TECHNOLOGY AND INFESTATION OF SPICES & PLANTATION PRODUCTS

Spice Essential Oils Applications in different areas

SUBMITTED BY

RASHMI

MSC1151

IVth SEMESTER, M.Sc. FOOD TECHNOLOGY (2014-16)

SUBMITTED TO

DR. H. B. SOWBHAGYA

PRINCIPAL TECHNICAL OFFICER, DEPARTMENT OF SPICES & FLAVOR SCIENCE

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INTRODUCTION

The therapeutic potential of essential oils, like other plant-derived remedies, has yet to be fully realized.

Modern research has largely confirmed the traditionally held beliefs regarding the therapeutic uses of

particular plants, although with time the terminology has changed. Like herbal remedies, a spice essential oil

can cover a wide field of activities.

OVERVIEW OF SPICE OIL BENEFITS

Spice Oils impart following benefits on humans physiological systems:

1. THE SKIN

Since essential oils are soluble in oil and alcohol and impart their scent to water, they provide the ideal

ingredient for cosmetics and general skin care as well as for the treatment of specific diseases. Within this

context the following activities are of particular benefit:

a) Antiseptics for cuts, insect bites, spots, etc; for example, thyme, sage, clove, lavender and lemon.

b) Anti-inflammatory oils for eczema, infected wounds, bumps, bruises, etc; for example, German and

Roman chamomile, lavender and yarrow.

c) Fungicidal oils for athletes foot, candida, ringworm, etc; for example, lavender and sweet marjoram.

d) Granulation stimulating or cicatrising(healing) agents for burns, cuts, scars, stretch marks, etc;

for example, lavender and chamomile.

e) Deodorants for excessive perspiration, cleaning wounds, etc; for example, bergamot, lavender,

thyme, sage, lemongrass.

f) Insect repellents and parasiticides for lice, fleas, scabies, ticks, mosquitos, ants, moths, etc; for

example, spike lavender, garlic, clove and camphor.

2. THE CIRCULATION, MUSCLES AND JOINTS

Essential oils are easily absorbed via the skin and mucosa into the bloodstream, affecting the nature of the

circulation as a whole.

a) Hypotensives for high blood pressure, palpitations, stress, etc; for example, sweet marjoram, yang,

lavender, lemon.

b) Hypertensives for poor circulation, chilblains, listlessness, etc; for example, rosemary, spike

lavender, peppermint, thyme.

c) Rubefacients for rheumatism of the joints, muscular stiffness, sciatica, lumbago, etc; for example,

black pepper, rosemary, camphor, sweet marjoram.

d) Depurative or antitoxic agents for arthritis, gout, congestion, skin eruptions, etc; for example,

lemon, fennel, lovage.

e) Lymphatic stimulants for cellulitis, obesity, water retention, etc; for example, lime, fennel, lemon.

f) Circulatory tonics and astringents for swellings, inflammations, varicose veins, etc; for example,

yarrow, lemon.

3. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Nose, throat and lung infections are conditions which respond very well to treatment with essential oils.

a) Expectorants for catarrh, sinusitis, coughs, bronchitis, etc; for example thyme, fennel.

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b) Antispasmodics for colic, asthma, dry cough, whooping cough, etc; for example, hyssop, bergamot,

chamomile.

c) Balsamic agents for colds, chills, congestion, etc; for example, benzoin, frankincense, Tolu balsam,

Peru balsam, myrrh.

d) Antiseptics for ’flu, colds, sore throat, tonsillitis, gingivitis, etc; for example, thyme, sage.

4. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Although it is not recommended that essential oils be taken orally, they can by external application effect

certain changes in the digestive processes.

a) Antispasmodics for spasm, pain, indigestion, etc; for example, chamomile, caraway, fennel,

peppermint, lemon balm, aniseed, cinnamon.

b) Carminatives and stomachics for flatulent dyspepsia, aerophagia, nausea, etc; for example,

angelica, basil, fennel, chamomile, peppermint.

c) Cholagogues for increasing the flow of bile and stimulating the gall bladder; for example, caraway,

lavender, peppermint.

d) Hepatics for liver congestion, jaundice, etc; for example rosemary, peppermint.

e) Aperitifs for loss of appetite, anorexia, etc; for example, aniseed, ginger, garlic.

5. THE GENITO-URINAL SYSTEM

Like the digestive system, the reproductive organs can be affected by absorption via the skin into the

bloodstream, as well as through hormonal changes.

a) Antispasmodics for menstrual cramp (dysmenorrhoea), labour pains, etc; for example, sweet

marjoram, chamomile, sage, jasmine, lavender.

b) Emmenagogues for scanty periods, lack of periods (amenorrhoea), etc; for example, chamomile,

fennel, sweet marjoram, peppermint.

c) Uterine tonics and regulators for pregnancy, excess menstruation (menorrhagia), PMT, etc; for

example sage.

d) Antiseptic and bactericidal agents for leucorrhoea, vaginal pruritis, thrush, etc; for example,

bergamot, chamomile.

e) Galactagogues for increasing milk flow; for example, fennel, anise, lemongrass (sage, mint and

parsley reduce it).

f) Aphrodisiacs for impotence and frigidity, etc; for example, black pepper, cardomon, sage.

g) Anaphrodisiacs for reducing sexual desire; for example, sweet marjoram, camphor.

h) Adrenal stimulants for anxiety, stress-related conditions, etc; for example, basil, rosemary, sage,

savory.

With regard to the kidneys, bladder and urinary system in general, it is difficult to bring about results simply

by using essential oils. But they are used as:

Urinary antiseptics for cystitis, urethritis, etc; for example, bergamot, chamomile.

6. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Virtually all essential oils have bactericidal properties and by promoting the production of white blood cells,

they can help prevent and treat infectious illness.

a) Bactericidal and antiviral agents (prophylactics) for protection against colds, ’flu, etc; for

example, tea tree, cajeput, niaouli, basil, lavender, eucalyptus, bergamot, camphor, clove, rosemary.

EOs are able to suppress the viruses in different ways. They can inhibit their replication or they can

prevent their spread from cell to cell.

