good supply for about ten years prior tom m"
1929, and the lands under it a re the refore no longer v a luable .
The Brahma n agraharam has b een very much reduced by emi
gra tion ,and the whole v i l lage is shabby and dilap idated. There
is a pol ice stat ion , wh ich , with the v i l lage schoo l, is accommo
dated in an old Orr’s chou ltry .
P age 196 , paragraph 2 .— Add : —The M adras ~Ca licut road
runs through the site of the old fort separating the principalS iva and V ishnu templ es on the east from the presen t v i l lageon the west of the road . That there were Ja ins among the old
i nhabitant s is evident from the e x istence of Ja in sculptures inthe vi llage, one of which stands fac ing the road to the west ofthe Bha irava templ e .
Kovilur .
Dha rmapuri .
X
Pa ragraph 3 .—Add — The Kaliamman j a tra is sa id to a ttra ct
severa l thousand v isitors, its chi ef trade being in catt l e . S ome
old pa int ings representi ng scenes from the Puranas are foundon the cei l ing i n the Mahamantapam of the Someswa ra templ e .
The Soleswara templ e appea rs deserted and is the haunt ofnumberless bats.
P age 197, p a ragraph 5.—Add —The new church a t
,K6vilur
has not yet b een comp l eted The priest in cha rge expla i nstha t the chief difficulty in its compl et ion is the want of su i tablewater fo r mak ing morta r . Wa ter, he expla ins, has been the ba neof the vi llage , and repea ted a ttempts to get it have been fut i le .
For want of water and Wo rk a bout of his flock had
m igrated to Penang i n 1928, and for the sam e reason an equa lnumber were expected to l eave the v i llage fo r Penang i n1929 - 30 . Guinea -worm has been another m isfortune from whichthe v i l lage suffers .
There is on the outskirts of the vi llage the grave o f a E uro ~
pean lady,ca l led by the v i l lagers Suzanna , the wife o f an a rmy
offi c er,who di ed i n this vi l lage whi l e her husband was engaged
i n certa in mi l ita ry manoeuvres in this pa rt of the coun try duringthe M ysoreWa rs. It appea rs th a t he gave the headman o f theVeduga Vannan commun ity (who a re Christia ns) a la rge sum ofmoney for m a intain ing the tomb , and every ye a r on a pa rti cula rday the Vannans have a fea st o ver the tomb . The ful l n ame ofthis lady is
,however, not clea r , nor was the priest abl e to get it
from the o ldest among his flock .
Pa ragraph 6 .
—Add —Al l these pla ces are now served bybuses, and can be rea ched i n a few hours from D ha rmapuri .Its population a t the c en sus of 1931 wa s
Page 198, paragraph 2 .—Add —The ta luk office is a t the end
of the ma in bazaa r street,i n the same compound are the
revenue div isiona l offi ce , the distri c t munsif’
s court,the sub
magistrate’s offic e and the sub - j a i l . The post office is now loca ted
i n a new bu i ldi ng opposi te to the travel l ers’ bunga l ow ,
which isa t the po int where the road to Pennaga ram takes off from the
M adra s- Ca l icut trunk road. The high school, the hospita l and
the forest range offi ce adjoin th is bunga l ow ,a nd a re close to the
M un ro monumenta l pi l la r erec ted by G overnment on the trunkroad where it enters the town and meets the Morappur road. The
pil la r stands a few yards from a stone- reve tted wel l,about a
hundred feet squa re , now known as M i ran S ahib’s well, but,
bel ieved by the inhabitants to be the M un ro’s wel l referred to bytha t grea t genera l i n his lette r to his siste r (G leig
’
s Life ofM unro
,Vol . I, p.
Pa ge 199, paragraph l .—Add — The banker whose name is
ment ioned above 18 dead,and his son ca rries on the busin ess
,
which is not,however, so large or so widespread as his fa ther’s.
HogEnaka l .
Pfilakodn.
Pennaga ram .
TOppO r.
lx i i
Page 206, p aragraph 1 .- Add —Pi lgrims who wish to bathe
a t the fa l ls prefer the left arm of the river which spl its up intotwo channels. These flow w ith less force and there is a fl ight ofsteps l eading to the bottom of one of them where ra i l ings
protect the bathers from being washed down by sneering and
foam ing rapids. Wa ter here rushes between two wal ls of
grani te rock so narrow th at l oc a l people ca l l it M eka -da ta or
Goat ’s l eap. The rea l Goat ’s- l ea p is, however, 20 m iles h igherxlv ii i ) . When the river is low there are only two
fa l ls, the Brahma - kundam , or the big fa ll , and the Gnana
tirtham where there is the ra i l ing prov ided for the use of thebathers. There is a legend tha t a loca l ch ief named Irnpala
Nayak had a swing below an overhanging rock on the rightbank and tha t i n on e of his moods he a l lowed a D omba rawoman who exhib ited her a crobati c fea ts from the left bank to
cl imb a ta l l bamboo and wi th one long swing to land on his
lap.This freakish conduct in the sight of the Brahma - k undam
so shocked his ma ster the Ra ja of M ysore when h e heard o fit tha t he immediatel y orde red tha t the pol iga r
’
s head shou ld becut off and thrown into the river
,which w a s done
,E lepha nts
from the Alambadi forests on the opposite bank a re known to
cross the river i n summer a nd go up to K empakeri where thereis good bamboo forest. The island be low the fa l ls is the best
place from which to see them and the view is magnificent whenthe r iver is i n ful l flood. The island ca n be reached by crossingthe l e ft arm of the r i ver i n a cora cl e . The cl oud of spray is so
heavy tha t the inqu isit ive visitor w i ll soon be drenched, but hewil l b e amply repa id by the rema rkabl e sigh t tha t awa i ts him,
of swirl ing floods rushing i n foam ing rapids a nd broken fa l lsi nto the deep stra ight canons nea rly ha l f a m i le long .
P age 207, paragraph l .— Add — There is no proposa l at pre
sent to ut i l i ze the poten tia l energy of the fa l ls. When the M é tt i'irdam is completed the reservo ir is expected to extend up to th is
point.P age 209 , pa ragraph l .
—Add —The v illage had a popula tionof in 193 1. It is ca lled Palakodu because it is a t the eu
trance of the important pass leading to the Balaghat.
Pa ge 2 10 , para graph l .
— Add — The v i l lage showed muchincrease i n popula tion in 1981 . It is the headquartersof a deputy tahsdda r
,a sub - reg istra r and of a poli ce c i rcle .
The Lingaya ts mostly em igrated i nto the M ysore S ta te evenbe fore the g rea t fam ine of 1876— 78, and there are on ly a few
fa mi l ies left now . There is regula r bus serv i ce between thisv i l lage a nd D ha rmapuri , and pilgrims bound for Hogenak a l ha lti n th is v i l lage en route.
Page 2 14 , pa ragraph 3 .— Add — The defects i n this iden tifica
t ion a re that the tank is not a hundred feet sq ua re on thesu r fa ce and tha t it is not n ea r enough to Dha rmapuri for M unroto ha ve v isited it and spent an hour da i ly in it when stay ing a t
D ha rmapur i .
l x i i i
fi TTANKARAI TALUK .
Page 2 14 , pa ragraph 5 .—S ubstitute for the second sen tence Bounda ries.
the fol low ingDharmapur i ta luk l ies to the west, Oma lur to the south
west, Sa lem and_A tt1
‘
ir to the south,Krishnagir i and Tiruppattur
ta luk of North A rco t to the north , and Tiruvannama la i ta luk ofNorth A rcot to the east .
P age 2 18, p a ragraph l , second sentence.
—S ubstrtute : - Thesta tions a re seven in number , VIZ S ama lpat ti , D asampa tt i ,D oddampa tti, M orappur, T honglur, Buddireddipatti and
Bommidi. The ta luk has the sma l lest road m i l eage in the
district and some of the roads are pro v ided with a venues . In
the road between Uttanka ra i a nd S ingarapet the trees towardsthe la tter vil lage are very handsome , towering up an d curv ingover to meet in the cen tre in a way tha t suggests the arches ofan old-world abbey.
P age 2 19 , paragraph 2 .
— Add —The sta tion was the scene of Bommidi
a disastrous ra i lway col l isi on on the n ight of the 13 th D ecember1920 . A goods tra in w as b eing shunted on the ma in l ine of thesta tion y a rd when the M adr as- M ettupala iyam ma i l tra vel l ing a t
a high speed entered the sta tion ya rd in defiance o f signa ls andcol l ided with the goods tra in, causing serious loss of l ife and
property . According to officia l repor ts 4 0 persons were ki lledwhi le many more were in jured. The dri ver of the ma i l tra inwa s prosecuted and conv i c ted for his ra sh and negl igent a ct .
The sha ndy here is the b iggest in the ta luk and IS the chiefcentre of trade for the forest producefrom the Shevaroys.
Page 220 , p ara grap h 2 .— Add The v i l lage 1s uninhabited
and derives its nam e from a spring in the bed of the Pennaiyarcloseby. Thi s spring is enclosed by a structure of b rick and
chnnam about 5 feet high ,and the water bubbl es out over the
top of the struc ture, from whi ch it may be inferred that the springis derived from an e l eva ted rock stra ta and is i ndependen t of
the r iver suppl y . The wa ter in it is, however, highly coloured,ha s a dist inc tly copper taste, a nd is bel ieved to b e veryma l a ria l .
P a ge 22 1, paragrap h l .
—Add — The ta luk headquarters ha s Harnr .
fina l ly been fixed i n th is v i l lage , a nd a ta luk office of the usua ltype design has been bu i l t , whic h conta ins accommoda tionfor the sub- mag istrate , sub ~j ail, sub - reg istra r a nd po l ice stat ion .
The old shandy site has been granted for town extension .
P a ragraph 4-Add —: The mittadar’s bunga l ow is m a fa i r Iruma ttur.
sta te of preservati on and m the occupa t ion of one of the descendants of Ba laj i R ao who owns the m itta . The O r1 ’s chou ltryis a lso kept in a good condit ion but i s no longer a place of im
portance, the trunk road from M adras to Ca l icut having been
M orappur.
T irta -ma la i.
lxiv
diverted, on the construction of the bridge at Kaveripatnam , via
D harmapuri and the TCppfi l‘
pass.
Page 222, p a ragraph 51.—Add — The oldmittadar’s residence
,
a three -storeyed building, has been deserted by its owner, a
grandson of Ba la j i R ao who bu i lt it, and is now a danger tothe neighbourhood. The ga rden w ith its summer house ha s alsosuff ered through neg lect and is overg rown with tama rind treesand the ub iquitous prickly pea r . The wel l is now in rui ns.
Another grandson of Ba la j i R ao who owns the Ichambadi m i ttaresides i n K ambayanal lfi r, while the th ird bran ch
’
is representedby the mittadar of Irumattu
‘
r. The mittadars have been hard hitby suc cessiv e yea rs of drought, the dry ing up of the river, a ndthe m iserable condit i on of the crepe, and ha ve run i nto debtl ike ma ny othermittadars o f the distri ct . There is a pol ice stat i onin the v i l lage .
P age 2 23 , p a ragraph 1.
