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English Grammar Std. 10 Prepared by: Jayesh Padhariya M.A. B.Ed (English) 1

1. Articles

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A>ge/+ wa8ama> kul 26 mu5a9ro(alphabets) 0e: A) Consonants( Vy>jn) B) Vowels: ( Svr)

‘a’, ‘e’, ‘i’, ‘o’ & ‘u’ ‘Article’ Ae Aek AVyy 0e je ko[p` jaitvack namnI Aag5 lage 0e. ‘Articles’ Naa muQy be p/kar 0e:

a) Indefinite Articles ( AcoKks Aa3IRkLs) b) Definite Article ( coKks Aa3IRkl)

A) Indefinite Articles ( AcoKks Aa3IRkLs): Article ‘a’ & ‘an’ Ae AcoKks Aa3IRkLs 0e. Ko[p` Aek Aeva A4Rma> Aa b>ne Aa3IRkLs vpray 0e. bhuvcn namnI Aag5 AcoKks Aa3IRkLs vprata n4I. Ko[p` jaitvack ke s>Qyavack Aekvcn namnI Aag5 Aa b>ne Aa3IRkLs vpray 0e.

1. Article ‘a’:

Jo ko[p` Aekvcn namno p/4m A9r Vy>jn hoy Ane teno ]Ccar p` Vy>jn 4to

hoy to te namnI Aag5 Article ‘a’ lage 0e. For example, a bat a cat a table a book a pen a mango a chair a bench a boy

Jo ko[p` Aekvcn namno p/4m A9r Svr hoy pr>tu teno ]Ccar Vy>jn 4to hoy to

te namnI Aag5 Article ‘a’ lage 0e. For example, a union a university a uniform a one-rupee note a one-day match

2. Article ‘an’:

Jo ko[p` Aekvcn namno p/4m A9r Svr hoy Ane teno ]Ccar p` Svr 4to hoy

to te namnI Aag5 Article ‘an’ lage 0e. For example, an apple an orange an egg an umbrella an elephant an onion

Topic – 1 Articles


Jo ko[p` Aekvcn namno p/4m A9r Vy>jn hoy pr>tu teno ]Ccar Svr 4to hoy to

te namnI Aag5 Article ‘an’ lage 0e. For example, an hour an honest man an M.A. an M.B.B.S. an S.T. bus an L.L.B. an S.S.C. student an H.S.C. student

B) Definite Article ‘The’ ( coKks Aa3IRkl’The’): ko[p` Aekvcn ke bhuvcn namnI Aag5 Aa3IRkl ‘The’ vpray 0e.

ko[p` pda4R, p/aÌ ke vStu ivxe p/4m var ]Lleq krvama> Aave Tyare article ‘a’ ke

‘an’ vpray 0e Ane Jo Ae j pda4R, p/aÌ ke vStu ivxe bI+ var ]Lleq krvama> Aave

TYaare article ‘The’ vpray 0e. For example, This is a boy. This is a girl. This is a girl. The girl is beautiful. That is a mango. The mango is very juicy.

wOgoilk S4ano jeva ke- ndIAo, smu¸o, srovro, mhasagro, pvRto vgerena namnI

Aag5 article ‘The’ vpray 0e. For example, The North pole The South pole The Arabian Sea The Pacific Ocean The Himalaya The Sardar Sarovar The Ganga The Yamuna The Girnar The Bay of Bengal

iv&vnI Aekma+ cIj ke p/k<itna pda4oR jeva ke suyR, c>¸, p<$vI vgere Aag5 p`

article ‘The’ vpray 0e. For example, The Earth The Moon The Wind The Saturn The Mars


iv&vnI AjaybIAo, mhan piv+ g/>4ona nam, vtRman p+ona nam, jhajona nam,

idxaAona nam vgere Aag5 p` article ‘The’ vpray 0e. For example, The Tajmahal The Statue of Liberty The Ramayana The Bible The Sandesh The Times of India The Titanic The Divyabhaskar The East The North

ko[ Aek VyiKt ke p/aÌ nih p` tena Aaqo vgR ke smg/ smuh sUcvva ma3e tenI

Aag5 article ‘The’ vpray 0e. For example, The tiger is our national animal. The cow is a useful animal. The Japapnese are good at the art of arranging flowers.

xrIrna A>gona namnI Aag5 p` article ‘The’ vpray 0e. For example, The heart the eye the hand The mouth the nose the ear

Aek j piriS4itma> ke Aek j S45ma> Aek j vStu ke Aek j VyiKtna namnI Aag5

Article ‘The’ vpray 0e. For example, 1. Who is the precident of India? 2. What is the height of the Himalaya? 3. Who is the principal of Savashala? The teacher The temple The Principal The manager

manvjaitAo, p/jaAo ke ku5vack namonI Aag5 p` Article ‘The’ vpray 0e. For example, The English the French the Chinese The Hindus the Muslims the Christians The Pandavas the Kauravas the Brahmins


ivxe8`na 7e*#tavack(Superlative Degree) ½pnI Aag5... For example, The highest the biggest The cleverest the heaviest The most useful

k/mvack s>QyaAonI Aag5... For example, The first the second The last the previous The sixteenth the next

ini&ctta dxaRvva inui&ct vStuAonI Aag5... For example, Please, close the door. Let’s go to the zoo.

Aini&ct namonI Aag5... Exa, boys papers girls Pens flowers

Waavvack namonI Aag5... Exa, kindness anger love Death joy

gÌ n xkay teva ¸Vyvack namonI Aag5... Exa, tea suger salt

water oil dexna namonI Aag5...

Exa, India Africa Nepal China Japan

s>)avack(Proper noun) namonI Aag5 ko[p` Article vpratu> n4I.

Aini&ct ke bhuvcn namo temj ¸Vyvack namo Jyare ini&ctta sUcve Tyare tenI

Aag5 Article ‘The’ vpray 0e.

Article ‘The’ Kyare n vpray?


Fill in the following blanks using article ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’.

1. This is _____ elephant. 2. Raj has _____ new scooter. 3. _____ Saurashtra University is _____ good university. 4. Twinkal is _____ intelligent student. 5. That is _____ horse. 6. Umang has _____ umbrella. 7. Sachin is _____ engineer. 8. The king was _____ honourable man. 9. We will travel to Baroda by _____ S.T. bus. 10. Dixit is _____ S.S.C. student. 11. He returned after _____ hour and _____ half. 12. What _____ delightful experience! 13. _____ Chinese have built _____ huge wall around their country. 14. _____ Samrat ashok is _____ Indian Ship. 15. _____ Granth sahib is _____ book of _____ Sikhs. 16. There are many holy places for _____ Hindus in _____ Himalayas. 17. What _____ Idea! 18. _____ one-eyed man gave _____ one-rupee note to _____ beggar. 19. Is she _____ S.S.C. student? 20. _____ Seal is very useful to _____ Eskimos. 21. _____ camel is _____ useful animal. 22. I have _____ book. _____ book is new. 23. _____ peacock is our national bird. 24. _____ Earth moves round _____ sun. 25. Who is _____ prime minister of India? 26. Maheshbhai has _____ basket of _____ mangoes. 27. Manish was _____ student of _____ University of Poona. 28. This is _____ elephant. _____ elephant is _____ big animal. 29. I would like to take _____ open book exam. 30. Please, open _____ door. 31. The diamond plays_____ important role in modern industry. 32. Let’s play _____ game. 33. Let _____ child play in _____ playground.


34. Ahmedabad is one of _____ biggest cities in Gujarat. 35. _____ cup was broken by Sandip. 36. I want _____ chair to sit on. 37. _____ cow is _____ useful animal. 38. That is _____ apple. _____ apple is sweet. 39. Last week our school hosted _____ 30th science fair of the state. 40. _____Mount Everest is _____ highest peak in the world. 41. _____ Lotus is our national flower. 42. Would you tell me _____ time, please? 43. Knowledge is _____ most valuable jewel. 44. _____ Amazon is _____ deepest river in Brazil. 45. She is _____ girl. _____ girl is very clever.


Fill in the blanks with appropriate Article.

A) Once there was _____ mouse. _____ mouse was always in anxiety because like other mice it was afraid of cats. _____ magician took pity on _____ mouse and turned it into _____ cat.

B) Once there lived _____ girl in _____ small village. She had _____ two years old brother. One day, when she was out for collecting wood, _____ cobra entered her house. _____ brother thought that it was _____ toy and caught it.

C) It was _____ most beautiful bike and it belonged to Bunty’s uncle. _____ magic kingfisher – blue with _____ matching pair of baskets. _____ real beauty, and _____ first of its kind in _____ neighborhood.

D) _____ little squirrel was eating grains of rice from _____ pile of hay. _____ cat saw him eating _____ rice. He went closer and closer and bit off _____ squirrel’s tail. _____ squirrel said, ‘Mr.cat, please give me back my tail.’ _____ cat said, ‘well, go to _____ cow and get me _____ milk’.

E) Were you born in _____ large city? _____ Place I brought up it had _____ very small population. It was such _____ small place that it did not have _____ single movie theatre.

* * * * *


2. Tense ________________________________________________________________

Tense (ka5)

Present(vtRmanka5) Past(wUtka5) Future(wiv*yka5)

Simple Present Simple Past Simple Future

(sado vtRmanka5) (sado wUtka5) (sado wiv*yka5)

Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous

(calu vtRmanka5) (calu wUtka5) (calu wiv*yka5)

Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

(pU R vtRmanka5) (pU R wUtka5) (pU R wiv*yka5)

Present Perfect Continuous

(calu pU R vtRmanka5)

Past Perfect Continuous

(calu pU R wUtka5)

Future Perfect Continuous

(calu pU R wiv*yka5)

(Tense Chart)

Topic – 2 Tense


Tense The Present Tense (vtRmanka5)

A. The Simple Present Tense (sado vtRmanka5):

Saada vtRmanka5na be p/karo 0e: 1. Simple Present Tense with ‘To Be’ & ‘To Have’ form.

2. Simple Present Tense without ‘To Be’ & ‘To Have’ form.

Simple Present Tense with ‘To Be’ form:

Singular Plural

(Aekvcn) (bhuvcn)

First Person I am We are

Second Person You are You are

Third Person He They are

She is

It

Examples,

1. I am a boy. 5. He is a teacher.

2. We are children. 6. She is a heroine.

3. You are a girl. 7. It is an elephant.

4. You are students 8. They are clever boys.

nkar vaKy: Is + not n>u 3U>ku ½p Isn’t 0e Ane Are + not n>u 3U>ku ½p Aren’t 0e.

1. I am not a boy. 5. He is not teacher.

2. You are not a girl. 6. She isn’t a heroine.

3. You aren’t students. 7. It isn’t an elephant.

4. We aren’t children. 8. They aren’t clever boys.


p/&na4R vaKy: ‘To be’ ik/yapdva5a sada vtRmanka5na vaKyne p/&na4R vaKyma> fervva ma3e‘To be’

ik/yapdne ktaRnI Aag5 mUkvama> Aave 0e. Examples,

1. Am I a boy? 5. Is he a teacher?

2. Are you a girl? 6. Is she a heroine?

3. Are you students? 7. Is it an elephant?

4. Are we children? 8. Are they clever boys?

Simple Present Tense with ‘To have’ form:

To have no A4R –nI pase hovu> Aevo 4ay 0e.ko[ vStu, VyiKt ke p/aÌ ko[nI pase hovana A4Rma> Aa ‘to have’ na ½po vpray 0e.

Singular Plural

(Aekvcn) (bhuvcn)

First Person I have We have

Second Person You have You have

Third Person He They have

She has

It

Examples,

1. I have a pen. 5. He has a sister.

2. We have new clothes. 6. She has two brothers.

3. You have a book. 7. It has a tail.

4. You have books. 8. They have new shirts.

nkar vaKy: ‘To have’ ik/yapdna nkar vaKyma> ktaR sa4e ‘do/does + not’ Ane tena p0I

ko[p` ktaR sa4e ‘have’ vpray 0e.

Do + not n>u 3U>ku ½p don’t 0e Ane Does + not n>u 3U>ku ½p doesn’t 0e.


Singular Plural

(Aekvcn) (bhuvcn)

First Person I do We do

Second Person You do You do

Third Person He They do

She does

It

Examples,

1. I do not have a pen. 5. He does not have a sister.

2. We don’t have new clothes. 6. She doesn’t have two brothers.

3. You don’t have a book. 7. It doesn’t have a tail.

4. You don’t have books. 8. They don’t have new shirts.

p/&na4R vaKy: ‘To have’ ik/yapdva5a sada vtRmanka5na vaKyne p/&na4R vaKyma> fervva ma3e na

‘do/does’ ik/yapdne ktaRnI Aag5 Ane ktaR p0I ‘have’ mUkvama> Aave 0e.

Examples,

1. Do I have a pen? 5. Does he have a sister?

2. Do we have new clothes? 6. Does she have two brothers?

3. Do you have a book? 7. Does it have a tail?

4. Do you have books? 8. Do they have new shirts?

Fill in the blanks with appropriate form of ‘to be’ of ‘to have’.

1. I ______ a pupil. 6. ______ you a cricketer?

2. She ______ a new car. 7. ______ he ______ money?

3. They ______ new books. 8. ______ they clever students?

4. ______ she ______ a book? 9. I ______ not have a new book.

5. ______ they ______ uniform? 10. She ______ not ______ a pen.


A. The Simple Present Tense(sado vtRmanka5):

Saada vtRmanka5no ]pyog-

roij>dI ke inyimt 4tI ik/yaAo (regular actions)dxaRvva.

3ev½pe 4tI ik/yaAo (habitual actions)dxaRvva.

snatn sTy vaKyo(universal truth) dxaRvva.

gi`t ke iv)anna inymo (mathematical or scientific rule) dxaRvva.

khevto dxaRvva.(proverbs)

Saada vtRmanka5ma> ik/yapdna mU5½pno(v1) ]pyog 4ay 0e.

Jo ktaR trIke +Ijo pu½8 Aekvcnna svRnamo jeva> ke,He, She ke It hoy A4va pu½8vack

nam(Masculine) Ane S+Ivack nam(Feminine) hoy to ik/yapdne A>te ‘-s’ ke ‘-es’

lgaDvama> Aave 0e.

ik/yapdne ‘-s’ ke ‘-es’ lgaDva ma3ena inymo:

samaNy rIte ik/yapdne A>te ‘-s’ p/Tyy lgaDvama> Aave 0e.

e.g., play – plays give – gives

eat – eats read – reads

jo ik/yapdne A>te ‘s’, ‘ss’, ‘sh’, ‘ch’, ‘o’, ‘x’, ‘zz’ hoy to tene ‘-es’ p/Tyy lage 0e.

e.g., pass – passes brush – brushes

teach – teaches go – goes

mix – mixes buzz – buzzes

jo ik/yapdne A>te ‘y’ hoy Ane tenI Aag5no A9r Vy>jn hoy to ‘y’ no ‘i’ krI tene

‘-es’ p/Tyy lage 0e.

e.g., fly – flies cry – cries

try – tries dry – dries


Saada vtRmanka5ma> ‘to play’ ik/yapdna ½po:

Singular Plural

First Person I play We play

Second Person You play You play

Third Person He They play

She plays

It

Saada vtRmanka5ma> Ao5qsUck xBdo(Identifying words) trIke nIcena jeva xBdono ]pyog 4ay 0e:

1. Always - h>mexa 6. Everyday - drroj

2. Daily – drroj 7. Often - Vaar>var

3. Regularly – inyimt rIte 8. Never – kdI nih

4. Usually – samaNy rIte 9. Sometimes - Kyarek

5. Occasionally – p/s>gopat 10. Generally – samaNy rIte

Saada vtRmanka5no hkar vaKyma> ]pyog:

vaKyrcna:

ktaR + ik/yapdnu> mU5½p + s/es + kmR + A.x.

roij>dI ke inyimt 4tI ik/yaAo (regular actions)dxaRvva.

1. I go to school daily.

2. My parents go to temple every morning.

3. Anil plays cricket every day.

4. Shreya brushes her teeth every morning.

3ev½pe 4tI ik/yaAo (habitual actions)dxaRvva.

1. I drink milk every morning.

2. Sachin gets up early in the morning.

3. My brother always drives the car slowly.


snatn sTy vaKyo(universal truth) dxaRvva.

1. The sun rises in the east.

2. The earth moves round the sun.

3. The sun sets in the west.

gi`t ke iv)anna inymo (mathematical or scientific rule) dxaRvva.

1. Water boils at 1000 temperature.

2. Three and four makes seven.

khevto dxaRvva.(proverbs)

1. Time and tide wait for none.

Some more Examples:

1. I always speak English.

2. Nayan often watches T.V.

3. We never drink tea.

4. Sometimes I read stories.

5. Generally they get up early in the morning.

6. Neha reads newspaper every day.

7. Jagruti goes for English classes every day.

8. Sandip visits her friend’s house occasionally.

9. Sneha watches movie every Sunday.

10.Sometimes Priya writes English stories.

11. My mother always cooks good food for me.

12. Our teacher often comes late in the classroom.

13. My mother sings a lullaby for me every night.

14. Jay always works for late night.


Saada vtRmanka5no nkar vaKyma> ]pyog:

Saada vtRmanka5na nkarvaKyma> shaykarI ik/yapd(Helping Verb) trIke ‘Do/Does’ no ]pyog 4ay 0e.

‘Do/Does’ p0I ‘not’ vpray 0e Ane ko[p` ktaR sa4e ik/yapdnu> h>mexa mU5½p(v1) vpray 0e.

Do + not n>u 3U>ku ½p don’t 0e Ane Does + not n>u 3U>ku ½p doesn’t 0e.

Singular Plural

First Person I do We do

Second Person You do You do

Third Person He They do

She does

It

vaKyrcna:

ktaR + do/does + not + ik/yapdnu> mU5½p + kmR + A.x.

For example,

1. I do not know English.

2. Niyati does not live in Surendranagar.

3. They do not play cricket every Sunday.

4. She does not play tennis every day.

5. He doesn’t eat potatoes daily.

6. Sanjana and Radha don’t read newspaper daily.

7. Ravi does not see English movie.

8. They do not speak English language.

9. I do not know Hindi and Sanskrit.

10.Jagruti and Jigna do not drink cold water.


Saada vtRmanka5no p/&na4R vaKyma> ]pyog:

Saada vtRmanka5na p/&na4R vaKyma> p` shaykarI ik/yapd(Helping Verb) trIke ‘Do/Does’ no ]pyog 4ay 0e.

‘Do/Does’ p0I ktaR vpray 0e Ane ko[p` ktaR sa4e ik/yapdnu> h>mexa mU5½p(v1) vpray 0e.

I. Do/Does 4I x½ 4ta p/&no:

Do/Does + ktaR + ik/yapdnu> mU5½p + kmR + A.x.+ ?

Examples,

1. Do they sing songs?

2. Does she help her mother?

3. Does Neha read newspaper every day?

4. Do I play hockey every Sunday?

5. Do they drink tea every morning?

II. Wh-word 4I x½ 4ta p/&no:

je p/&na4R vaKynI x½Aat What, Which, When, Where, How many, How much vgere jeva Wh-word 4I 4tI hoy tene Wh-questions khe 0e.

Aava vaKyma> p` shaykarI ik/yapd(Helping Verb) trIke ‘Do/Does’ no ]pyog 4ay 0e.

‘Do/Does’ p0I ktaR vpray 0e Ane ko[p` ktaR sa4e ik/yapdnu> mU5½p(v1) j vpray 0e.

Wh-word + do/does + ktaR + ik/yapdnu> mU5½p + kmR + A.x.+ ?

Examples,

1. When does your mother get up?

2. Where do you live in Rajkot?

3. When do you play cricket?

4. How many vegetables do you buy every day?

5. What do you make for your mother every night?


III. ‘Who’ 4I x½ 4ta p/&no:

‘Who’ 4I x½ 4ta p/&noma> h>mexa s/es sa4enu> ik/yapdnu> mU5½p(v1) vpray 0e.

Who + ik/yapdnu> mU5½p + s/es + kmR + A.x.+ ?

Examples,

1. Who sings song every night?

2. Who teaches you English in your school?

3. Who reads newspaper every morning?

4. Who cooks good food in your house?

5. Who plays cricket every Sunday?

Fill in the blanks with appropriate verb form of the simple present tense.

1. Who __________ to school in the morning? (to go)

2. __________ Aarti __________ songs? (to sing)

3. Jay __________ not __________ his books. (to read)

4. __________ the small boy usually __________ loudly? (to cry)

5. My grandmother __________ us a story every night. (to tell)

6. When __________ she __________ to school daily? (to go)

7. What __________ your mother __________ every day? (to make)

8. Jayesh sir __________ us English grammar. (to teach)

9. He __________ his work himself. (to do)

10.I __________ not __________ my work carefully. (to do)

11. Smita __________ not __________ money in her pocket. (to have)

12. They __________ not __________ new clothes. (to have)

13. __________ she __________ a new book? (to have)

14. How __________ you __________? (to do)


B. The Simple Past Tense(sado wUtka5):

n+kna wUtka5ma> AmUk smye ko[ ik/ya 4[ htI te dxaRvva ma3e sado wUtka5no ]pyog 4ay 0e.

sada wUtka5ma> ik/yapdna wUtka5na ½p(v2) no ]pyog 4ay 0e.

i. samaNy rIte ik/yapdna mU5½pne ‘-ed’ p/Tyy lgaDva4I wUtka5nu> ½p bne 0e.

e.g., play – played walk - walked

ii. ke3la>k ik/yapdona wUtka5na ½po Ainyimt hoy 0e.

e.g., bring – brought begin – began

ik/yapdnu> wUtka5nu> ½p bnavva ma3ena inymo:

samaNy rIte ik/yapdna mU5½pne ‘-ed’ p/Tyy lgaDva4I wUtka5nu> ½p bne 0e.

e.g., ask – asked look - looked

ik/yapdna mU5½pne A>te ‘e’ hoy to tene ‘d’ p/Tyy lgaDva4I wUtka5nu> ½p bne 0e.

e.g., close – closed like – liked

ik/yapdna mU5½pne A>te Vy>jn hoy Ane tenI phela Svr hoy to te Vy>jn bevDay 0e Ane tene ‘-ed’ p/Tyy lgaDva4I wUtka5nu> ½p bne 0e.

e.g., stop – stopped admit – admitted

ik/yapdna mU5½pne A>te ‘y’ hoy Ane ‘y’ phela Vy>jn hoy to tene ‘y’ no ‘i’ krI ‘-ed’ p/Tyy lgaDva4I wUtka5nu> ½p bne 0e.

e.g., carry – carried cry – cried

ik/yapdna mU5½pne A>te ‘y’ hoy Ane ‘y’ phela Svr hoy to tene ma+ ‘-ed’ p/Tyy lgaDva4I wUtka5nu> ½p bne 0e.

e.g., play – played stay –stayed

ke3la>k ik/yapdona wUtka5na ½po Ainyimt hoy 0e.

e.g., think – thought write – wrote

iii. ke3la>k ik/yapdo Aeva 0e jena wUtka5na ½po bdlata n4I.

e.g., cut – cut put – put

shut – shut read – read

hurt – hurt set – set


Saada wUtka5ma> Ao5qsUck xBdo(Identifying words) trIke nIcena jeva xBdono ]pyog 4ay 0e:

1. Yesterday - g[kale 6. Last evening – g[ sa>je

2. Once – Aek vqt 7. Last month – gya mihne

3. Ago – phela 8. Last year – gya v8eR

4. Last night – g[ ra+e 9. Last monday – gya somvare

5. Last week – gya A#vaiDye 10. In ancient time – p/acIn smyma>

Saada wUtka5no hkar vaKyma> ]pyog:

vaKyrcna:

ktaR + ik/yapdnu> wUtka5nu> ½p(v2) + kmR + A.x.

Examples,

1. Manisha cooked good food yesterday.

2. Once there lived a great king.

3. We visited the zoo last week.

4. The old man died last night.

5. They lived in Surat two years ago.

6. Monali wrote a letter last night.

7. I saw a new movie last week.

8. Sangita prepared pani-puri last Sunday.

9. Our teacher taught us a new topic yesterday.

10.Kumud called Saraswatichandra yesterday.

11. Shruti went to the temple with her parents last month.

12. Manish did his work well yesterday.

13. Jay ate an apple last Thursday.

14. Keval met Sanjana last month.

15. We visited the zoo last year.


Saada wUtka5no nkar vaKyma> ]pyog:

Saada wUtka5na nkar vaKyma> shaykarI ik/yapd(Helping Verb) trIke ‘Did’ no ]pyog 4ay 0e.

‘Did’ p0I ‘not’ vpray 0e Ane ko[p` ktaR sa4e ik/yapdnu> mU5½p(v1) j vpray 0e.

Did + not n>u 3U>ku ½p didn’t 0e.

vaKyrcna:

ktaR + did + not + ik/yapdnu> mU5½p(v1) + kmR + ANy xBdo.