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SL. SPICE ACTIVE COMPONENTS TARGET VIRUS REFERENCES

1. Peppermint Menthone and Pulegone HSV-1 and HSV-2 Herpes Virus Schuhmacher et al.,

2003

2. Lemongrass Myrcene HSV-1 Minami et al., 2003

3. Balm Mint Citronellal,geraniol, rosmarinic

acid HSV-2 Herpes Virus

Allahverdiyev et al.,

2004

b) Febrifuge agents for reducing fever and temperature, etc; for example, angelica, basil, peppermint,

thyme, sage, lemon, eucalyptus, tea tree.

c) Sudorifics and diaphoretics for promoting sweating, eliminating toxins, etc; for example, rosemary,

thyme, hyssop, chamomile.

d) Antinociceptives for alleviation of pain for example, black cumin, lemongrass, savory, yarrow.

SL. SPICE ACTIVE

COMPONENTS ACTIVITY REFERENCES

1. Black Cumin Thymoquinone Indirect activation of opioid receptors Abdel-Fattah et

al., 2000

2. Lemongrass Myrcene Pain relief mediated by Central &

Peripheral receptors Viana et al., 2000

3. Summer

savory Carvacrol Bone, muscle and stomach pain reliever

Hajhashemi et al.,

2000

5. Shell Ginger

1'-acetoxy-

eugenol-acetate

and camphor

Activation of Opiate receptors De Arajo et al.,

2005

6. Chinese

Ginger Root Methyleugenol

Inhibition of NMDA receptor-mediated

hyperalgesia

via GABA(A) receptors

Yano et al., 2006

7. Yarrow 1,8-Cineole

Pain relief mediated by adenosine A1 and

A2A or NMDA receptors or the reduction

of the NO production

Iscan et al., 2006

e) Anti-cancer agents like black cumin, oregano, clove.

SL. SPICE ACTIVE

COMPONENTS ACTIVITY REFERENCES

1 Cape Ivy

a-pinene,

b-myrcene and

camphene.

Cytotoxic against human cell lines El Tantawy et al.,

2000

2 Black Cumin Thymoquinone

DNA synthesis interference,

Chemopreventive agent against

fibrosarcoma tumors

Badary et al., 2000

3 Balm Mint

Citronellal, geraniol,

citral, rosmarinic

acid, monoterpenes

Obstruction of nucleic acid synthesis De Sousa et al., 2004

4 Oregano Cavracrol

growth inhibition of myoblast cells,

antigenotoxic activity in mammalian

cells

Zeytinoglu et al.,

2003; Ipek et al.,

2003)

5 Ethiopian

Pepper Piperine Cytotoxic effect

Asekun and Adeniyi,

2004

7 Clove Eugenol Apoptosis Yoo et al., 2005

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7. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Recent research shows that the properties of many oils correspond to the traditionally held views:

chamomile, bergamot, lavender and sweet marjoram were found to have a sedative effect on the central

nervous system; peppermint, basil, clove were found to have a stimulating effect. Neroli was found to be

stimulating and lemon to be sedating, contrary to popular belief.

Consequently, oils such as bergamot, lemon balm or lemon can be sedating to the nervous system.

Conversely, oils such as neroli can be nerve stimulants yet soothing and relaxing on a more subtle emotional

level.

a) Sedatives for nervous tension, stress, insomnia, etc; for example, chamomile, bergamot, lavender,

sweet marjoram.

b) Stimulants for convalescence, lack of strength, nervous fatigue, etc; for example, basil, peppermint,

rosemary.

c) Nerve tonics (nervines) for strengthening the nervous system as a whole; for example, chamomile,

clary sage, lavender, marjoram, rosemary.

SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS OF SPICES

1. AJOWAIN

Trachyspermum ammi Family: Umbelliferae

Ajwain seeds contain an essential oil which is about 50% thymol which is a strong germicide, anti-

spasmodic and fungicide. Thymol is also used in toothpaste and perfumery. It is used in a steeped liquid

form against diarrhea and flatulence. In India the seeds are used as a remedy for indigestion and colic and

used in poultices to relieve asthma and arthritis. It also has aphrodisiac properties.

2. ALLSPICE

Pimenta dioica Family: Myrataceae

The EO is used as a flavorant in culinary purposes for eg. In pork, chicken, marinades, Indian curries,

sauerkraut, pickles etc.

Because of its eugenol content, allspice has attributes similar to clove. It is a digestive and carminative. The

oil is classed as rubefacient, meaning that it irritates the skin and expands the blood vessels, increasing the

flow of blood to make the skin feel warmer. The tannins in allspice provide a mild anesthetic that, with its

warming effect, make it a popular home remedy for arthritis and sore muscles, used either as a poultice or in

hot baths.

3. ANISE:

Pimpinella anisum Family: Umbelliferae

Anise EO is primarily associated with cakes, biscuits and confectionery, as well as rye breads. It is used to

flavour fish, poultry, soups and root vegetable dishes. Numerous alcoholic drinks and cordials are flavoured

with anise, particularly French pastis, Pernod and Ricard, Greek ouzo, Spanish ojen, Turkish raki,

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Italian anesone, Arab arrak and Egyptian kibib. It is called “Tut-te See-Hau” by American Indians, meaning

“it expels the wind”, anise’s carminative properties have been known since antiquity. It helps with digestion

and sweetens the breath.. It is a mild expectorant, anise often being used in cough mixtures and lozenges. It

is also antiseptic, antispasmodic, soporific and a few seeds taken with water will often cure hiccups.

4. ASFOETIDA

Ferula asafoetida Family: Umbelliferae

Asafetida oil is known as an antidote for flatulence and is also prescribed for respiratory conditions like

asthma, bronchitis and whooping cough.

5. BARBERRY

Berberis vulgaris Family: Berberidaceae

The active substance found in barberry oil is called barberine alkaloid which has been proven to combat

infection and bacteria, and stimulate the immune system. It is used to fight cold and fever. It is also applied

to ease inflammation. It fights infection in the urinary, gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Indications of

mucosal discharge including sinusitis, rhinitis, bronchitis and even tuberculosis can be reduced using this.