— Add —Tra ces o f Capta in Irton’s
bunga low can st i ll b e seen on the bank of the river opposite tothe present vil lage . His excursions in a b asket boa t were made
on th is riv er wh i ch unt i l a few y ea rs ago wa s perennia l and hadextensive cocoanut topes o n both banks . The m i l ita ry camp ingground (Banuva -kolla i) wa s on the sam e ba nk as the vi llage and,l ik e the site of the old fort, overgrown with prickly pear . De
sinathé swa ra templ e is the only building standing i n the fort, andconta ins i nscript ions of the Ch6la, Hoysala and Vijayanaga r
periods, 12th to 15th century A .D .
Pa ge 2 2 6, p a ragraph 2 .
—Add —The ra i lway sta tio n bea rsan evi l nam e for ma la ria , and the v i llage closeby thereforeshows no indication of a ny possib le ex tension . The place isconnected w ith Ha rfir by bus
,and with D ha rmapur i and Hosfir
by the feeder ra i lway .
Page 2 28, pa ragraph 1 .
—A dd —The vi llage is a melancholyexample of depa rted g l o ries ; its prestige is gon e a nd a more
pover ty -striken pla ce it is impossibl e to find. The “Queen’sba th ” a nd fragments of the fort wa l l are sti l l standing a nd
the fire-wa l ki ng ceremony at the a nnua l festiva l i n the
D raupadi Amman templ e sti l l a ttra cts c rowds o f devotees.
It is perhaps only natura l tha t a place with so sad a h istory
(pa ragraph 2 ) shou ld become deso la te .
P a g e 230, pa ra graph 1 .— Add a fter the second sen tence
Ch ila Na iek ’
e fort is a c cessible, but , ow ing to its prec ip itouscrags, the ascent is a ttended wi th considerabl e danger a nd evento those who w ith n aked feet and cl ing ing ha nds try to sca leits summ it the very zephyrs themse lves threa ten to hurl theadventurers in to the yawning gul f b elow
LeFanu'
s Sa lem D istrict M anua l , VOI. II, p . 2 72 .
T r a de .
Belur .
S a lem City.
lxvi
P a ra graph 4 . S ubsti tu te —The chief ma rkets are held on
S undays a t Atta r ampa tti a nd S ing ipuram,on M ondays a t Belu i
,
on Tuesda vs a t S heva pet on Wednesdays a t Tiruma la giri and
K attuveppila ip atti, and on Thm sda y s a t Ayodhya -
pa tnam .
S heva pi t brin g s i n on a n average about R s. a yearto the S a lem M uni cip a l i t .y Of equa l importa nce are the shandiesa t Pa nama ra thupa t ti (M onday ), M a l lu r a nd E lamp i l la i (Thursday) and Utta ma solapuram (Sa turday ) . O n the S hevaroys therea re ma rkets on S undays a t Yerca ud and Naga lfi r
Pa ra gra ph 5 .—D elete the la st senten ce .
Pa ge 235, p a ragraph l .—Add the fol lowing n ew paragraph
a fter it
A grahara Nattamanga l am,9 m i les to the east of
S a lem town,derives its name from a certa in Na tta r who w a s the
first to settle i n it . The v i l lage w as orig i na l ly a sa rva manyam
granted to Brahm ins . T ippu S ulta n conve rted it i nto a Jodiagraha ra m i nam . Pa rt of it w as enfranchised and wa s ca lledS a rka r Nattamangalam . The presen t inamda r purchased the
est ate in a reven ue sa le a s the grantees (Brahmans) fa i led to paythe qu it- rent . The bulk of the population is Roman Ca thol icand the i r occupa t ion agricul ture . There are a church , a conven twi th an o rphana ge, and a n elementa ry school the nuns be longto the O rde r o f the Imma cula te Hea rt of M a ry .
Pa ragraph 2,l ine 6 .
-F or the word “ fi rk a substitute
ta luk .
”
Add a t the end of pa ragraph —There is a brisk trade a tthe m arket i n goats and un tanned skins.
P a ragraph 3 .— Add — Tirun1a la Nayaka of M adura had no
sons,so tha t the figures i n the M aham an ta pam represent
perhaps some l oca l politrar or Ch iefta in who b ui lt the tem ple .
There a re a lso two o ther carv ings wh ich ca nnot be iden tified.
The p opulation of the v i llage m 193 1 was 2 32 5 .
The a ccount of Bel i'
ir a t page 2 97 , A tti‘
1r ta luk , must come
a fter this pa ragraph , a s the vi llage is now i ncluded i n thista luk .
P a ge 23 fi x—R eta in the first pa ragra ph a nd ca rry the rest to
the R asipuram ta luk,a s Namag iripet and Rasipuram a re not
now in the S a lem ta luk .
P age 237 , pa ragraph 1 .— Add Z— But the fol lowing note on the
ri ver a t S a lem a nd its ba nks i n the D istrict M a nua l is nolonge r a correct pi c ture —“The ba nks pa rtly a l ig ned and
cl o thed i n emera ld turf form a most agreeable
promenade, enl i vened b y groups of the townsfolk performingthe i r a blutions a nd e x chang ing gossip ; the bright colouredcloths a nd gra ce ful figure 3 of the fa ii er ba the rs uni te with theg lanc ing wa ter to form a most cha rm ing pic ture .
”F resh wa ter
flows i n the river only for a few days i n a yea r,immediate ly
l x v i i
a fter ra in, and for the rest of the t ime the stream i n and near
the town carries merely sewage water,a nd only recen tly a re
a ttempts being made to di rect this most unwholesome streaminto masonry channels.
P age 239 , pa ra graph l .— Add — T‘l1e old municipa l hospita l is
now used as the residence of the distri ct surgeon . T he D istrictD Boa rd presiden t and eng i neer ha ve sepa rate offi ce bui ldings o f
the i r own,so tha t the fo rmer does not hold his meetings nor
the la tte r his o ffice i n the town h a l l a s they used to do before .
The Gove rnmen t hospi ta l to the w est of Christ Church,a nd the
materni ty hosp ita l opposite the Collector’
s c il i ce are o ther n ew
publ ic bu i ldings wor thy of no tice . The town is connec te d bybus with a ll the ta luk headquarters a nd o ther importan t centreso f trade .
Page 240, pa ragraph 2 .
— For the second and thi rd sentences Londonsubstitute the following z
—f In the north- west of the compound M ission .
stood the o ld church begun in 1881 and completed in the
following yea r by M r. Crisp. When the new church wa s bui l t itwas used as a g irls
’
school , but w a s fina l ly abandoned i n 1924as it was pronounced to be i n a dangerous condi t i on .
Pa ra graph 2 , third line from bottom— A fter the wordsM rs . B ignum ,
”a dd and M r. Lechler lies buried i n a tomb
nea r the site of the old church .
”
F or the last clause substitute — S i nce then it ha s had severa ladditio ns made to it, a nd a row of new class rooms has beenbu i l t. In l 92 3 the bui lding standi ng n ea r the
entrance ga te w as a l lotted for the residence o f the Principaland a new prima ry school bu i lding was erected on the Shevapetside of the church. The bunga lows for the m issi onaries are
on the Yercaud road.
Page 2 40 , la st p a ragraph— S ubstitutefor the second sen tence Shevapet .
the following ;— Shevapet or S a lem m a rket ra i lway sta tion on
the bra nch l ine l ies only a short distance from this busythoroughfa re , though a fin e road a lso connects with S uramanga lam ,
the ra ilway sta tion,
Page 243, paragraph 2 .
—Add : -The S a lem Town ra ilwaysta ti on is nea r M e ttu stree t
,and between the ra i lway l i ne and
the ri ver have sprung up severa l stree ts wi th new and we l l- bui lthouses. Be ing nea r the publ ic cflices and the ra i lway station ,th is qua r ter of the town is popul a r among officers, clerks andlawyers .
M ettu street .
Page 2 46 , paraqraph_ 1.— Add —'
l‘
he triang le formed by the North Sa lem .
S a lem -Yercaud,S a lem -Oma lur and the cross-cut road from the
former to Suram anga lam ra i lwa y sta tion has been a n excel l entsite for town extens i ons
,and the first group of garden houses
l x v i ii
tha t has sprung up i n it is ca l led S iv aswamipuram i n honourof an Indian member of the M adras Go vernment .
Popula tion . Page 24 7 , pa ra gra p h l .—Adi l :— The census figure for 192 1
was a ga i n sp0 1led by plague , and the to ta l returned, w as
per cent less tha n the pop ul at i on returned i n 1911
another yea r of pl a gue . The town has been happi ly free of
p lague for a considerable t ime now and returned a population ofQ
in 193 1.
Page 253, pa ragraph 2 .
- Add as a separa te pa ragraph
There w a s a recurrence o f the Hindu- Musl im t rouble in thetown in 1928. The H indus a sserted thei r righ t to p lay m usi ci n thei r processions a lon <r Kurumbar street
,but the M uham
mada ns obj ected to the playihg of musi c whil e they passed theM ubamadpura mosque i n tha t stree t. F eelmgs ran h ig h a nd a
seri ous brea ch w as fea red. There wa s a conference of leadersof b oth communiti es which w a s a lso a ttended by the authoritiesa nd a compromise w as eff ected, the Hi ndus agreeing to stopmusi c in the i r processions on particular days and a t certa i nhours.
Y elampilla i. Yel ampil lai, a v il lag e It m i les to the south o f S a lemtown a nd connected with it by a meta l led road, is two m iles
from Vernbaditha lam ra ilway sta t ion .
The orig in of the name (which means young person ) isexpl a ined a s fol lows in the S ta lapura nam o f the Ka rapurana tha r temple a t Uttamasola puram . A guru and a n ag eddisc i ple of his were c amp i ng on the Kanja -ma la i h il ls. O ne
day wh ile the former wa s away and the disc iple wa s cook ing hisfood he made use of a st i ck for sti rring the boi l ing rice a nd
the medicin a l v ir tue of the twig w a s such that it turned the
old ma n who pa rtook of the food young . This v il lage wherethe m i ra cle occurred wa s a ccordi ng ly renamed Yelampl llai.
The i nh abi tants a re ch iefly Kana rese- speak ing D evangas
and the i r ch ief occupa ti on is wea v ing . The v il lage is g rowing i n
popu l a tion a nd comm ercia l importance . Co tto n cl oths a nd
im i ta ti on - s i lk sa rees a re manufa c tured here and a re expo rted to
distan t places . There a re a few old temples to Vishnu a nd
Vinayaga , and one to Choudé swa ri,the patron de i ty of the
weavers . There a re two ta luk boa rd schools,one fo r boys and
one for g irl s, and a post office .
CM ALHR. TALUK .
Omal Or. Pa rt II, page 256, pa ragraph —F or the second sentence
substi tu te z— O n the no rth is the D ha rmapuri ta luk from wh ichit is sepa ra ted by the Toppii r r iver, a nd on the west the new
Mett iir ta luk .
In the last sen tence, for the figure 2 4 read a 22
Va n a vasi.
prooosc-d to be b u i l t by the last of the G a t ti M uda liyars l ie
buried under th is cha t ram and a lso strewn abou t the villagea nd in f ron t of th e K a ilasanadha templ e ; some tha t l ie ha lfburied d isp lay workma nsh i p o f a high orde r .
P a ragra ph 7 .— Add —T he wea vers’ bank was closed soon
a fter i t was s tarted a s a resu l t o f defa lca tions by the banko ffi cia ls .
P age 2 65, p a ra graph 3 .