Examples,

1. The teacher did not teach this topic last week.

2. Manisha did not cook good food yesterday.

3. They did not live in Surat two years ago.

4. Once there did not live a great king.

5. Manish did not write a letter last night.

Saada wUtka5no p/&na4R vaKyma> ]pyog:

Saada wUtka5na p/&na4R vaKyma> p` shaykarI ik/yapd(Helping Verb) trIke ‘Did’ no ]pyog 4ay 0e.

‘Did’ p0I ktaR vpray 0e Ane ko[p` ktaR sa4e ik/yapdnu> mU5½p(v1) j vpray 0e.

1) ‘Did’ 4I x½ 4ta p/&no:

Did + ktaR + ik/yapdnu> mU5½p(v1) + kmR + ANy xBdo + ?

Examples,

1. Did the teacher teach this topic yesterday?

2. Did my father go to temple last Monday?

3. Did I do my work last night?

4. Did Jay read newspaper last morning?

5. Did he win the competition last Sunday?

6. Did she visit the zoo last year?

7. Did Anil return with his parents yesterday?


2) ‘Wh-word’ 4I x½ 4ta p/&no:

Wh-word + did + ktaR + ik/yapdnu> mU5½p(v1) + kmR + ANy xBdo + ?

Examples,

1. What did the teacher teach yesterday?

2. When did Hetasvi cook good food?

3. Where did you go with your father last Sunday?

4. What did Sanjana buy from the shop yesterday?

5. How much milk did she buy last evening?

3) ‘Who’ 4I x½ 4ta sada wUtka5na p/&no:

‘Who’ 4I x½ 4ta sada wUtka5na p/&noma> h>mexa ik/yapdnu> wUtka5nu> ½p(v2) j vpray 0e.

Who + ik/yapdnu> wUtka5nu> ½p(v2) + kmR + ANy xBdo + ?

Examples,

1. Who taught this topic yesterday?

2. Who died last night?

3. Who wrote a letter last week?

4. Who worked hard in the examination last year?

5. Who prepared a best dish in Master Chef India – 3?

6. Who got the first rang in the annual examination?

7. Who wrote a best story last Monday in the class?

8. Who ate pani-puri yesterday?

9. Who played cricket last Sunday?

10.Who lived in the palace 100 years ago?

11. Who called me yesterday?

12. Who visited the zoo last year?


Saada wUtka5na ‘To Be’ na ½po:

Singular Plural

(Aekvcn) (bhuvcn)

First Person I was We were

Second Person You were You were

Third Person He They were

She was

It

Htu>/hta/htI Aevu> dxaRvva sada wUtka5na ‘To be’ na ½po – ‘was/were’ vpray 0e:

Was + not nu> 3U>ku ½p wasn’t Ane were + not nu> 3U>ku ½p weren’t 4ay 0e.

Example,

1. I was in Rajkot last week.(to be)

2. Samrat Ashok was a great king.(to be)

3. They weren’t in the garden last evening. (to be)

4. You were not at the zoo last Sunday. (to be)

5. Were they rich in the past? (to be)

6. Was his father a teacher?

Paase Htu>/hta/htI Aevu> dxaRvva sada wUtka5nu> ‘To have’ nu> ½p – ‘had’ vpray 0e:

Example,

1. She had ten T-shirts. (to have)

2. Hemang had a fever last night. (to have)

3. I had many books three years ago. (to have)

4. My parents had two children but one died a year ago. (to have)

5. Tanisha had many clothes in her childhood. (to have)


Fill in the blanks with appropriate verb form of the simple present tense.

1. The students ________ cricket yesterday. (to play)

2. We ________ not ________ our homework last Monday. (to do)

3. ________ the teacher ________ you last Thursday? (to punish)

4. When ________ you ________ home? (to return)

5. What ________ he ________ from the shop yesterday? (to buy)

6. Where ________ they ________ last summer vacation? (to go)

7. He ________ not ________ hard last year. (to work)

8. Veera ________ to her principal yesterday. (to talk)

9. ________ they ________ the zoo last Sunday? (to visit)

10.Sanjay ________ not ________ this glass yesterday. (to break)

11. Manisha ________ in the school yesterday. (to be)

12. Tanisha ________ good habits in her childhood. (to have)

13. Virat ________ with his friends in Kashmir. (to be)

14. Vishal ________ a new car last year. (to buy)

15. He ________ not ________ his work yesterday. (to do)

16. ________ she ________ her work yesterday. (to do)

17. What ________ he ________ in the class yesterday. (to do)

18. When ________ you ________ from the fair? (to return)

19. Which film ________ Sunil ________ last Sunday? (to see)

20. How much tea ________ you ________ from the shop? (to buy)

21. How many apples ________ Mehul ________from her? (to get)

22. Why ________ Twinkal ________ to the temple? (to go)

23. The lord Rama ________ the best example of a good brother. (to be)


C. The Simple Future Tense(sado wiv*yka5):

ko[ ik/ya n+kna wiv*yma> x½ 4vanI 0e tevu> dxaRvva ma3e sado wiv*yka5 vpray 0e.

ko[p` ik/ya wiv*yma> 4xe A4va 4vanI 0e tevu> dxaRvva sado wiv*yka5 vpray 0e.

Saada wiv*yka5ma> shaykarI ik/yapd(Helping Verb) trIke ‘Shall/Will’ no ]pyog 4ay 0e.

Saada wiv*yka5na vaKyoma> ‘I’ Ane ‘We’ sa4e ‘Shall’ Jyare ‘You’, ‘He’, ‘She’, ‘It’ Ane ‘They’ ke ko[p` Aekvcn ke bhuvcn nam sa4e ‘Will’ vpray 0e.

coKks A4Rma> A4va ini&ct A4Rma> I’ Ane ‘We’ sa4e ‘Shall’ Aave pr>tu hve to samaNy rIte drek ktaR sa4e ‘Will’ no ]pyog mo3a p/ma`ma> 4ay 0e.

Saada wiv*yka5ma> h>mexa b2a j p/karna vaKyoma> ik/yapdna mU5½pno(v1) j ]pyog 4ay 0e.

Saada wiv*yka5ma> Ao5qsUck xBdo(Identifying words) trIke nIcena jeva xBdono ]pyog 4ay 0e:

1. Tomorrow - AavtI kale 6. Next Sunday – Aavta rivvare

2. The next day – hve p0Ina idvse 7. This morning – Aa svare

3. Next week – Aavta A#vaiDye 8. In the future – wiv*yma>

4. Next month – Aavta mihne 9. Today/Tonight – Aaje/Aaje ra+e

5. Next year – Aavta v8eR 10. The day after tomorrow – pela idvse

Saada wiv*yka5no hkar vaKyma> ]pyog:

vaKyrcna:

ktaR + shall/will + ik/yapdnu> mU5½p(v1) + kmR + ANy xBdo.

Examples,

1. I shall meet them tomorrow.

2. They will play cricket next week.

3. Neha will go to Surendranagar next Monday.

4. We shall visit Goa next year.

5. My friends will play hockey this evening.


Saada wiv*yka5no nkar vaKyma> ]pyog:

Saada wiv*yka5na nkar vaKyma> ‘Shall/Will’ Ane ik/yapdna mU5½p nI vCce ‘not’ vpray 0e.

Shall + not n>u 3U>ku ½p shan’t 0e Ane Will + not n>u 3U>ku ½p won’t 0e.

vaKyrcna:

ktaR + shall/will + not + ik/yapdnu> mU5½p(v1) + kmR + ANy xBdo.

Example,

1. He will not come late today.

2. They will not visit the zoo in the future.

3. I shall not stay at home tonight.

4. Raj will not drink tea tomorrow.

5. I shall not give you that money tomorrow.

Saada wiv*yka5no p/&na4R vaKyma> ]pyog:

Saada wiv*yka5na p/&na4R vaKyma> p` shaykarI ik/yapd(Helping Verb) trIke ‘Shall/Will’ no ]pyog 4ay 0e.

‘Shall/Will’ p0I ktaR vpray 0e Ane ko[p` ktaR sa4e ik/yapdnu> mU5½p(v1) j vpray 0e.

Saada wiv*yka5na p/&na4R vaKyoma> ‘I’ Ane ‘We’ sa4e ‘Shall’ Jyare ‘You’, ‘He’, ‘She’, ‘It’ Ane ‘They’ ke ko[p` Aekvcn ke bhuvcn nam sa4e ‘Will’ vpray 0e.

1. ‘Shall/Will’ 4I x½ 4ta p/&no:

Shall/Will + ktaR + ik/yapdnu> mU5½p(v1) + kmR + ANy xBdo + ?

Examples,

1. Shall we visit the zoo tomorrow?

2. Shall I go to see a movie this evening?

3. Will they reach Delhi tomorrow evening?

4. Will you meet me tomorrow?

5. Shall we visit the museum in future?


2. ‘Wh-word’ 4I x½ 4ta p/&no:

Wh-word + shall/will + ktaR + ik/yapdnu> mU5½p(v1) + kmR + ANy xBdo + ?

Examples,

1. What will they play next week?

2. When shall we visit the zoo?

3. How many books will you buy from the shop tomorrow?

4. Who will do to Surat next Monday?

5. Who will sing a song tomorrow?

Fill in the blanks with appropriate verb form of the simple future tense.

1. Nayan ____________ volleyball with his friends next Sunday. (to play)

2. Rajiv __________ to temple with his parents tomorrow evening. (to go)

3. Neha and Sneha ____________ English news this morning. (to read)

4. I _____ not _____ with you today. (to come)

5. My father _____ not _____from the school this afternoon. (to return)

6. _____ I _____ to drink water? (to go)

7. What _____ you _____ from the fair next Monday? (to buy)\

8. Keep quiet, otherwise I ______ you. (to punish)

9. If you work hard, you _______ good marks in the examination. (to get)

10.Who __________dinner with my family tonight? (to eat)

11. What ____ Devika ______in next competition? (to speak)

12. ______ you ______ me your bicycle next Sunday? (to give)

13. Where ____ the family members ____ in the next vacation? (to visit)

14. How many toys ______ you _____ from the fair tomorrow? (to buy)

15. They_____ not _____ a picture next Thursday. (to draw)

16. ______ Jay _____his homework tonight. (to complete)

17. Which film ______ Sachin ______ this evening? (to see)


D. The Present Continuous Tense(calu vtRmanka5):

Ko[p` ik/ya vtRman smyma> A4va to halma> bnI rhI hoy ke calu hoy A4va ATyare bnI rhI 0e - tem dxaRvva ma3e calu vtRmanka5 vpray 0e.

Caalu vtRmanka5ma> shaykarI ik/yapd(Helping Verb) trIke ‘To be’ na vtRmanka5na

½po- ‘am’, ‘is’ ‘are’ no ]pyog 4ay 0e.

Singular Plural

First Person I am We are

Second Person You are You are

Third Person He They are

She is

It

Caalu vtRmanka5ma>> ik/yapdna ‘-ing’ ½pno ]pyog 4ay 0e, jene A>g/e+ma> ‘Present Participle’ khe 0e.

e.g., play – playing eat – eating

ik/yapdna ‘-ing’ ½po bnavva ma3ena inymo:

samaNy rIte ik/yapdne ‘-ing’ p/Tyy lage 0e.

e.g., to read – reading to sing – singing

to do – doing to sleep - sleeping

jo ik/yapdne A>te ‘e’ hoy Ane tenI phela Vy>jn hoy to tene dUr krI ‘-ing’ p/Tyy lgaDvama> Aave 0e.

e.g., to write – writing to give – giving

to make – making to take – taking

jo ik/yapdne A>te Vy>jn hoy Ane te Vy>jn phela Aek j Svr hoy to ik/yapdnu> ‘-ing’ ½p bnavva ma3e te Vy>jn bevDay 0e Ane tene ‘-ing’ p/Tyy lgaDvama> Aave 0e.

e.g., to cut – cutting to run – running

to sit – sitting to swim - swimming


jo ik/yapdne A>te Vy>jn hoy Ane te Vy>jn phela be Svr hoy to ik/yapdnu> ‘-ing’ ½p bnavva ma3e te Vy>jn bevDato n4I.

e.g., to read – reading to cook – cooking

to look – looking to speak - speaking

jo ik/yapdno 0eLlo A9r Vy>jn hoy Ane tenI phelano Svr warpUvRk ]Ccarato n hoy to te Vy>jn bevDato n4I.

e.g., to open – opening to pardon – pardoning

jo ik/yapdne A>te ‘L’ hoy to ik/yapdnu> ‘-ing’ ½p bnavva ma3e te bevDay 0e Ane tene ‘-ing’ p/Tyy lgaDvama> Aave 0e.

e.g., to travel – travelling to quarrel – quarrelling

jo ik/yapdne A>te ‘y’ hoy to ik/yapdnu> ‘-ing’ ½p bnavva ma3e ‘y’ no ‘i’ 4to n4I Ane tene ‘-ing’ p/Tyy lgaDvama> Aave 0e.

e.g., to cry – crying to pray – praying

jo ik/yapdne A>te ‘ie’ hoy to ik/yapdnu> ‘-ing’ ½p bnavva ma3e teno ‘y’ krI ‘-ing’ p/Tyy lgaDvama> Aave 0e.

e.g., to tie – tying to lie – lying

calu vtRmanka5ma> Ao5qsUck xBdo(Identifying words) trIke nIcena jeva xBdono

]pyog 4ay 0e:

1. Now – hve 4. At present – vtRman smyma>

2. At this time – Aa smye ke ATyare 5. These days – Aa idvsoma>

3. At this moment – Aa 9è ke ATyare 6. Now a days – hvena idvsoma>

calu vtRmanka5ma> Ao5qsUck xBdo(Identifying words) trIke nIcena jeva ke3lak

ik/yapdono p` ]pyog 4ay 0e:

1. Watch – juAo 4. Listen – sa>w5o

2. Look – juAo 5. Run – doDo

3. See – juAo 6. Stop – 4owo


Caalu vtRmanka5no hkar vaKyma> ]pyog:

vaKyrcna:

ktaR + am/is/are + ik/yapdnu> ‘-ing’ ½p + kmR + ANy xBdo.

Examples,

1. I am praying to God now.

2. Rahul is playing cricket at present.

3. We are doing our homework at this time.

4. Listen, Urvi is singing old Hindi song.

5. See, the birds are flying in the sky.

6. Look, Nayan is drawing a picture now.

7. Run, our teacher is coming.

8. Manish is sleeping at this time.

Caalu vtRmanka5no nkar vaKyma> ]pyog:

Caalu vtRmanka5na nkar vaKyma> ‘To be’ na ½p Ane ik/yapdna ‘-ing’ ½p nI vCce ‘not’ vpray 0e.

Am + not Ane Are + not n>u 3U>ku ½p aren’t 0e t4a Is + not n>u 3U>ku ½p isn’t 0e.

vaKyrcna:

ktaR + am/is/are + not + ik/yapdnu> ‘-ing’ ½p + kmR + ANy xBdo.

Examples,

1. Neha is not riding a scooter now.

2. The children are not playing tennis at this time.

3. An elephant is not moving around the tree at present.

4. I am not reading a newspaper now.

5. We are not eating meat this time.

6. At present, I am not going to library.

7. Sweta is not sleeping at present.


Caalu vtRmanka5no p/&na4R vaKyma> ]pyog:

Caalu vtRmanka5na p/&na4R vaKyma> p` shaykarI ik/yapd(Helping Verb) trIke ‘am/is/are’ no ]pyog 4ay 0e.

‘am/is/are’ p0I ktaR vpray 0e Ane ko[p` ktaR sa4e ik/yapdnu> ‘-ing’ ½p j vpray 0e.

1. ‘Am/Is/Are’ 4I x½ 4ta p/&no:

Am/Is/Are + ktaR + ik/yapdnu> ‘-ing’ ½p + kmR + ANy xBdo + ?

Examples,

1. Is Sunita painting a picture now?

2. Are pupils doing their homework in the class at present?

3. Is your teacher teaching you English at this moment?

4. Am I calling your sister now?

5. Is the cat catching the mouse at this time?

6. Is your neighbour quarrelling now?

7. Are the passengers shouting loudly in the train now?

8. Are they eating their meal at present?


Wh-word + am/is/are + ktaR + ik/yapdnu> ‘-ing’ ½p + kmR + ANy xBdo + ?

Examples,

1. Who is preparing tea now?

2. What are you doing at this time?

3. Where are the player playing cricket now?

4. Where are you going at this moment?

5. How many students are going to library at present?

6. Who is singing a song now?

7. Whom is Nirali inviting at the party?

8. How many boys are going to visit a science fair?


Fill in the blanks using appropriate verb form of the present continuous tense.

1. We __________ storybooks now. (to read)

2. Sanjana __________ for her friends at this time. (to wait)

3. We __________ not __________ games now. (to play)

4. Suhana __________ a letter to his friend now. (to write)

5. __________the children __________ with joy at present? (to dance)

6. __________ the old man __________ under the tree at present? (to sit)

7. See, the child __________ there. (to dance)

8. What __________ you __________ from the shop at present? (to buy)

9. __________ I __________ nice today? (to look)

10.Listen, someone __________ a sweet song. (to sing)

11. My brother and my sister __________ English now. (to learn)

12. They __________ not __________ a car now. (to drive)

13. __________ you __________ a sweet dish, mother? (to cook)

14. What __________ they __________ in their notebooks? (to write)

15. __________ Aman __________ his work now? (to do)

16. Don’t disturb her while she __________ her work. (to do)

17. Who __________ you such a story? (to tell)

18. Who __________ now? (to shout)

19. Some guests __________ not __________ here nowadays. (to stay)

20. At present, I __________ a new book. (to read)

21. My parents __________ to visit my friends house now. (to go)

22. Which song __________ Lata __________ now? (to sing)

23. When __________ you __________ your homework? (to write)

24. __________ your teacher __________ you maths now? (to teach)


E. The Past Continuous Tense(calu wUtka5):

wUtka5ma> AmUk coKks smye ko[ ik/ya calu htI tevu> dxaRvva calu wUtka5 vpray 0e.

wUtka5ma> Aek ik/ya 4[ te j smye bI+ ik/ya calu htI tevu> dxaRvva calu wUtka5 vpray 0e.

wUtka5ma> be ik/yaAo 4ay 0e:

i. Preceding action(p/4m ik/ya)

ii. Following action(bI+ ik/ya)

Jyare wUtka5ma> be ik/yaAo bnI hoy Ane b>nema>4I je ik/ya calu htI Ane p/4m (Preceding action) bnI hoy te dxaRvva calu wUtka5 vpray 0e Ane bI+ ik/ya

(Following action) dxaRvva sado wUtka5 vpray 0e.

Caalu wUtka5ma> shaykarI ik/yapd(Helping Verb) trIke ‘To be’ na wUtka5na ½po-

‘was’ ‘were’ no ]pyog 4ay 0e Ane tenI sa4e ik/yapdna ‘-ing’ ½p (Present-

Participle) no ]pyog 4ay 0e.

Singular Plural

First Person I was We were

Second Person You were You were

Third Person He They were

She was

It

calu wUtka5ma> Ao5qsUck xBdo(Identifying words) trIke nIcena jeva xBdono ]pyog

4ay 0e:

1. Then – Tyare ke te smye 5. Yesterday this time – g[kale Aa smye

2. At that time – te smye ke Tyare 6. Yesterday morning – g[kale svare

3. At that moment – te 9 e ke Tyare 7. As/Because – kar` ke/Jyare...Tyare..

4. While – Jyare...Tyare... 8. So/Therefore – te4I


Caalu wUtka5no hkar vaKyma> ]pyog:

vaKyrcna:

ktaR + was/were + ik/yapdnu> ‘-ing’ ½p + kmR + ANy xBdo.

Examples,

1. I was reading a book at that time.

2. Anil was starting a scooter then.

3. My parents were going to temple yesterday morning.

4. Children were playing cricket yesterday 5 o’clock.

5. Sheya was calling me at that moment.

Jyare wUtka5ma> be Alg-Alg ik/yaAo bnI hoy Tyare te b>ne ik/yaAo dxaRvva- Ae3le ke

ko[ Aek ik/ya calu htI Tyare Amuk ko[ ik/ya 4[ htI tevu> dxaRvva ‘When’ (sado wUtka5

dxaRvva) Ane ‘While/As’ (calu wUtka5 dxaRvva) vpray 0e.

vaKyrcna:

1. While + ktaR + was/were + ik/yapdnu> ‘-ing’ ½p + kmR , + ktaR + ik/yapdnu> wUtka5nu> ½p(v2) + kmR.

2. When + ktaR + ik/yapdnu> wUtka5nu> ½p(v2) + kmR , + ktaR + was/were + ik/yapdnu> ‘-ing’ ½p + kmR.

Examples,

1. When my father came home, we were playing.

2. I was eating my lunch when you phoned me.

3. While he was crossing the road, he met with an accident.

4. Sachin cut his finger while he was sharpening a pencil.

5. As we were talking in the classroom, the principal entered the class.

6. She did not come here as she was typing a letter.

7. Sweta was running fast so she fell down.

8. While Shruti was playing, she fell down.


Caalu wUtka5no nkar vaKyma> ]pyog:

Caalu wUtka5na nkar vaKyma> ‘To be’ na wUtka5na ½p Ane ik/yapdna ‘-ing’ ½p nI vCce ‘not’ vpray 0e.

vaKyrcna:

ktaR + was/were + not + ik/yapdnu> ‘-ing’ ½p + kmR + ANy xBdo.

Examples,

1. When the teacher entered the class, the pupils were not writing.

2. Bhavin was not driving his car at that time.

3. He was not calling me then.

4. You came at my house, while I was not having my lunch.

5. Our teacher was not teaching yesterday at 9 o’clock.

6. Tanisha was not eating an apple yesterday morning?

Caalu wUtka5no p/&na4R vaKyma> ]pyog:

Caalu wUtka5na p/&na4R vaKyma> p` shaykarI ik/yapd(Helping Verb) trIke ‘was/were’ no ]pyog 4ay 0e.

‘was/were’ p0I ktaR vpray 0e Ane ko[p` ktaR sa4e ik/yapdnu> ‘-ing’ ½p j vpray 0e.

1. ‘Was/Were’ 4I x½ 4ta p/&no:

Was/Were + ktaR + ik/yapdnu> ‘-ing’ ½p + kmR + ANy xBdo + ?

Examples,

1. Was Shilpa cooking the food when you met her?

2. Were you talking with your sister at that time?

3. Was Jay writing his homework when you went to his home?

4. Were the children playing tennis when we saw them?

5. Were you calling me then?

6. Was Manisha calling me yesterday at 9 o’clock?

7. Were the pupils reading when the teacher entered the class?



Wh-word + was/were + ktaR + ik/yapdnu> ‘-ing’ ½p + kmR + ANy xBdo + ?

Examples,

1. What were the children doing here yesterday at 7 o’clock?

2. Who was crying in the school then?

3. Who was singing at that time, Karina?

4. Where was Krupa going when she met me?

5. How many books were you buying from the shop at that time?

Fill in the blanks using appropriate verb form of the past continuous tense.

1. A car knocked down the old woman while she _______ the road. (to cross)

2. When I went to Kiran’s house, she _______ a kite. (to fly)

3. Anil fell off his bicycle while he _______ it. (to ride)

4. He fell asleep while he _______ a book. (to read)

5. While we _______ to school, we met some pilgrims on the way. (to go)

6. I _______ my bath when my friend came to my house. (to have)

7. When I returned home, my mother _______. (to cook)

8. When the teacher entered the class, some of the pupils ___ loudly. (to talk)

9. I _______ exercises when my father called me. (to write)

10.The manager came to the office at 11:00 a.m. At that time Mrs. Desai _______ some important letter. (to type)

11. The last bell rang at 11:30 p.m. Which question _______ you _______ then? (to answer)

12. When my friend came to my house, I _______ on phone. (to talk)

13. While the farmer _______ his farm, his wife called him. (to plough)

14. While Kaushik _______ football, he broke his left leg. (to play)

15. At about 6:30 p.m. yesterday, I _______ a public meeting. (to address)

16. While we _______ our lunch, the guests came to my house. (to have)


F. The Present Perfect Tense(pU R vtRmanka5):

pU`R vtRmanka5no ]pyog:-

i. wUtka5ma> ko[ ik/ya pU R 4[ g[ hoy Ane vtRmanma> tenI Asr calu hoy.

ii. 4oDa smy phela> j pU`R 4[ gyelI ik/yanI vtRmanma> Asr calu 0e tem dxaRvva.

pU`R vtRmanka5ma> shaykarI ik/yapd(Helping Verb) trIke ‘To have’ na vtRmanka5na

½po- ‘have’ ‘has’ no ]pyog 4ay 0e.