Certain skin infections like psoriasis also may be treated using barberry though there is a need for further

research in this area. Because of its strong anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory properties, Barberry oil may be

used in eyewash. People suffering from conjunctivitis or inflamed eyelids can benefit from the application of

a compress containing Barberry.

6. BASIL

Ocimum basilicum Family: Lamiaceae (mint family)

The lemon basils, with their citrus tang, are excellent for desserts, soups, tea, lemonade and for cooking with

fish and chicken.

Primary chemical constituents of Basil essential oil include estragol, eugenol, lineol and linalool. It is

aromatic, and carminative. It will help to expel flatulence, and ease griping pains in the abdomen. The

essential oil obtained from this plant contains camphor. Medicinally, it has also been used for various topical

applications – as a poultice or salve for insect bites, acne and ringworm; as a gargle or mouthwash for

thrush; as a bath herb for increased energy; and as eyewash for tired eyes. The essential oil of Basil is added

to massage oils for sore muscles. Basil oil is antispasmodic, carminative, galactagogue, and stomachic. It

had been sometimes used for whooping cough.

7. BAY LEAF

Laurus nobilis Family: Lauraceae

Bay Oil, or Oil of Bays (Oleum Lauri) is used in liniments for bruising and sprains. It has been used as an

herbal remedy for headaches. It contains compounds called parthenolides, which have proven useful in the

treatment of migraines. Bay Leaf oil contains eugenol, which has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant

properties. It is also an anti-fungal and anti-bacterial and has also been used to treat rheumatism,

amenorrhea, and colic.

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8. CUMIN

Cuminum nigrum Family: Umbelliferae (carrot family)

Black cumin has 0.5% to 1.6% essential oil, mainly carvone (45% to 60%), limonene and ρ-cymene. The

EO is useful as a pain-relief agent and an anti-carcinogen.

9. CARAWAY

Carum Carvi Family: Umbelliferae

Cooking with Caraway Seeds

The essential oil extracted from caraway is used to flavour liquers, mouthwashes, toothpastes and chewing

gums. It is also an important addition to Tunisian harissa and some blends of garam masala

The primary medical benefit is its effect on digestion. It is a carminative which means it helps with gas and

digestion. It has been used for colic as it is a light sedative and it can be used to settle a queasy stomach

(antispasmodic).

10. CARDAMOM

Scientific Name

Elettaria cardamomum Family: Zingiberaceae

Cardamom is often included in Indian sweet dishes and drinks. Other uses are; in pickles, especially pickled

herring; in punches and mulled wines; occasionally with meat, poultry and shellfish. It flavours custards, and

some Russian liqueurs. It is a flavouring for Arab and Turkish coffee which is served with an elaborate

ritual. It is also used in perfumery due to its sweet smell.

11. CASSIA

Cinnamomum cassia Family: Lauraceae

The properties of cassia and its oil are similar to those of cinnamon and comprised largely of

cinnamaldehyde. It is a tonic, carminative and stimulant. It is used to treat nausea and flatulence. It is also

used alone or in combination to treat diarrhea.

12. CELERY

Apium graveolens Family: Apiaceae (parsley family)

The seeds have 2% to 3% essential oil, which is yellow to greenish brown. It consists primarily of terpenes,

mainly limonene (68%), with sesquiterpenes such as 8% β-selinene, 8% n-butylidene phthalide, and

myrcene. The fixed oil is 16%.. Celery leaf has about 0.1% volatile oil, mainly myrcene, limonene, cis-β-

ocimene, n-butyl phthalide, and β-selinene. Celery oil was traditionally used as a sedative for nervousness or

to promote sleep. It reduces swelling and was used to treat gout and arthritis.

13. CILANTRO

Coriandrum sativum Family: Umbelliferae

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Cilantro is considered an aid to the digestive system. It is an appetite stimulant and aids in the secretion of

gastric juices. The essential oils of the cilantro leaves contain antibacterial properties and can be used as a

fungicide. It is rich in vitamin C.

14. CINNAMON

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Family: Lauracae

The primary chemical constituents of this herb include cinnamaldehyde, gum, tannin, mannitol, coumarins,

and essential oils (aldehydes, eugenol, pinene). Cinnamon is predominantly used as a carminative addition

to herbal prescriptions. It is used in flatulent dyspepsia, dyspepsia with nausea, intestinal colic and digestive

atony associated with cold & debilitated conditions. It relieves nausea and vomiting, and, because of its mild

astringency, it is particularly useful in infantile diarrhea. The cinnamaldehyde component is hypotensive and

spasmolytic, and increases peripheral blood flow. The essential oil of this herb is a potent antibacterial, anti-

fungal, and uterine stimulant. The various terpenoids found in the volatile oil are believed to account for

Cinnamon’s medicinal effects. Cinnamon can augment the action of insulin. However, use of Cinnamon to

improve the action of insulin in people with diabetes has yet to be proven in clinical trials.

15. CLOVE

Eugenia caryophyllus Family: Myrtaceae

extract clove oil from the herbal buds, which they used on the gums to relieve toothache. A few drops of the

oil in water will stop vomiting, and an infusion will relieve nausea. Essential oil of clove is effective against

strep, staph and pneumomocci bacterias. Contemporary herbalists recommend cloves for digestive

complaints and its oil for toothache. The primary chemical constituents include eugenol, caryophyllene,

and tannins.Cloves are said to have a positive effect on stomach ulcers, vomiting, flatulence, and to

stimulate the digestive system. It has powerful local antiseptic and mild anesthetic actions.

Additionally, dentists have used clove oil as an oral anesthetic. They also used it to disinfect root canals.

Clove oil still is an active ingredient in several mouthwash products and a number of over-the-counter

toothache pain-relief preparations. Cloves kill intestinal parasites and exhibits broad anti-microbial

properties against fungi and bacteria, thus supporting its traditional use as a treatment for diarrhea, intestinal

worms, and other digestive ailments. Like many culinary spices, Cloves helps relax the smooth muscle

lining of the digestive tract. And finally, it is said to be aphrodisiac.