— Add -In th e p i l la rs supporting theM aham antapam a re scu lptur e d figures o f a few of th e Ga ttiM uda liya rs who helped in the bu i ld ing of th e temp l e, a nd o f thei rwives , and on two o f th e p i l la rs a t the en trance a re ca rv ed the
figures of R ama w i th a bow and a rrow a nd of Val i and S ugreevafighting . The pecu l ia ri ty of th ese two sets of scu lpture s i s tha tf rom th e former you can see the la tter but not vice rersa, an
a rrangemen t wh ich suppo rts th e story in the grea t ep i c tha tR ama a imed h i s a rrow a t Va l i from a. pl a ce o f concea lmen t .There is a sta tue o f a l ady on the wa l l c lose by ,
in wh ich thes cu lp tor ha s d isp layed ve ry g rea t sk i l l : i t is s a id to rep resen tthe s ister o f on e of the Ga tti M uda l iya rs who was a grea tdevotee of th e templ e .
P a ge 2 66, pa ragraph 4 .— Add : —In th e sma l l e r tank Brah
ma ns were a llowed to ba th e and o ffer th ei r morning praye rs .
A pparent ly they cla imed i t as th e i rs as hav ing been g iven to themexclus ively in 1290 A .D . by the M uda lis o f
’
l‘
aramanga lam , one
o f whom was Illamandai, the bu i lde r of th e l oca l l l lamé swaratemple . . But owing to th e d i ffi cu l ty of ge t t ing unpol luted wa te rfor drinki ng by the v illage rs this custom had to be stopped a nd th etank reserved fo r supp ly of d r ink ing wa t er , a S pecia l wa tchman
b e ing put ove r i t by the union . The agraha ram ha s, bes id es,only four houses l e ft , the owners o f the rest ha v i ng m ig ra ted toSa l em and Bhavan i in sea rch of emp loymen t . The Mndali c hie fo i the p lace wou ld seem to have a l so bestowed la rge extents ofland on them a s the i n scription s in th e two Siva templ es wouldshow
,bu t sub s equ en t pol i tica l changes deprived them of
these in ams o r rend ered the l ands l e ss va luab l e, and th ey w ereobliged to seek thei r fortunes elsewhere . It wa s a grea t sea to f a ncien t l ea rni ng ,
a nd one of i ts sages bore th e nam e ofV idyasamudra (ocea n of
Footnote to this pa ge— Add -
'
l°
he anicu t a cross the Sa rabha nganadi a t Da sa V i la hku is bel ieved to ha ve been bu i l t bya sister o f one o f the Gutti M uda liya rs , bu t there a re no tra cesof the old fort tha t i s sa id to ha ve existed here .
Pa ge 2 70 .
— Add a fter pa ragraph 1 ~ Vanavasi, popu lationin is inh a bi ted ch i efly by Devanga s who se princ ipa l
occupation is weaving of a rti fic ia l s ilk a nd co tton . The re a re
30 of 1900 .
l xx i
tw o tank s under wh ich there is som e we t cu l tiva tion . Thevil lage i s sa id to h a v e been the abode of th e Panda va s d u ringthe i r exile
,hence ca l led Vanavasi
,but a no ther deri va tion of the
name i s tha t i t is the b i rthp la ce of Va na vasi immorta l i zed inth e cla ss ica l Tam i l poem o f S ivapra kasa swamiga l , ca ll edP rabhu linga Leela i .
Ma fi a TA LUK .
An a ccount of th is ta luk may w el l he prefa ced w i th a hi sto ryof the grea t irr iga tion scheme to wh ich i t has g i ven i ts name ,tha t is the K at' é ri- M é ttfir Proj ect . The Kaver i , r is ing nea rM ercara in Coorg
,dra ins a con s ide rab l e a rea of the western
gh a ts where there i s hea vy ra infa l l in the sou th- we st monsoon .
Thi s mon soon p rov ides the greate r pa rt of the wa te r ca rried bythe river a nd occa s ions th e h ighest floods . The river flow sgenera lly in a sou th - ea ster ly d i rect ion and a fter a cours e o fs evera l hund red m iles e ventual ly fa lls i nto the Bay of Benga lth rough a ser ie s o f in s ign i fican t months. The a rea dra ined bythe rive r in its cou rse up to the head of the del ta i s o v ersquare m il es, an a rea approx ima te ly equa l to tha t of Ireland excl ud ing U lster . The m a in r iver 18 j oined below th e Kann ambad iD am in M y sore Sta te by severa l importan t t r i buta r i es l ike theK abban i, S himsha , A rka va ti, Bhavani, Noy i l and Amarava t i .These tr ibu ta r ies
,excep t the Bhavan i w h ich b enefi ts from both
monsoons,a re ma in ly fed by th e no rth - east mon soon and hence
help to ma in ta in the wa te r l evel in the ma in rive r when theflow tends to d im inish owing to the dying away of th e sou thwest monsoon .
The hea d oi the Kaveri del ta i s ten m i les west of Trich inopo ly .
Here th e river bi fu rca te s into two la rge bran ches . The northernbranch is kn own as th e Coleroon whi l e the sou thern b ranchreta ins the name Kaver i . The sou thern bra n ch i s u t i l ized a s
the ma in channe l for the supp ly o f i rr iga t ion wa te r to the del ta .
I t d i v ides and subdi v ides in to innumerab le branches w h i ch forma network of d i stribu ta r ies a l l ov er the del ta . The bra nch tha tsti l l reta in s the nam e Kaveri enters the sea reduced to an ins ign iheent stream abou t e igh t m i le s north of Tranqueba r.
Irriga tion in the Kaveri de lta ha s been pra ctised from veryanc ien t t imes . M any Indian work s st i l l exis t which prove tha tsome o f th e old en l ighten ed ru lers recogn iz ed the benefi ts wh ichflow from i rr iga t ion and they must have devoted conside rabl eskil l and ca re to i ts developmen t . Wa nt o f proper con tro l overd istr ib u t ion and floods
,however, made the old i rr iga tion sy stems
defective f rom the fi rs t ; other ca uses a lso he lped to undo thegood w o rk tha t had b een done . D uring the cen tury before theadv en t of Br i ti sh rul e the irr iga t ion work s had been en ti relyn egl ected
,a nd when the Ea s t Ind i a Company took over the
Tan jore district in 180 1 i rr iga t ion in th e del ta w as rap idl ydeteriora t ing. Channel s w ere s i l ting up and lands were left
lxxi i
uncu l tivated for want of wa te r . Great efforts w ere made byd istrict offi cers to rem edy th is sta te o f a ffa i rs
,bu t i t was not unt i l
1836 when S i r A rthur Cotton bu i l t the Upper An icu t upstream,
a t the po in t where the Cole i'oon and Kaver i b i fu rca te,tha t
d iffi cu l ti es of wa ter-suppl y were ove rcome . So effec ti ve d id th i sprove tha t a grade wa l l— th e Kaveri dam— had to be bu i l t a crossthe river to cur ta i l the supply a nd to p reven t damage by eros ion .
F urther imp rovements have been con t i nuous ly ca rr ied out s inc e,
th e mos t impo rta nt of w h ich was the cons truct ion of th e reg ula tor a t th e G rand An icu t in 1887 to 1889 .
Good resu l ts rap id ly fol low ed . Land ro se in va lue, assess
ment on the lands wa s ra ised and th e gene ra l condit ion of thecountry a nd the peop l e imp rov ed bey ond m ea su re . It was sti l lrea l ized , howeve r , tha t th e supply to the del ta was capable of yetg rea ter imp rovem en t and tha t fu rthe r imp rovemen t dep endedon storage . A dam a cross the Kaveri a t a suitabl e s ite in w hichto s tore up the excess w a te rs running to wa ste d ur ing th emonsoon and pa ss them down la te r when requ i red for i r r iga t ionwa s the obvious solution . This dam is now be ing bu i l t a tM é tbfi l‘. The dec i s ion to b u i ld the dam w a s not reached withoutl ong con sidera tion . A hea ted argumen t abou t th e rela tiveme r i ts of a dam across the Kaver i and the Bha vani which wassta rted nea rly 60 yea rs ago w as only se ttled in 19 10 whenGove rnmen t a ccepted Ca l . l‘ll lis’ proposa l to bu i ld th e dam a t
M é tt i'
ir. The projec t wa s held u p by the G rea t Wa r a nd bylong d rawn- out d i scuss ions and a rbi t ra t ion wi th M ysore til l 1925,and i t wa s on ly in tha t yea r tha t a sta rt wa s made . The fi rs tb last wa s ma de in the presence o f His Excel lency Lord Goschenin Ju ly 1925 and the s cheme so a b ly drawn u p by Col . E l l is waswith sl igh t mod i fica tions a ctu a l ly in i t ia ted .
The proj ec t und e r execu tion p ro v ides for (1) th e constructiono f a dam a c ross the Kaveri a t th i s vi llage to form a reservo i r o fe ff ect ive c a pa ci ty o f m i l lion cu b ic fee t
,the a rea of the
lak e to be formed being square m i les, (2) the cons truc tionof a can a l and d istribu t i on system taking off from the r ight o fth e Kaveri j ust above the G ra nd A n i cu t to supply K avé ri wa terto a new a rea of a c re s
,of whi ch a cres ca n grow
two crops, (3 ) imp roving by mea ns of the reservoir the wa ter
d istr ibu t ion and supply to the ex is t ing wet a rea in the del ta
(rough ly a m i l l ion a c res) a nd for i nc rea s ing in th i s a rea theextent of double crop la uds by a c res, (4 ) prov id ingcon tinuously not l ess than horse o
power by turbine ssu pp l i ed W i th water from th e M ettur lak e, and (5) regula t ingh igh flood d ischa rges l ike tha t in 192 4 in such a way a s toma ter i a l ly redu c e the damage to the coun try sou th of thereservoi r . Sa lem , Co imba tore and Tr ichinopoly d istri c ts havebeen u rg ing th e i r c la ims for a sha re of the wa ter from thi srese rvoir in order to ex t e nd wet cu l tiv a tion ei the r through theexist i ng channel s or by d igg ing new one s . A scheme nameda fter M r. M oss who prepa red the es tima tes for irr iga ting
lxxiv
D arn .
A ssuan ( 5312v 1 2 60
Poon a (India )T ansa (I ndia )Periyar (India)New Croton (America)Cross R iv er (America)S ennar (A frica)K anna mbadi (India )Bhandardha ra (India )M ettur (India) under constru
i
ei
.
t ion
In th e ca se of M ettur th e cost covers not on ly the dam but
a l l works including housing ,wa te r-wo rks, ma chinery
,land
a cqu i s ition , pay, p ens i on a nd l eave,stat ionery and p rinting
cha rges .I t is not known i f th ese a re incl uded in th e cost of the
other dams,but very probably not except in the case of Kamnam
bad i . The cost of the New C roton dam does not include costof lan d engin eering or oth e r cha rges and these would ha veap prec iably swelled th e figur e . Though the M attur dam con
ta ins n ea rly th ree tim es as much ma sonry as th e famousAssuan da rn th e period programmed for i ts construction isre la tively much shorter .