Singular Plural

First Person I have We have

Second Person You have You have

Third Person He They have

She has

It

pU`R vtRmanka5ma> ik/yapdna wUtk<d>tna ½p (Past- Participle-V3) no ]pyog 4ay 0e.

e.g., to buy – bought to catch – caught

to begin – begun to play – played

to write – written to work – worked

pU`R vtRmanka5ma> Ao5qsUck xBdo(Identifying words) trIke nIcena jeva xBdono

]pyog 4ay 0e:

1. Just – hmà> j 7. Yet – hju su2I

2. Already – Kyarnu>y 8. Since – Tyar4I

3. Ever – gme Tyare 9. For – te3la smy4I

4. Never – Kyarey nih 10. Today – Aaje

5. This year – Aa v8eR 11. This month - Aa mihne

6. This week - Aa A#vaiDye 12. This morning – Aa svare


pU`R vtRmanka5no hkar vaKyma> ]pyog:

vaKyrcna:

ktaR + have/has + ik/yapdnu wUtk<d>tnu> ½p(v3) + kmR + ANy xBdo.

Examples,

1. He has just drunk tea.

2. I have already seen that film.

3. Nayan has already finished his work.

4. My father has just come here.

5. Sunita has gone to his friend’s house this month.

pU`R vtRmanka5ma> Jyare ‘Since’ ke ‘For’ vpray Tyare wUtka5ma> ik/ya Kyare x½ 4[ htI te dxaRvvu> frijyat 0e.

i. Since:

‘Since’ sa4e h>mexa ini&ct smy mukay 0e, jeno A4R ‘point of time’ 4ay 0e.

since morning

since 2013

since her childhood

since his marriage

since 2 o’clock

Examples,

1. Mayuri has left this house since her marriage.

2. Shreya has not eaten anything since morning.

3. I have been in Surendranagar since 2012.

ii. For:

‘For’ sa4e h>mexa smyno ga5o mukay 0e, jeno A4R ‘period of time’ 4ay 0e.

for five years for a long time

for two days for two hours


Examples,

1. Bhoomi has not eaten anything for eight hours.

2. Our teacher has not taught anything for a long time.

3. Jay has not reas anything for three hours.

pU`R vtRmanka5no nkar vaKyma> ]pyog:

pU R vtRmanka5na nkar vaKyma> ‘Have’ ke ‘Has’ nI sa4e ‘Not’ vpray 0e Ane tenI sa4e ik/yapdnu> wUtk<d>tnu> ½p(v3) vpray 0e.

pU R vtRmanka5na nkar vaKyma Ao5qsUck xBdo trIke ‘Never’ Ane ‘Yet’ vpray 0e .

vaKyrcna:

ktaR + have/has + not/never + ik/yapdnu wUtk<d>tnu> ½p(v3) + kmR + ANy xBdo.

Examples,

1. Vipul has never visited Tajmahal.

2. I have never been to Kashmir.

3. Sonal has not returned my book yet.

4. Manish has not paid the fees yet.

pU`R vtRmanka5no p/&na4R vaKyma> ]pyog:

pU R vtRmanka5na p/&na4R vaKyma> p` shaykarI ik/yapd(Helping Verb) trIke ‘have/has’ no ]pyog 4ay 0e.

‘Have/Has’ p0I ktaR vpray 0e Ane ko[p` ktaR sa4e ik/yapdnu> wUtk<d>tnu> ½p(v3) j vpray 0e.

pU R vtRmanka5na p/&na4RvaKyma> Ao5qsUck xBdo trIke ‘Ever’ke‘Yet’ vpray 0e .

1. ‘Have/Has’ 4I x½ 4ta p/&no:

Have/Has + ktaR + ik/yapdnu> wUtk<d>tnu> ½p(V3) + kmR + ANy xBdo + ?

Examples,

1. Have you ever tasted grapes?

2. Has Sanjana ever meet Narendra Modi?

3. Has your mother not arrived yet?



Wh-word + have/has + ktaR + ik/yapdnu> wUtk<d>tnu> ½p(V3) + kmR + ANy xBdo + ?

Examples,

1. What have you eaten this morning?

2. What has Manish bought from the shop today?

3. Where has the thief hidden since 6 o’clock?

Fill in the blanks using appropriate verb form of the present perfect tense.

1. You _______ certainly _______ a nice song. (to sing)

2. _______ you ever _______ the stories about Birbal’s wit? (to read)

3. I _______ just _______ from the station. (to come)

4. The drama _______ not _______ yet. (to begin)

5. Hurry up. The train _______ already _______. (to arrive)

6. _______ the students not _______ the assignment yet? (to finish)

7. Hetal and Swetal _______ never _______ Kashmir. (to visit)

8. Manish _______ never _______ his bicycle since he bought it. (to repair)

9. They _______ not _______ since last month. (to meet)

10.Sachin _______ already_______ the bill. (to pay)

11. We _______ just _______ our tea. (to have)

12. She _______ never _______ ‘Khir’ (to taste)

13. The workers _______ already _______ their work. (to finish)

14. You _______ just _______ the last train. (to miss)

15. Who _______ eighty marks in English? (to get)

16. Both the sisters _______ never _______ to their uncle’s house. (to go)

17. I _______ not _______ any film for a long time. (to see)

18. Anjali _______ not _______ S.S.C. yet. (to pass)

19. _______ you ever _______ Amitabh Bachchan? (to meet)


G. The Past Perfect Tense(pU R wUtka5):

pU`R wUtka5no Ae3le wUtka5no p` wUtka5 ke je dUrna wUtka5nI ik/ya sUcve 0e.

wUtka5ma> Amuk coKks smye ik/ya pU R 4[ htI tevu> Sp*3 dxaRvva ma3e pU R wUtka5no

]pyog 4ay 0e.

wUtka5ma> Aag5-pa05 pU R 4yelI be ik/yaAone Aeksa4e dxaRvvI hoy to – je ik/ya phelI

pU`R 4[ htI te dxaRvva pU R wUtka5 (had + v3) vpray 0e Ane je ik/ya p0I4I pU R 4[

hoy te dxaRvva sada wUtka5nu> ik/yapd (v2) vpray 0e.

pU`R wUtka5ma> shaykarI ik/yapd trIke ‘to have’ nu> wUtka5nu> ½p ‘had’ vpray 0e.

pU`R wUtka5ma> p` pU R vtRmanka5nI jem j ik/yapdna wUtk<d>tna ½pno – ‘Past -

Participle’ (v3) ]pyog 4ay 0e.

pU`R wUtka5ma> Ao5qsUck xBdo(Identifying words) trIke nIcena jeva xBdo vpray 0e:

1. Before – phela

2. After – p0I

3. That – kar` ke

4. So/Therefore – te4I

5. Since/As/Because – kar` ke

6. By 5 o’clock – 5 vaGya su2Ima>

wUtka5ma> Jyare be ik/yaAo Aeksa4e pU R 4[ hoy Tyare p/4m pU R 4yelI ik/ya dxaRvva pUÙ

wUtka5 ‘After’ ke ‘That’ sa4e vpray 0e Ane je ik/ya p0I4I pU`R 4[ hoy te ik/ya

dxaRvva ma3e sado wUtka5 ‘When’ ke ‘Before’ sa4e vpray 0e.


pU`R wUtka5no hkar vaKyma> ]pyog:

vaKyrcna:

ktaR + had + ik/yapdnu wUtk<d>tnu> ½p(v3) + kmR + ANy xBdo.

OR

1. After + ktaR + had + ik/yapdnu> wUtk<d>tnu> ½p(v3) + kmR , + ktaR + ik/yapdnu>

wUtka5nu> ½p(v2) + kmR.

2. When/Before + ktaR + ik/yapdnu> wUtka5nu> ½p(v2) + kmR , + ktaR + had + ik/yapdnu> wUtk<d>tnu> ½p(v3) + kmR.

Examples,

1. I had caught the thief before the police arrived.

2. Sachin had reached home before it rained.

3. The picture had already started when I reached the theatre.

4. The clerk left the office after he had finished his work.

5. We had finished our job by three o’clock.

6. Tina had returned home before sunset.

7. She remembered that she had locked the door.

8. Mital said that she had cooked the food in time.

9. The last bell rung after the students had left the examination hall.

10.I saw the film ‘Gandhi’ after I had read his autobiography.

pU`R wUtka5no nkar vaKyma> ]pyog:

pU R wUtka5na nkar vaKyma> ‘Had’ nI sa4e ‘Not’ vpray 0e Ane tenI sa4e ik/yapdnu>

wUtk<d>tnu> ½p(v3) vpray 0e.

‘Had + not ‘ nu> 3U>ku½p ‘hadn’t’ 0e.

vaKyrcna:

ktaR + had + not + ik/yapdnu wUtk<d>tnu> ½p(v3) + kmR + ANy xBdo.


Examples,

1. Neha had not studied English so she failed.

2. Nayan said that he had not seen that movie.

3. Before he came to Gandhinagar, he had never seen Akshardham.

4. Jignesh had not learnt French when he joined the school.

5. When I met him, he had not completed his work.

pU`R wUtka5no p/&na4R vaKyma> ]pyog:

pU R wUtka5na p/&na4R vaKyma> p` shaykarI ik/yapd(Helping Verb) trIke ‘had’ no ]pyog 4ay 0e.

‘Had’ p0I ktaR vpray 0e Ane ko[p` ktaR sa4e ik/yapdnu> wUtk<d>tnu> ½p(v3) j vpray 0e.

1. ‘Had’ 4I x½ 4ta p/&no:

Had + ktaR + ik/yapdnu> wUtk<d>tnu> ½p(V3) + kmR + ANy xBdo + ?

Examples,

1. Had Suresh finished his work when his friend called him?

2. Had the gardener planted the trees before the rainy season set in?

3. Had Sachin completed century before we reached the stadium?

4. Had the book-seller sold all the books before you went to his shop?

5. had the merchant opened his shop?


Wh-word + had + ktaR + ik/yapdnu> wUtk<d>tnu> ½p(V3) + kmR + ANy xBdo + ?

Examples,

1. What had the teacher asked when the inspector came?

2. Who had run away before the police arrived?

3. Who had treated the patient before the doctor arrived?

4. How many books had you read before you completed your

graduation?


Fill in the blanks using appropriate verb form of the past perfect tense.

1. Shyama ________ the Geeta before she was nine. (to read)

2. The boys ran out to play after they ________ their work. (to finish)

3. The plane ________ before they reached the airport. (to take off)

4. I told the teacher that I ________ not ________ my homework. (to do)

5. Before the police reached the bank, the robbers ________ away. (to run)

6. Principal was surprised to hear that she ________ the S.S.C. examination at the age of ten. (to pass)

7. The terrorists ________ all the members of the family before they set the house on fire. (to kill)

8. Before the bell rang, the supervisor ________ question papers to the candidates. (to give)

9. My father asked me when I ________ home the previous night. (to return)

10.Krupa’s father asked her why she ________ to Nirali’s house the previous day. (to go)

11. Who ________ your purse yesterday? (to steal)

12. ________ you _______ teacher’s permission before going home? (to take)

13. The children ________ this lesson before. (to learn)

14. Mr.Shah ________ his lunch when the telephone rang. (to eat)

15. Sachin ________ not ________ that movie before. (to see)

16. Father ________ me up before the alarm bell rang. (to wake)

17. Neha ______ already _______ when father came into the room. (to come)

18. The prime minister ________ his speech before I reached there. (to speak)

19. I ________ not ________ you when you come to my house. (to call)

20. Neha ___________ her homework when I went to her house. (to finish)


H. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense(calu pU R vtRmanka5):

Jo ko[ ik/ya wUtka5ma> x½ 4[ hoy, vtRman smyma> calu hoy Ane wiv*yma> p` calu

rhevanI s>wavna hoy to tevI ik/yaAo dxaRvva ma3e calu pU R vtRmanka5 vpray 0e.

Caalu pU R vtRmanka5ma> ko[ ik/ya wUtka5ma> kya smye calu 4[ htI te dxaRvvu> frijyat

0e, te4I tena ma3e ‘Since’ ke ‘For’ sa4e ik/ya no smy dxaRvvama> Aave 0e.

a. “For” denotes ‘length of time’ or ‘duration’.

smyno ga5o dxaRve 0e. (Aini&ct)

For example,

for five years for a long time

for two days for two hours

b. “Since” denotes ‘a point of time’.

ini&ct smy dxaRve 0e.

since morning

since 2013

since her childhood

since his marriage

since 2 o’clock

Caalu pU R vtRmanka5ma> shaykarI ik/yapd(Helping Verb) trIke ‘To have’ na

vtRmanka5na ½po ‘Have’ ke ‘Has’ vpray 0e Ane tenI sa4e ‘To be’ nu> wUtk<d>tnu> ½p

‘been’ vpray 0e.

Caalu pU R vtRmanka5ma> ik/yapdna ‘-ing’ ½p no ]pyog 4ay 0e.

Caalu pU R vtRmanka5ma> ik/yapdna nIce mujbna +` 63ko smayela> 0e:

1. Have – vtRmanka5nu> shaykarI ik/yapd

2. Been – ‘To Be’ nu> ‘Past Participle

3. Verb + ing. – Present Participle – calu ik/ya


vaKyrcna:

ktaR + have/has + been + ik/yapdnu> ‘-ing’ ½p + since/for + smydxRk xBdo.

Examples,

1. We have been teaching for six years.

2. He has been learning English for two months.

3. Sweta has been teaching Sanskrit since 2001.

4. We have been playing here for a few hours.

5. Sehwag has been batting since morning.

6. Sonal has been working here since 2010.

7. Dhruv has been singing since childhood.

8. Ramu has been cleaning the room for the past three hours.

Fill in the blanks using appropriate verb form of the present perfect continuous tense.

1. Sneha _____________ in the kitchen since afternoon. (to work)

2. Ketan _____________ for a long time. (to study)

3. I _____________ for you since 6:00 p.m. (to wait)

4. They _____________ for a long time. (to talk)

5. Tarak _____________ the piano for many years. (to play)

6. Manish _____________ her carrier for a month. (to plan)

7. Sunil _____________ since he was three years old. (to dance)

8. Mayur _____________ interest in education for two years. (to take)

9. Mohini _____________ the class for two hours. (to attend)

10.The boys _____________ since morning. (to swim)

11. Kirti _____________ a picture for a week. (to paint)

12. Mr.Shah _____________ on the project since Monday. (to work)


I. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense(calu pU R wUtka5):

Jo ko[ ik/ya wUtka5ma> x½ 4[ htI Ane wUtka5ma> ko[ coKks s>dwRma> la>ba smy su2I

calu rhI htI tevI ik/yaAo dxaRvva ma3e calu pU`R wUtka5 vpray 0e.

Caalu pU R wUtka5ma> shaykarI ik/yapd(Helping Verb) trIke ‘To have’ nu> wUtka5nu> ½p

‘Had’ vpray 0e Ane tenI sa4e ‘To be’ nu> wUtk<d>tnu> ½p ‘been’ vpray 0e.

Caalu pU R wUtka5ma> ik/yapdna ‘-ing’ ½p no ]pyog 4ay 0e.

Caalu pU R wUtka5ma> ik/yapdna nIce mujbna +` 63ko smayela> 0e:

1. Had – wUtka5nu> shaykarI ik/yapd

2. Been – ‘To Be’ nu> ‘Past Participle

3. Verb + ing. – Present Participle – calu ik/ya

]prnI p/maè vaKyma> coKks s>dwR dxaRvvo j½rI 0e. coKKs s>dwR Ae3le wUtka5ma> be

ik/ya bnelI hoy Ane tema> p/4m ik/ya je stt calu hoy tena ma3e calu pU R wUtka5 vpray

0e Ane bI+ ik/ya ma3e sado wUtka5 vpray 0e.

Caalu pU R wUtka5ma> mo3ewage stt git sU\cvta ik/yapdo vpray 0e.

vaKyrcna:

ktaR + had + been + ik/yapdnu> ‘-ing’ ½p + s>yojk + ktaR + v2+ kmR.

Examples,

1. I had been teaching him for two years, but he never learnt.

2. Karan had been teaching since 2008 before he joined the bank.

3. Jay had been sleeping for an hour before his father came.

4. Sanjana had been writing English for three hours before her friend came.

5. Raj had been eating when the telephone rang.

6. Sachin had been batting for an hour before he did not fail.

7. Manish had been playing tennis before he did not become hungry.


J. Non-finite Verbs(ApU`R ik/yapdo):

‘Non-finite Verbs’ Ae Aeva ik/yapdo 0e ke jene ktaR sa4e Svt>+ ]pyogma> l[ xkata> n4I.

‘Non-finite Verbs’ Ae +` p/karna> 0e:

1. Infinitive – samaNy k<d>t

2. Present Participle – vtRman k<d>t

3. Past Participle – wUtk<d>t

1. Infinitive – samaNy k<d>t(hetudxRk mU5 ik/yapd):

‘Infinitive’ Ae3le hetudxRk ik/yapd ke je vaKyma> mU5 ik/yapd p0I, ‘to be’ na ½p p0I ke

kmR p0I vpray 0e. Kyarek ivxe8` p0I p` ‘Infinitive’ vpray 0e.

Infinitive = to + main verb

Ke3la>k ik/yapdo jeva> ke desire, wish, hope, like, love, expect, allow vgere jo vaKyma>

muQy ik/yapd trIke vpraya> hoy to tena p0I ‘Infinitive’ no ]pyog 4ay 0e.

vaKyrcna:

1. ktaR + ik/yapd + infinitive + kmR.

2. ktaR + ‘to be’ na ½p + ivxe8` + infinitive + kmR.

3. ktaR + ik/yapd + kmR + infinitive + ANy xBd.

4. Infinitive + ivxe8`/Adverb/ktaR + ik/yapd + kmR.

For Examples, 1. To respect our principal is our duty. 9. I want her to type this letter.

2. To drive fast on a road is dangerous. 10. I am sorry to disturb you.

3. Priya went to U.S.A. to earn more money. 11. My mother expects me to be a doctor.

4. I take exercise regularly to keep myself feet. 12. The children are eager to visit the zoo.

5. We come to school to learn. 13. Many people desire to earn more money.

6. I want to meet Narendra Modi.

7. He likes to play cricket.

8. He visited Ahmedabad to see Iskon Temple.


2. Present Participle – vtRman k<d>t:

Jyare ko[ ik/yapd vaKyma> ktaR, kmR ke p0I ivxe8` trIke p/yojay Tyare tene k<d>t khe 0e.

A Participle denotes an incomplete action.

k<d>t Ae A2UrI ik/yanu> sUck 0e.

ik/yapdna mU5½pne ‘-ing’ p/Tyy lgaDta te ik/yapdnu> ‘Present Participle’ bne 0e.

vaKyma> ‘Present Participle’ ktaR trIke, kmR trIke ke ivxe8` trIke p/yojay 0e.

ktaR trIke ‘Present Participle’:

1. Smoking is injurious to health.

2. Walking is a good exercise.

3. Cycling is good for health.

4. Reading increases our knowledge.

5. Swimming is a good exercise.

kmR trIke ‘Present Participle’:

1. I know dancing. 2. She knows driving well.

ivxe8` trIke ‘Present Participle’:

1. He gave an apple to a crying child.

2. I see the boys playing tennis.

3. She is a loving mother.

4. ‘Dabangg-2’ is an interesting film.

5. A smiling face attracts all.

Kyarek Aek j ktaR ¹ara 4tI be ikyaAoma>4I Aek ik/ya bI+ ik/yane AnusrtI hoy Tyare p` p/4m ik/ya ma3e ‘Present Participle’ vpray 0e.

Examples,

1. Seeing the dog, the cat ran away.

2. Hearing the noise, she woke up.

3. Taking breakfast, Shivam and Milan go to school.


ke3lIk var ‘Conjunction’ ke ‘Preposition’ p0I p` ‘Present Participle’ vpray 0e.

Examples,

1. I am fond of reading books.

2. He is punished for telling the truth.

3. On receiving the telephone call, he went out.

4. She rushed home after hearing the news.

3. Past Participle – wUtk<d>t:

‘Past Participle’ no ]pyog pU R ka5ma>, ‘Passive Voice’ ma> 4ay 0e. Aa ]pra>t ivxe8` trIke p` teno ]pyog 4ay 0e.

ik/yapdne A>te ‘-ed’ p/Tyy lgaDva4I ‘Past Participle’ bne 0e Ane ke3lak Ainyimt

ik/yapdo(Irregular Verb) p` hoy 0e.

vaKyrcna:

Past Participle(wUtk<d>t) + Noun(nam)

Jyare vaKyma> ‘Past Participle’ vpray Tyar p0Inu> ‘Noun’ h>mexa in+Rv hoy 0e ke je ko[ p` ik/ya krI xktu> n4I.

Examples,

1. I have a written book. 10. This is the bill paid by me.

2. Sachin has a broken scooter. 11. This the picture drawn by my

3. Meena had a watch made in china. Sister.

4. The postman gave him used letter. 12. Where is the camera bought by

5. This is a nicely woven piece of cloth. You?

6. Spoken words can not be taken back. 13.My teacher gave me a torn book.

7. The broken chair is lying in that corner.

8. We saw some bords caught in a met.

9. I read a book written by Dr. Abdul Kalam.


Jo vaKyma> while, before ke after p0I trt j qalI jGya hoy to tema> ‘Present- Participle’ mUkvu.

1. While crossing the road, she fell down.

2. Before going to School, she says prayer.

3. After finishing his work, he went out for a walk.

Jo vaKyma> ‘Prepositions’ - for, from, by, on, of, in vgere p0I trt j qalI jGya hoy to tema> ‘Present- Participle’ mUkvu.

1. The doctor punished him for making mistakes.

2. My brother is interested in playing cricket.

3. He went out without taking permission.

4. Don’t talk at the time of reading.

5. On seeing the policeman, the thief ran away.

Jo vaKyma> start, stop, enjoy, finish vgere jeva ik/yapdo p0I trt j qalI jGya hoy to tema> ‘Present- Participle’ mUkvu.

1. Stop talking or I will punish you.

2. We enjoy learning grammar.

3. Start writing now.

4. He finished writing and went to bed.

Jo vaKynI x½Aatma> j qalI jGya hoy Ane qalI jGya p0I trt j ik/yapd hoy to tema> ‘Present- Participle’ mUkvu.

1. Smoking is injurious to health.

2. Walking is a good exercise.

3. Cycling is good for health.

4. Reading increases our knowledge.

Jo vaKynI x½Aatma> j qalI jGya hoy Ane qalI jGya p0I ko[ in+Rv nam hoy to tema> ‘Past- Participle’ mUkvu.

1. Sanjana has a broken scooter.

2. The broken chair is lying in that corner.


Jo qalI jGya phela ko[ s+v nam hoy to tema> ‘Present Participle’ Ane qalI jGya p0I ko[ in+Rv nam hoy to tema> ‘Past- Participle’ mUkvu.

1. The boys sitting under the tree are my friends.

2. The girl dancing on the stage is my sister.

3. The man selling the toys is a shopkeeper.

4. We heard a lion roaring in the cage.

5. The teacher caught Anil copying in the examination.

6. I have a tablet made in Japan.

7. These are the books written by Shakespeare.

Fill in the blanks with appropriate verb form.

1. The chief minister is going _______ the flood affected people. (to meet)

2. _______ is injurious to health. (to chew)

3. _______ water is always clean. (to run)

4. Nehal decided _______ science stream. (to take up)

5. What do you want _______ after passing your graduation? (to become)

6. Look at that picture _______ on the wall. (to hang)

7. These are the pictures _______ by Tanisha. (to draw)

8. I saw some pieces of ______ glass ______ on the floor. (to break ,to lie)

9. Nayan is going ___ part in the elocution competition tomorrow. (to take)

10.Would you like _______ some coffee? (to have)

11. I am going _______ a letter. (to write)

12. They want _______ the party. (to arrange)

13. She went to the market _______ kites. (to buy)

14. Hemang takes exercises _______ him fit. (to keep)

15. Janki likes _______ western clothes. (to wear)

* * * * * *


3. The Pronoun

________________________________________________________________

Pronoun: “ The word which is used instead of a Noun, is called the Pronoun.” “ je xBd namna bdle vpray 0e te xBdne svRnam trIke Aao5qvama> Aave 0e.”

svRnamna p/karo nIce p/ma e 0e:

1. Personal Pronouns ( puru8vack svRnam) 2. Reflexive Pronouns( Sv-vack svRnam) 3. Interrogative Pronouns ( p/&na4R svRnam) 4. Relative Pronouns ( s>b>2k svRnam) 5. Indefinite Pronouns ( Aini&ct svRnam)

A) Personal Pronouns ( puru8vack svRnam):

Person (puru8)

Number (vcn)

Subject (ktaR ivwiKt)

Object (kmR ivwiKt)

First Possessive (s>b>2k ivxe8`)

1st Person Singular (Aekvcn) I ME MY

Plural (bhuvcn) WE US OUR

2nd Person Singular (Aekvcn) YOU YOU YOUR

Plural (bhuvcn) YOU YOU YOUR

3rd Person

Masculine(puiLl>g) HE HIM HIS

Feminine(S+Iil>g) SHE HER HER

Neuter(naNytr jait) IT IT ITS

Plural (bhuvcn) THEY THEM THEIRS

Topic – 3 Pronoun


B) Reflexive Pronouns ( Sv-vack svRnam):

Person (puru8)

Number (vcn)

Second Possessive (s>b>2k svRnam)

Reflexives (Sv-vack svRnam)

1st

Person

Singular (Aekvcn) MINE MYSELF

Plural (bhuvcn) OURS OURSELVES

2nd

Person

Singular (Aekvcn) YOURS YOURSELF

Plural (bhuvcn) YOURS YOURSELVES

3rd

Person

Masculine(puiLl>g) HIS HIMSELF

Feminine(S+Iil>g) HERS HERSELF

Neuter(naNytr jait) ITS ITSELF

Plural (bhuvcn) THEIRS THEMSELVES

Second Possessive Pronouns:

s>b>2k svRnam Ae s>b>2k ivxe8` Ane namnu> s>yuKt Sv½p 0e.