16. CORIANDER

Coriandrum sativum Family: Umbelliferae

Coriander oil is an aromatic stimulant, a carminative (remedial in flatulence), an appetizer and a digestant

stimulating the stomach and intestines. It is generally beneficial to the nervous system. Its main use is in

masking foul medicines, especially purgatives, where it has anti-griping qualities. In Asia the herb is used

against piles, headache and swellings; the fruit in colic, piles and conjunctivitis; the essential oil in colic,

rheumatism and neuralgia. Recent studies have supported its use as a stomach soother for both adults and

colicky babies. Coriander contains an antioxidant that helps prevent animal fats from turning rancid. It also

contains substances that kill meat-spoiling bacteria and fungi.

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16. CUMIN

Cuminum cyminum Family Umbelliferae

In Europe, cumin oil flavours certain Portuguese sausages, and is used to spice cheese, especially Dutch

Leyden and German Munster, and burned with woods to smoke cheeses and meats. It is a pickling

ingredient for cabbage and Sauerkraut, and is used in chutneys. Cumin together with caraway flavours

Kummel, the famous German liquer.

Cumin oil is stomachic, diuretic, carminative, stimulant, astringent, emmenagogic and antispasmodic. It is

valuable in dyspepsia diarrhoea and hoarseness, and may relieve flatulence and colic. In the West, it is now

used mainly in veterinary medicine, as a carminative, but it remains a traditional herbal remedy in the East.

It is supposed to increase lactation and reduce nausea in pregnancy. It has been shown to be effective in

treating carpal tunnel syndrome, as well as diarrhea, indigestion, and morning sickness. Cumin stimulates

the appetite.

17. CURRY LEAVES

Murraya koenigii Family: Rutaceae (citrus family).

The essential oils vary based on different varieties. The fresh leaf has about 0.5% to 2.5% essential oil,

mostly monoterpenes.. The essential oils mainly consist of sabinene, α-pinene and dipentene with β-

caryophyllen, β-gurjunene, β-elemene, β-phellandrene, limonene, β thujene, and bisbolene.

It is used to help blood circulation and menstrual problems. The fresh leaves are taken to cure dysentery, and

an infusion made of roasted leaves stops vomiting. It is also recommended for relieving kidney pains.

Recent studies have shown that it has a hypoglycemic action, thereby a possible treatment for diabetes, as

well as found to prevent formation of free radicals. It is shown to prevent rancidity of ghee (or clarified

butter).

18. DILL

Anethum graveolens Family: Umbelliferae

Dill is mainly used for culinary purposes in pickling, Sauerkraut, vinegars, cakes and breads, particularly in

rye breads, the way caraway is used. It should be used sparingly as the flavour grows. Its flavour works well

in sour cream and yogurt sauces. Dill seeds contain carvone as an essential oil. It is considered caminative,

stomachic and slightly stimulant. It may be given to children for digestive problems.

19. FENNEL

Foeniculum vulgare Family: Ulmblliferae

The major constituents of fennel, which include the terpenoid anethole, are found in the volatile oil.

Anethole and other terpenoids inhibit spasms in smooth muscles, such as those in the intestinal tract, and

this is thought to contribute to fennel’s use as a carminative (gas-relieving and gastrointestinal tract cramp-

relieving agent). Related compounds to anethole may have mild estrogenic actions, although this has not

been proven in humans. It is also thought to possess diuretic (increase in urine production), choleretic

(increase in production of bile), pain-reducing, fever-reducing, and anti-microbial actions. It is also used as a

flavoring agent in many herbal medicines, and to help disperse flatulence and also helps to open obstructions

of the liver, spleen & gall bladder, and to ease painful swellings, in addition to helping with yellow jaundice,

the gout and occasional cramps.

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20. FENUGREEK

Trigonella foenum-graecum Fam: Leguminosae

Fenugreek oil relieves congestion, reduces inflammation and fights infection. It contains natural expectorant

properties ideal for treating sinus and lung congestion, and loosens & removes excess mucus and phlegm.

The chemical make-up is curiously similar to cod liver oil, for which a decoction of the seed is sometimes

used as a substitute. Many other properties are ascribed to it in India and the East and not surprisingly

include aphrodisiac. Fenugreek oil contain alkaloids, including trigonelline, gentianine and carpaine

compounds. The seeds also contain fiber, 4-hydroxyisoleucine and fenugreekine, a component that may

have hypoglycemic activity. The mechanism is thought to delay gastric emptying, slow carbohydrate

absorption and inhibit glucose transport. Fenugreek may also increase the number of insulin receptors in red

blood cells and improve glucose utilization in peripheral tissues, thus demonstrating potential anti-diabetes

effects both in the pancreas and other sites. The amino acid 4- hydroxyisoleucine, contained in the seeds,

may also directly stimulate insulin secretion.

21. GARLIC

Allium sativum Family: Alliaceae

It is used in many culinary applications. Garlic has been used since ancient times for innumerable

complaints and amongst the properties attributed to it are: diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant and intestinally

antispasmodic.

Garlic oil is considered antibiotic. Popularly used as a digestive aid, garlic oil increases bile production

while enhancing digestion and reducing stomach gases. Garlic has also been used for lowering cholesterol,

reducing high blood pressure, and treating respiratory problems such as bronchitis and asthma. The Japanese

also favour garlic as a cure-all, and one researcher has patented a garlic spray machine that is claimed to

provide beneficial therapy for a multitude of ailments.

Garlic oil is often administered in odorless gelatine capsules to obviate the unpleasantness of the smell.

22. GINGER

Zingiber officinale Family: Zingiberaceae

It is used in pickles, chutneys and curry pastes. In the West, it is mainly used in flavoring cakes and biscuits,

especially ginger snaps and gingerbread. Ginger is also used in puddings, jams, preserves and in

some drinks like ginger beer, ginger wine and tea.