The concrete I t w il l be seen from a s tudy of the da ta fu rni shed abovetowers" tha t the M ettur dam work s invol ve a far la rger outpu t o f
concrete than is usua l ly th e case . This has been made poss ibleby the use of machin ery on a more extens ive sca l e than ha sh ith erto b e en conside red n ecessa ry o r de s irabl e in Ind ia . The
concret ing tow ers ca l l ed th e Bla ck tower and th e R ed tower !
a re th e m a in fea tures . They s tand 306 fee t above groundand command th e ful l section of th e dam . By the i r help th econ c rete w i ll be m ixed, eleva ted to any requ i red height andt ipped through a hepper in to chu tes th rough which i t w il l fa l lto i ts fi na l posi t ion in th e dam . The towe rs move a l ong thedam under thei r own pow er a s ea ch section is compl eted. Theou tpu t of the towers a nd p rel im ina ry plan t work ing toge th e ris over tons a day . I t may be d i fficul t to visua l ize th isquan ti ty bu t a clea re r concept i on o f wha t i t imp l ies m ayperhaps be formed i f th e enqu i ring rea der stud i es the subsi
dia ry p lant tha t ha s been e rec ted wh ich makes i t possible . Theto ta l amount of cemen t requi red is tons. A. con tra ctfor i ts supply was en te red into wi th the Shah aba d CementCompany
,a nd
,to a void double h au lage and to avoid th e
expenses i nsepar ab le from roa d h au lage,M etti
’
i r has beenconnected with the Sou th Ind ia n R a i lway ma in l ine a t Sa lem .
The R ed a nd Bla ck towers a re s im i l ar in design and ta ke the ir names
from the i r d istincti ve colour. They w ere pa in ted diff eren t colours to avoidconfusion in sorting out the par ts for erection .
lx x v
This connexion , part of which has been pa id for from the Proj ectfund
,was opened in Apr i l 1929.
The El l i s Sadd le i s a na rrow depress ion in th e bills to theea st of the dam l ine
,and here i s l oca ted the outle t for th e
surplus wa ter of the ma in reservo i r. There w i l l b e acrossthe surplus escape a ma sonry bridge fee t long
,in the
fo rm o f a concave curv e of 800 feet rad ius cons i sting of 16 ven tsand supported by 16 p i ers
,every fourth p i er be ing a n abu t
ment p ie r . The w ork,est ima ted to cos t 26 lakh s
,was started in
A ugust 1929 th e founda t ion s tone being l a id by H .E . S i rNorman M arjoribanks.
Before th e work sta rted M attur was a sma ll unhea l thyh am l et s i tua ted on the banks of the Kaveri
,3 7 m i l es n orth of the
nearest ra i lway s ta t ion (E rode) . Communica t ion between th i sand M ettur was for the grea ter part of the w ay a long a badunmeta l led v i l lage track pra c ti ca l ly impa ssab l e in the ra in s .
The fi rs t p rob lem therefore which the eng ineers had to solvewas to conver t the h am l et in to a hea l thy town
,of a s ize suffi ci en t
to a ccommoda te the popu lation estima ted necessary to bu i ld th edam in the schedu led t ime and to conn ect th is town wi th thera i lway by a first- c lass me ta l led road over wh i ch to transpor t thethousands of ton s of ma ter ia l s requ i red to bu i ld fi rs t a comp l etetown and then the dam . A carefu l estima te of the labourrequi red wa s drawn up and a ccommoda t ion to house it has beenprovided . The township has been bu i l t on both s ides o f theriver and th e two parts
,wh ich a re now connected by a first
cla s s bridge a cross the Kave’
r i , are known as the Sa l em and
M attur camps.
I t may not b e out o f place to sta te here tha t cl ima t ic cond it ion s and customs n ecessita t e an exp end i tu re on tempora ryhous ing wh ich is certa inl y grea ter than wou ld be requ i red fora work of s im ilar s i ze in Eu rope or Amer ica . In the la t te rprovi sion wou ld be made On ly fo r a ctua l workers, but in M etturthe fam i l ie s and dep endan ts of th e work ers have to be prov idedfor
.The resu l t is tha t housing has had to b e provided fo rpersons
,of whom on ly are a ctua l workers . The
popu lat ion in F ebrua ry 1931 was the ba lance beingmade up of floa t ing labour wh ich comes in from surroundingv i llages
,contra ctors, shopmen and others .
Government decided tha t th e sca l e of accommodation forlabour should be h igh , and it may be sa id that M ettfir i s the mostnp
- to -da te industr ia l cent re in the M a dra s Presidency . An ampl esupp ly of pure fi ltered and chlorina ted wa ter i s a lway s ava i lab l eand an unde rground dra inage system serves the grea ter pa rt ofM ettur camp ; flush la t rines ha ve been provided
.
for cool i es,peon s a nd men ia ls. The qu a rters and camps are l ighted W i the lectri city wh ich is suppl ied by th e M ysore G overnmen t fromth e Hydro - electric st a t ion at S iva sam ud ram . In fact eve ryth ingtha t can reasonab ly b e expected has been done by Governmen tto p rovide accommodation and amen ities superior to those
The surp lussluice .
M attur thenand now .
Adm in istrat ion.
The M atturta luk
l x xv i
usual ly considered necessa ry . The resu l t i s tha t labour i s conten ted and
,though not overpa id
,i s ea s ily got and ea s ily kep t.
O ne of th e s ights of M attur i s th e Sunday shandy o r ma rket .A Specia l a rea sou th of the camp has been wa l led in
, and in theen closure so formed stal ls have b een bu i lt . Every Sundaythousands flock to the shandy not only from M et tur but froma ll the surround ing v il lages . M attur shandy i s now one of thela rges t in the neighbourhood .
For a dm inistra tive conven ience and to exped i te land a cquis it ion proceed ings, M attur was at fi rst made a revenue d istr i c t o f th eM adra s Presidency . The d istric t comp ris ed those pa rts of Sa l emand Co imba tore which w i ll b e submerged by the l ake and a
sma l l a rea down st ream of the dam requ ired for th e camp,power
house s,repa i r shops
,stores
,etc . M un icipa l aff a i rs are a t tended
to by a comm i ttee con sis ting of two engin eers,th e hea lth officer
and th e ta luk magistra te, one of whom a cts a s cha irman . Thesepa ra te col lectora te wa s a bol i shed in Ju ly 1929, when thed is tri c t was ma d e a ta luk of the S al em dis trict. The ta luk was
redu ced to a sub ~ taluk and p laced under a depu ty tahsi ldar in1932 .
To look a fter th e hea l th of th e camp a large h ea l th stafi i semployed under a qua l ifi ed hea l th officer and there is a Governm en t hosp i ta l w i th 32 beds . The m ed ica l offi cer has two
a ss i stant s of whom one looks a fter th e d ispensa ry in the Sa lemcamp . Th e wa ter-Work s and d ra inage system,
l ike th e m ed i ca linst i tu tion ,
had to be d es igned for a far greate r popula tionthan thos e actua l ly engaged in the works . The workshop and
power house a re wel l bu i l t and equ ipped . O ther machineryin clud e stone crushers
,concrete m ixe rs
,a ir comp ressors and
two 25 KWV. D iesel eng ine s coupl ed to gene ra tor s in the powerhou se which en sure a p rogress of ton s of concre te per daydu ring the per iod between e x pos ing sound rock founda tion sand th e comp le tion of the con crete towers .
The M etti‘
ir ta luk mea sures abou t 25 m i l es north to southand 15 east to west and i s a lmost cov ered w ith mounta in s ,va l l eys and r ivers a nd s tream s . I t i s made up of ten v i l lage s ofthe Coimba tore d i str i c t and el even of Sa l em as noted bel ow
Coimba tore district vil lages— K avé ripuram, A lamara tu
pa tti,Tinnapa tti, Kolattur, S ingiripa tti, M ulakkadu
,Samba lli
,
Na vapa tti, K annamuchi and Pa lama la i.
S a lem district vitla ges— Genda naha l li
,Baddiraha l li
,M an
charaha lli , Inam Jarima ngurichi, Nagama lai,Cholapadi
(D harmapuri) , Cholapadi (Om a lflr) , Gonfi r, Pottaneri—N a l lakavandanpatti, Virakkalpfi dfi r and Kolnayak kanpa tti.
Port ion s of K averipuram ,Kola ttfir and Tinnapatti in th e
former d i stri ct and of Gendanaha l li, Bidduraha l li, M an cha rapa l l i
, Cholapadi (Oma lfi r), Conur and Pottaneri—Na llakavanda
pa tti in th e la tte r dis tr i c t, and th e en ti re villag es of M ulakadu
and Samhal l i in Coimba tore and Cholappadi (D ha rmapuri) i n
S fimba lli.
Chola padi.
Norinp pet .
lx x vfii
eng ineering es tablishments, the offi ces of the aud i tor, tahsi lda rm ag istra te , and h ea l th ofiicerr hosp i ta l , police sta tion and
post offi ce . Churche s , templ es and mosque s have been bu i l t tom eet th e sp iri tua l needs of the res idents . The only regret istha t i n a few yea rs a fter the dam i s bu il t the place wil l more orl ess revert to i ts orig ina l state .
Samha l l i i s two m il e s north of M etti'
i r on the right bank ofth e river Kaveri . This v i llage w i l l be submerged by thereservoi r . I t now conta in s two templ es . one ded i ca ted to V ishnuand the oth er to Siva , w i th in an old and decayed fort . I t i s a
R oma n Ca thol i c m is sion sta t ion and conta ins a large Chris tianpopu la t ion
,and a pol ic e s tation . The vil lage
,wh ich inc ludes
M ettur, re tu rn ed a popu la tionof 18,022 i n 1931 .
K av eripuram ,10 m i l es from M ettur
,a lso conta ins a la rge
Chr i stian popu la tion,and a number o f Kana rese Brahmans .
There i s an o ld wel l- scu lp tured S iva templ e with many inscripti ons and a n ol d ru ined fort . The fort was formerly of someimportance a s i t stands at th e mou th of one of the pa sse s f romM ysore and was an ou tpo st o f Tirumala N ayak of M adu raaga in s t the in roa ds of th e M ysoreans. Co l . Wood capturedi t i n 1768, and in the fo llowing yea r , a f te r a m o st S pi r iteddefence by Fa isan
,i t was re- taken by Hyder. The fort and
pa ss w ere points of s tra tegic importan ce th roughout t h e M ysorew a rs , th e p a ss being much used for convoys in the fina l struggle.
A n inte resting a ccoun t of the Kaveripuram gha t roa d i s givenby Buchana n in h is Volum e 1 , pages 406 to 4 22 . There i s a
weekly m a rket oniM ondays. The vil lage wil l a l so be submergedby the reservoi r . I ts popu la tion in 193 1 was
Cholapadi on the bank of th e Kaveri is th e only vil lage inth e Sa lem side w hich w i l l he submerged en ti re ly in the
reservoi r . For an a ccount of th is vil lage see p ages 2 12 and 2 13,
D ha rmapu ri ta luk .
NerinJipet , fou r m il es below the dam,i s another important
R oman Ca tho l ic sta ti on and con ta ins a pol ice sta t ion and a
travel l ers’ bunga low . There was form erly a t th is place a stonean i cu t a cross th e r ive r . A ccord ing to Buchanan i t wa s a la rgeplace in the 18th century , but the occu pan ts o f three ‘ hundredhouses l e l t the vi llage du ring the a dm inis tra tion of Lord Cor nw a ll is a s they were unabl e to pay the hea vy contribu tion leviedby Jama l Khan . Previou s to tha t em igra tion the p lace conta inedmany tra ders and weavers . F rom th e ani cu t channels , of whicht ra ces st i l l rema in , took off on ei ther s ide of the river and
i rriga ted la rge a rea s . The anicut is now in ru ins .
BASIPURAM TALUK .
!
O n the red i stribution of d istri ct and taluk areas in 1918 th i sta luk w as ca rved ou t o f th e old Sa lem and A tt ta luks .