‘Second Possessive’ nI phela ‘to be’ nu> ½p hoy 0e A4va to phela ‘of’ hoy 0e.

s>b>2k ivxe8` p0I ko[p` nam Aave 0e pr>tu s>b>2k svRnam p0I ko[ nam Aavtu n4I.

For Example,

1. THIS IS MY BOOK. THIS BOOK IS MINE. 2. THAT IS OUR HOUSE. THAT HOUSE IS OURS. 3. THIS IS HER PERSE.THIS PERSE IS HERS. 4. THIS IS YOUR PEN. THIS PEN IS YOURS. 5. THIS IS THEIR FIELD. THIS FIELD IS THEIRS. 6. OURS IS A GREAT COUNTRY. 7. YOURS IS NOT A GREAT COUNTRY. 8. THIS PEN IS MINE. WHERE IS YOURS?


Fill in the following blanks with appropriate Pronouns.

1. My dress is prettier than _____. (your, yours)

2. Sachin and _____ will go for the party. (me, I)

3. That is Meera. That is _____ horse. (her, hers)

4. The antelope was proud of _____ horns. (its, it’s)

5. That car is _____ .(mine, my)

6. The teacher has called you and _____ friend. (your, yours)

7. Ruchita and Dhara are neighbors. _____ are good friends.

(We, They)

8. _____ 7 o’clock now. (It’s, Its)

9. They are policemen. These are _____ guns. (Their, Theirs)

10.A friend of _____ is coming for the party. (my, mine)

Reflexive Pronouns:

Reflexive Pronoun Ae3le Sv-vack svRnam.tene warvack svRnam (Emphatic

Pronoun) p` khe 0e.

ktaRAe pote A4va ‘pote jate j ko{ ik/ya krI 0e’ Aevo A4R warpUvRk rjU krva ma3e

Aa svRnamo vpray 0e.

svRnamonI s>b>2k ivwiKt sa4e Aekvcnma> ‘self’ Ane bhuvcnma> ‘selves’ p/Tyy joDva4I Aa svRnamo bne 0e.

vaKyma> ik/yapd p0I ke phela A4va vaKyne A>te Aa svRnam vpray 0e.

Aa)a4R vaKyma> Aekvcnna ktaR ma3e ‘yourself’ Ane bhuvcnna ktaR ma3e

‘yourselves’ vpray 0e.


For Example,

1. I do my homework myself.

2. They themselves repair their cars.

3. Smita cooks her food herself.

4. Jenil himself solved all the questions.

5. The cat caught the mouse itself.

6. Do it yourselves.

7. You will have to write this yourself

Fill in the following blanks using appropriate Pronoun.

1. My grandfather does all his work _______. 2. Please do not talk among _________. 3. We __________ decorated the classroom. 4. Did you cut the tree _______ , Rameshbhai? 5. One should ask ______ if what one is doing is right or wrong. 6. Follow the principle, “Do it ________”. 7. He ______ went to the station. 8. She ______ brought the apples. 9. The cow stood up by ______. 10. Shreya solved all the sums ______.


‘How many’ & ‘How much’ Aa b>ne xBdsmUho ‘Interrogative Adjectives’ 0e.

‘How many’ no A4R ‘ke3la>’ Ane ‘How much’ no A4R ‘ke3lu>’ Aevo 4ay 0e.

‘How many’ Ae bhuvcnna nam sa4e Ane ‘How much’ Ae Aekvcnna nam sa4e

vpray 0e.

How many:

gÌ xkay tevI VyiKtAo, p/aÌAo ke vStuAonI s>Qya ja`va ma3e

bhuvcnna nam sa4e ‘How many’ vpray 0e.

vaKyrcna:

1. How many + Plural Noun + are/were + there + words showing place?

2. How many + Plural Noun + helping verb + Subject + verb + other

words?

For Examples,

1. How many apples are there in the basket?

2. How many children were there in the classroom?

3. How many books did you buy from the bookshop?

4. How many members are there in your family?

5. How many chocolates did she eat yesterday?

6. How many people were present in the seminar?

7. How many rupees are there in your pocket?

8. How many clothes are there in your suitcase?

9. How many vegetables are there in your bag?

10. How many girls are there in class 10 c.

How much & How many


How much:

gÌ n xkay teva pda4oR, ¸Vyo ke j$4avack namo ivxe ja`va ma3e

Aekvcnna nam sa4e ‘How much’ vpray 0e.

vaKyrcna:

1. How much + Noun + is/was + there + words showing place?

2. How much + Noun + helping verb + Subject + verb + other words?

For example, 1. How much water is there in the glass? 2. How much oil is there in the bottle? 3. How much money is there in your pocket? 4. How much milk do you drink everyday? 5. How much petrol did you buy yesterday? 6. How much coffee does my mother make every morning? 7. How much money do you have in your pocket? 8. How much salt did you buy from the shop yesterday? 9. How much tea does my wife make every morning?

Fill in the following blanks using ‘How many ‘or How much’.

1. ____________ books did you read?

2. ____________ tea is there in the cup?

3. ____________ butter will you buy?

4. ____________ boys are there in the class?

5. ____________ pens do you have?

6. ____________ coffee can you drink?

7. ____________ bangles has she worn?

8. ____________ gold is there in the box?

9. ____________ friends do you have?

10. ___________ water is there in the jug?


C) Indefinite Pronouns ( Aini&ct svRnam):

Indefinite Pronouns no A4R ‘Aini&ct svRnamo’ Aevo 4ay 0e.

ko[ VyiKt ke vStu ma3e nIcena jeva A4R dxaRvva Aa svRnamo vpray 0e:

– Ko[ coKks VyiKt ke vStuna bdle b2I VyiKt ke vStu

– Amuk ko[Aek VyiKt ke vStu

– drek VyiKt ke vStu

– Ko[p` nih Aevo A4R

The following are the indefinite pronouns:

All Every Each Many

Much Any Some None

No one Anything Anybody Somebody

Something Everybody Everything Nobody

Nothing Few A few Little

A little.

1. All:

‘All’ - b2I vStu,b2I VyiKt ke b2I s>Qya Aevu> dxaRvva ma3e bhuvcnna nam Ane

ik/yapd sa4e Ane Aa3IRkl ‘The’ sa4e vpray 0e.

Exa,

1. All the girls were present in the class.

2. All the mangoes in the basket are juicy.

3. All the pupils are clever in the class 10 A.

4. All the pupils have completed their work.

2. Each:

‘Each’ –be ke be4I v2u VyiKt ke vStuma>4I drek VyiKt ma3e ke vStu ma3e Aekvcnna

nam Ane ik/yapd sa4e vpray 0e.

qalI jGya p0I ‘of’ hoy to ‘of’ p0I bhuvcnnu> nam Aave 0e.


Exa,

1. There are fifty students in each class.

2. Each student must do his homework.

3. Each of the pupils wears the uniform.

4. Each of the girls must write exercises.

5. There are 30 days in each month.

3. Every:

‘Every’ – be ke be4I v2u VyiKt ke vStu dxaRvva smg/ smUh ma3e vpray 0e.

‘Every’ Aekvcnma> j vpray 0e.

‘Every’ p0I Aavtu> ‘of’ n4I.

Exa,

1. Every pupil is present in 10 A of Savashala.

2. Every city has all the facilities.

3. Every has to wear school uniform on annual festival.

4. Every teacher teaches us the virtue of life.

4. Many:

‘Many’ – gÌ xkay tevI 6Ì vStu,6Ì VyiKt ke 6Ì s>Qya Aevu> dxaRvva bhuvcnna

nam Ane ik/yapd sa4e vpray 0e.

Exa,

1. Many students come in the prayer hall.

2. Many trees were cut down.

3. How many rupees did you pay of this watch?

4. I have paid many rupees of this watch.


5. Much:

‘Much’ – gÌ n xkay tevI 6Ì vStu ke p/vahI pda4oR ma3e Aekvcnna nam Ane ik/yapd sa4e vpray 0e. Exa,

1. How much milk do you drink every day?

2. There is much water in the glass.

3. There is much milk in this pot.

4. There is not much tea in this cup.

6. Some:

‘Some’ – gÌ xkay tevI Ane j$4avack ke3lIk ke 4oDIk vStu ke VyiKt ma3e

bhuvcnna nam Ane ik/yapd sa4e h>mexa hkar vaKyma> j vpray 0e.

Jyare p/vahI ma3e ‘Some’ vaprvama> Aave Tyare tenI sa4e Aekvcnnu> ik/yapd vpray 0e.

Exa,

1. Some pupils were talking in the class.

2. There is some water in the glass.

3. Only some students are clever in class 10 B.

4. There are some chairs to sit in the school.

5. There is some coffee in the cup.

6. Some pupils are writing English Grammar.

7.Any:

‘Any’ – gÌ xkay tevI Ane j$4avack ke3lIk ke 4oDIk vStu ke VyiKt ma3e ke

¸Vyvack nam ma3e Aekvcnna nam Ane ik/yapd sa4e h>mexa nkar Ane p/&na4R vaKyma> j

vpray 0e.

Ke3lu> 0e Aevu> pU0va ma3e ke 4oDu> p` n4I Aevu> dxaRvva ma3e vpray 0e.


Exa, 1. Is there any water in the glass?

2. There is not any water in the glass.

3. Is there any flower in the garden?

4. There is not any girl in the class 10 C.

8.Anybody:

‘Any’ – ko[p` VyiKt Aevu> dxaRvva ma3e Aekvcnna ik/yapd sa4e h>mexa nkar Ane

p/&na4R vaKyma> j vpray 0e.

ko[ VyiKt 0e?- Aevo p/&n pU0va Ane ko[ n4I Aevo nkar A4R dxaRvva ma3e.

Exa, 1. Is there anybody in the class?

2. There is not anybody in the class.

3. Has anybody written his homework?

4. Has anybody solved the sum?

5. Did anybody read these examples?

6. There was not anybody present yesterday.

9.Anything:

‘Anything’ – k>[k vStu Aevu> dxaRvva ma3e Aekvcnna ik/yapd sa4e h>mexa nkar Ane

p/&na4R vaKyma> j vpray 0e.

k>[k vStu 0e?- Aevo p/&n pU0va Ane k>[ n4I Aevo nkar A4R dxaRvva ma3e.

Exa, 1. Is there anything in this box?

2. There is not anything in this box.

3. My friend does not want anything from his parents.

4. I don’t expect anything from my myfriend.

5. Is there anything in your pocket?


10.Everybody, Somebody & Nobody:

‘Everybody’ Ae Aekvcnna ik/yapd sa4e drek VyiKt Aevo A4R dxaRvva.

‘Somebody’ Ae Aekvcnna ik/yapd sa4e ko[ Aek VyiKt Aevo A4R dxaRvva.

‘Nobody’ Ae Aekvcnna ik/yapd sa4e ko[p` VyiKt nih Aevo A4R dxaRvva.

Exa,

1. Everybody was present in the class yesterday.

2. Everybody is free to go to home.

3. Somebody was there in the school.

4. There is somebody in my house.

5. Nobody likes to sit here.

6. Nobody has done his homework.

11.Everything, Something & Nothing:

‘Everything’ Ae Aekvcnna ik/yapd sa4e drek vStu Aevo A4R dxaRvva.

‘Something’ Ae Aekvcnna ik/yapd sa4e ko[ Aek vStu Aevo A4R dxaRvva.

‘Nothing’ Ae Aekvcnna ik/yapd sa4e ko[p` vStu nih Aevo A4R dxaRvva.

Exa,

1. Everything is ready for the dinner.

2. Everything is will be all right.

3. Anil is hungry. Please give him something to eat.

4. There is something in your pocket.

5. There is nothing in the box.

6. They could do nothing for the blind people.


12. None & No one:

ko[ j nih Aevo A4R dxaRvva Aa b>ne Aini&ct svRnamo vpray 0e.

‘No one’ p0I Aekvcnnu> j ik/yapd vpray 0e.

‘None’ p0I ‘of’ Aave 0e Ane tenI sa4e bhuvcnnu> ik/yapd vpray 0e.

Exa, 1. No one has finished the homework.

2. There is no one in the class.

3. None of the teachers attended the school.

4. None of the boys got up.

13. Few & A few:

gÌ xkay teva namo ma3e b>ne Aini&ct svRnamo vpray 0e.

‘Few’ no A4R ‘nihvt\’ Aevo 4ay 0e Ane te ‘Negative Meaning’ dxaRve 0e.

‘A Few’ no A4R ‘4oDu>k’ Aevo 4ay 0e Ane te ‘Positive Meaning’ dxaRve 0e.

Exa,

1. The classroom is empty. There are few pupils.

2. The students of this class are not clever. Few can solve this answer.

3. The bus was empty. There were few passengers in the bus.

4. A few boys are clever in the class.

5. There were a few candidates present in the examination.

14. Little & A little:

gÌ n xkay teva j$4avack ¸Cyvack ke wavvack namo ma3e Aa b>ne Aini&ct svRnamo vpray 0e.

‘Little’ no A4R ‘nihvt\’ Aevo 4ay 0e Ane te‘Negative Meaning’ dxaRve 0e.

‘A little’ no A4R ‘4oDu>k’ Aevo 4ay 0e Ane te ‘Positive Meaning’ dxaRve 0e. Ae3le ke

‘some but not much’


Exa,

1. I have little time for reading.

2. I cannot help you because I have little money.

3. You cannot drive my bike because there is little petrol in it.

4. Could you give me a little milk?

5. There is a little water in the glass.

6. You can read because there is a little time.

Fill in the blanks with appropriate Indefinite Pronouns.

1. _________ should grow at least one tree. (Nobody, Anybody, Everybody)

2. There are ________ books in the cupboard. _______ the books are on science and computer education. (many, every, All)

3. _________ cloud has a silver lining.(Each, Every, All) 4. Is there ________ hope of your passing the examination?

(some, any, little) 5. ________ of the boys wears the uniform. (Every, All, Each) 6. Where is my book? Has ________ seen it? (anybody, somebody, nobody) 7. How _________ milk do you drink every day?(many, much, any) 8. _________ of these eleven boys was given a prize.(All, Each, Some) 9. _________ of these two boys knows English.(Every, All, Each) 10. Would you lend me _________ books on literature from your Library,

Sir?(Few, a few, little) 11. ________ of the players is rich. (Some, None, Many) 12. Is there _________ in the kitchen? ( anybody, Nobody, Somebody) 13. _______ of these two boys knows English. (Both, Each, Every) 14. Would you lend me _______ books on literature from your library, sir?

(few, a few, a little) 15. Don’t ask me anything about the politics. I know _______ about it.

(little, a little, few) 16. My teacher keeps very busy with his work, so he takes _______

interest in home affairs. (little, few, much) 17. My brother had quarrel with _______ yesterday and he has threatened

to kill him. (anybody, somebody, nobody) 18. Mayur is a narrow-minded boy so he has _______ friends. (few, a few,

a little)


4. Prepositions

________________________________________________________________

Preposition:

“A word which is used before a noun or pronoun and which

shows the position of a noun or pronoun in a sentence, is called as a

Preposition ”.

“ je xBd nam ke svRnamnI Aag5 vpray 0e ke je nam ke svRnam Ae3le ke

vaKyna ktaRnI iS4it sUcve 0e – tene namyogI AVyy khe 0e.”

Pre- Ae3le phelanu> Ane Position- Ae3le iS4it.

Preposition nam ke svRnamnI Aag5 vpray 0e.

Preposition Ae nam ke svRnamnu> S4an sUcve 0e.

Preposition Ae3le je xBdno nam ke svRnam sa4e yoGy s>b>2 4to hoy te.

1. In & Into:

‘In’ - iS4r vStu ke VyiKt ma3e S4an Ane smy dxaRvva.

For Example,

1. Sachin is in the temple. 4. He has a lot of faith in God.

2. The girls are reading in the class. 5. He gets up early in the morning.

3. I do my homework in the evening. 6. We shall go to Abu in the vacation.

‘Into’ - AiS4r vStu ke VyiKt ma3e git sUcvta ik/yapdo sa4e S4an dxaRvva.

For Example,

1. The young man jumped into the river.

2. The lion jumped into the well.

3. The teacher came into the class.

4. I moved into my personal room.

5. My mother cut the apple into two parts.

Topic – 4 Preposition


2. On & Over:

‘On’ – Jyare ko[ be vStu AekbI+ne SpxR 4[ne ]pr pDelI hoy te dxaRvva ke vStu ke

VyiKt ma3e S4an Ane smy dxaRvva vpray 0e.

For Example,

1. The notebook is on the table. 3. I will come on Saturday.

2. The cat is on the platform. 4. We play cricket on Sunday.

‘Over’ – ko[ vStu nIce rhelI bI+ vStune SpxR n krtI hoy ke ]DtI hoy te dxaRvva

git sUcvta ik/yapdo sa4e vpray 0e.

For example,

1. The birds are flying over our heads. 3. The rabbit jumped over the wall.

2. Honeybees are buzzing over the flower. 4. There is a bridge over the river.

3. Up & Above:

‘Up’ – git sUcvta ik/yapdo ma3e ]pr c!vana A4Rma>.

For example,

1. Hetasvi climbed up a tree.

2. Urvi climbed up a Girnar.

‘Above’ – Aek vStu bI+ vStunI ]pr SpxR n krtI hoy, idval pr 3a>gel hoy tevu>

dxaRvva AiS4r ik/yapdo sa4e.

For example,

1. There is a clock above the calendar.

2. Our nose is above our mouth.

3. There is a tube light above the blackboard.

4. At & To:

‘At’ – Amuk S45 trf ke Amuk smye Aevo A4R dxaRvva.

- ko[ iv8y p/TyenI inpu`ta dxaRvva.

1. People are standing at the bus-stop. 3. Rajkot is cool at night.

2. They are looking at the bus. 4. She is good at English.


‘To’ – Amuk coKks smy su2I,

- ko[ VyiKtne ke

- ko[ VyiKtna p/Tye Aevo A4R dxaRvva.

For example,

1. He walked to the station. 3. I gave my book to Mital.

2. I talked to my principal. 4. My mother works from morning to night.

5. By & With:

‘By’ – ko[ vStu ke VyiKt ¹ara ko[ kayR 4yu> hoy.

- musafrIna s>dweR ke smy dxaRvva.

- Aa3la smy su2Ima> ko[ kayR pUru 4xe Aevu> dxaRvva.

For example,

1. The lion is killed by a hunter. 3. Jay goes to school by a scooter.

2. I will come back by 10:00 p.m. 4. I shall finish my work by 5 o’clock.

‘With’ – ‘sa4e’, ‘vDe’, ‘4I’ no A4R dxaRvva.

- ko[ sa2n vDe ko[ kayR krvanu> 0e tevu> dxaRvva.

For example,

1. I go to office with my friend.

2. We see with our eyes.

3. My mother cuts vegetables with a knife.

5.From & Through:

‘From’ – Amuk S45e4I ke smy4I ke ko[ rog4I pIDavu> Aevo A4R dxaRvva.

For example,

1. My mother is coming from the market.

2. We have a vacation from today.

3. Our teacher is from Ahmadabad.

4. We can see our school from the hill.

5. My mother is in the kitchen from morning.


‘Through’ – Amuk S45ma>4I psar 4vana A4Rma>.

For example,

1. They walked through the suthar pole.

2. We walked through the crowd.

3. The train passes through the tunnel.

6.For & Of:

‘For’ – S45 ke smy dxaRvva ma3ena A4Rma>.

- hetu ke kar` dxaRvva.

- ko[ AcoKks smyga5o dxaRvva.

For example,

1. My mother bought a gift for me. 3. I waited there for 1 hour.

2. He has been here for 15 years. 4. The train left for Mumbai at 7 o’clock.

‘Of’ – ‘no’, ‘nI’, ‘nu>’, ke ‘na’ no A4R dxaRvva.

For example,

1. The color of my car is black.

2. The page of this book is torn.

3. Sanjana is the friend of my brother.

7.Among & Between:

‘Among’ – be 4I v2u VyiKt, vStu ke p/aÌ vCce hovana A4Rma>.

For example,

1. The teacher is standing among five students.

2. We hid among trees.

3. Jay is the cleverest among the boys.

‘Between’ – be j VyiKt, vStu ke p/aÌ vCce hovana A4Rma>.

1. Ashit sits between Keyur and Pranav.

2. Savashala is situated between D.N.T. high school and primary school.

3. Our classroom is between pricipal office and computer lab.


8. Before & After:

Before - ko[ S4an ke smy phela- Aevo A4R dxaRvva.

For example,

1. A beggar is standing before my house.

2. I shall come before 10:00 p.m.

3. He stood before the head master for 5 minutes.

After - ko[ S4an ke smy p0I- Aevo A4R dxaRvva.

For example,

1. Tanisha will go after two hour.

2. The cat is running after mouse.

3. Children should not go out after evening.

9. Some other prepositions:

Near – ko[ vStu ke VyiKt paseno A4R dxaRvva.

Exa, Our school is near the government school.

Under – ko[ vStu ke VyiKt nIcnoe A4R dxaRvva.

Exa, A cow is sitting under the tree.

Behind – ko[ vStu ke VyiKt pa05no A4R dxaRvva.

Exa, My house is in front of the garden.

Beside – ko[ vStu ke VyiKt bajuma> Aevo A4R dxaRvva.

Exa, There is a river behind Savashala.

In front of – ko[ vStu ke VyiKt nI sameno A4R dxaRvva.

Exa, Urvi sits beside Nisha.

Beyond – bI+ bajuAe ke samenI bajuAeno A4R dxaRvva.

Exa, There is school beyond the garden.

The temple is beyond the hospital.

Along – nI sma>treno A4R dxaRvva.

Exa, We walked along the Subhash Road.


Across – Aek baju4I bI+ bajuAeno A4R dxaRvva.

Exa, Nayan ran across the road.

‘Besides’ - v2arano A4R sUcvva ke ‘tdupra>t’ Aevo A4R sUcvva.

Exa,

1. We have to study two languages besides mother-tongue.

2. He gave the beggar some clothes besides food.

3. Besides the bike, he has a scooter too.

4. Besides this house, I have one more house.

5. Dixit has a new pen besides this pen.

Below – Amuk hd nIce ke – na krta> Ao0u> Aevo A4R dxaRvva.

Exa,

1. Gujarati is written below the line.

2. Our monthly income is below Rs.9000.

About – ko[ VyiKt ke vStu ivxe Aevo A4R dxaRvva.

Exa, She talks about the new film.

Since – ko[ coKks smy 4I Aevu> dxaRvva.

1. She has not eaten anything since morning.

2. I have live in this house since 2012.

During – te smy drimyan Aevo A4R dxaRvva.

Exa, I shall go to my uncle’s house during the vacation.

Except – te isvay Aevo A4R dxaRvva.

1. All the students got good marks except Keyur.

2. We visited the places of Gujarat except Sardar Sarovar.

Out of – ma> 4[ne ke ma>4I Aevo A4R dxaRvva.

1. Sanjana looked out of the window.

2. Twenty students got good marks out of twenty- five.


Fill in the blanks using the appropriate preposition given in the brackets.

1. I will learn painting ___________ the vacation.(between, among, during)

2. Nayan has been studying ___________ morning.(from, for, since)

3. The young man swam ___________ the river.(from, across, for)

4. Shreya has been living here ___________ two years.(till, since, for)

5. The Karnavati Express passes __________ the tunnel.(through, from, in)

6. Raj threw the paper ___________ the window.(out of, from, through)

7. How many marks did you score ___________ 100.(from, out of, through)

8. Will you bring me some books ___________ me?(with, for, from)

9. We achieved a lot ___________ his leadership.(in, into, under)

10.Many Indians still live ___________ the poverty line.(in, over, below)

11.Who is standing ___________ Raj and Jenil.(between, before, among)

12.Please reach here ___________ 7 o’clock.(before, after, above)

13.Jayesh sir is standing ___________ me in the queue.(before, into, above)

14.My home is ___________ the bus-stop.(at, into, behind)

15.Do you know anything ___________ the thief?(of, about, in)

16.Mr. Shah left ___________ Rajkot at 6 a.m.(by, for, from)

17.The two brothers divided the money __________ them.