The primary known constituents of essential oil include zingiberene, zingiberole, camphene, cineol and

borneol. It is also used to treat nausea related to both motion sickness and morning sickness. It has been

found to be even more effective than Dramamine® in curbing motion sickness, without causing drowsiness.

Its anti-inflammatory properties help relieve pain and reduce inflammation associated with arthritis,

rheumatism and muscle spasms. It effectively stimulates circulation of the blood, removing toxins from the

body, cleansing the bowels and kidneys, and nourishing the skin. Other uses for ginger oil include the

treatment of asthma, bronchitis and other respiratory problems by loosening and expelling phlegm from the

lungs. It may also be used to help break fevers by warming the body and increasing perspiration.

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23. LAVENDER

Lavendula Angustifolia Family: Labiatae

English Lavender is the one most commonly used in cooking. It has a sweet flowery flavour with citrus

notes. A sedative tea can be made with newly opened flower buds that will help with any headaches and

faintness. Lavender smelling salts were used to revive people who have fainted. It is also used as a cure for

hoarseness and soothing sore joints. A soothing lavender salve is used for inflammations, cuts and burns. A

few drops of oil in bathwater to destress or the burning of the essential oil will relax and induce feelings of

well being.

24. LEMONGRASS

Cymbopogon ciatrus Family: Gramineae

It is used in culinary preparations. The oil is considered a diuretic, tonic and stimulant. It promotes good

digestion, and a preparation of lemongrass with pepper has been used for relief of menstrual troubles and

nausea. It induces perspiration, to cool the body and reduce a fever. It is well known a mild insect repellent

(citronella) and the essential oil is also used in perfumery.

25. LOVAGE

Levisticum officinale Family: Umbelliferae

The fresh leaf has 0.5% to 1% essential oil, while the dried leaf has 0.2% to 0.5% essential oil, which is

yellow amber to greenish color. It consists mainly of phthalides (ligustilide, butylphthalide, sedanolide)

with lesser amounts of α-terpineol, eugenol, and carvacrol. It is used in culinary preparations and

Europeans traditionally use it as a digestive stimulant, for stomach upsets, water retention, and skin

problems. It was also taken to treat poor circulation and menstrual irregularities.

26. MACE

Myristica fragrans Family: Myristicaceae

Nutmeg and mace are very similar in culinary and medicinal properties. Both spices are efficient in treating

digestive and stomach problems. Below are some of the benefits obtained from small quantities of nutmeg

spice or nutmeg oil. Mace aids digestion and also stimulates the appetite. It can help relieve tiredness and

fatigue and is a good tonic. It can help clear up digestive tract infections. When applied externally, nutmeg

oil can ease rheumatic pains and clear up eczema. It can relive intestinal gas and flatulence. It can reduce

vomiting, nausea and general stomach uneasiness.

27. MINT

Mentha spp Family: Labiata

For most culinary purposes spearmint is the preferred variety. Peppermint is more commonly used in

desserts, adding fresh flavour to fruits, ices and sherberts. Peppermint oil is used to flavour toothpaste,

chewing gum and liqueurs such as creme de menthe.

It is carminative, stimulative, stomachic, diaphoretic and antispasmodic. Peppermint has the highest

concentrations of menthol, while preparations of spearmint are often given to children. It is a general pick-

me-up, good for colds, flu and fevers. Herbalists tell us it helps digestion, rheumatism, hiccups, stings, ear

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aches, flatulence and for throat and sinus ailments. There are also claims that a glass of creme de menthe

helps with motion sickness.

28. MUSTARD

Brassica alba Family: Cruciferae

The volatile oil of mustard is a powerful irritant capable of blistering skin, in dilution as a liniment or

poultice it soothes, creating a warm sensation. Mustard plasters are still used today as counter-irritants.

Over the years mustard has been prescribed for scorpion stings and snake bites, epilepsy, toothache, bruises,

stiff neck, rheumatism, colic and respiratory troubles. It is a strong emetic (used to induce vomiting) and

rubefacient (an irritant) that draws the blood to the surface of the skin to warm and comfort stiff muscles. It

is useful in bath water or as a foot bath.

29. MYRTLE

Scientific Name

Myrtus communis Family: Myrtaceae (myrtle family).

Leaves have 0.2% to 0.8% essential oil, with myrtenol, myrtenol acetate, α-pinene, limonene, linalool,

camphene, cineol, geraniol, and nerol. Lemon myrtle leaf has 4% to 5% oil, mostly terpenoid aldehydes,

citral (90%), neral, and geranial. It is used as a flavorant in many foods and beverages. The berries oils are

used as an antiseptic for bruises, and the leaf oils are used to relieve gingivitis and sinusitis.

30. NIGELLA

Nigella sativa Family: Ranunculaceae

Nigella oil has been used since antiquity by Asian herbalists and pharmacists and was used for culinary

purposes by the Romans. The seed yields a volatile oil containing melanthin, nigilline, damascene and

tannin. Melanthin is toxic in large dosages and Niugelline is paralytic, so this spice must be used in

moderation. In appropriate doses, Nigella oil is used in Indian medicine as a carminative and stimulant and

is used against indigestion and bowel complaints. In India it is used to induce post-natal uterine contraction

and promote lactation.

31. NUTMEG

Myristica fragrans Family: Myristicaceae

Used in small dosages nutmeg oil can reduce flatulence, aid digestion, improve the appetite and treat

diarrhea, vomiting and nausea.

Nutmeg’s flavour and fragrance come from oil of myristica, containing myristicin, a poisonous narcotic.

Myristicin can cause hallucinations, vomiting, epileptic symptoms and large dosages can cause death. These

effects will not be induced, however, even with generous culinary usage.

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32. ONION

Ailium cepa Family: Alliaceae

Onion contains protein, sugars, cellulose, minerals, a fixed oil, an essential oil and over 80 per cent water.

The amount of essential oil is very small but it contains the aromatic and tear-producing properties

associated with onion. These are caused by sulphides which are produced by the reaction of the enzyme

alliinase on an amino acid. It is antiseptic, diuretic, expectorant and rubefacient. Onion’s antiseptic

properties have been used for wound healing, skin complaints (acne), insect bites, hemorrhoids, boils,

toothache, earache and respiratory complaints. The raw juice is diuretic and the whole onion is an appetite

stimulant and digestant. It has been used as a vermifuge.