‘ Th is ta luk w a s reduced to a sub-ta luk under a deputy tahsildar andat tached to the Nam akka l ta luk in 1932 .
lxx ix
N inety- th ree ryotwa ri , seven m i tta and eight whole inamvil lages of
_S a lem ta luk, and 3 1 ryotwa r i a nd on e whole inam
v il lage of A ttur ta luk were grouped toge ther to fern: this newta luk (G .O . No . 64 1
,da t ed 14 th F ebrua ry
I t is bounded on the north by Sa l em taluk , on the ea st by Boundariem
A ttdr ta luk and the M u s iri ta luk of the Trichinopoly d istr ic t,
on the sou th by Namakka l ta luk and on the wes t by theTiruchengcdu ta luk . Its grea test lengt h f rom north to sou th i s18 m i les and from eas t to west , 30 m i les .
The ta luk is very d ivers ified in a spect ; i t conta in s two hillrange s the Boda a la is and the Koll i -ma la is
,a nd severa l
i sola ted hills , the m s t important of which is the A lawai-ma la i .The Al awais and th e Bede -mala i s are sepa ra ted by the Sa l emNamak ka l road and the Koll i—ma la i s and Roda -ma la is by th eR asipuram -A t tur road . The la tter is a gh a t road wh ich crossesthe saddl e of the Boda—ma la is and th e Koll i—m a la is a t thei rmeeting poin t in th e v il lage of Ayilpa tti. The v a l l ey enclosedby thes e two lofty h i ll ranges i s l ovely and f e r t i l e and beyondM a llur on the Sa l em- Ras ipuram road n a ture run s w ild in a
mass of fanta stic droogs and hills tumb l ed about in theutmos t di sorde r. The Alawais a re un inhabited on a ccoun tof their ba rrenness . The Bods—ma la is and the Kol l i—ma la i s areinh ab ited and con ta in rich cu l ti va tion . The former i s sparselywooded and th inl y inhabited and its neglec t is due to thesuperior a ttra ction s of the K el l i—ma la is and Shevaroys both inso il and cl ima te . The con tou rs a lso a re less fa vou rab l e to inhabitant s and agricu lture, a s they mos tly run up in to sha rp n a rrowr idges and l ack the extensive downs and va l l eys in which th eShevaroys and Koll i -ma la is abound . The Bode-ma la is mea surefive m i les north to sou th and eleven m i les ea s t to wes t and
conta in three small v i llages . The va l e of Namagiripet, be tw eenthe Boda -ma la is and the Kol l i -mala is , i s c losed up on the east bythe Ayilpatti Kana voy or g h a t bu t i s more open on the w e s ttowa rds Ti ruch engodu and Namakka l ; r ight through thisv al l ey runs the Sal em- Rasi puram road , and f rom Rasipu ra rn theroad. is con t inued through the Ayilpa tti pa ss to A ttur . TheT irumanimuthar crosses the n or th-west corner of th is ta lukfor a d istance of about four m i les before i t en ters th e Ti ruchengodu ta luk .
The Koll i-mala i s themselves, entering from the Namakka lta luk ,
bl ock up the south -ea st portion of th e R asip i’
i r ta luk fora di stance of nine m i les north to sou th a nd fifteen m i les ea st towes t . They rise abrup tly from the p l a in s to a height offeet on the south , ea s t and we st . O n the north they are formedof gradua l a scend ing heights, ri sing from the p la ins through thevi l lages of K araguda lpa tti, Unauthanga l, M ullukurichi and
Periakombai. .To the south-west i s the ma ss ive and lofty domeo f Ba ilnad from which the severa l val leys on the h i lls seem torad ia te
,and these lend th emselves to enchant ing v iews . Th e
Irriga tion .
I ndustries .
highes t p eak on the Rasipfi ram Koll i -mala is is Vettakaramala ifeet) , which conta ins a M ad ra s Survey trignome trical
sta tion,The se h i lls a re decided ly m a laria l bu t the soi l in i ts
seven wzde (or group o f vil lages ) is very ferti le . The ch i ef products are ra infed a nd i rriga ted paddy ,
whea t , musta rd ,cumbu
,
cholam a nd rag i ; p lan ta in s,guava
,l imes
,l emons and jack
are a lso extens ively g rown . Coffee p la nt s are found in sma llpa tches here and there . The p roducts find th e ir ma rke tingp la ces chiefly in Thammampatti of the A ttur ta luk, thoug hPa llipa tti, Namagiripe t and M anga lap uram in R asipfi ra in ta luk ,a l so serve a s outlets for th ese p roduc ts .
The Alawa i h i l ls are otherwis e ca l led S idharma la i, A sa in tor S irihar i s sa i d to have b een doing penance h ere by the s ideof a spr ing and i s bel ieved to ha ve d isappea red in a caven ea r by
,A sma ll temp l e ha s b een bu i l t ove r th e s i t e to which
a fl i gh t o f rough hewn steps l eads from th e pla in s . C rowds ofH indus from the su rround ing v il lages vis i t th is temp l e on newmoon days a nd ba the in the spr i ng
,Anothe r temp l e to
S ub rahmanya on th e weste rn s l ope of the h i l l a lso a ttrac ts a
la rge numbe r of p i lgr ims f rom the n eighbourhood duringKartigai.
”
There are 146 i rriga tion source s in th e whol e ta luk of wh ich90 a re tanks . Ele ven of these tanks a re controlled by the Pub l icWorks D epa r tmen t who ma inta in a l so a chann e l . The o therscome unde r m inor i rr iga tion sources . t) u the Ko ll i -ma la is pe renn i a l sp rings in the fi elds themsel ves render them un fi t for drycu l t iva t i on , and only pa ddy is ra ised on such fi elds
,wh i ch a re
regis te red a s we t land s unde r spr ings a nd a re a ssessed a t
fa vou rab l e ra tes .
No ra i lway line pa sses through th e ta luk , b ut the S ou th Ind ianR a i lway Company ha s col l ected sta ti stics wi th a v i ew to connectSa lem w i th Tr ich inopo ly . If th e sch eme ma tu res the ta luk wil lhe crossed by a ra i lway l in e for fi fteen m il es. The ta luk is nowwel l se rved by roads
,the aggrega te m i l eage be i ng 59 o f which
53 a re m eta ll ed,
Th e Ko ll i -m a la is con ta in no roads,but a
b rid l e pa th f rom l’eriakomba i to E dappulinad is under construetion by the F orest D epa r tmen t . The d i st r i c t or ta luk boa rdscol lect land cess from the h i l lmen bu t have pra cti ca l ly g iventhem no th ing in re tu rn i f on ly the y cou l d a rrange to con structroads on th e h i l ls th e pla tea u wou ld be open ed up and the h il lmen w ou ld get bet te r pr ice s for their p roducts .
M otorbuse s p ly a l ong a ll th e roa ds and any par t of theta luk ca n be rea ched in a few hours .
Weaving i s the ch ief indu s try of the ta luk . In R asipuramtown and su rrou nd ing v il lages co tton a nd s i lk weaving i scar r ied on on a large sca l e . Gurnswamipala iyam ,
m i l e sfrom R asipuram on the wes t, i s ano ther grea t cen tre of the sameindustry and in its weekly marke t s i lk a nd cotton cl othes
Rasipuram .
Vennandur.
lxxxii
in th e wel ls . The rich Vysia merchants of the vil lage stil lp refe r to l ive in hovel s, being a fra id to betray th ei r w ea l th byexterna l show . I ts i ron works w ere once famous as th e hugemound o f ash and c inders n ea r th e v i llage wou ld show. The
furna ces a re now extinc t .
Puduchatram ,a ham l et of Navani which has a tota l pepu
la tion a bove in its 17 h am l e ts,s tands on the Sal em
Namakka l road , 6 1} m i l es sou th -west of R asipu ram . When motorca rs and buses were unknown it was an important sta tion where
jatka s u sed to be changed by tra ve l lers from ei ther s ide, andsometimes travel l e rs w ere obl iged to ha l t h ere . The mittadarof Ka lyan i , a n adjo in ing v illage , has b ui l t a spa cious cha tramfor the conven i ence of tr a velle rs and endowed suffi cient fundsfor i t s ma intenance . Bond fi de travel lers get, bes ides comfortabl e shelter , f ree ra t ion s . There a re in i t a pol ice s ta tion and
a sub-reg i s trar ’s office , and th e vi llage i s a l so th e headqua r tersof a revenu e inspector and excise sub - inspector.
Pil l anal lur-Guruswamipal aiyam,pop ula ti on in
193 1, is nex t to R asipuram the most impo rtan t w eaving cen tre,
and l ies 4 m i l es to th e west of i t . The weavers a re mostlyK aikolas, and the ir goods are so ld in the S unday ma rket he re .
Rasipuram ,popula tion in 193 1, i s a p lac e of censi
derable trade a nd is the thi rd la rge s t town in the d is t ri ct.
The notes on th i s v il lage printed at page 236 shou ld com e inhere . The a uthor of the D istric t M a nua l ca l ls i t Gha z ipu r andsay s tha t that i s the correct name of th e p lace and tha t Gha.being unp ronounceabl e by Tam i l s became a n asp i ra te . Be ingthe hea dqua rters o f th e ta luk it conta in s th e offi ce s of the tahs i ldar, sub-magistra te , forest range offi ce r and sub -regi strar .The town lies in the hol l ow of a cup formed by th e A lawais
,
Boda -m a la is,Koll i-ma l a i s and Na ina -ma la i h i lls . There i s a
l oca l fund d i spensa ry a nd a high school managed by the D is tric tBoa rd . The bu lk of the popula tion a re w eavers
,Pa tnfi lkars,
D evangas and Sales ; th e re a re a lso the Vysia s. There i s i nthe town a Roma n Ca thol ic church ded i ca ted to the Lady o fLourdes .
S ingalandapuram ,popu la tion in 1931
,4 m il e s sou th
ea st o i Ka~ ipu ram,is a m itta v i l lage . I ron- smel ting was going
on he re on a la rge sca l e fo rmerly ; i t i s now famous for itsbe tel lea ves .
Vennandur, popu la tion l i es on th e road from A ttyampa t ti to M a sa kal ipa tti and is d ista nt 8 m i l es f rom Rasipuram .
I t i s th e h ea dqua rte rs of a revenue inspector,and its pr incipa l
indus try i s weav i ng, there be ing a bou t 700 looms engaged inweaving a va ri e ty of cotton a nd S i lk cl oth s for men . The goodsa re sold a t Sa l em and R asip fi ram. The wea vers a re K a ikola
M uda lis by ca st e.
lx xxiii
Y é l il r, 4 m il es south -wes t o f Puduchatram,had a pepula l Yé ldr.
tion of in 1931, wh i ch shows a tendency to grow
.
The Sa lem D i str ic t U r ban Bank has chosen th is V i l lagea s a model fo r demonstration work in rura l reconstruc tion . Iti s n oteworthy tha t the Adi-D ravida res idents o f the v i l lageshow an intel l igen t inte rest in th e a ttempts made to amel iora teth eir condi tion and co. 0 perate wi th those who are engaged inimproving them .
NAM AKKAL TALUK .
Namakka l ta luk i s bounded on the north by Tiruch engoduand Rasipi
’
i ram ta luks,on the ea s t by M usiri ta luk of Trich ino
poly d i strict, on th e sou th by Karur a nd M usir i ta luks of thesam e d istric t
,and on th e west by the K avé ri river a nd th e
E rode ta luk of the Co imba tore d istr ict .