(between, before, among)

18.The farmers are sitting __________ the tree.(under, over, above)

19.Will you come ______ me? (for, with, in)

20.I will travel ______ bus. (at, with, by)

21.Sheetal distributed sweets ________ her friends.(between, among, in)

22.Hetasvi cut the cake _______ a knife. (by, with, from)

23.The cat ran ________ the mouse.(before, with, after)

24.My school is _______ my father’s office.(over, in, near)

25.This poem is written ______ William Wordsworth.(with, by, at)


26.Look ______ that bird.(at, with, in)

27.The teacher will come here ________ 5 p.m.(with, for, by)

28.The horse jumped _________ the fence.(above, up, over)

29.Shri. Dhirubhai Ambani was _______ Chorvad.(on, for, from)

30.Will you please talk ________ my friend?(at, to, in)

* * * * *


5. Modal Auxiliaries

________________________________________________________________

Modal Auxiliaries:

“A verb which is used to help the main verb, is called Modal Auxiliaries”.

shaykarI ik/yapdo:

“ je ik/yapd mU5 ik/yapdne shay krva ma3e vpray te ik/yapdne shayharI ik/yapdo

khe 0e”.

Can, may, might, could, would, must, need Ane have to ‘Modals’ 0e, Jyare ‘to be’, ‘to have’ Ane ‘to do’ na je ½po 0e te b2a ‘Auxiliaries’ 0e.

‘Modal Auxiliaries’ sa4e h>mexa ik/yapdnu> ‘to’ vgrnu> mU5½p j vpray 0e.

vaKyrcna:

Subject + Modal Auxiliary Verb + V1 + object + other words.

Can: ‘Can’ no A4R ‘to be able to’ Aevo 4ay 0e.

ko[p` VyiKt ke p/aÌ ivxenI xiKt, 9mta ke AavDtno A4R dxaRvva ke rja ke

prvangI magva ma3e ‘Can’ vpray 0e.

Jyare nkar vaKyma ‘Can’ vpray Tyare ‘cannot’ Aem Aeksa4e lqay 0e.

‘Cannot’ nu> 3U>ku½p ‘Can’t’ 0e.

For example,

1. I can speak English well.

2. A horse can run fast.

3. She can understand Hindi well.

4. Jay can repair a car.

5. Alpeshbhai can teach Maths.

6. Nisha cannot write French.

Topic – 5 Modal Auxiliaries


7. Helen said, “I can’t read or write”.

8. Can you see with your eyes?

9. Can a blue whale live in the ocean?

10.Dixit says, “I can’t do this work”.

rja ke prvangI magva ma3e p/&na4R vaKyma> ‘Can’ no ]pyog: 1. Can I go to school today? 2. Can use your pen? 3. Can she use your scooter? 4. Can we play here in this room? 5. Can we visit the museum? 6. Can we sit here? 7. Can I write from your book? 8. Can I see your bag? 9. Can he read your answers? 10. Can I take your book for today?

Could: ‘Could’ Ae ‘can’ nu> wutka5nu> ½p 0e.

‘Could’ no A4R ‘was/were able to’ Aevo 4ay 0e.

‘wutka5ma> ko[ kayR krva ma3e sm4R hto’ - Aevo A4R dxaRvva ke ivn>tI dxaRvva

‘Could’ vpray 0e.

ivn>tIna A4Rma> ‘you’ sa4e p/&na4R vaKyma> j ‘Could’ vpray 0e.

‘Could not’ nu> 3U>ku½p ‘Couldn’t’ 0e.

For Example,

1. Raj told me that he could finish that work in a day.

2. They could not win the match.

3. I could not answer all the questions correctly.

4. Helen told her teacher that she could neither speak nor hear.


ivn>tI dxaRvva ma3e p/&na4R vaKyma> ‘Could’ no ]pyog: 1. Could you tell me the time, please? 2. Could you help me in my homework, Anjali? 3. Could you show me the way to Savashala? 4. Could you tell me the number of your office? 5. Could you clean this blackboard, Vatsal? 6. Could you switch off the fan, please?

May & Might:

‘May’ no A4R ‘kdac’ Aevo 4ay 0e.

rja, m>jurI ke prvangI magva ma3e p/&nvaKyma> vpray 0e.

wiv*yma> bnnar ik/ya ivxe xKyta ke s>wavna dxaRvva p`‘May’ vpray 0e.

xuweC0a ke [C0a dxaRvva p` ‘May’ vpray 0e.

‘Might’ Ae ‘May’ nu> wutka5nu> ½p 0e.

‘Might’ no ]pyog Aini&ctta, ALpxKyta ke 4oDI s>wavna dxaRvva ma3e 4ay 0e.

rja, m>jurI ke prvangI magva ma3e p/&na4RvaKyma> ‘May’ no ]pyog:

1. May I come in sir? 2. May I use your phone? 3. May my sister read your book 4. May I give you a pen? 5. May he come to my home?

xuweC0a ke [C0a dxaRvva‘May’ no ]pyog:

1. May God bless you.

2. May God be with you.

wiv*yma> bnnar 63na ivxe xKyta ke s>wavna dxaRvva ‘May’ no ]pyog:

1. My mother may give me a gift. 2. We may go to surat tomorrow. 3. It may rain today.

ALpxKyta ke Aini&ctta dxaRvva ‘Might’ no ]pyog:

1. He might come tomorrow.

2. He told me that the teacher might not help him that time.


Should: ‘Should’ Kyare vpray?...

‘Aapè Aam krvu> jo[Ae’ Aeva A4Rma>.

vtRmanka5ma> ke wiv*yka5ma>.

drek ktaR sa4e ko[p` jatna ferfar vgr.

VyiKtnI kayR krvanI frj sUcvva.

ko[ slah Aapva ma3e.

‘Advice’ ke ‘Obligation’ na A4Rma>.

‘Ought to’ p` ‘Should’ na A4Rma> vpray 0e.

For Example, 1. We should look after our old parents. 2. We should speak truth. 3. We should obey our elders. 4. Everybody should help the poor. 5. We should not waste our time.

Would: ‘Would’ no A4R ‘ready to’ Aevo 4ay 0e. ‘Would’ Kyare vpray?...

[C0a ke ps>dgI dxaRvva.

Amuk kayR krvanI tEyarI dxaRvva.

wUtka5nI ko[ roij>dI 3ev ke inyimt ik/ya dxaRvva.

ivn>tI dxaRvva.

ivn>tIna A4Rma> ‘you’ sa4e p/&na4R vaKyma>.

For Example, 1. I would like to drink tea. 2. I would not help you. 3. She said that she would do the work. 4. Would you switch off the T.V., please? 5. Would you help me in my work, Sachin? 6. Would you shut the door, please? 7. I would like to go to your home. 8. Would you come with me, Sanjana?


Must:

‘Must’ Ae AinvayR frj sUcve 0e..

je – te ktaR ¹ara frijyat rIte krvu> pDe te dxaRvva.

‘Must’ Ae vtRmanka5ma> j vpray 0e.

nIce p/maèna A4R dxaRvva –

AavXykta

AinvayRta

frijyatp u>

kDk sUcna

For Example,

1. We must obey the laws of the school.

2. You must work hard, otherwise you fail.

3. The driver must drive the car slowly.

4. The students must wear uniform every day.

5. We must not use mobile in the school.

6. You must write all the questions.

7. People must pay taxes regularly.

Need:

Jyare ko[ kayR ktaR ma3e j½rI hoy Aeva A4Rma> hkar vaKyma> ‘Need’ vpray 0e.

Jyare ko[ kayR ktaR ma3e j½rI n hoy Aeva A4Rma> nkar vaKyma> ‘Need not’ vpray 0e.

‘Need not’ nu> 3U>ku½p ‘Needn’t’ 0e.

For Example,

1. I need your help in this work.

2. I needn’t go to the market.

3. Pupils need not bring book with them.


Have to:

‘Have to’ Aee ‘must’ ne bdle vpray 0e.

ko[p` kayR krvanI frj pDI te dxaRvva.

ko[ baHy\ dba`na Anus>2ane te kayR krvu> pDe te dxaRvva.

ka5 p/ma e ‘Have to’ na Alg – Alg ½po vpray 0e.

‘Have to’ nI ka5 p/ma enI vaKyrcna:

1. Present Tense:

Subject + have to/ has to + V1 + object + other words.

2. Past Tense:

Subject + had to + V1 + object + other words.

3. Future Tense:

Subject + shall/will + have to + V1 + other words.

sada vtRmanka5na nkarvaKyma> Ane p/&na4RvaKyma> ‘Do/Does’ sa4e ‘Have to’ vpray 0e.

sada wUtka5na nkarvaKyma> Ane p/&na4RvaKyma> ‘Did’ sa4e ‘Have to’ vpray 0e.

For Example,

1. I have to finish this work today.

2. She has to work on Sunday.

3. My uncle does not have to buy a ticket because he has a free pass.

4. We had to go to school on foot because there was a bus-strike.

5. I was not late at all. I did not have to worry.

6. Did you have to attend the meeting?

7. Mihir’s answer is right. He will not have to do it again.

8. Have I to write this essay again?

9. Had the princess to marry the beggar?

10. Will I have to come in uniform tomorrow?


Fill in the blanks with appropriate modal auxiliaries.

1. Smita’s eye sight is weak, so she ________ wear spectacles. (had to, has to, have to)

2. As my mummy is ill, I _________ look after her. (have, have to, had to)

3. If you take science stream, you ____________ hard. (have worked, will have to work, has to work)

4. We all ___________ sympathize with the blind. (would, should, could)

5. __________ you bring that book here, Raj? (must, should, would) 6. People _________ pray to God every day.(must, should, would) 7. One _________ keep one’s promises. (would, have to, should) 8. Last year our school ____________ postpone annual examination because of

the communal riots. (should, had to, have to) 9. People _________ pay taxes regularly.(have to, has to, had to) 10. A pupil ________ go to school daily.(have to, has to, had to)


Degrees of Comparison ________________________________________________________________

Uses of Degrees of Comparison:

Degrees of Comparison are used only for the adjective and adverb.

To show the similarity between the two person or a thing.

To compare the two person or a thing.

To show the best quality of a person or a thing.

There are three types of Degrees of Comparison:

1. The Positive Degree ( smantadxRk tulna) 2. The Comparative Degree ( srqamÌdxRk tulna) 3. The Superlative Degree ( 7e*#tadxRk tulna)

A. The Positive Degree ( smantadxRk tulna):

Jyare Aek VyiKt ke vStu bI+ VyiKt ke vStu je3lI j Amuk gu`nI babtma> srqI 0e tevu>

dxaRvva ‘The Positive Degree’ no ]pyog 4ay 0e.

‘Positive Degree’ na vaKyma> ivxe8`nI Aag5 temj pa05 ‘as’ Aave 0e.

Ae3le ke, as + ivxe8` + as

‘Positive Degree’ nu> vaKy jo nkar hoy to samaNy rIte ivxe8`nI Aag5 ‘so’ Ane

pa05 ‘as’ vpray 0e.

Ae3le ke, so + ivxe8` + as

hkar vaKyrcna:

ktaR + ik/yapd + as + ivxe8` + as + srqamÌkark nam.

For Example,

1. Jay is clever. Urvi is clever.

ktaR ik/yapd ivxe8` ktaR ik/yapd ivxe8`

Jay is as clever as Urvi.

ktaR ik/yapd ivxe8` srqamÌkark nam

Topic – 6 Degrees of Comparison


nkar vaKyrcna:

ktaR + ik/yapd + not + so + ivxe8` + as + srqamÌkark nam.

For Example, 2. Divya is intelligent. Jigna is not to that extent.

ktaR ik/yapd ivxe8` srqamÌkark ktaR ik/yapd srqamÌkark xBdo

Divya is not so intelligent as Jigna. ktaR ik/yapd ivxe8` srqamÌkark nam

For Example,

1. Aashit is tall. Dixit is equally tall.

Aashit is as tall as Dixit.

2. Gold is precious. Silver is not precious to that extent.

Gold is not so precious as silver.

3. Country life is peaceful. City life is not so peaceful.

Country life is not so peaceful as citylife.

Change the following sentences into Positive Degree.

1. Akash is rich. Ajay is equally rich.

2. Hetasvi is fat. Heena is equally fat.

3. Oil is light. Water is not that much light.

4. English is important. Sanskrit is not important to that extent.

5. This flower and that flower are equally beautiful.

6. Ajay is intelligent. Jignesh is equally intelligent.

7. Akash is handsome boy. Anil is not handsome to that degree.

8. The cow is a useful animal. The camel is equally useful.

9. Sachin plays good. Yuvraj does not play to that degree.

10.Kiran is clever. Jeni is not clever to that degree.


B. The Comparative Degree ( srqamÌdxRk tulna):

Jyare Aek VyiKtne ke vStune bI+ VyiKt ke vStu krta> Amuk gu`ma> ci!yatI 0e tevu> dxaRvva

ma3e ‘The Comparative Degree’ vpray 0e.

‘Comparative Degree’ ma> ivxe8`na Ai2ktadxRk ½pno ]pyog 4ay 0e:

ivxe8òna mU5 ½pne ‘-er’ p/Tyy lgaDva4I temna> Ai2ktadxRk ½p bne 0e.

jem ke, clever – cleverer

la>ba ]Ccarva5a ivxe8ònI phela> ‘more’ xBd lgaDva4I temnu> Ai2ktadxRk

½p bne 0e.

jem ke, useful – more useful

ivxe8òna Ai2ktadxRk ½pnI sa4e ‘than’ ik/yaivxe8` vpray 0e.

vaKyrcna:

1. ktaR + ik/yapd + ivxe8` + er + than + srqamÌkark nam.

For Example, 1. Vatsal is clever. Jay is not clever to that degree.

Vatsal is cleverer than Jay.


2. Hetasvi is fat. Kiran is not that much fat. Hetasvi is fatter than Kiran.

2. ktaR + ik/yapd +more + ivxe8` + than + srqamÌkark nam.

For Example, 1. Wheat is useful. Gold is not that much useful.

Wheat is more useful than Gold.


2. Gold is precious. Silver is not that much precious. Gold is more precious than silver.

3. English is important. Sanskrit is not that much important. English is more important than Sanskrit.


ivxe8`nu> Ai2ktadxRk ½p bnavva ma3ena inymo:

samaNy rIte ivxe8`ne A>te ‘-er’ p/Tyy lgaDvama> Aave 0e.

for example, clever – cleverer

ivxe8`ne A>te ‘y’ hoy to ‘y’ no ‘i’ krI p0I ‘-er’ p/Tyy lgaDvo.

for example, dirty – dirtier pretty - prettier

easy – easier heavy - heavier

happy – happier

ivxe8`ne A>te ‘e’ hoy to ‘r’ p/Tyy lgaDvama> Aave 0e.

for example, brave – braver fine – finer wise – wiser white – whiter large- larger

ivxe8`ne A>te Vy>jn hoy Ane tenI phela> Aek j Svr hoy to ‘-er’ lgaDta> 0ev3no Vy>jn

bevDay 0e.

for example, fat – fatter thin – thinner hot – hotter big – bigger

ivxe8`ne A>te be Vy>jn hoy ke 0eLla> Vy>jn phela> be Svr hoy to te Vy>jn bevDato n4I

Ane ‘-er’ lgaDvama> Aave 0e.

for example, fast – faster cool – cooler

be ke be4I v2are ‘syllable’ va5a> ivxe8ònI phela> ‘much’ ivxe8`nu> Ai2ktadxRk ½p

‘more’ mUkvama> Aave 0e.

for example, useful – more useful important – more important precious – more precious

ke3la>k ivxe8òna> ½p Ainyimt rIte 4ay 0e:

For example, POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE good better best bad worse worst little less least much more most many more most


C. The Superlative Degree ( 7e*#tadxRk tulna):

Jyare Aek VyiKtne ke vStune bI+ Anek VyiKtAo ke vStuAoma> Amuk l9` ke gu`

2ravvama> 7/e*# 0e ke 7e*# n4I tevu> dxaRvva ma3e ‘The Superlative Degree’ vpray 0e.

be krta> v2are VyiKtAo ke vStuAonI tulna krva ma3e j vpray 0e.

‘Superlative Degree’ ma> ivxe8`na 7e*#tadxRk ½pno ]pyog 4ay 0e:

ivxe8òna mU5 ½pne ‘-est’ p/Tyy lgaDva4I temna> 7e*#tadxRk ½p bne 0e.

jem ke, clever – cleverest

la>ba ]Ccarva5a ivxe8ònI phela> ‘most’ xBd lgaDva4I temnu> 7e*#tadxRk ½p bne 0e.

jem ke, useful – most useful

ivxe8òna 7e*#tadxRk ½pnI sa4e Article - ‘the’ vpray 0e.

vaKyrcna:

1. ktaR + ik/yapd + the + ivxe8` + est + srqamÌkark ANy xBdo.

For Example,

1. Vatsal is clever. No other boy in the class is clever to that degree.

Vatsal is the cleverest boy in the class.

ktaR ik/yapd ivxe8` 7e*#tadxRk ½p srqamÌkark Any xBdo

vaKyrcna:

2. ktaR + ik/yapd + the + most + ivxe8` + srqamÌkark ANy xBdo.

For Example,

2. Iron is useful. No other metal is that much useful.

Iron is the most useful of all the metals.

ktaR ik/yapd ivxe8` 7e*#tadxRk ½p srqamÌkark Any xBdo

3. All the players were good. But no one was equal to Sachin.

Sachin is the best of all the players.


Change the following sentences into Superlative Degree.

1. Ujjain is a very famous city. No other city in India is that much famous.

2. Gold is valuable metal. No other metal is so valuable.

3. Mount Everest is very high peak. No other peak in the whole world is equal

to it in height.

4. ‘Jab Tak Hai Jaan’ is a very good movie. No other movie in Bollywood is

that much good.

5. Sonakshi is a very beautiful heroine. No other heroine is that much beautiful.

6. Spring is a very lovely season. No other season is that much lovely.

7. The picture of Monalisa is better than any other picture.

8. Shimla is cooler than any other hill station.

9. The elephant is bigger than any other animal.

10.No other river in India is so long as the Ganga.

Change the following sentences into Comparative Degree.

1. Oil is light. Water is not that much light.

2. Iron is very useful. Gold is not that much useful.

3. Ashok was a great king. No other king of India was equally great.

4. Mount Abu is cold in December. Ahmedabad is not much cold.

5. Water is thin. Blood is not so thin.

6. The horse is strong animal. The dog is not that much strong.

7. Sanjay is not so handsome as Mayur.

8. Jahangir was not so great as Akbar.

9. She does not speak so well as her brother.

10.I do not teach as well as you English teacher.


Superlative into Positive:

vaKyrcna:

No other + srqamÌkark nam + ik/yapd + so/as + ivxe8` + as + ktaR.

For example,

1. Jay is the cleverest boy in class 10A.

No other boy is so/as clever as Jay in class 10A.

2. Sachin is the best of all the players.

No other player is so/as good as Sachin.

3. Iron is the most useful of all the metals.

No other metal is so/as useful as Iron.

vaKyrcna:

ktaR + ik/yapd + more/ivxe8`/-er + than + any other + srqamÌkark nam +

ANy xBdo.

For example,

1. Jay is the cleverest boy in class 10A.

Jay is cleverer than any other boy in class 10A.

2. Sachin is the best of all the players.

Sachin is better than any other player.

3. Iron is the most useful of all the metals.

Iron is more useful than any other metal.


Change the Degree: 1. The Narmada is the longest river in Gujarat. 2. The computer is the greatest gift of science. 3. Ajay is the most brilliant student in the class. 4. Mount Everest is the highest peak in India. 5. Knowledge is the most valuable jewel. 6. Radha is as tall as Madhuri. 7. Raj plays better than Yash. 8. Mr. Shah is wealthier than Mr. Doshi. 9. Nisha’s result is worse than his friends.

10. Birbal spoke more quickly than Akbar. 11. Sanskrit is not so easy as English. 12. The Sabarmati is not so long as the Narmada. 13. The Amazon is the deepest river in Brazil. 14. The elephant is the heaviest of all the animals. 15. Oxygen is the most useful of all gases for human being.

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of degrees of comparison. 1. Today is ________________ yesterday.(as hot as, hotter than, hottest) 2. Soham is the __________boy in the class.

(as clever as ,cleverer than, cleverest) 3. Atul is as _________ as his brother.(tall, taller, tallest) 4. Deepak is the _____________ boy in the class.

(more helpful, most helpful, as helpful as) 5. Mr. Dave is the ______ loved teacher in our school.

(much, more, most) 6. Gopal is ____________ than his brother.

(as kind as, kinder, kindest) 7. Aman is ______________ runner in the school.

(faster, the fastest, as fast as) 8. No other countries are as ___________as India.

(beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful) 9. Diamonds are _______________ than gold.

(more expensive, most expensive, as expensive as) 10. Pooja is _______________ than Dhara.

(intelligent, more intelligent, most intelligent)


Active & Passive Voice ________________________________________________________________

A>g/e+ma> ik/yapdna be p/kar 0e: 1. Transitive Verb (skmRk ik/yapd)

2. Intransitive Verb (AkmRk ik/yapd)

A. Transitive Verb (skmRk ik/yapd):

Jo ik/yapdne ‘What’ 4I p/&n pU0va4I jvab trIke ko[ kmR m5e to tene ‘Transitive

Verb’ khe 0e.

e.g. He writes. skmRk ik/yapd

What does he write?

B. Intransitive Verb (AkmRk ik/yapd):

Jo ik/yapdne ‘What’ 4I p/&n pU0va4I jvab trIke ko[ kmR n m5e to tene ‘Intransitive

Verb’ khe 0e.

e.g. He runs. AkmRk ik/yapd

What does he run?

1. Active Voice(ktRir vaKyrcna):

Je vaKyma> vaKyno ktaR Ane ik/yano ktaR b>ne Aek j hoy Ae3le ke vaKyma> ktaRnu> S4an muQy

hoy tevI vaKyrcnane ‘Active Voice’ khe 0e.

For example,

Sunita eats an apple daily.

vaKyno ktaR ik/yano ktaR

2. Passive Voice(kmRi` vaKyrcna):

Je vaKyma> vaKyno ktaR Ane ik/yano ktaR b>ne Alg-Alg hoy Ae3le ke vaKyma> kmRnu> S4an

muQy hoy Ane kmRne ktaRna S4ane mUkayu> hoy tevI vaKyrcnane ‘Passive Voice’ khe 0e.

Topic – 7 Active & Passive Voice


Passive Voice Ma>a kmR phelu> Aave 0e. Aava vaKyoma> ik/ya ]pr war mUkvama> Aave 0e Ane

Aava vaKyoma> ik/ya krnar ktaR ini*k/y hoy 0e. For example,

An apple is eaten by Sunita daily.

vaKyno ktaR ik/yano ktaR

Active Voice Maa>4I Passive Voice ma> ½pa>tr krva ma3ena inymo:

sO p/4m vaKyma> rhela kmR ne xo2va ma3e ik/yapdne ‘What’ 4Ip/&n pU0vama> Aave 0e.

Active Voice na vaKyma> je kmR hoy tenu> Passive Voice ma> ½pa>tr krta tene

ktaRna S4ane mUkvama> Aave 0e.

Active Ma>a4I Passive ma> ke Passive ma>4I Active ma> ½pa>tr krtI vqte ik/yapdnu>

S4an bdlatu> n4I.

Passive Voice ma> ik/yapd p0I ik/ya kona ¹ara 4ay 0e te dxaRvva ma3e Preposition

– ‘By’ vpray 0e.

Active Voice ma> ik/yapd je ka5ma> hoy te ka5na ‘to be’ ik/yapdna ½p sa4e muQy

ik/yapdnu> wUtk<d>tnu> ½p(V3) mUkvama> Aave 0e.

Active Voice na vaKynu> Passive Voice ma> ½pa>tr krta tema> je ktaR hoy tene kmR

ivwiKtma> Ane je kmR hoy tene ktaR ivwiKtma> ½pa>tr krvama> Aave 0e.

Subject Case Object Case

(ktaR ivwiKt) (kmR ivwiKt)

I - by me By

We - by us

You - by you ____________

He - by him She - by her It - by it

They - by them

VO S


A. The Simple Present Tense: (sada vtRmanka5nI kmRi` vaKyrcna)

Hkar vaKyrcna: kmR + am/is/are + wUtk<d>tnu> ½p + by + ktaRnu> kmR ivwiKtnu> ½p + ANy xBdo.

For Example,

1. He writes a letter. A letter is written by her. 2. The peon rings the bell. The bell is rung by the peon. 3. People speak English all over the world. English is spoken all over the world.