33. PARSLEY

Petroselinum crispum (curled parsley)

Petroselinum neapolitanum (Italian parsley)

Petroselinum sativum (Hamburg parsley)

Family: Apiaceae formerly Umbelliferae

The volatile oil increases circulation to the digestive tract. In Russia, a preparation containing mostly Parsley

oil is given during labor to stimulate uterine contractions. The juice oil been used to treat toothache, and as a

hair rinse or as a facial steam for dry skin. Other uses have been to tone the urinary tract reducing the

possibility of infections, alleviate painful menstruation, lowering blood pressure and improving asthma,

allergies and bronchitis by drying excessive mucous. It also reduces inflammations, contains histamine

inhibitors and is a free radical scavenger. Commercially, oil from the seeds is used to scent Oriental style

perfumes and colognes. Because of the high clorofil content, it acts as a great breath freshener. Scientists

have even isolated a compound, apiol, which is now used in medications to treat kidney ailments and kidney

stones.

34. PEPPER

Piper nigrum: Family: Piperaceae

The health benefits of Black Pepper Essential Oil can be attributed to its properties as a digestive,

diaphoretic, carminative, aperient, antispasmodic, antirheumatic, antiarthritic, antibacterial, and antioxidant

substance. The main components of its essential oil are Limonene, Pinene, Myrcene, Phellandrene, Beta

Caryophyllene, Beta Bisabolene, Sabinene, Linalol, Pinocarveol, Alpha Termineol, Camphene and

Alpha Terpenene. Apart from those, black pepper is also rich in minerals and vitamins like Calcium,

Manganese, Iron, Vitamin-K, Beta Carotene, Phosphorus, Potassium and Selenium.

Black pepper is remarkably beneficial for digestion because it stimulates the whole digestive system, from

the salivary glands in the mouth to the large intestine, including promoting secretion of digestive juices like

acids and bile into the stomach to facilitate digestion. Black pepper can be safely used as a spice for food for

people who are on a bland diet or are otherwise forbidden to have chilies. It is an effective antispasmodic

and gives good relief in case of cramps, muscles pulls, spasms, or convulsions. Black Pepper Oil is

carminative and helps remove gases and prohibit additional gas formation in the stomach and in the

intestines. It also helps inhibit bacteria that are responsible for the formation of gas. Black pepper oil has

mild purgative properties, but it is safe for the system. It helps clean the intestines and at the same time,

cures infections in the digestive and the excretory system. Antirheumatic & Anti-arthritic: These are two

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of the best qualities of black pepper oil. It is warming, stimulating and improves circulation, thereby giving

immediate relief for rheumatism and arthritis, particularly during the winter when the symptoms are

aggravated the most. It is also effective in removing toxins like uric acid from the blood, thereby benefiting

people suffering from chronic rheumatism, arthritis, and gout. Black pepper oil is diaphoretic and diuretic,

when ingested, increases sweating and urination. Both of these properties play an important role in the

removal of toxins from the body, clearing of the pores on the skin, and disinfecting the body. These

properties are also helpful for reducing inflammation. It has antioxidant properties and hence, protects the

body from damages done by oxidants (free radicals) and also helps to repair those damages that have already

been done. It also delays adverse affects of aging such as vision loss, macular degeneration, wrinkling of the

skin, degeneration and loosening of the muscles, loss of mobility in the joints, nervous disorders, and

memory loss. It has good antibacterial properties that you can enjoy without any adverse side effects. It is

very effective in curing bacterial infections in the mouth, colon, digestive system, and urinary tract. It also

disinfects food that it is added to and protects them from bacterial infections for long periods.

35. POPPY SEED

Papaver somniferum Family: Papaveraceae

The oil expressed from poppy seeds, which the French call oillette, is used for culinary purposes and is an

acceptable substitute for olive oil. Western poppy syrup is an anodyne and expectorant. Eastern poppy is an

anodyne and narcotic. Cough mixtures and syrups are also made from this variety, which is further used as a

poultice with chamomile. An infusion of seeds is said to help ear and tooth ache. The seeds have appetising

qualities.

36. ROSEMARY

Rosmarinus officinalis Family: Lamiaceae (mint)

Rosemary is a circulatory and nervine stimulant, which in addition to the toning and calming effect it has on

digestion, is also effective for destressing. Rosemary is useful for flatulent dyspepsia, headache or

depression associated with debility. Externally, Rosemary oil may be used to ease muscular pain, sciatica

and neuralgia. The constituents of Rosemary act as a stimulant to both the hair follicles and circulation in the

scalp, and thus may be helpful in treating premature baldness – the oil is most effective in this case. The

plant essential oil contains borneol, camphor, cineole, linalol, verbenol. Rosemary is considered a

rejuvenative skin toner. It is an important ingredient in Queen of Hungary water, a popular beauty tonic.

When used on the skin, it helps to strengthen the capillaries. As a bath herb, it acts as a rejuvenative and

helps sore muscles. Rosemary can also be used as a gargle for sore throat, gum ailments, canker sores and as

a breath freshener. And Rosemary is often used as an ingredient in shampoos & conditioners for dandruff,

where it is believed to prevent premature graying of dark hair and hair loss.

Larger quantities of the pure oil used therapeutically can irritate the stomach, intestines, and kidneys.

Rosemary oil adds a pleasant piny scent to soaps, creams, lotions, perfumes, and toilet waters. A study done

at Rutgers State University found that Rosemary had preservative qualities more powerful and safer than the

common food additives BHA and BHT – it helps prevent food poisoning. Topical applications of this herbs

oil are many.

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37. SAFFRON

Crocus sativus Family: Iridaceae

Saffron contains plant-derived compounds known to have anti-oxidant, disease-preventing and health-

promoting properties. Saffron threads have essential volatile oils but the most important is safranal, which

gives saffron its distinct hay-like flavor. Other saffron oils include: cineole, phenethenol, pinene, borneol,

geraniol, limonene, p-cymene, linalool, terpinen-4-oil.