The ta luk had formed part of the Sa lem d is trict s inc e theB rit ish occupa tion , but wa s transferred to Trichinopoly d istriet in Novembe r 19 10 in a reduced form (e ight Komba i Vi l lageshaving been excluded from the taluk and in cluded in M us i r ita l uk of th e Tri ch inopoly d istrict and ten ryo twa ri and fi ve who leinam v i l lages ha v ing been reta ined in the Sa l em distri c t and in
cluded in the then Sa lem ta luk). The ta luk wa s, however, retransferred to S a l em on l st A p r i l 19 18
,b ut in a st i l l more reduced
sta te, th e v illage s compri sing the Thathiengarpet revenueinspector
’s firka hav ing b een taken over to the Trichinopolyd istri c t. Its presen t a rea after th e retransfer i s 613 squarem i les . The extrem e l ength o f th e ta luk from north to south i s2 2 mile s and i ts b readth from east to west is 38 m il es.
The north -ea stern portion o f th e ta luk i s moun ta inous and
the south -wes tern flat,intercep ted by a few hil locks here
and there. Its genera l a spect is drea ry and un in teres ting , theimposing ma ss o f th e Kol l i -ma la is and the rugged peaks ofNainamalai b eing th e on ly redeem ing fea tures in the landscap e .
Com ing from Sa l em we enter th e ta luk u nder the s pu r o fNa inamalai which r ises to the ea st o f t he ro ad . L eaving i tbehind we see th e Namakka l D rug 8 or 9 m i les ofi ,
r is ing from a
l evel tract of dry land . Beyond Namakka l and Va laya pa tti i sth e Talama la i range . F rom Va layapa tti in the sou the rn ex tre
m ity of the ta luk a cha in of d iminu tive h i ll s extends in a northweste rly d i rection for abou t s ix m i l es . Sou th and south -ea s t theKaveri whose wa ter s are sk i l fu l ly d iverted enriche s t l e soil
,and
a long the banks o f the i rriga tion channels, g roves of p la n ta in sand cocoanuts, areca pa lm and betel v ines, refresh the wea ryga ze . This i s th e ga rden of Namakka l, th e El D orado o f thed istrict
,and tru ly here doth the desert bl ossom as th e rose.!
The Ke l l i-ma la i s l i e abou t 10 m i les from Namakka l and r isera th er abruptly Irom the p la ins to a he igh t o f a bout 4
,0C0 feet
LeFanu’
s S a lem District M anua l, Vol . I I, p . 93.
Boundaries.
H istory .
Irriga tion .
lxxxiv
except on the north where th ey descend to the low country bylong and gently s loping Spurs . The highest point in the Koll ima la is i s fee t above sea - level, and th e pla teau in Namakka lta l uk covering 105 ou t o f 192 squa re miles i s d ivided into 7revenue v il lages .
The ta luk is not of any historica l importance . Before the
Chri stian era,th e Purananuru and S irupana tj upada i two ancien t
Tam i l work s,te l l us tha t Vav il O ri or Adan O ri, one of the seven
V allals,ru l ed over the Kol l i -m a la i s and the su rround ing pa rts
,
and he i s sa id to have fough t with another V alla l,Kari by name
,
who had h is ca pita l on th e ba nk s of the Ponna iya r. The talukwas i ncluded in the Kongu-manda lam whi ch was overrun by theCholas in the 9th century A .D . and pa ssed on to Vijayanaga runder the viceroya l ty of M a dura . The famous Tam il poetKamba r a ddresses one o f the Chola k ings as Lord of the Kollima la is tha t w a s flowing w i th honey There were pol igars a tSendamanga lam and Ta lamala i, and Pol iga r R amachand raNayaka of the form er was a l ieutenan t of Tiruma la Nayaka ofM adura , during whose t ime the forts a t Sendamanga lam
,
Pa ramati a nd Namakk'
a l wou ld appea r to ha ve been bu i l t o rs trengthened . O n th e fa l l o f the M adura Nayakas the ta lukcame under M ysore
,passing u l tima t ely from Ha ider and
Tippu to th e British in 1792 .
The ch ief sou rces of i rrigati on are th e Kaveri ch annel s andtank s unde r the Tiruman i -muttar and K a ra ipottana r. Thereare three cha nnel s from th e Kaver i , th e Pa rau ia thi R aja Vaikka l ,the M ohanur Raja Vaikka l and the K omarapalaiyam ch ann e l .The Pa ramathi Raja Vaikkal i s th e first K avé ri channela fter the rive r l ea ves th e M ysore Sta te and has its head a t
Jedarpala iyam . The chann el is 22 m il es long,and i ts ayacut
a cres . The M ohanur channel , aya cut a cres,
ha s i ts head at Nanja i Edayar a nd i s 17 m i l es long . The thirdch ann el ca rri es only th e d ra inage of the fi rs t and is 11 iniles longwi th a n aya cut of a cres . These chann el s are ma inta inedfrom an irrigat ion ce ss pa id vo lun ta ri ly, apa rt from the landrevenue
,by the ryots hold ing lands u nde r them,
th e ra tes be ingR s. 3 per a c re cu l t iva ted by d i rect fl ow and R s. 1—8—0 per a crecu l tiva ted by ba l ing from the channel . The cess i s l evied on a l l
classes o f la nds , ryotwa r i , zam inda ri o r inam a nd is collectedby . the vil lage offi cers a long with the land revenue . R en ts fromcocoanu t tree s on channel bunds and padnga i p roduce are a l soc redi ted to th is fu nd . The Col lec tor holds the funds and thedepu ty tah s ilda r o f Pa rama thi i s in d irec t cha rg e o f the channels
,w i th an ove rseer and channe l servan ts to help him
,they being
pa id out of th e cess fu nd . The Thirumanimutta r feeds th etank s a t S erukka lai (267 a cres), Idumbankula in (233 acres) andM elnsam thambnr (79 a c res) , a ll u nder control of the Publ icWorks D epa rtmen t . The K a ra ipottanar rive r i s the sourc e ofthe importa n t m i tta tanks a t Bommasamudram ,
l ’onnarkulam,
Pa layapala iyam and Thusu'
r, and a t Va laiyapatti i t i s dammed
T l'3 deo
Ka pilama lai.
Mohanur
lxxxv i
and Alangana tham,and ma ts of kora i gra ss are made at
O ravandfi r, M ohanur, and Va lavand i,and of da te deaves at
Sendama ng a lam and Andipatti. Tapes fo r co ts a re made bysome M uh ammadans o f Sendamanga lam . Household Vessel sare made in sma l l qu an t iti es a t Namakka l and Sendamanga lam .
Good count ry- shoes are made by Chucklers a t Sendamanga lama nd Na llipalaiya rn and ba skets by M eda rs all over th e ta luk.
Banki ng and trade in gra in s are th e chief occup a tion s of therich and m idd le c la sses
,T he re a re a dozen Nattukkottai
Chetties doing bank ing bus iness in Namakka l , and thei r cas tefel low s are a lso found in Mohanfi r
,Velur
,and Sendamanga lam
engaged in s im i lar business. Trade in hides and skins i s a
specia l i ty among M uhammadan s,Betel l ea ve s are la rgely
exported from th e Kaveri border vi l lage s to Bombay, Ca l cu ttaand D el hi . T rade in jaggery a nd p lanta ins i s a p rofi tablebusiness and g ives occup a tion to severa l hundred m en .
There a re 19 weekly markets in the d is tr ict unde r the control of the ta luk boa rds and unions, and two unde r m ittada rs
,
T he l a st two are in M uthngapatti a nd Solasiraman i. The
Wednesday sh andy at Nainama la l i s the larges t ma rket i n thed i stric t and a t tracts goods and merchan ts from eve n ou tside it.I t is a ca t t le and gra i n ma rt, and the d iff eren t cla sses of cl o thswoven in the district jare a lso brough t he re fo r sa l e . Trade i n
g ra in i s in th e h a nds o f Koma ttis a nd Nagara thu Chettis,and
D evanga s, K aikolas a nd Sau ra shtra s monopo l ise the bus ine ss incloth Co tton is grown on abou t a cre s and there is a brisktra de in it du ring th e pick ing sea son, th e kappas being boughtup by a gents of va rious fi rms and expo rted to Tiruppur
,
Coimba tore o r Tu ticorin , Ma dra s or Bombay .
K apil amal ai , popu la tion fif te en m i les sou th -wes to f Nama kka l , and 6 m i l es we st o f Pa rama thi, is sa id to haveb een so named becau se of its hav ing been th e a bode of SageKap ila b u t a more a ppropria te deriva tion is from the co lour ofthe h il l K a pi lama la i (brown h i ll) , The old Sub rahmanyatempl e on th e hil l is wel l scu l ptu red and i s surro u nded bysevera l fine man tapams erected by the Ni yaka kings ofM a dura . The a rch itec ture of the templ e is well spoken of .M aolean e
’s M a nua l of Administra tion and M r. S ewe l l ’s l ist
o i an t iqu i ties mention two copper pla te gra nt s in th e temp l e,
da ted 1574 and 1637 A .D ., one rega rd ing th e bu i ld ing of themantapam by the village rs and the o ther record ing a gift of
lands to the templ e by Tirumala Nayaka of M adura . The
temple ge ts a ta srl z'
k a l lowance of R s, from Government,and the car fest iva l in Tha i (Janu a ry- F ebrua ry) a ttrac ts a
la rge crowd of devotees . There a re b ig chou ltries for th e use
of Viswa karma s, Shel ia Ve llalas and Vanniyakula Ksha triya s ,who may come to the templ e fo r worship .
M bhan fir , p opu la t ion in 19 3 1 , i s the ch ief v il lageo f a un ion a nd stands on the Kaveri
,12 miles from Namakka l.
l x x x vn
The name is said to be a corr uption of M ahani'
ir (the son’s
vil lage) and i s expla ined by the story that S iva , when search ingfor h i s son Subrahmanya
,found him here and sett led in the
vil lage bes ide him . The god in the S iva temp le is pla ced facingthe wes t instea d of
,as e lsewhere , th e east . Two other pecu l ia
rities of the temp l e are tha t a s tream o f water is supposed toflow underground from a spring ins ide i t, and tha t the light
placed in front of th e god is sa id never to fl icker. Wi threference to thi s la tter phenomenon the idol is ca ll ed “ the godof the unmoving l igh t or A chaladipeswara . The Kaveri nea rthis village i s sa id to be more than usua lly holy .
Th e vi llage deity i s known as Nava ladiyar (he that s i tsunder the foot of the Nava l tree), and i s frequently worshippedby cred itors who cannot get their debts pa id. The bonds arehung up in front of him and he i s then supposed to p lague th edebto rs w i th had dreams un ti l they pay up.
Nainamal ai , ten m i les no rth - ea st of Namakka l , is noted Nainsma la i.
for i ts ma rket,th e bigge st in the d i stric t . The Vi shn u temp le
on th e top of the h i l l i s regarded wi th spec ia l ven era tion byp eopl e in the d istrict who visi t i t in large numbers on Sa turday sin Pura ttasi (Sep tember—O ctober). It i s cla imed to be thea bode o f th e sage K anvar, the foster fa th e r o f Sakunta la , theheroine of the wel l-known drama “Sakun ta la or th e L ostR ing . S evera l v il lages in the Ceded D istric ts
,however
,cla im
the same honou r.