Jo ‘Active Voice’ ma> ktaR trIke People, The government, Somebody, Someone

jeva Aini&ct svRnamo hoy to tenu> ‘Passive Voice’ ma> ½pa>tr krtI vqte ‘By’ sa4e

dxaRvvama> Aavta n4I. nkar vaKyrcna:

kmR + am/is/are + not + wUtk<d>tnu> ½p + by + ktaRnu> kmR ivwiKtnu> ½p + ANy xBdo.

For Example,

1. I do not play cricket every day. Cricket is not played by me every day. 2. She does not teach English. English is not taught by her. 3. They do not read newspapers. Newspapers are not read by them.

be kmRva5I vaKyrcna: jo vaKyma> be kmR Aapela> hoy to muQy kmR xo2va ma3e ik/yapdne ‘What’(xu>) 4I p/&n

pU0vama> Aave 0e Ane ‘Whom’(kone) 4I p/&n pU0va4I gO` kmR m5e 0e.

I. muQy kmR + am/is/are + V3 + to + gO` kmR + by + ktaR + ANy xBdo.

II. gO` kmR + am/is/are + V3 + muQy kmR + by + ktaR + ANy xBdo.


For Example,

1. My mother gives me milk in the morning.

Milk is given to me by my mother in the morning.

OR

I am given milk by my mother in the morning.

2. Our Grandfather tells us a story every night.

A story is told to us by our grandfather every night.

OR

We are told a story by our grandfather every night.

Change the following sentences into passive voice.

1. Manish sells fruits in his shop.

2. The cat looks at the mouse.

3. They sell good clothes in this shop.

4. People play football all over the world.

5. She teaches English well.

6. Somebody cleans this room every day.

7. Nayan teaches us Sanskrit in our school.

8. She does not drink tea.

9. The Jains do not eat potatoes.

10. Chetan does not love his parents.

11. We do not drink dirty water.

12. My father does not tell us a story every day.

13. Sachin shows me a book.

14. The Ramayana teaches us good things in life.

15. Sweta does not bring homework.


p/&na4R vaKyrcna:

a) shaykarI ik/yapdo4I x½ 4ta p/&no:

Am/Is/Are + kmR + V3 + by + ktaR + ?

For example,

1. Do you like that picture?

Is that picture liked by you?

2. Does he play cricket every day?

Is cricket played by him every day?

3. Do you respect your elders?

Are your elders respected by you?

b) Wh-word 4I x½ 4ta p/&no:

p/&nsUck xBd + am/is/are + kmR + V3 + by + ktaR + ?

For example,

1. Where do you keep your books daily?

Where are your books kept by you daily?

2. What does Kiran eat every night?

What is eaten by Kiran every night?

3. What does Pragna buy from the shop?

What is bought by Pragna from the shop?

4. When does the peon ring the bell?

When is the bell rung by the peon?


c) Who 4I x½ 4ta p/&no:

By whom + am/is/are + kmR + V3 + ANy xBdo + ?

For Example,

1. Who sing the song?

By whom is the song sung?

2. Who teaches you English in your class?

By whom is English taught to you in your class?

OR

By whom are you taught English in your class?


i. Do you know this fact?

ii. Why do you visit Ahmadabad?

iii. What does Heer buy from the shop?

iv. Do we grow more trees?

v. Who sells toys in the shop?

vi. Who sings a song every night?

vii. Who tells us a story every day?

viii. What does the teacher teach you every day?

ix. When does Sachin play cricket every day?

x. How many balls do they buy from the shop?


B. The Simple Past Tense: (sada wUtka5nI kmRi` vaKyrcna)

Hkar vaKyrcna: kmR + was/were + wUtk<d>tnu> ½p + by + ktaRnu> kmR ivwiKtnu> ½p + ANy xBdo.

For Example,

1. He broke a glass yesterday.

A glass was broken by him yesterday.

2. We won the race last week.

The race was won by us last week.

3. They helped me last night.

I was helped by them last night.

4. My sister made a rangoli yesterday.

A rangoli was made by my sister yesterday.

nkar vaKyrcna: kmR + was/were + not + wUtk<d>tnu> ½p + by + ktaRnu> kmR ivwiKtnu> ½p + ANy xBdo.

For Example,

1. Sachin did not bring my camera.

My camera was not brought by Sachin.

2. She did not wash clothes yesterday.

Clothes were not washed by her yesterday.

3. Ketan did not write his homework.

Ketan’s homework was not written by him.

4. Shreya gave me a gift on my birthday.

A gift was given to me by Shreya on my birthday.

OR

I was given a gift by Shreya on my birthday.


p/&na4R vaKyrcna: i. shaykarI ik/yapdo4I x½ 4ta p/&no:

Was/Were + kmR + V3 + by + ktaR + ?

For example,

1. Did she buy a new sari yesterday?

Was a new sari bought by her yesterday?

2. Did the teacher punish you yesterday?

Were you punished by the teacher yesterday?

ii. Wh-word 4I x½ 4ta p/&no:

p/&nsUck xBd + was/were + kmR + V3 + by + ktaR + ?

For example,

1. Where did Jigna learn English?

Where was English learnt by Jigna?

2. What did Mr.Khanna cook last night?

What was cooked by Mr.Khanna last night?

3. How did Kirtan get the first rank?

How was the first rank got by Kirtan?

iii. Who 4I x½ 4ta p/&no:

By whom + was/were + kmR + V3 + ANy xBdo + ?

For example,

1. Who broke the pencil yesterday?

By whom was the pencil broken yesterday?

2. Who called the woman that day?

By whom was the woman called that day?

3. Who prepared the rangoli last Sunday?

By whom was the rangoli prepared last Sunday?


Change the following sentences into passive voice. 1) I saw an accident yesterday.

2) She did not buy a new book.

3) My father told me a story last night.

4) Jay bought a new car last week.

5) They did not play cricket last Sunday.

6) Jigna torn my book yesterday.

7) The police caught the thief last month.

8) We visited the zoo last year.

9) Children did not see that film last year.

10 ) Aashit wrote a letter to his friend yesterday.

11 ) Who brought these books yesterday?

12 ) Did you fly kites last year?

13 ) Did the policeman arrest the thief?

14 ) Did your mother give you sweets?

15 ) Did he write answers in the classroom last week?

16 ) When did you get the prize?

17 ) Who visited the zoo last Sunday?

18 ) What did they buy from the fair yesterday?

19 ) When did they play cricket?

20 ) Who taught you English in your class last year?


C. The Simple Future Tense & Simple Modal Auxiliaries: (sada wiv*yka5 Ane shaykarI ik/yapdonI kmRi` vaKyrcna)

M.A.V. = Modal Auxiliaries Verb. (Shall, Will, Can, May, Must, Should, Would, Could, Might)

Hkar vaKyrcna: kmR + M.A.V. + be + wUtk<d>tnu> ½p + by + ktaRnu> kmR ivwiKtnu> ½p + ANy xBdo.

For Example,

1. She will buy fruits today.

Fruits will be bought by her today.

2. Our teacher will teach a new topic tomorrow.

A new topic will be taught by our teacher tomorrow.

3. I will visit the zoo next week.

The zoo will be visited by me next week.

nkar vaKyrcna: kmR + M.A.V. + not + be + wUtk<d>tnu> ½p + by + ktaRnu> kmR ivwiKtnu> ½p + ANy

xBdo.

For Example,

1. They will not visit the school next month.

The school will not be visited by them next month.

2. She will not tell me a story tonight.

A story will not be told to me by her tonight.

OR

I will not be told a story by her tonight.

3. My father will not give me a gift on my birthday.

A gift will not be given to me by my father on my birthday.

OR

I will not be given a gift by my father on my birthday.


p/&na4R vaKyrcna: shaykarI ik/yapdo4I x½ 4ta p/&no:

M.A.V. + kmR + be + V3 + by + ktaR + ANy xBdo + ?

For example,

1. Can Prerna drive a car? Can a car be driven by Prerna? 2. Will they tell her a story tomorrow? Will a story be told to her by them tomorrow?

OR Will she be told a story by them tomorrow?

Wh-word 4I x½ 4ta p/&no:

p/&nsUck xBd + M.A.V. + kmR + be + V3 + by + ktaR + ANy xBdo + ?

For example,

1. What will you buy from the fair tomorrow?

What will be bought by you from the fair tomorrow?

2. How will you do this work today?

How will this work be done by you today?

Who 4I x½ 4ta p/&no:

By whom + M.A.V. + kmR + be + V3 + by + ANy xBdo + ?

For example,

1. Who will decorate this room tomorrow?

By whom will this room be decorated tomorrow?

2. Who will take care of my old parents?

By whom will my old parents be taken care of?

3. Who will tell me a story tonight?

By whom will a story be told to me tonight?

OR

By whom will I be told tonight?


Change the following sentences into passive voice. 1. Who will give me a gift on my birthday?

2. Nutan will play cricket tomorrow.

3. We shall not do our work today.

4. My father will visit my friend’s house next Monday.

5. She will sing a nice song tonight.

6. We shall not visit Delhi next month.

7. I will attend my English class today.

8. Sachin will take his friend to his home next Monday.

9. He will invite us to the dinner tonight.

10. Who will write stories tomorrow?

11. Will they buy a scooter from the showroom tomorrow?

12. Shall I play tennis next Sunday?

13. What will Anil do in the house today?

14. When will they learn Sanskrit?

15. My uncle will give her a gift tomorrow.

16. Will he repair my car tomorrow?

17. My father will show me a new movie this Sunday.

18. What will my father give me today?

19. I will use mobile in the school this year.

20. Jay will help me in my work today.


D. The Present Perfect Tense: (pU R vtRmanka5nI kmRi` vaKyrcna)

Hkar vaKyrcna:

kmR + have/has + been + wUtk<d>tnu> ½p + by + ktaRnu> kmR ivwiKtnu> ½p + ANy xBdo.

For Example,

1. I have already done my work.

My work has already been done by me.

2. We have already submitted our project.

Our project has already been submitted by us.

3. The teacher has just taught us this poem.

This poem has just been taught to us by the teacher.

OR

We have just been taught this poem by the teacher.

4. Nayan has told me a story.

A story has been told to me by Nayan.

OR

I have been told a story by Nayan.

nkar vaKyrcna:

kmR + have/has + not/never + been + wUtk<d>tnu> ½p + by + ktaRnu> kmR ivwiKtnu> ½p

+ ANy xBdo.

For Example,

1. I have never visited Delhi.

Delhi has never been visited by me.

2. Jay has not tasted grapes yet.

Grapes have not been tested by Jay yet.


p/&na4R vaKyrcna: shaykarI ik/yapdo4I x½ 4ta p/&no:

Have/Has + kmR + been + V3 + by + ktaR + ANy xBdo + ?

For example,

1. Have you paid the bill?

Has the bill been paid by you?

2. Have you received any letter from your friend?

Has any letter been received by you from your friend?

3. Have you ever tasted the grapes?

Have the grapes ever been tasted by you?

Wh-word 4I x½ 4ta p/&no:

p/&nsUck xBd + have/has + kmR + been + V3 + by + ktaR + ANy xBdo + ?

For example,

1. What have you bought from the bookshop?

What has been bought by you from the bookshop?

2. Why have they not completed their homework yet?

Why have their homework not been completed by them yet?

Who 4I x½ 4ta p/&no:

By whom + have/has + kmR + been + V3 + ANy xBdo + ?

For example,

1. Who has won the competition?

By whom has the competition been won?

2. Who has cleaned the classroom today?

By whom has the classroom been cleaned today?

3. Who has never seen any film?

By whom has any film never been seen?



1. We have just completed our work.

2. Sunil has already submitted his project.

3. The servant has broken the glass.

4. Kaushal has given me a nice gift.

5. Sweta has not received that parcel from him yet.

6. Neha has never told me a lie.

7. They have never tasted meat.

8. My mother has not cooked the food yet.

9. Vatsal has not returned my story book.

10. Sonu has sung the songs well.

11. Dev has won the competition.

12. The pupils have learnt English grammar.

13. Dhara has signed the documents.

14. The teacher has already checked the books.

15. I have just called them.

16. Has your mother taken a breakfast?

17. Has Manish visited Agra?

18. Have they completed your work?

19. Why has Sunita made a coffee?

20. Where have you put my mobile phone?

21. Who has taught passive voice in your class?

22. What have you bought from the book fair?

23. Who has bought this toy?

24. Who has completed homework at first?

25. When have you seen that film?


Exercise from S.S.C. Board Exam: (boDRnI prI9ama> pU0ayel Paragraphs)

March – 2007 Birds build nests very intelligently. Some water birds lay eggs in the wet

land. Birds like the cuckoo never take such trouble. Do you know this fact? July – 2007

Pure milk is always drunk by us. The rules of good health are never broken by us. The basic instructions are always followed by us. We are always guided properly by our parents.

March – 2008 We get wood from trees. Trees give shade to birds and animals. We

should grow more trees. We must not cut trees. July – 2008

Shreyans took the injured woman to the hospital. He admitted her to the emergency ward. He called the doctor. He said that he would call her relatives then.

March – 2009 / July – 2010 Gandhiji always rewarded an honest person. But in the real world today,

we know that we punish honest men. Is this justice? Shouldn’t we give them reward for what they have suffered? We must praise their honesty.

July – 2009 My parents love me. They take care of me. They help me in my studies.

They solve my difficulties. They also encourage me for different activities. March – 2012

The teacher called the students. He gave them work. Who broke my new toy car?

July – 2012 Some French scientists did an experiment with squirrels. They put

sugar water in a naturally lighted room. The squirrels drank the sugar water exactly at the right time.

* * * * * *


Change the Text

_________________________________________________________________

Change the Text: 1. Changing the Person 2. Changing the Number 3. Changing the Gender

A. Changing the Person:

Changing the Person Ae3le vaKyma> rhela pu½8vack svRnamoma> sUcna mujb ferfar krva.

Jo vaKyma> ktaR Aekvcn hoy to ik/yapd Aekvcn Ane ktaR bhuvcn hoy to ik/yapd bhuvcn Aave 0e.

Personal Pronouns:

Person Number Subject Object First Possessive

Second Possessive

Reflexive

1st Singular I Me My Mine Myself 1st Plural We Us Our Ours Ourselves 2nd Singular You You Your Yours Yourself 2nd Plural You You Your Yours Yourselves 3rd Masculine He Him His His Himself 3rd Feminine She Her Her Hers Herself 3rd Neuter It It Its Its Itself 3rd Plural They Them Their Theirs Themselves

Pronouns & Helping Verbs:

Helping Verb

To be To have To do

Subject Present Tense

Past Tense

Present Tense

Past Tense

Present Tense

Past Tense

I Am Was Have Had Do Did

We/You/They Are Were Have Had Do Did

He/She/It Is Was Has Had Does Did

Topic – 8 Change the Text


For example,

1. I work in my office very sincerely. (Use ‘He’ in place of ‘I’)

He works in his office very sincerely.

2. She has forgotten her promise. (Use ‘I’ in place of ‘She’)

I have forgotten my promise.

3. I do not discourage my students. (Use ‘Our Teacher’ in place of ‘I’)

Our teacher does not discourage his/her students.

Jo ‘I’ nI jGyaAe ‘He’ ke pu½8vack nam mUkvanu> hoy Tyare,

I – He am – is me – him

my – his mine – his myself – himself

Jo ‘I’ nI jGyaAe ‘She’ ke S+Ivack nam mUkvanu> hoy Tyare,

I – She am – is me – her

my – her mine – hers myself – herself

Jo ‘He’ nI jGyaAe ‘She’ ke S+Ivack nam mUkvanu> hoy Tyare,

He – She his – her his(Second Possessive) – hers

him – her himself – herself

Jo ‘You’ nI jGyaAe ‘He’ ke pu½8vack nam A4va ‘She’ ke S+Ivack nam mUkvanu>

hoy Tyare, You – He/She are – is

You (object) - him/her your – his/her

Yours – his/hers yourself – himself/herself

Yourselves – themselves

Jo ‘I’ nI jGyaAe ‘You’ mUkvanu> hoy Tyare,

I – You am – are me – you

my – your mine – yours myself – yourself


Jo ‘I’ nI jGyaAe ‘We’ ke ‘They’ ke bhuvcn nam mUkvanu> hoy Tyare,

I – We/They me – us/them my – our/their

mine – ours/theirs myself – ourselves/themselves

Jo Aekvcn namnI jGyaAe bhuvcn nam ke ‘He/She’ nI jGyaAe ‘They’ mUkvanu> hoy Tyare,

He/She – They his/her – their

Him/her – them his/hers – theirs

Himself/herself – themselves

For Example,

1. I get up early in the morning. I get ready and prepare breakfast for the

family. I then go for a walk. I return home at 8 o’clock.

(Use ‘He’ in place of ‘I’)

He gets up early in the morning. He gets ready and prepares breakfast

for the family. He then goes for a walk. He returns home at 8 o’clock.

2. Shreya is a teacher. This is her classroom. She likes to teach her

students. He has collected my books for them.

(Use ‘I’ in place of ‘Shreya’)

I am a teacher. This is my classroom. I like to teach my students. I have

collected my books for them.

3. I do my work carefully. I never go to my office late. I also help other in

my office. We work together all the day.

(Use ‘Anil’ in place of ‘I’)

Anil does his work carefully. He never goes to his office late. He also

helps others in his office. They work together all the day.


B. Changing the Number:

Jyare vaKyma> Aekvcnnu> bhuvcn ke bhuvcnnu> Aekvcn krvanu> hot Tyare tena svRnam

ke namna vcn Anusar ik/yapdoma> p` ferfar krvama> Aave 0e, tene ‘Changing the-

Number’ khevama> Aave 0e.

I – We This – These

He/She/It – They That – Those

Am/Is – Are My - Our

Was – Were Has – Have

Does – Do Him/Her/It – Them

His/Her/Its – Their His/Hers – Theirs

Yourself – Yourselves

Himself/Herself/Itself - Themselves

For example,

1. He lives happily in his village.

They live happily in their villages.

2. I go to school with my friend daily.

We go to school with our friends daily.

3. He does not want anybody to help him in his work.

They do not want anybody to help them in their work.

4. This is a mango. That is an apple.

There are mangoes. Those are apples.

5. This is a pen. It is mine.

These are pens. They are ours.


Naamnu> bhuvcn bnavva ma3ena inymo:

samaNy rIte Ko[p` Aekvcn namne ‘S’ joDva4I namnu> bhuvcn bne 0e.

e.g., pen – pens boy – boys

girl –girls book – books

jo Aekvcn namne A>te ‘o’, ‘sh’, ‘ch’, ‘s’, ‘ss’ ke ‘x’ hoy to namne A>tee ‘es’ joDva4I namnu> bhuvcn bne 0e. e.g., mango – mangoes bench – benches

class –classes box – boxes

jo Aekvcn namne A>te ‘y’ hoy Ane tenI phela Vy>jn Aavelo hoy ‘y’ noe ‘i’ krI ‘es’ p/Tyy joDva4I namnu> bhuvcn bne 0e. e.g., story – stories city – cities

lady – ladies baby - babies

jo Aekvcn namne A>te ‘f’ ke ‘fe’ hoy to ‘f’ kee ‘fe’ na S4ane ‘ves’ p/Tyy joDva4I

namnu> bhuvcn bne 0e. e.g., life – lives wife – wives

loaf – loaves

jo Aekvcn namne A>te ‘y’ hoy Ane phela Svr hoy to ‘s’ p/Tyy joDva4I namnu>

bhuvcn bne 0e. e.g., boy – boys donkey - donkeys

day - days

ke3lak namona Ainyimt ½po hoy 0e. e.g., man – men woman – women

child – children foot - feet

ke3lak namo bhuvcnma> j vpray 0e Ane tenI sa4e bhuvcnnu> j ik/yapd vpray 0e. e.g., glasses scissors

trousers spectacles


Read the following examples:

1. I am a postman. This is my bicycle. You are a farmer. That is your tractor.

We are postmen. These are our bicycles. You are farmers. Those are your

tractors.

2. The boy is eating a mango. The girl is cutting a tomato. That child is

playing with a toy. It is a toy-bus.

The boys are eating mangoes. The girls are cutting tomatoes. Those

children are playing with toys. They are toy-buses.

3. I am a teacher. You are a student. This is your class. That is your book.

We are teachers. You are students. These are your classes. Those are your

books.

4. Look at that boy. He is from a city. But this boy is from a village. He has

come by bus.

Look at those boys. They are from cities. But those boys are from villages.

They have come by buses.

5. A tree is very useful. It gives us fruit. A bird builds its nest in a tree. It gives

shade to an animal.

Trees are very useful. They give us fruits. Birds build their nests in trees.

They give shade to animals.

6. There is a dish on the table. There is a mango in it. The servant is arranging

the other table. There is a flower in the pot.

There are dishes on the tables. There are mangoes in them. The servants

are arranging the other tables. There are flowers in the pots.

7. The boy is in his class. He is sitting on the bench. He is reading a book.

There is a glass of water on table.

The boys are in their classes. They are sitting on the benches. They are

reading books. There are glasses of water on tables.


C. Changing the Gender:

‘Gender’(jait) ma> ferfar Ae3le pu½8vack namno S+Ivack namma> ferfar A4va

S+Ivack namno pu½8vack namma> ferfar krvo te.

‘Gender’(jait) ma> Jyare ferfar krvano hoy Tyare vaKyma> rhela VyiKtvack Ane

jaitvack svRnamoma> p` ke3la>k ferfar 4ay 0e, je nIce mujb 0e:

He – She Him – Her

His – Her His (Second Possessive) – Hers

Himself – Herself

Masculine

(nrjait)

Feminine

(narIjait)

Masculine

(nrjait)

Feminine

(narIjait)

Man Woman Lion Lioness

Horse Mare Nephew Niece

Poet Poetess Sir Madam

Peacock Peahen Father Mother

Boy Girl Son Daughter

Prince Princess Master Mistress

King Queen Mr. Mrs.

Hero Heroine Gentleman Lady

Uncle Aunt Husband Wife

Tiger Tigress Waiter Waitress

Author Authoress Actor Actress

Hunter Huntress God Goddess


Read the following examples:

1. The king called the princess. He told her to select a prince for herself. The

king asked his son, the prince, to help his sister. The queen was happy to

hear this.

The queen called the prince. She told him to select a princess for himself.

The queen asked her daughter, the princess, to help her brother. The king

was happy to hear this.

2. This is my brother. That is his son. He is my nephew. But that girl is my

daughter.

This is my sister. That is her daughter. She is my niece. But that boy is my

son.

3. That man is an author. He is also a poet. His wife is a teacher. They have

two sons.

That woman is an authoress. She is also a poetess. Her husband is a

teacher. They have two daughters.

4. This lady is an actress. She is good heroine. She has worked with many

heroes. She is popular among the young girls.

This gentleman is an actor. He is good hero. He has worked with many

heroines. He is popular among the young boys.

5. Look at that woman and that man the woman is my daughter’s mother-in-

law. That man is her husband. My daughter has one son.

Look at that man and that woman the man is my son’s father-in-law. That

woman is his wife. My son has one daughter.

6. A hunter and his son went for hunting. They saw a lion. They chased him.

On their way, they saw a tiger, too.

A huntress and her son went for hunting. They saw a lioness. They chased

her. On their way, they saw a tigress, too.


Exercise:

1. Sanjana is a pupil. She loves to read stories in English. Does she like

poems? Oh, yes! She does.

(Use ‘they’ in place of ‘Sanjana’)

2. I do not like cricket. I like to play tennis. I read many books. I also listen

to music.

(Use ‘My brother’ in place of ‘I’)

3. That boy is eating a mango. This girl is peeling a potato. That woman is

milking the cow. This man is repairing his tractor.

(Turn this text into ‘Plural’)

4. The lady gave a toy to the baby. The baby stopped crying. Her mother

was happy. Her father was relieved.

(Turn this text into ‘Plural’)

5. Look at those toys. They are from the cities. But these boys are from

villages. They have come by bushes.

(Turn this text into ‘Singular’)

6. Look at that gentleman. He is popular author. His mother was a well-

known poetess. Even his niece is a good poetess.

(Change the ‘Gender’)

7. She is a popular actress. She looks good with all her heroes. Her father

was also an actor. Her brother is a singer.

(Change the ‘Gender’)


Exercise of Changing the Text ________________________________________________________________

“Editing” From S.S.C. Board Examination: (boDRnI prI9ama> pU0ayel qalI jGyaAo)

A. March – 2010

Change the following text into ‘Plural’

I like the cow very much. It gives me sweet milk. It is very kind and

loving. I should not beat it.

Start this way: We like the cows…

B. March – 2011

Change the following text using ‘Mayank’ in place of ‘I’

I am a pupil of std.10. I go to school regularly. My classmates help me

in my study.

Start this way: Mayank is …

C. March – 2013

Change the following text using ‘I’ in place of ‘Rita’

Rita wants to be a teacher. She has a good command over languages.

She also teaches Mathematics and helps others.

Start this way: I want...