It has many non-volatile active components, including α-crocin, a carotenoid compound, which gives the

stigmas their characteristic golden yellow color. It also contains other carotenoids including zeaxanthin,

lycopene, α- and β-carotenes. These are important antioxidants that helps protect body from oxidant-induced

stress, cancers, infections and acts as immune modulators. The active components have many therapeutic

applications in many traditional medicines as antiseptic, antidepressant, anti-oxidant, digestive, anti-

convulsant. It is a good source of minerals like copper, potassium, calcium, manganese, iron, selenium, zinc

and magnesium. Potassium is an important component of cell and body fluids that helps control heart rate

and blood pressure. Manganese and copper are used by the body as co-factors for the antioxidant enzyme,

superoxide dismutase. Iron is essential for red blood cell production.

38. SAGE

Salvia officinalis Family: Labiatae

The oils of sage have antiseptic, astringent, and irritant properties. Sage oil contains terpene, camphor and

salvene. An essential oil is extracted from freshly harvested leaves by steam distillation and this is used in

seasonings for pork sausages, processed foods, perfumes, confectionery, naouthwashes and gargles. This

makes sage useful in treating sore throats, mouth irritations, and possibly cuts and bruises. It has estrogenic

properties, which may have some connection to the herb’s reputed ability to dry tip milk. Research has

shown it lowers blood sugar in diabetics. Sage is used to relieve excess mucous buildup. It is beneficial to

the mind by easing mental exhaustion, soothing nerves, and by strengthening the concentrating abilities. In a

lotion or salve, it is useful for treating sores and skin eruptions, excessive sweating, and for stopping

bleeding in all cuts. It is good for all stomach troubles, diarrhea, gas, flu and colds. As a hair rinse, it

removes and treats dandruff. Sage combined with peppermint, rosemary, and wood betony provides an

excellent headache remedy.

It is used to regulate the menstrual cycle, to decrease milk flow in lactating women, aids in treating hot

flashes, and is used as a deodorant. The essential oil is also used in aromatherapy to cleanse and purify the

air. In carrier oil, it makes an excellent deodorant.

39. SAVORY

Satureja Hortensis Family: Labiatae (mint)

Active compounds of the savory leaf include volatile oils (carvacrol, p-cymene, alpha-thujene, alpha-

pinene, beta-myrcene, beta-caryophyllene, terpinene, and thymol), and tannic acid. The carvacol and p-

cymene content of this herb give it a mild antiseptic effect. The tannin content is responsible for savory’s

astringent qualities, making it a popular choice in the relief of diarrhea. The herb has also been used as a

gargle for sore throat. As a digestive aid, savory is used in cases of indigestion and flatulence. It is often

added as a spice to dishes containing beans for this reason. The most common medicinal use of savory today

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is in the treatment of gastrointestinal enteritis, the inflammation of the intestinal tract. In some folk cultures,

savory has been used to increase libido.

40. STAR ANISE

Illicium verum Family: Magnoliaceae

Like anise, star anise has carminative, stomachic, stimulant and diuretic properties. The oil of star anise is

useful in providing relief from rheumatism and lower back pain. Star anise can also be used as a natural

breath freshener. Linalool, a compound present in star anise oil contains anti-oxidants properties.

41. TAMARIND

Tamarindus indica Family Leguminosae

Tamarind is considered a mild laxative and digestive. It is used to treat bronchial disorders and gargling with

tamarind water is recommended for a sore throat. It is antiseptic, used in eye-baths and for the treatment of

ulcers. Being highly acidic, it is a refrigerant (cooling in the heat) and febrifuge (for fighting fevers).

42. THYME

Thymus vulgaris Family: Labiatae

Oil of Thyme was used during World War I to treat infection and to help relieve pain. The part of this plant

used medicinally is the above ground portion. The primary chemical constituents of Thyme essential oil

include borneol, carvacrol, cymol, linalool and thymol. Small amounts of this is sedative, whereas larger

amounts are stimulant. Thyme is used against hookworm, roundworms, and threadworms. Thyme oil also

warms and stimulates the lungs, expels mucus, and relieves congestion. It also helps deter bacterial, fungal,

and viral infections. Both the constituents, thymol and carvacrol have a relaxing effect upon the

gastrointestinal tract’s smooth muscles. Thyme aids in the digestion of high fat foods, and has been used to

preserve meat. Known topical applications include its use as a gargle and mouthwash for dental decay,

laryngitis, mouth sores, plaque formation, sore throat, thrush, tonsillitis, and bad breath. Thyme oil has been

used as a compress for lung congestion such as asthma, bronchitis, colds and flu, and as a poultice for

wounds, mastitis, insect bites and stings. It has also been used as an eyewash for sore eyes, and as a hair

rinse for dandruff. The essential oil is added to soaps and antidepressant inhalations.

43. TURMERIC

Curcuma domestica Family: Zingiberaceae

The EO of turmeric contains Sesquiterpene alcohol, Zingeriberene and other Sesquiterpene

hydrocarbons, d-a-phellandrene, Cineol, d-sabinene, d-borneol and Valeric acid. Turmeric essential oils

affect the body in two ways. When applied to the skin, they penetrate through the follicles and sweat glands

and are then absorbed into the body’s fluids. Once inside the body, they have many beneficial effects

including stimulating the immune system, accelerating toxin elimination, promoting new cell growth,

stimulating digestion, stimulating blood circulation and supporting the body’s natural healing processes.

Essential oils also enter the body through inhalation. This makes them excellent for use in baths, vaporizers

and even in candles.

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44. VANILLA

Vanilla fragrans Family: Orchidaceae

The main components of the EO are Acetic Acid, Capric Acid, Eugenol, Furfural, Isobutyric Acid and

Vanillin Hydroxybenzaldehyde.