The vil lage con ta ins a pol ice sta tion ,a rura l d ispen sa ry
, landrevenu e and exci se sub - inspectors
,a m iddl e school for boy s and
an elemen ta ry schoo l for girls. The re i s a la rge cha tram in
cha rge of th e ta luk boa rd , wh i ch ha s an en dowm en t yield ingabou t R s. 500 a yea r. There is a la rge t rade in plan ta ins ,paddy and straw.
Namakk al , popula tion in 1931, i s the headquarters of Namakk a l .a depu ty col lector and of the ta luk ; con ta in s a l so the offi ce s ofi t the ta luk board
,d istr ic t mun s i f, sub-mag istra te
,sub- registrar
,
a s wel l a s a pol i ce s ta tion , a h igh school,two gi rl s’ schools
of th e h igher elementa ry g ra de (one run by the S tric t B apt i stm iss ion), a Gove rnmen t h osp i ta l and a. tra vel lers ’ bunga low .
I t is the chief vil lage of a ma jor un ion . There a re a VictoriaM emoria l Ha l l and L ibra ry and a chou lt ry nea r the Namagiri
Amman temp le in the kota bu i l t in 19 12 ou t o f pub l i csub scriptions ra i sed during th e coron a tion of King George V .
The town l i es a t th e foo t of a rounded mass of whi te gn e isson the summ i t of which is a h i l l fort wh ich is a protected monu‘
m en t . It i s d ivided in to the fort (kotta i) and th e “ suburb ”
(petta i), the former lying to the w est and the la tter to the ea stof the rock . It is a w el l- bu il t town with b road streets . Thekot ta i
,except the temp l e, i s to som e exten t new hav ing been
bu i l t on the old d i tch . The streets in both pa rts of the tow ncu t on e another a t righ t angl e s and th e houses have the
l x x x Vhi
appearance of being bu i l t in squa re bl ock s. The rock is about200 fee t h igh and abou t ha l f a mile in ci rcum ference i ts s idescon tain ma ny cup- l ike hol lows or j oua is which hold wa ter and
doubtles s had th ei r orig i n in d ays l ong gone by,when th e gaunt
m ass w as rob ed in verdure and a heavier ra infa l l were awaythese cav i ti es where fi ssure s in the ro ck favou red i t s en trance .Peop le sca le th e s teep scraps o f the h i ll to ba the and wa shth e i r c lo thes in some of these j ona is . S im i la r pools a t thebottom a re a ccounted a s sa c red ba th ing p la ces .
The fo rt is mos t ea s ily a ccess i bl e from the sou th -wes t , onwhich s ide na rrow steps have been hewn in the rock . It can
a lso b e sca l ed on th e north by a thirutu vasa l (secret ga te)d esigned , no doubt, fo r fl ight or a s a sa l ly -port . O n th e lowersl ope of th e h i ll to th e sou th and sou th -wes t a re rema ins o f afi rst line o f forti fica tions . The outer wa l ls of th e tru e for t abovea re in a lmos t pe rfec t p re serva tion . They are made o f wel l- cu tb l ocks of th e same stone a s th e rock i tsel f and are secu red t othe rock w i th morta r . N o morta r ha s been used fo r the h ighercourses
,which ho ld together simply by thei r own weigh t and
a ccura te fit ting . The whole i s surmounted by a pa ra pet ofstrong brick work ,
som e three feet thi ck,se rra ted by machicola
t ion s a nd p ierced in e ve ry d i rec t i on for musketry . R ou nd theinterior o f the rampa r ts runs a ma sonry p la tform to ena blema rk smen to rea ch the l oop-hol es . These are so ski l fu l lyma de tha t th ere is not an inch of ground a ll round the fo rtwhich i s not commanded by th em . The a rea en closed by therampa rts i s abou t an a cre and a ha l f . It conta in s a sma l ltemp l e
,a ru ined bu i ld ing
,sa id to have been once a trea su ry
,
and a n o ld mag az ine . Pooja has been resumed in this templ e,
and inscriptions on its wa l ls rela te to Jata v aram Sunda ra Pandyaa nd to Lakshm i Kanta U rsa
,to th e later Pandya and to the
Hindu Rajas of M y sore . The one tree whi ch deck s the durgami s u ti l i z e d by the M ussa lman s as a flag
-sta ff when c e floa ts a flagin the name of D a stigiri.
The e rec tion o f th e fo rt i s a t tributed by trad i tion toRamachand ra Nayaka
,pol igar of Sendamanga lam a nd Namakka l
or to Lakshmin a ra simhayya , a laska r ( or a ide -de -camp ) o f th eMysore R aja . The w ri te r of the D istrict M anua l (M r. Le F anu)d oub ts i f i t cou ld be o f a n ea rl ie r da te th a n |730 A .D .
,though
th e templ es on th e h i l l and at th e fo rt must have been bu i l tand endowed in the ea rly Chola a nd la ter Pandya tim e s . The
town w i th the fort does no t seem to ha ve don e i tsel f jus t ice as a
p la ce of defence . It wa s taken by Col . Wood in h i s forwa rdmovemen t in 1 768 a nd los t a ga in the s ame year to Ha id nr. In
the t ime o f Ha ida r a nd Tippu a ki l lada r held the fo rt forM yso re ; i t was subsequen tly held for the Company by a
gua rd o f sepoy s , th e European command ing office r resid ing in a
bunga low in the kotla i n ear the templ e .
Namakka l posses se s a certa in rel igi ous i n teres t . The
V ishnu templ e in the fort ded ica ted to Na ra s imha and his
r) ravandur
Pa rama thi.
Vé lfir.
X0
Oravandur, 13 m i les sou th ofNamakka l , on the Kav é ri, hada popu lation o f in 1931 . The nam e i s sa id to be a
corruption of Oru - pandur,th e pla ce o f th e ba l l ; i t i s
exp la ined by a story tha t th e vil lage goddess of M adukka ra i onthe oth er s ide of the r iver , S ellandiyamma n
, lost a ba l l in th eKaveri a nd found i t in th is p la c e . T he inh a b i tan ts say tha t thegoddess has transfe rred her abode to th is p la ce (a sta tem en twh ich i s den ied by th e M adukkara i people ) and worship h erh ere a ccord ingl y . There is a fe st iva l la sting a fortn ight i nM ass? at w h ich buffa lo sacrifi ces a re oflered to her. There is atempl e to Hanuman who has five jaws (Pancha -mukha Anjaneya )whi ch i s not found anywhere else . A li ttle mat -weaving is donein th e vi l lage . A bou t a h undred houses were destroyed i n 1924by the h igh floods in the river.
Paramathi, 11 m i l es sou th-west of Namakkal ,‘
i s th e hea dqua rte rs of a deputy tahsi lda r and magistra te who is a l so incha rge of th e Kaveri ch annels of thi s ta luk . There a re a l so a
sub - registra r, hea l th in spector a nd revenue inspec tor . I t standson th e right bank of the Tirumanimuttar or S a lem river , butth e re is grea t sca rc i ty of wa ter throughout the yea r . Popu la tion,
in 193 1 ; the S iva temp le s h ere and in Mavureddi are
ancien t ones and conta in numerou s in sc rip t ion s .
Sendamanga l am,7 m il es nor th - ea st of Namakka l, is
in poin t of popu lation in 193 1) th e fi rst town in theta luk and th e fourth town in th e d i stric t ; i t i s a ma jorun ion and has a l oca l fund disp ensa ry
,a pol ice sta t ion
,
the offi ces of a sub -m ag istra te a nd specia l mag i stra te s and
e lemen ta ry school s for boy s and g i rls . Coa rse cloth,ta p e
,
bra ss ve ssels,ma ts
,ba skets and shoes are made here on
a Sma l l sca l e . There are seve ra l Va i sya merchants in th epla ce among whom are found p etty shop -keepers and ri chmoney - lenders ; every S und ay morning hil l p roducts fromthe K ol limalais are b rought “to the foot of th e h ills
,4 m i le s
f rom th i s pla ce,for sa l e ,
a nd b r i sk business i s done there . TheV i shnu templ e i s of a fa i r s i ze and is d edica ted to Lakshminarasimha swam i, th e o ther temp l e , a Sa iv ite one , to Somé swa ra
,and
these and th e Varadaraja temp l e on th e top of th e Na inama la i
h i l l a re sa id to ha ve been bu il t by Pol iga r Ramachand ra Nayaka .
I ron ore i s found in th e neighbourhood and a few Pan chamas
w ere,un t i l a few years ago, enga ged in furnaces for smel ting iron .
E ven now domest i c iron vessels made in th is village and in M ut
tagapa tti close by a re in specia l demand among l oca l Hindus .
Velur, 15 m i les sou th -west of Namakka l,on th e Keven, i s
a flou rish ing v illage ; popula tion ,in 193 1. There a re a
sub -regis tra r,sub- in specto rs of pol ice and exci se
,a post a nd
telegra ph o ffi ce and a l o ca l f und d ispen sa ry . There are a
travel lers’ bunga low in cha rge o f th e revenue depa rtment ,construc ted from th e i rriga tion cess fun d
,and a p riva te c hou l t ry
bu i l t by the l oca l m e rchan ts,one of w hom has a lso bu i l t an
incomp l e te secondary school for boy s . The Iswara temp le
xc i
a t Anichanpalaiyam close by i s - held in high esteem , and therei s a lso a M uhammadan tomb with large imams in th is villa ge a ndin Punja i Edayar. The vil lage i s a union in which are
included Punja i E dayar and Sultanpet.
TIR UCHENGCDU TALUK .
Part II, page 2 70 , paragraph 2 .
—F or th e la st two words ofthe first sen tence, substitute Sa lem and Rasipuram ta luks .
L ines 3 and 4 .— Delete th e words “i n the Tr ich inopoly
D istrict ’
F or the la s t senten ce , substitute — The a rea is 6038 squarem il es ; the greatest l eng th from north to south is 33 m i l es andfrom ea st to west 28 m i le s .
P aragraph 2 , line — For Tevur An i cut (204 a cres) read Irriga tion.
Tevur An icu t 1166 a cres)
Page 272, pa ragraph 2 .
— Iiisert the words “K alipa ttiroa d ” between Chou l try and S ankaridrug
”
Pa ragraph 13.—Add —M otor buses now run on all the
importan t roads .
P a ragraph 4 .—Add —A grea t impetg s to th e hand-sp inn ing Industries.
industry ha s b een g iven by the Gandh i Asramam a t Pudupalai
yarn ,s even m i l es from Tiruchengodu .
Pa ragraph 3 .
—Add ; _ The popu la tion of E dappadi in 193 1 E dappadi.
wa s of whom non e were Christians though it was th eolde st Chris tian settlement in the d istric t .
Page 2 74, paragrap h l s—Add —There are in the vil lage a
sub -regis tra r ’s offi ce, post a nd telegraph office and a loca lfund d ispen sa ry . There are a l so a m idd l e school
, and th reeelemen ta ry schools and two g irls’ schools . The S embadavars
(li t : fi shermen ), the predom inan t commun i ty in th e p la ce ,wish to be known a s Bhakta rs (or devo tees). There a re 2 5 oi lpresses
,2 r ic e h ull ers
,numerous looms
,and three priva te banks
o f Nattukkottai Chettis. The v i llage is connected by bus w i tha ll the impor tant p la ces in the d i strict . The neares t ra i lwaysta tion is M acD onald
’
s Chou l t ry , th rough wh ich the trade ofth e place ma in ly pa sses .
Para graph 3 .