* * * * *


Indirect Speech ________________________________________________________________

Direct Speech(p/Ty9 s>vad):

be VyiKtAo vCcenI sI2e sI2I vatcItne ko[p` jatna ferfar ivna rju krvama> Aave

Tyare tene ‘Direct Speech’ khe 0e. VyiKtAe bolela xBdone Avtr` icH\nnI vCce dxaRvvama> Aave 0e.

Indirect Speech(pro9 s>vad):

be VyiKtAo vCcenI vatcIt Jyare +Ijo VyiKt tema> j½rI ferfar krIne rju kre Tyare tene

‘Indirect Speech’ khe 0e.

Direct Speech Naa vaKyma> nIcena car xBdo s>k5ayela 0e:

1. Reporter/Speaker 2. Reporting Verb 3. Listener 4. Reported Speech

Direct Speech: Amit says to Manish, “I am a student”.

Reporter Reporting Verb Listener Reported Speech

Indirect Speech: Amit tells Manish that he is a student.

Reporter Reported Verb Listener Conjuncion Reported Speech

1. Reporter/Speaker(bolnar): vaKyma> je bolnar hoy tene ‘Reporter’ khe 0e. ]prna ]dahr`ma> ‘Amit’ Ae

‘Reporter’ 0e. 2. Reporting Verb:

vaKyma> je ik/yapd ‘Reporter’ nI sa4e vpray 0e te ik/yapdne ‘Reporting Verb’ khe 0e. jemke, ]prna ]dahr`ma> ‘Says to’ Ae ‘Reporting Verb’ 0e, jene 3U>kma>

R.V. khe 0e. 3. Listener(sa>w5nar):

vaKyma> je sa>w5nar hoy tene ‘Listener’ khe 0e. ]prna ]dahr`ma> ‘Manish’ Ae

‘Reporter’ 0e.

Topic – 9 Indirect Speech


4. Reported Speech(p/Ty9 vaKy): je vaKy ‘Inverted Comma’ Ae3le ke Avtr` ich\nnI vCce Aapelu> hoy tene

‘Reported Speech’ khe 0e. ‘Reported Speech’ ne ‘Direct Speech’ p` khe 0e.

]prna ]dahr`ma> ‘I am a student.’ Ae ‘Reported Speech’ nu> ]dahr` 0e.

There are five types of sentences: 1. Assertive sentences(iv2an vaKyo) 2. Interrogative sentences(p/&na4R vaKyo) 3. Imperative sentences(Aa)a4R vaKyo) 4. Exclamatory sentences(]d\gar vaKyo) 5. Optative sentences(xuweC0adxRk vaKyo)

A. Assertive sentences(iv2an vaKyo): iv2an vaKyonu> Direct Speech ma>4I Indirect Speech ma> ½pa>tr krva ma3ena inymo: ‘Direct Speech’ na vaKyma> je ‘Reporter’ Ane ‘Listener’ hoy tene y4avt\

mUkvama> Aave 0e. vaKyma> jo ‘Listener’ hoy to ‘Reporting Verb’ ma> ferfar 4ay 0e.

e.g., says to – tells said to – told Ane jo vaKyma> ‘Listener’ n hoy to ‘Reporting Verb’ ma> ferfar 4to n4I.

‘Direct Speech’ ma> Aavelu> ‘Comma’ Ane ‘Inverted Comma’ dUr krI s>yojk

‘that’ vDe muQy vaKy Ane ‘Reported Speech’ na vaKyne s>yojk joDvama> Aave 0e.

‘Reported Speech’ Naa vaKyma> nIce mujbna +` j½rI ferfar krvama> Aave 0e:

1. Changes in Pronoun(svRnamma> ferfar) 2. Changes in Verb(ik/yapdma> ferfar) 3. Changes in words showing place and time

(smydxRk Ane S45dxRk xBdoma> ferfar) 1. Changes in Pronoun(svRnamma> ferfar): ‘Direct Speech’ Maa> Aavela p/4m pu½8na svRnamo jeva ke,I, we, me, us, my, our,

mine, ours, myself, ourselves vgerema> Reporter na jait Ane vcn p/maè ferfar 4ay 0e. For examples,

1. Amit says to Manish, “I am a student.” Amit tells Manish that he is a student.

2. Rita says Radha, “My brother always helps me.” Rita tells Radha that her brother always helps her.


3. Children say to the teacher, “We always do our homework.” Children tell the teacher that they always do their homework.

4. Hetasvi says to Jay, “My brother will help me in my work.” Hetasvi tells Jay that her brother will help her in her work.

5. Aashit says to Dixit, “I will go to school with my friends.” Aashit tells Dixit that he will go to school with his friends.

‘Direct Speech’ Maa> Aavela bIja pu½8na svRnamo jeva ke,You, your, yours, yourself, yourselves vgerema> Listener na jait Ane vcn p/ma e ferfar 4ay 0e. For examples,

1. Jignesh says to Minal, “You have already finished your homework.” Jignesh tells Minal that she has already finished her homework.

2. Nayan says to Neha, “You are an intelligent girl.” Nayan tells Neha that she is an intelligent girl.

3. Vaibhav says to Aarti, “You are my best friend.” Vaibhav tells Aarti that she is his best friend.

4. Manish says to Minal, “I will give you my pen.” Manish tells Minal that he will give her his pen.

5. Jigna says to Urvi, “My father will come with your father.” Jigna tells Urvi that her father will come with her father.

‘Direct Speech’ Maa> Aavela +Ija pu½8na svRnamo jeva ke,He, she, it, him, her, his, hers, its, they , them, their, himself, herself, itself, themselves vgerema> ko[p` p/karno ferfar 4to n4I. For examples,

1. Dinkal says to Twinkal, “She is her best friend.” Dinkal tells Twinkal that she is her best friend.

2. Jay says to Neha, “I will not go to her house.” Jay tells Neha that he will not go to her house.

3. Chetan says to Komal, “I am going to his friend’s house with him.” Cheta tells Komal that he is going to his friend’s house with him.

4. Jigna says to Jeni, “You will go to temple with his parents.” Jigna tells Jeni that she will go to temple with his friends.


Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech:

1. Sunil says to Atul, “I like your painting.”

2. Jay says to Neha, “I go to Ahemadabad with my friends.”

3. My friend says to me, “ You will do well in your examination.”

4. Shailesh says to his friend, “I will show you my new bicycle.”

5. My friend says to me, “You are very kind.”

6. Sushma says to her brother, “The new teacher teaches English well.”

7. My father says to me, “I shall give my watch to you.”

8. Manish says to her, “I am playing with my sister.”

9. Neha says to Nehal, “I am happy with my parents.”

10. Mother says to Monali, “I am going to your friend’s house.”

11. Jignesh says to Nirali, “You will come with me to my house.”

12. Sweta says to Sonal, “I am giving you my book.”

13. Sanjay says to me, “He is my best friend.”

14. Pankaj says to Smit, “I will go with my brother to visit the zoo.”

15. Amit says to Meet, “Sweta is an intelligent girl.”

16. Jeel says to her father, “You will tell me a story.”

17. Vaibhav says to my father, “I want new books to read from your son.”

18. My father says to my mother, “You do not spend more money.”

19. My brother says to me, “You have already completed your work.”

20. My sister says to my friend, “I will complete your homework.”

21. Bhavik says to Bhavika, “My father will give me a new car.”

22. Vaishali says to Vimal, “We are going to visit the museum.”

23. Manish says to Hitesh, “They will play tennis in the playground.”

24. Mahesh says to Monali, “My friend is coming to your house.”

25. Vedant says to Tirth, “Twinkal does not teaches us well.”


2. Changes in Verb(ik/yapdma> ferfar):

Jo ‘Reporting Verb’ ko[p` p/karna vtRmanka5ma> ke wiv*yka5ma> hoy to ‘Direct Speech’ na vaKyna ik/yapdoma> ko[p` p/karno ferfar 4to n4I. pr>tu ‘Reporting- Verb’ jo wUtka5ma> hoy Ae3le ke ‘Said’ ke‘Said to’ Aapelu> hoy to ‘Direct Speech’ na vaKyna ik/yapdoma> nIce mujbna ferfar krvama> Aave 0e:

‘Direct Speech’ nu> ‘Indirect Speech’ma> ½pa>tr krtI vqte ka5ma> nIce mujbna ferfar 4ay 0e:

Direct Speech Indirect Speech The Simple Present Tense

(sado vtRmanka5) The Simple Past Tense

(sado wUtka5) The Present Continuous Tense

(calu vtRmanka5) The Past Continuous Tense

(calu wutka5) The Present Perfect Tense

(pU`R vtRmanka5) The Past perfect Tense

(pU R wutka5) The Simple Past Tense

(sado wUtka5) The Past Perfect Tense

(pU R wUtka5) The Past Continuous Tense

(calu wutka5) The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

(calu pU`R wutka5) The Past Perfect Tense

(pU R wUtka5) No Change

(ko[ ferfar nih) ‘Direct Speech’ nu> ‘Indirect Speech’ma> ½pa>tr krtI vqte ka5na ik/yapdoma> nIce

mujbna ferfar 4ay 0e: Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Am/is Was Are Were

Do/does Did Have/has Had Was/were Had been Did + not Had + not Had + v3 Had + v3

Can Could May Might

Shall/will Would Could Could Would Would Might Might


Jo ‘Reporting Verb’ trIke ‘Said’ ke ‘Said to’ Aapelu> hoy Ane ‘Reported Speech’ ma> rhelu> vaKy:- - sTy snatn (Universal Truth) - ko[ inym ke isµa>t (Rule) - khevto (Proverbs)

hoy to ‘Reported Speech’ vaKyna ik/yapdoma> ko[ ferfar 4to n4I.

For example,

1. The teacher said, “The earth moves round the sun.”

The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.

2. My mother said to me, “Union is strength.”

My mother told me that union is strength.

3. Gandhiji Said, “Truth alone triumphs.”

Gandhiji said that truth alone triumphs.

4. My friend said to me, “The sun rises in the east.”

My friend told me that the sun rises in the east.

5. Our Geography teacher said to us, “The earth is round.”

Our Geography teacher told us that the earth is round.

6. Krishna said to Arjuna, “Man has to fight for freedom through struggle.”

Krishna told Arjuna that man has to fight for freedom through struggle.

7. The saint said to his devotees, “There is only one God.”

The saint told his devotees that there is only one God.

8. The science teacher said, “Water boils at 1000 temperature.”

The science teacher said that water boils at 1000 temperature.

9. Our teacher said to us, “Time and tide wait for none.”

Our teacher told us that time and tide wait for none.

10. Swami Viveknanda said, “Arise, awake and stop not till the goal is reached.”

Sawami Vivekananda said that arise, awake and stop not till the goal is reached.


Jo ‘Direct Speech’ nu> vaKy sada vtRmanka5nu> hoy to tenu> ‘Indirect Speech’ ma> ½pa>tr sada wUtka5ma> 4ay 0e. vaKyrcna:

1. hkar vaKyrcna:

Reporter + Said/told + Listener + that + subject + v2 + object + other words. 2. nkar vaKyrcna:

Reporter + Said/told + Listener + that + subject + did + not + object + other words.

Examples, 1. Jeni said to Jignesh, “I like it.” Jeni told Jignesh that she liked it.

2. Manish said to Minal, “Amit sings a song.” Manish told Minal that Amit sang a song.

3. Radha said to her friend, “The new teacher teaches English well.’ Radha told her friend that the new teacher taught English well.

4. Roshan said to Reshma, “I do not like to play cricket.” Roshan told Reshma that he did not like to play cricket.

5. Amit said to Amita, “She does not play tennis.” Amit told Amita that she did not play tennis.

Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.

1. Reshma said to Rehana, “The new teacher does not teach English well.’

2. The principal said to the peon, “You are a good person.”

3. Sona said to Sushma, “I am very busy.”

4. My friend said to my father, “I write story for your son.”

5. The boys said to the teacher, “they sing good prayers.”

6. Mihir said to Manish, “I honour my elders.”

7. Sweta said to Yashvi, “my brother does not help me.”

8. The students said to the principal, “we always do our homework.”

9. Jigna said to Jay, “I do not like to play Kabaddi.”

10. Samir said to Smita, “I know you, but you don’t know me.”


Jo ‘Direct Speech’ nu> vaKy calu vtRmanka5nu> hoy to tenu> ‘Indirect Speech’ ma> ½pa>tr calu wUtka5ma> 4ay 0e. vaKyrcna:

Reporter + Said/told + Listener + that + subject + was/were + verb + ing + object + other words.

Examples,

1. Dhara said to Pooja, “I am going to my friend’s house.” Dhara told Pooja that she was going to her friend’s house.

2. Salman said to Sonakshi, “You are looking very nice.” Salman told Sonakshi that she was looking very nice.

3. Jay said to Mahi, “We are going to take part in the quiz competition.” Jay told Mahi that they were going to take part in the quiz competition.

4. Karan said to Nisha, “I am giving you my new car.” Karan told Nisha that he was giving her his new car.

5. Kiran said to Krishna, “I am writing a letter to my friend.” Kiran told Krishna that she was writing a letter to her friend.


1. Darshan said th Dhara, “ I am doing my homework.”

2. The farmers said to me, “It is raining heavily.”

3. The pupils said to the teachers, “Sachin is telling a good story to us.”

4. Urmila said to Urvi, “I am reading English news.”

5. The teacher said to the students, ‘They are playing in the classroom.”

6. Chetan said to Sanjay, “I am going to temple with my parents.”

7. Bhargav said to Bhavesh, “You are not doing your homework.”

8. Vaidehi said to Vimal, “I am not playing with my friends.”

9. Jay said to Raj, “She is looking at me.”

10. Siddharth said to Raj, “My parents are going to temple with me.”


Jo ‘Direct Speech’ nu> vaKy pU Ru vtRmanka5nu> hoy to tenu> ‘Indirect Speech’ ma> ½pa>tr pU`R wUtka5ma> 4ay 0e. vaKyrcna:

Reporter + Said/told + Listener + that + subject + had + v3 + object + other words.

Examples,

1. Yash said to Raj, “I have never visited the zoo.” Yash told Raj that he had never visited the zoo.

2. Jay said to Jigna, “You have already finished your work.” Jay told Jigna that she had already finished her work.

3. Hardik said to Abhishek, “I have just gone to school.” Hardik told Abhishek that he had just gone to school.

4. Neha said to Nutan, “My brother has never tasted grapes.” Neha told Nutan that her brother had never tasted grapes.

5. Vimal said to Rohini, “I have just seen that movie.” Vimal told Rohini that he had just seen that movie.


1. Hardik said to Hardavi, “I have already completed my work.”

2. Sanjay said to Shailesh, “I have bought a gift for you.”

3. My father said to my mother, “I have received a letter from your brother.”

4. The doctor said to the patient, “You have not taken your medicine.”

5. The teacher said to the students, “You have not written full answers in

your notebooks.”

6. The drawing teacher said to the pupils, “The boys have drawn good

pictures in their drawing books.

7. The boy said to the girl, “I have brought a rose for you.”

8. Jigna said to Krishna, “My brother has bought a new scooter for me.”

9. Salman said to Sonakshi, “You have dressed well.”

10. Hetasvi said to Heena, “I attended all the classes in my school.”


Jo ‘Direct Speech’ nu> vaKy sada wutka5nu> hoy to tenu> ‘Indirect Speech’ ma> ½pa>tr

pU`R wUtka5ma> 4ay 0e. vaKyrcna:s

Reporter + Said/told + Listener + that + subject + had + v3 + object + other words.

Examples,

1. Alpesh said to Rina, “I bought a scooter for you.” Alpesh told Rina that he had bought a scooter for her.

2. Darshan said to Daksha, “I played well.” Darshan told Daksha that he had played well.

3. My brother said to my sister, “I did not like your dress.” My brother told my sister that he had not liked her dress.

4. Sachin said to Sehvag, “I did not like to bat in the middle.” Sachin told Sehwag that he had not liked to bat in the middle.

5. Nayan said to Nehal, “We won the elocution competition.” Nayan told Nehal that they had won the elocution competition.


1. Darshan said to Hetal, “You played cricket well.”

2. Hetasvi said to Krupa, “I worked hard in my study.”

3. Pallavi said to Tara, “My parents went to temple with my uncle.”

4. My father said to my mother, “I bought a bicycle for my son.”

5. Manish said to Amit, “I participated in the quiz competition.”

6. Mayor said to Mayank, “Our teacher taught us English well.”

7. Sonal said to Sweta, “You did not work hard in your examination.”

8. Nisha said to Nensi, “I did not cook good food for your mother.”

9. Yash said to Dixit, “You did not sing a good song on my birthday.”

10. Kiran said to Kripa, “I wrote a letter to my brother.”


Jo ‘Direct Speech’ nu> vaKy calu wutka5nu> hoy to tenu> ‘Indirect Speech’ ma> ½pa>tr calu pU R wUtka5ma> 4ay 0e. vaKyrcna:

Reporter + Said/told + Listener + that + subject + had + been + verb + ing + object + other words.

Examples, 1. Anil said to Sachin, “I was playing with my friends in the ground.” Anil told Sachin that he had been playing with his friends in the ground.

2. Manish said to Manisha, “You were reading with my sister.” Manish told Manisha that she had been reading with his sister.

3. Nayan said to Sneha, “They were not writing English grammar.” Nayan told Sneha that they had not been writing English grammar.

4. Jay said to Radha, “I was talking with my sister in my house.” Jay told Radha that he had been talking with his sister in his house.


1. Dinkal said to Pooja, “The girls were reading in the library.”

2. Raj said to Dhvani, “I was walking on the platform.”

3. Priti said to Paresh, “You were playing with your sister in playground.”

4. The teacher said to the principal, “The boys were talking in the class.”

5. Rohan said to Reshma, “I was writing a letter to my friend.”

Jo ‘Direct Speech’ nu> vaKy pU R wutka5nu> hoy to tenu> ‘Indirect Speech’ ma> ½pa>tr krta tema> ko[ ferfar 4to n4I. For examples,

1. Milan said to Riddhi, “We had visited Agra with our parents.” Milan told Riddhi that they had visited Agra with their parents.

2. Smit said to Smita, “I had not seen the movie ‘Gandhi’.” Smit told Smita that he had not seen the movie ‘Gandhi’.

3. Krunal said to Krina, “You had completed your work.” Krunal told Krina that she had completed her work.


Jo ‘Direct Speech’ ma> sada wiv*yka5nu> ke ‘Modal Auxiliaries’ va5u> vaKy hoy to tema> nIce mujbna ferfaro 4ay 0e: Can – Could May – Might Shall/Will – Would Could/Might/Would – No Change vaKyrcna:

Reporter + Said/told + Listener + that + subject + Modal Auxiliary Verb + + v1 + object + other words.

Examples,

1. Mayank said toTarun, “I will go to my friend’s house.” Maynk told Tarun that he would go to his friend’s house.

2. Rina said to Rinal, “I can walk fast.” Rina told Rinal that she could walk fast.

3. Riddhi said to Nidhi, “I shall write a leeter to my friend.” Riddhi told Nidhi that she would write a letter to her friend.

4. The teacher said to the students, “We should speak truth.” The teacher told the students that they should speak truth.


1. Mayank said to Meena, “I will talk to your brother.”

2. Sneha said to Sweta, “I can speak English well.”

3. My parents said to my friend, “We should take care of our old parents.”

4. The teacher said to the students, “You will take part in the elocution

competition.”

5. Viren said to Virat, “I could not attend your sister’s marriage ceremony.”

6. Jivika said to Manvi, “You may talk to my husband.”

7. Suraj said to Sandhya, “My mother might help you in your work.”

8. Nayan said to Nirali, “You should go to your father’s house.”

9. Manish said to Mansi, “I would like to come with you.”

10. Chetan said to Bhargav, “We could not attend all our English classes.”


3. Changes in words showing place & time(smy Ane S45dxRk xBdoma> ferfar):

Jo ‘Reporting Verb’ ma> ko[p` p/karna smydxRk Ane S45dxRk xBdo Aavela> hoy to tema> nIce p/maè ferfar 4ay 0e:

Direct Speech Indirect Speech This That

These Those Here There Now Then Thus So/therefore Ago Before

Today That day Yesterday The previous day/the day before Tomorrow The next day/the following day Last week The previous week/the week before Next week The following week

Tonight That night Come Go

Jyare bolnar ktaR potana S45e Aavvanu> sUcn kre Tyare ‘Come’ nu> ‘Go’ 4tu> n4I, pr>tu Jyare bolnar ktaR sa>w5narna A4va ANy ko[ S45e Aavvanu> sUcn kre Tyare

‘Come’ nu> ‘Go’ 4ay 0e.

For examples,

1. Vatsal said to Palak, “I shall learn English tomorrow.” Vatsal told Palak that he would learn English the next day.

2. Anil said to Pankaj, “Naina bought a new car yesterday.” Anil told Pankaj that Naina had bought a new car the previous day.

3. Jay said to Jigna, “I will come to your house tomorrow.” Jay told Jigna that he would go to her house the following day.

4. Neha said to Dinkal, “We have changed our house two years ago.” Neha told Dinkal that they had changed their house two years before.

5. Jignesh said to Janki, “These are books and they are mine.” Jignesh told Janki that those were books and they were his.

6. Jenil said to Priyanka, “My father is coming here now.” Jenil told Priyanka that his father was coming there then.


Change the following sentences into Indrect Speech.

1. Vishal said to Vishakha, “I will reach Surat tomorrow.”

2. Dhaval said to Jaydip, “I have completed my work today.”

3. Dhrumil said to Nihal, “We visited the zoo with our family last week.”

4. Neha said to Nensi, “I will show you my new bag next Sunday.”

5. Maulik said to Nirali, “I am going to my friend’s house now.”

6. Vishvesh said to Vishva, “I am giving you my new books now.”

7. Bina said to Bharat, “I will take you for shopping tomorrow.”

8. Our teacher said to us, “Honesty is the best policy.”

9. Guatam said tom Gauri, “I don’t like you to sit here in my room.”

10. Virat said to Niyati, “I brought you here in this town to show you the

museum.”

11. The teacher said to the students, “the sun rises in the east and sets in

the west.”

12. Jayesh said to Sangita, “You cannot use money in this way.”

13. My grandfather said, “Kripal, I’ll ask your father to punish you if you

disobey me.”

14. Rakesh said Rekha, “We shall take our lunch here tomorrow.”

15. Karan said to Nisha, “I will come to your house with my parents

tomorrow.”

16. Rohan said to Roshan, “My friends are going to visit the zoo the next

month.”

17. Chirag said to Amit, “I shall buy new toys from the fair this year.”

18. Chetan said to Suhana, “We shall visit the science fair tomorrow.”

19. Komal said to Dipak, “I broke the glass yesterday.”

20. Aarti said, “Papa, my friends are coming here to talk with you about

our annual examination.”


B. Interrogative Sentences(p/&na4R vaKyo):

A>ge+ma> be rIte p/&no pU0vama> Aave 0e: 1. Questions starting with ‘Wh-word’ 2. Questions starting with ‘Helping Verbs’

Aa b>ne p/karna p/&nonu> ‘Indirect Speech’ ma> ½pa>tr Alg-Alg rIte 4ay 0e, je nIce mujb 0e:

1. Questions starting with ‘Helping Verbs’:

je p/&nvaKynI x½Aat shaykarI ik/yapdo jeva> ke, am, is, are, was, were, do, does, did, have, has, shall, will, can, may, might, could, should, would vgere4I 4tI hoy tene shaykarI ik/yapdo4I x½ 4ta p/&no khe 0e.

ko[p` p/&nvaKynu> ‘Indirect Speech’ ma> ½pa>tr krva ma3e ‘Reporting Verb’ trIke ‘asked’ vpray 0e.

‘Reporting Verb’ ‘asked’ p0I ‘Preposition’ ‘to’ vpratu> n4I. ‘Listener’ p0I ‘Conjunction’ ‘that’ vpratu> n4I. shaykarI ik/yapdo4I x½ 4ta p/&nvaKynu> ‘Indirect Speech’ ma> ½pa>tr krtI vqte

‘Listener p0I muQy vaKy Ane ‘Reported Speech’ na vaKyne joDva ma3e ‘ if ’ ke ‘whether’ no ]pyog 4ay 0e.

ik/yapdna ka5, pu½8vack svRnamo temj S45 Ane smydxRk xBdoma> iv2anvaKyna inymonusar j½rI ferfaro krvama> Aave 0e.

p/&nvaKynu> iv2anvaKyma> ½pa>tr 4ay 0e Ane ‘coma’ Ane ‘inverted comma’ dUr krI vaKyna A>te pU Rivram mUkvama> Aave 0e.

vaKyrcna: Reporter + asked + listener + if/whether + subject + helping verb + main verb + object + other words.

Examples,

1. Neela said to Anil, “Is this your pen?” Neela asked Anil if that was his pen.

2. Jigar said to Jigna, “May I take your notebook for a while?” Jigar asked Jigna if he might take her notebook for a while.