Vanilla Oil lowers blood pressure and has a tranquilizing effect on the brain that makes it hard to keep your

eyelids open. It helps to regularize menstruation (although not exactly an emenagogue) by activating certain

hormones like estrogen. The essential oil of vanilla blends well with the essential oils of Orange, Lemon,

Neroli, Jojoba, Chamomile, Lavender and Sandal Wood. It is an Antioxidant. The antioxidant property of

vanilla essential oil neutralizes these free radicals and protects the body from wear and tear, infections and

even some forms of cancer, such as those of the prostrate and colon. It also repairs the damage already done

to the body and stimulates repair. This oil stimulates the secretion of certain hormones like testosterone and

estrogen which help bring about normal sexual behavior and promotes sexual arousal. To some extent, the

anticarcinogenic property of vanilla oil comes from its antioxidant properties. The free radicals or oxidants

do not only damage tissues, but can also cause certain type of cancers, such as those of the prostrate and

colon. Certain components of the essential oil of vanilla curb the growth of cancerous cells, thereby helping

to cure, prevent, or slow down cancer. Vanilla essential oil can effectively reduce fevers by fighting

infections. The essential oil contains components like Eugenol and Vanillin Hydroxybenzaldehyde, which

fight infections. Being a sedative, it also reduces inflammation from fevers, so it is also considered an

antiphlogistic. Vanillin Hydroxybenzaldehyde, a component of vanilla essential oil, is an effective

antidepressant and mood lifter. The essential oil of vanilla soothes the body in innumerable ways. It soothes

all types of inflammation and hyperactivity in the systems of the body, including the respiratory, circulatory,

digestive, nervous and excretory systems. It reduces inflammation stemming from fever, as well as

convulsions, anxiety, stress, and hypersensitivity to allergens. This oil has a relaxing and calming effect on

the brain and the nerves that provides relief from anxiety, anger, and restlessness.

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REFERENCES

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component, thymoquinone, in mice. European Journal of Pharmacology, 400(1), 89-97.

Allahverdiyev, A., Duran, N., Ozguven, M., & Koltas, S. (2004). Antiviral activity of the volatile oils of Melissa officinalis L.

against Herpes simplex virus type-2. Phytomedicine, 11(7), 657-661.

Asekun, O. T., & Adeniyi, B. A. (2004). Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the fruit essential oil of Xylopia aethiopica from

Nigeria. Fitoterapia, 75(3), 368-370.

Badary, O. A., & El-Din, A. M. G. (2000). Antitumor activity of thymoquinone against fibrosarcoma tumorigenesis. Cancer

Molecular Biology, 7, 1515-1526.

De Araújo Pinho, F. V. S., Coelho-de-Souza, A. N., Morais, S. M., Santos, C. F., & Leal-Cardoso, J. H. (2005). Antinociceptive

effects of the essential oil of Alpinia zerumbet on mice. Phytomedicine, 12(6), 482-486.

El Tantawy, M. E. (2000). Chemical composition and biological activity of the essential oil of Senecio mikanioides Otto.

cultivated in Egypt. Al-Azhar Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 26, 294-306.

Hajhashemi, V., Ghannadi, A., & Pezeshkian, S. K. (2002). Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Satureja hortensis L.

extracts and essential oil. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 82(2), 83-87.

Ipek, E., Tüylü, B. A., & Zeytinoglu, H. (2003). Effects of carvacrol on sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocyte cultures.

In Animal Cell Technology: Basic & Applied Aspects (pp. 471-474). Springer Netherlands.

Iscan, ., irimer, N., rk oglu, ., Arabaci, T., pel , E., & Can Baser, K. H. (2006). Biological activity and composition

of the essential oils of Achillea schischkinii Sosn. and Achillea aleppica DC. subsp. aleppica.Journal of agricultural and food

chemistry, 54(1), 170-173.

Lawless, J. (1995). The illustrated encyclopedia of essential oils. Shaftesbury, Dorset [England]: Element.

Minami, M., Kita, M., Nakaya, T., Yamamoto, T., Kuriyama, H., & Imanishi, J. (2003). The Inhibitory Effect of Essential Oils on

Herpes Simplex Virus Type‐1 Replication In Vitro. Microbiology and immunology, 47(9), 681-684.

Schuhmacher, A., Reichling, J., & Schnitzler, P. (2003). Virucidal effect of peppermint oil on the enveloped viruses herpes

simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in vitro. Phytomedicine, 10(6), 504-510.

Sousa, A. C., Gattass, C. R., Alviano, D. S., Alviano, C. S., Blank, A. F., & Alves, P. B. (2004). Melissa officinalis L. essential

oil: antitumoral and antioxidant activities. Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 56(5), 677-681.

Viana, G. S. B., Vale, T. G., Pinho, R. S. N., & Matos, F. J. A. (2000). Antinociceptive effect of the essential oil from

Cymbopogon citratus in mice.Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 70(3), 323-327.

Yano, S., Suzuki, Y., Yuzurihara, M., Kase, Y., Takeda, S., Watanabe, S., ... & Miyamoto, K. I. (2006). Antinociceptive effect of

methyleugenol on formalin-induced hyperalgesia in mice. European journal of pharmacology,553(1), 99-103.

Yoo, C. B., Han, K. T., Cho, K. S., Ha, J., Park, H. J., Nam, J. H., ... & Lee, K. T. (2005). Eugenol isolated from the essential oil

of Eugenia caryophyllata induces a reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia

cells. Cancer letters, 225(1), 41-52.

Zeytinoglu, H., Incesu, Z., & Baser, K. H. C. (2003). Inhibition of DNA synthesis by carvacrol in mouse myoblast cells bearing a

human N-RAS oncogene. Phytomedicine, 10(4), 292-299.

WEB REFERENCES:

Encyclopedia of spices - The Epicentre. (2016). The Epicentre. Retrieved 22 April 2016, from http://theepicentre.com/spices/

Organic Facts. (2016). Organic Facts. Retrieved 22 April 2016, from http://www.organicfacts.net

Essential Oils Informer – Your Guide To Essential Oils. (2016). Essentialoilsinformer.com. Retrieved 22 April 2016, from

http://essentialoilsinformer.com