—Add -‘
n’
ev era l b ig house s in the agraharama re in ru in s
,the ow ners or the i r desc endants hav ing been
obl ig ed to lea ve the v i llage in search of occupa tion M embersof no other ca s te excep t Brahman s w i l l buy thes e houses
, as
ill - luck i s bel ieved to dog th e buyer’s foot—steps ever a f te rwa rdsthe Bra hman em igran ts lose there fore even th e va lue ofthe res iden ce s they leave beh ind. The agraha ram presen ts a
most dep ressing appearance with i t s many ru ined houses, in the
xcii
m idst of wh ich i s th e Appu Rayar choul try with a Hanumantempl e c lose by ,
where Brahman travel l ers a re fed on spec ia ldays . Weaving of im i ta tion s ilk sarees and cloth s i s an
important industry . The village i s a union and conta in sa pol ice s ta tion .
Page 275, paragraph 1 .— Add —M acDonald
’s Chou ltry is sa id
to b e u sed as a res t house by travel lers, and i s abou t a m i le fromthe ra i lway sta tion to wh ich i t has g iven its name.
K a l ipa tt i. Page 276, paragraph 1 .—Add — The K andasami temple has
been d eclared a publi c one by a dec ree of the Privy Council , andth e heirs of the origina l pu ja ri are under i t h ered i ta ry trus teesand bound to render a ccounts of receipts and expend i ture.
Pul lampa ttiParagraph 2 .
—Add —The ru ined dam across th e K av é ri i sa lso ca l led the Nerinppet an icut
,a fter the v il lage on the
C oimba tore side o f the river. Traces of th e channel s tha t tookoff from the dam towa rds the east are s ti l l v isibl e
,but inves tiga
t ions led Government to decide tha t th i s portion of the Sa l emd is trict cannot benefit by the M ettur reservoir h igher up the
r iver.
Page 276 , paragraph 1.—Insert between th is and pa ra
graph 2 the following note
Pudupal aiyam,a ham l et ofNallipalaiyam mi tta , seven m iles
from Tiruchengcdu, on the Param athi_road
, i s the headquarters ofa khada r sta t ion known as Gandh i A sramam .
”The dsramam
i s bea utifu l ly s i tua ted in a tope just ou tside the vil lage and th emittadar
’s ou thouses a re a lso p laced a t its d isposa l . The
c'
isramam wh ich i s manned by the members of Gandh i S evaSangha was started in 1925 and i s chi efly engaged in khada rand fam ine -relief and in p ropaganda aga in st drink and
untou chab il ity . There are cottages for a dozen Wo rkers and
th eir fam i l ies, and the spinn ing, weaving and bleaching i s a lldone in the s urround ing h am l e ts abou t 200 in number. Thereare sp inners on th e cha rka the aeramam dea ls ou t cottonand takes ba ck the ya rn and the seeds and pays the sp inner h iswages . Weavers take th is ya rn and d el ive r th e cloth s andtake th ei r wage s . The cloth s a re then bleached and pa inteda nd sent ou t fo r sa le. As there has been a severe drought inthis a rea the ch arka has been a sou rce of grea t rel ief to thepeop le, the sol e support of many aged and infi rm p erson s. Theun toucha b l e s are a l lowed to m ix freely w i th the caste peop l ea nd to take wa ter from the esta te w el l , and th ey a re admi ttedin to the aeramam and the hosp i tal , which wa s opened in 1928a nd is la rgely a ttend ed . Wi th the aid of funds subscribed bythe public the aeramam has been able to sel l food-gra in s w orthR s. a t ha l f the cost p rice to i ts villagers and th is hashelped them to tide over th e scarci ty of 1928- 29. Khadar
Irr iga ti on .
xc iv
h igh school bu i ld ings l ie on the road to the ra ilway station,nea r
wh ich is the fresh wa ter tank for th e v illage . Popula tionin 193 1.
Page 287, p a ragraph 1 .
—Add — The second mantapam belowthe tower ca ll ed th e Thé vadiyal mantapam, was i n d isgraceu n ti l a few yea rs ago and went to ru in
,but recen t ly the
members of the commun i ty of S enguntha M udaliyars haverenova ted i t .
P age 288, p a ragraph 5 .
— Add — The app roa ch to M a ladika l
or Varada—lra l (the ba r ren woman’s rock ) is very d ifficu l t , and
in some pa rts risky . The templ e on th e highes t peak is not
ded ica ted to Vigneswara (o r Uchi -pillaya r), as i s genera l lysupposed , bu t to Pandiswara and con ta ins a l ingam . A.
la te r Col lector and descend ant of the gen tleman who repa i red theman tapam in th e Ardhauariswara temp l e and whowa s representedin ha s- rel ie f in one of i ts pi l la rs wea r ing a ha t a nd carrying a
wa lking s tick,a ttempted th is p e ril ous a scen t and got some steps
cu t in va rious pla ce s on the way up . Som e ama teu r scu lptor hasout nea r one such fl igh t o f steps th e figu re of a Europ ean w i thbat and w a lking stick and ma rked E . A . Davi s under i t . I tis doubtfu l i f thi s gentleman reached th e top , though the p resen tw r i ter
,with bare fee t and l oin c loth succeeded in the a t tempt ,
a fte r c raw l ing and creep ing round more than one risky corneron th e brinks of giddy heights .
Arrua TantJK .
P a rt II, page 290, p a ragra ph 2 , line 2 . For 84 1” substi
Iu te F or the sou thern bounda ry ”substitute “ the
Namakka l ta luk and th e M us i ri and Peramba lur ta luks of th eT r i ch inopoly d istric t
P a ragraph 2 , la st sentence.
—Substitute - The greatest l engthf rom north to south is 30 mi l e s and from wes t to ea st i s -28
m iles .
P a ragraph 3 , la stfive l ines — S ubstitute z— The Pa ch a -ma la i shem in the ta luk on the sou th a nd in the sou th -east stretchingea stwa rds from M a l lika ra i i s the low range of hi l ls l oca l ly knowna s Pa ittur-ma la i
,which as i t rea che s fu r th er ea st towa rds
M unj i c i a nd Naduva lfi r is ca ll ed the l’ungavadi or M anj in iK a radu .
P a ge 291, line 2 .
—D elete th e words “ in Sa l em L ine 4
A fte r the w o rd Ke l l i -ma la is add “ in Rasipuram ta luk
P a ge 292 , pa ragraph 2 .— 0mit the Bé l fi r m inor a nd Bé lfi r
ma jor cha nnels from th e tab l e , as th e v i llage has been taken
over to the Sa l em ta luk .
XCV
In tabl e II, aga inst Senders -pa tti tank,substitute 365
”
f or350 and aga ins t Gangava l l i L arge ”
, f or“ 516
”rea d
“ 527
Page 293 , p aragraph 2 .
—F or th e firs t three l ines, substitute
The a rea under reserved fore st i s acres wh i ch con sti tu tethe A ttur R ange o f the Centra l Sa lem D ivision a nd Thammampa tti R ange of the Sou th Sa l em D ivis i on .
F ourth pa ragra ph For th e la s t two sen tences,substitute
The Salem-A ttur-Vriddhacha lam ra i lwa y pa sses through theta luk . M otor buses run on a ll the ma inta ined roads and connectSa l em with severa l p laces in the Sou th A rcot and Trich inopolyd is tricts .
P age 294, p aragraph 1, line l 3 .
—Omit Belur La stsentence — P la ce a fu llstop a fter V iraganur Omit th e restof the sen tence
,and a dd the following z— The manu factu re of
ind igo,wh i ch wa s a d istinctive fea ture of the ta luk , ha s a lmost
died ou t . The tannery in A t tur ha s been closed .
Page 2 95, para graph 1 .—Add —The popu la tion in 193 1 wa s
A la rge n umbe r of in scrip t ion s,a ll in Tam il
,have been
cop i ed from th e three old temp les in th is v i llage a nd coverChcla
,Pan dya , Hcysala and Vi jay an aga r per iods. They mo stly
re late to g i fts o f v i llages, plots o f land and gold to the temp l esand to Brahman s by roya l fa vou r o r by p riva te munificence.
The oldest is da ted K ulcttunga Chcla III ( 12 06 A . O ) and
records the gi ft o f gold for the worsh ip of the three Tam i lSa in ts (emberuma kka l) Appa r, Sundarar and S amba nda r
,who se
idols were set up in the S rikamiswara temple (GE .No . 4 18
o f Sunda ra Pandya granted ren t free lands to twoB ra hm an s for reciting Veda s in th e same temple (G .E . No . 4 19
of V i jayanaga r t imes ( 14 th to 16th Cen tu ry A.D . ) a rerepresen ted by numerous inscrip tions of Hariha ra II
,Bukka II
,
Kr i shna Deva R ays and A chutha R aya . The temp l e w as
a l lowed to b e managed by Vaniya rs in the t ime of the aboveSunda ra Pandya ,
and i t wou ld a ppea r from an inscription inthe K arivarada Peramal temp l e (G .E . No . 4 49 of 1913) tha t itssthan ika s (servants ) w en t on depu ta t ion to V i jayanaga r and
comp la ined to Kr i sh na D eva R ays in 15 19 A .D . of m ismanagemen t and tha t the la t ter received them k indly and set m a ttersright . A K aikcla of K uha iyur in stituted th e ca r fe stiva l in1533 A .D . and the managers met in coun cil and a ccorded to himand his descendan ts Specia l honours (G .E . No . 452 of 19 13) inth e temp le . O ne of the ea rl i er inscription s records a pol itica ltreaty among the loca l ch iefta ins . The trea ty fixes th e boun da ries of the i r respective territori es and the chiefs bind themselvesnot to oppose each other, to combin e in serving the ir king and
to defend each other aga in st externa l enem ies, th e king referredt o being K ulottunga Chcla III, and the date of the record12 15 A
.D .
F orests.
Communica
t ion
Industry .
Arags lur.
Attur .
Belur .
E ttappur .
T idavur .
Valappadi.
xcvi
Page 295, pa ragraph 2 .—Add - The population of the town
in 193 ] was
Page 297, p a ragraph 1 .—Add —The iron cauldro
/
u i s stil lp reserved but i ts l ower and uppe r halves have come off, the
fi sh pla te s connecting them having become too rusty to hold themtoge ther.
The Vishnu temp le conta in s no inscriptions and is apparentlya la ter construction by a Ga t ti M uda liyar with the t reasure tha the d iscovered . The S iva temp le to K ayauirmuleswara i s oldera nd conta in s six inscriptions . Two of them rela te to the
V i jayanaga r period,da ted 1513 and 1528 A .D . (Krishna D é va
R i va ), and record grants of v il lages to the temple.
La st paragraph—Belem To be taken under Sa lem ta l uk
,in
whi ch th i s vi llage has now been included .
P age 299, pa ragraph 2 .—Add —Taun ing industry i s carried
on here by M uhammadans .
Page 305, p aragraph 1 , line 1.-For “ for read “at
”and
add to the second l ine .— '
l‘
hese inscription s b elong to the reigno f K ulottunga Chola III and are found in th e E kambaranathat empl e in th e v il lage and record g i ft s o f land to the temp l e ;one of them show s tha t th e temple was bu il t of s tone , pa rtlyfrom the gold p res en ted by the king named above and by theyounge st o f his qu eens.
Page 305, paragraph 2 .—Add — Va lappad i i s now included
in the Sa lem ta luk and the a ccoun t of i t sh ou ld go unde r tha tta luk .
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