3. Suresh said to Jay, “Will Mr.Shah accept your proposal?” Suresh asked Jay if Mr.Shah would accept his proposal.


4. The teacher asked the students, “Do you want to go to Delhi by air?” The teacher asked the students if they wanted to go to Delhi by air.

5. Heena said to Hemang, “Will you go to Baroda if you get a job there?” Heena asked Hemang if he would go to Baroda if he got a job there.


1. My father said to my friend, “Do you like to read storybook?”

2. The conductor said to the passenger, “Have I given you a ticket?”

3. Asha said to Ajay, “Do you visit this exhibition yesterday?”

4. Karan asked her sister, “May I use your color-box?”

5. The manager said to Mr.Mehta, “Did you find out your mistake in the

balance of yesterday?”

6. Ketan said to Ketki, “Did you do your homework yesterday?”

7. The stranger asked my father, “Will you show me the way to the hotel

from here?”

8. Kirit said to Krishna, “Did you see me here in the party yesterday?”

9. My mother said to the blindman, “Can I help you to cross the road?”

10.Kamal said to Komal, “Have you taken my storybooks?”

11. Sweta said to her father, “Do you like to sit here in the lap of nature?”

12.The children said to mother, “Will you teach us English next year?”

13. My aunt said to my uncle, “Have you ever visited Delhi?”

14. Kalpana said to Naresh, “Will you help me in my work tonight?”

15. Akshay said to Prerna, “Have you ever seen the movie ‘Race-2’ ?”

16. Jay said, “Neha, will you help me in this work today?”

17. Chetan said, “Would you lend me 100 rupees, Jay?”

18. Hiren said to Hirak, “Should we go to visit the exhibition?’

19. Parag said to Palak, “Are we friends?”

20. Minal said, “Will you give me a new car, Papa?”


2. Questions starting with ‘Wh-word’:

je p/&nvaKynI x½Aat who, which, what, when, where, whom, whose, why,

how, how much, how many, vgere4I 4tI hoy tene ‘Wh-question Word’ khe 0e.

ko[p` p/&nvaKynu> ‘Indirect Speech’ ma> ½pa>tr krva ma3e ‘Reporting Verb’ trIke

‘asked’ vpray 0e.

‘Reporting Verb’ ‘asked’ p0I ‘Preposition’ ‘to’ vpratu> n4I.

‘Listener’ p0I ‘Conjunction’ ‘that’ vpratu> n4I.

‘Wh-word’ 4I x½ 4ta p/&nvaKynu> ‘Indirect Speech’ ma> ½pa>tr krtI vqte

‘Listener p0I muQy vaKy Ane ‘Reported Speech’ na vaKyne joDva ma3e je ‘Wh-

word’ ‘Question-word’ trIke vprayo hoy te j xBd pote j s>yojk trIke vpray 0e.

ik/yapdna ka5, pu½8vack svRnamo temj S45 Ane smydxRk xBdoma> iv2anvaKyna

inymonusar j½rI ferfaro krvama> Aave 0e. p/&nvaKynu> iv2anvaKyma> ½pa>tr 4ay 0e Ane ‘coma’ Ane ‘inverted comma’ dUr krI

vaKyna A>te pU Rivram mUkvama> Aave 0e. vaKyrcna:

Reporter + asked + listener + ‘Wh’-word + subject + verb + object + other words.

Examples,

1. Nayan said to Tamanna, “Who wrote this letter yesterday?” Nayan asked Tamanna who had written that letter the previous day.

2. Kamlesh asid to Kiran, “What is your father?” Kamlesh asked Kiran what her father was.

3. The teacher said, “Why are you late today, Neha?” The teacher asked Neha why she was late that day.

4. Tanisha said to Manisha, “When will your brother come to my house?” Tanisha asked Manisha when her brother would come to her house.

5. Vijay said to Kiran, “Where does Maya live?” Vijay asked Kiran where Maya lived.



1. The shopkeeper said to the lady, “When did you buy this mixer from my

shop?”

2. Haresh said to Heer, “When do you get up in the morning?”

3. The doctor said to the patient, “How are you now?”

4. Yogesh said to Kalpana, “Who took your book yesterday?”

5. Mother said to her daughter, “Why has your brother not come to school

toaday?”

6. The husband said to his wife, “When will you return tonight?”

7. Sonal said to the fruit-seller, “How much are the apples?”

8. Sanjay said to Sweta, “What are you doing at this time?”

9. The policeman said to the boys, “Why were you fighting at that time?”

10.Mansi said to Jeel, “Why have you come here today?”

11. Rutvik said to Reena, “Where shall I meet you tomorrow?”

12. The shopkeeper said to Manishbhai, “Which TV set do you want to buy?”

13. Jay said to Bhavika, “When will you return from the cinema tonight?”

14. Devika said to Dharmik, “How many books did you buy from the shop yesterday?”

15. Joseph said to his sister, “Why are you not doing your homework now?”

16. Rohan said, “Mayur, When will you go to your home today?”

17. Reshma said to her father, “Who are coming to our house today?”

18. Rehana said to her mother, “May help you in your cooking?”

19. Jehan said to Zoya, “How many boys were there in the school next Monday?”

20. Akash said to Aarti, “How much milk do you buy every morning?”

21. Rajesh said, “May I come in , Sir?”

22. Jay said to her brother, “Why will you go to Surat next week?”


Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech. 1. The teacher said to Manish, “Why have you been coming late?”

2. The customer said to the shopkeeper, “When will I get sugar?”

3. The lawyer said to Amit, “Are you telling the truth?”

4. Anil said to Sachin, “How long will it take to reach Shimla?”

5. The policeman said to Jay, “Have you seen a man with a beard?”

6. The fox said to the crow, “Why have you been singing?”

7. The students said to the students, “is it a fact that living things exist on the

moon?”

8. Rajan said to Chetan, “When did you come out of the jail?”

9. The king said to Birbal, “How can you be so sure of your victory?”

10.King Midas said to Musician, “Will you not sing a few notes for me?”

11. Mr.Shah said to Mr.Mehta, “Are you sure that your son is guilty?”

12.Mahesh said to Manish, “Are you annoyed because they are still refusing to pay you an extra two rupees for a month?”

13. “Have you finished your lesson, Tom?” said the aunt.

14. The captain said to the boy, “When did his lordship go away?”

15. The giant said to the children, “What are you all doing here?”

16. The king said to the Abbot, “How long will it take for me to go round the earth?”

17. The king asked the Abbot, “What am I thinking now?”

18. “How much am I worth, Abbot?” said the king.

19. The king asked the shepherd, “Can you answer my questions now?”

20. “What is wrong with you, Mummy?” said Jagat.

21. “Do you know the details about this creation, Angel?” said the Lord.

22. Aarti asked her father, “Will you help me with this word?”

23. A journalist asked the manager, “Why are you taking the teams so early to the Olympic city?”


C. Imperative Sentences(p/&na4R vaKyo):

‘Direct Speech’ Maa> Jyare bI+ VyiKtne kxu>k krva ma3e khevama> AaVyu> hoy Tyare

‘Imperative Sentence(Aa)a4R vaKy)’ no p/yog 4yelo hoy 0e. je vaKyma> hukm(order), ivn>tI(request), slah(advise), sUcn(suggestion),

sUcna(notice), cetvÌ(warning), Aa)a(command) vgereno wav hoy teva vaKyne

Aa)a4R vaKy(Imperative Sentence) khe 0e. Aa)a4R vaKy h>mexa bIja pu½8na svRnam ‘You’ ma3e j vpray 0e Ane tenI x½Aat

h>mexa ik/yapd4I j 4ay 0e t4a tema> ko[p` p/karna ktaR ivwiKtna svRnamono ]pyog 4to n4I.

‘Direct Speech’ Naa Aa)a4RvaKynu> ‘Indirect Speech’ ma> ½pa>tr krtI vqte ko[ ka5

pirvtRn krvama> Aavtu> n4I. kar` ke tema> h>mexa ‘Infinitive’ j vpray 0e. Aava vaKyonu> krtI ‘Indirect Speech’ vqte ‘that’ no ]pyog 4to n4I. Jo ‘Direct Speech’ nu> vaKy hkar hoy to s>yojk trIke ‘to’ An joe ‘Direct Speech’

nu> vaKy nkar hoy to s>yojk trIke ‘not to’ vpray 0e. ‘Direct Speech’ Naa vaKyma> rhela ‘Please’ ke ‘Kindly’ jeva> xBdo hoy to te dur

krvama> Aave 0e.

Aa)a4R vaKynu> Jyare ‘Indirect Speech’ ma> ½pa>tr 4ay Tyare vaKyna wava4R p/maè

Alg-Alg ‘Reporting Verb’ no ]pyog krvama> Aave 0e:-

Meaning of the Sentence Reporting Verb ivn>tI(request) Requested slah(advise) Advised

sUcn(suggestion) Suggested sUcna(instruction) Instructed Hukm/Aadex(order) Ordered cetvÌ(warning) Warned 2mkI(threatening) Threatened Sp*3ta n hoy Tyare Told/asked

vaKyrcna:

Direct Speech: Reporter + said to/said + listener + , “Main verb + object + other words.” Indirect Speech: Reporter + Reporting Verb + listener + to/not to + main verb + object + other words.


Read the following examples: 1. Krishna said to Milan, “Please give me your book.”

Reporter R.V. Listener Main Verb Object Other Words

Krishna requested Milan to give her his book.

Reporter R.V. Listener Main Verb Object Other Words

2. The teacher said to his students, “Don’t waste your time.” The teacher advised his students not to waste their time.

3. The principal said to the peon, “Get out.” The principal ordered the peon to get out.

4. Manager: “Bring me that file soon, Ramu.” The manager ordered Ramu to bring him that file soon.

5. Blindman said, “Please help me to cross the road, Gentleman.” The blindman requested the gentleman to help him to cross the road.

6. The doctor said, “Take rest at least for a week, Mr.Verma.” The doctor advised Mr.Varma to take rest at least for a week.


1. Jay said to his servant, “Do as I tell you.”

2. My father said to me, “Do not trust every man.”

3. Rohan said to his friend, “Give me my book.”

4. The king said to the soldiers, “Put the merchant in the prison.”

5. King Midas said to the God, “Please give me the golden touch.”

6. The child said, “Mother, please listen to me.”

7. The student said to his teacher, “Please, teach me this lesson again.”

8. Mansi said to her teacher, “Kindly guide me in this matter.”

9. The doctor said to the children, “Don’t shout here.”

10.Milan said to the servant, “Get out of the room.”

11. The manager said, “Don’t go home till 6 o’clock, Mr.Shah.”


12. Manish said to Ankit, “Don’t write Gujarati above the line.”

13. Anjali said to Jeel, “Please come with me to my house.”

14. Ekta said, “Please help me in this question, Nirali.”

15. Jainam said to Jignesh, “Don’t go alone in this house.”

16. Jivika said, “Viren, give me some rupees for shopping.”

17. Virat said to Manvi, “Get up and go into the room.”

18. Jayesh said to Anil, “Sit here for an hour.”

19. Sachin said to Sweta, “Come here and help me in my work.”

20. Vedant said, “Mummy, give me something to eat.”

21. Vaibhavi said. “Papa, don’t give me any advise.”

22. Joseph said to his friend, “Take this heavy bag to my room.”

23. The manager said, “Gopal, put this file on my table.”

24. Kamlesh said, “Kiran, Don’t give him milk today.”

25. Akash said to Alpesh, “Kindly help this blind man.”

26. Kalpesh said, “Please tell me the truth, Parth.”

27. My friend said to me, “Don’t tell about my result to my father.”

28. My teacher said to me, “Meet me after the summer vacation.”

29. Dinesh said, “Sir, Please help me in this new topic.”

30. Rajesh said to Brijesh, “Give me your English notebook to write.”

31. Sheetal said to her friend, “Show me your new toy car please.”

32. Rahul said to Rohan, “Please, give me a glass of water.”

33. Vijay said to Vishal, “Don’t speak lie about your result.”

34. Darshan said to his sister, “Please go and talk to your father.”

35. Tarun said to Tarak, “Please, find out the mistake in this sum.”

36. Twinkal said to her friend, “Take it and put it in my bag.”

37. Utpal said to Urvi, “Don’t paly here in this room with your friends.”


Sentences beginning with ‘Let’ :

Jo vaKynI x½Aat Let – me, him, her, them 4I 4tI hoy te vaKy prvangI magva

ma3e vpray 0e. ‘Let’ 4I x½ 4ta Aa)a4RvaKyonu> ‘Indirect’ krtI vqte ‘Reporting Verb’ trIke

‘Requested/Proposed’ vpray 0e.

Aa vaKyoma> Aa)a4RvaKyna inym mujb bakIna bIja ferfaro krvama> Aave 0e. vaKyrcna:

Reporter + requested + listener + to/not to + let + noun/pronoun + main verb + object + other words. For example,

1. The boy said to the teacher, “Let me go home early.” The boy requested the teacher to let him go home early.

2. Sweta said to me, “Let me use your scooter.” Sweta requested me to let him use my scooter.

3. Rajan said to his sister, “Let me play for an hour.” Rajan proposed his sister to let him play for an hour.

4. The principla said to Mr.Shah, “Let the children go early.” The principal proposed Mr.Shah to let the children go early.

5. The father said to his son, “Don’t let him disturb.” The father requested his son not to let him disturb.

6. Bhavika said to me, “Don’t let me tease.” Bhavika proposed me not to let her tease.

7. My sister said to my brother, “Let me finish my homework.” My sister proposed my brother to let her finish her homework.

8. Smit said to Meet, “Don’t let my sister go home.” Smit requested Meet not to let his sister go home.

9. Amit said to Amita, “Don’t let Sachin play in the room.” Amit proposed Amita not to let Sachin play in the room.

10. Sneha said to her teacher, “Let me write these answers.” Sneha requested her teacher to let her write those answers.


Sentences beginning with ‘Let’s’ :

Jo vaKynI x½Aat Let’s – Let us 4I 4tI hoy te vaKy sUcn(suggestion) ke

drqaSt(proposal) sUcvva ma3e vpray 0e.

‘Let’s’ 4I x½ 4ta vaKyonu> ‘Indirect’ krtI vqte ‘Reporting Verb’ trIke

‘Suggested to’ ke ‘Proposed to’ vpray 0e.

vaKyne joDva ma3e s>yojk ‘that’ no ]pyog 4ay 0e.

‘Let’ p0I kmR ivwiKt ‘us’ nI ktaR ivwiKt ‘They’ bne 0e Ane tenI sa4e ‘Should’ vpray 0e.

vaKyrcna: Reporter + proposed/suggested + to + listener + that + they + should + main verb + object + other words. For example,

1. My friend said to me, “Let’s go to see Akshardham.” My friend suggested to me that they should go to see Akshardham.

2. Ketan said to his friends, “Let’s go out for a walk.” Ketan proposed to his friends that they should go out for a walk.

3. The teacher said to the boys, “Let’s clean our classroom today.” The teacher suggested to the boys that they should clean their

classroom that day.

4. Mansi said, “Atul, let’s sit here and plan for tomorrow.” Mansi suggested to Atul that they should sit there and plan for a week.

5. My friend said to them, “Let’s have some tea and breakfast here.” My friend proposed to them that they should have some tea and

breakfast there.

6. Sweta said to her friends, “Let’s decorate our school today.” Sweta suggested to her friends that they should decorate their school

that day.

7. Jignesh said to Nirali, “Let’s go to visit the zoo.” Jignesh proposed to Nirali that they should go to visit the zoo.



1. Radha said to her father, “Let me help you in your work.”

2. My friends said to me, “Let’s go to see a movie today.”

3. Mr.Mehta said to the watch man, “Let me park my car here.”

4. Dinesh said to his parents, “Let me join the commerce stream.”

5. Bharat said to Beena, “Let me do my work myself.”

6. Urvi said to Nisha, “Let me listen a new song.”

7. Vaibhav said to Vaibhavi, “Let’s go to the garden this time.”

8. Tanisha said to Mayur, “Let her play in the ground.”

9. Jignesh said to Jivika, “Don’t let them play there.”

10.Pankaj said to Pinal, “Don’t let him eat this food this time.”

11. Gaurav said to Dhara, “Let’s have some snacks here.”

12. Sangita said to Saurav, “Let me tease monkeys here.”

13. Jay said to Neha, “Let’s visit the zoo today.”

14. Komal said to Ketan, “Let me write my homework myself.”

15. Sonal said to Dinkal, “Let me read a storybook.”

16. Sweta said to Smit, “Let’s prepare for our annual examination.”

17. Anil said to Aarti, “Don’t let you read till late night.”

18. Ekta said to Pooja, “Don’t let her mother tell about our plan.”

19.Saurav said to Sadhna, “Let’s prepare some food here in my house.”

20. Dinkal said to Vikash, “Let’s complete our work today.”

21. Hetasvi said to Heena, “Let’s tell about my competition to my father.”

22. Aashit said to Dixit, “Let’s read my new books.”

23. The teacher said to the pupils, “Let’s leave.”

24. Radha said to Reshma, “Let’s play tennis here in my house.”

25. Nayan said to Neha, “Let him work himself.”


D. Exclamatory Sentences(]d\gar vaKyo):

samaNy rIte ]d\garvaKyo ktaRnI lagÌ jevI ke p/x>sa, Aan>d, du:q, guSso, Aa&cyR, A`gmo vgereno wav dxaRvta hoy 0e.

samaNy rIte ]d\garvaKyo ‘What’ ke ‘How’ 4I x½ 4ta hoy 0e. ‘Direct Speech’ ma> rhela ]d\garvaKynu> ‘Indirect’ krtI vqte ‘Reporting Verb’

trIke ‘Exclaimed’ no ]pyog 4ay 0e. ‘Direct Speech’ ma> rhela ]d\garvaKynu> iv2anvaKyma> ½pa>tr krI yoGy ka5pirvtRn

krvama> Aave 0e. ]d\garvaKyma> ]d\gar VyKt krva vprayela xBdo jeva> ke,Wow, Alas, Hurrah, Oh, Ah

vgere dUr krvama> Aave 0e. ‘Direct Speech’ ma> rhela ]d\garvaKynu> ‘Indirect’ ma> ½pa>tr krtI vqte ‘Listener’

phela ‘to’ mUkvama> Aave 0e. ]d\garvaKyna wava4R p/maè ‘Reporting Verb’ sa4e Alg-Alg xBdo vpray 0e.

vaKyno wava4R Reporting Verb p/x>sa/vqa` exclaimed with praise

du:q exclaimed with sorrow/sadness Aan>d exclaimed with joy guSso exclaimed with anger

A`gmo/2<à exclaimed with dislike/disgust Aa&cyR exclaimed with surprise dya exclaimed with sympathy

pStavo exclaimed with regret

vaKyrcna: Reporter + exclaimed with + meaning of the senence(wava4R p/ma eno xBd) + to + listener + that + subject + verb + object + other words. Examples, 1. Arjun said to me, “Alas! I have lost everything.” Arjun exclaimed with regret to me that he had lost everything. 2. Naina said to her friend, “Alas! All my hopes are lost.” Naina exclaimed with regret to her friend that all her hopes were lost. 3. The captain said to Akash, “Hurrah! We have won the match.” The captain exclaimed with joy to Akash that they had won the match. 4. The boy said to his friend, “Bravo! I have won the prize.” The boy exclaimed with joy to his friends that he had won the prize. 5. The doctor said, “Alas! She is dead.” The doctor exclaimed with sorrow that she was dead.


‘What’ 4I x½ 4tI vaKyrcna:

jo vaKyma> ivxe8` p0I nam hoy to te vaKynI x½Aat ‘What’ 4I 4ay 0e Ane vaKyma>

‘What’ p0I Article ‘a’ Aave 0e.

vaKyrcna: Reporter + exclaimed with + meaning of the senence(wava4R p/ma eno xBd) + to + listener + that + subject + verb + article ‘a’ + very + adjective + noun. Examples, 1. Ranjan said to Jagat, “What a beautiful flower it is!” Ranjan exclaimed with praise to Jagat that it was a very wonderful

flower.

2. The artist said, “What a beautiful scene it is!” The artist exclaimed with praise that it was a very beautiful scene.

3. Sunil said to Anil, “What a wonderful idea it is!” Sunil exclaimed with praise to Anil that it was a very wonderful idea.

4. Mayur said to his friend, “What a dirty place it is!” Mayor exclaimed with disgust to his friend that it was a very dirty place.

5. Manish said to Sheela, “What a big house you have!” Manish exclaimed with surprise to Sheela that she had a very big house.

‘How’ 4I x½ 4tI vaKyrcna:

jo vaKyma> ivxe8` p0I nam n hoy to te vaKynI x½Aat ‘How’ 4I 4ay 0e Ane vaKyma>

‘How’ p0I Article ‘a’ Aavtu<> n4I.

vaKyrcna:

Reporter + exclaimed with + meaning of the senence(wava4R p/ma eno xBd) + to

+ listener + that + subject + verb + very + adjective.

Examples,

1. Nayan said to Neha, “How beautifully you sing!” Nayan exclaimed with praise to Neha that she sang very beautifully.

2. The mother said, “How beautiful she looks!” The mother exclaimed with praise that she looked very beautiful.


3. Sneha said to her friend, “How brave you are!” Sneha exclaimed with praise to her friend that he was very brave.

4. Vinay said to Arun, “How happy I am to get first class!” Vinay exclaimed with joy to Arun that he was very happy to get first

class. 5. Mayur said to Amit, “How kind your parents are!” Mayur exclaimed with joy to Amit that his parents were very kind.


1. The teacher said to Jay, “How intelligent boy you are!”

2. My friend said to my father, “What a hard working person you are!”

3. Manish said to Mahi, “How unlucky I am to fail in English!”

4. Sachin said to Anil, “What a big score India made against Australia!”

5. Krupa said to Amit, “What a big idea!”

6. Jayesh said to Jigna, “What an interesting movie ‘Dabangg-2’ is!”

7. The lady said, “What a nice child you are, Shubham!”

8. Dipti said to Jaimin, “How smart you look in this suit now!”

9. My father said to me, “How happy I am at this momen!”

10.The child said to his mother, “What a beautiful butterfly it is!”

11. “What a good news is this!” exclaimed the man.

12. The boys said, “Hurrah! Our team god the shield.”

13. Suresh said to Manish, “How happy I am to return home!”

14. The actor said to the director, “What a wonderful scene it is!”

15. Salman said to Sonakshi, “What a nice dress have you worn today!”

16. Aarti said to Pooja, “Wow! You are looking beautiful now in this dress.”

17. The painter said to me, “What a dull colour it is!”

18. The police said, “What an accident!”

19. Shreya said to her mother, “Hurrah! My friend has won the match!”

20. What a sweet fragrance it was!” Exclaimed the giant.


E. Optative Sentences(xuweC0adxRk vaKyo):

xuweC0adxRk vaKyo xuweC0a, Aiwn>dn, p/a4Rna, Aa&vasn ke idlasano wav VyKt krva ma3e vpray 0e.

Jyare vaKy xuweC0a ke Aiwn>dnno wav VyKt krtu> hoy Tyare tenu> ‘Indirect’ krtI vqte

tema> ‘Reporting Verb’ trIke ‘wished’ vpray 0e Ane Jyare vaKyma> p/a4Rna, Aa&vasn

ke idlasano wav hoy Tyare ‘Reporting Verb’ trIke ‘prayed’ vpray 0e. xuweC0adxRk vaKyonu> ‘Indirect’ krtI vqte tema> s>yojk trIke ‘that’ vpray 0e.

ANy ferfaro iv2anvaKyonI jem j krvama> Aave 0e. vaKyrcna:

Reporter + wished/prayed + listener + that + subject + Verb + Object.

Examples,

1. The oldman said to my parents, “May you live long.” The oldman wished my parents that they might live long.

2. The teacher said to the students, “Good morning.” The teacher wished the students good morning.

3. The father said to his son, “May God give you strength to face the problems in your life.”

The father prayed his son that God might give him strength to face the problems in his life.

4. The oldman said to my friend, “Thank you very much.” The oldman thanked my friend very much.

5. “Dinkal, congratulation for getting distinction marks.” Said Chirag. Chirag congratulated Dinkal for getting distinction marks.

6. The students said to the class teacher, “Good afternoon, sir.” The students wished the class teacher good afternoon.

7. The priest said to the Abbot, “May God bless you.” The priest prayed the Abbot that God might bless him.

8. Darshan said, “Good-bye, my dear friend.” Darshan wished his friend good-bye.

9. Vipul said to Viren, “Wish you best luck for bright luck.” Vipul wished Viren best luck for bright luck.


How to turn Dialogues into Inirect Speech? (‘Dialogues’ nu> ‘Indirect Speech’ ma> ½pa>tr krva ma3ena inymo)

sO-p/4m vatcIt konI-konI vCce 4yel 0e Ae3le ke bolnar(Reporter) Ane

sa>w5nar(Listener) nKkI kro. ‘Dialogues’ Maa> vprayel vaKy kya p/karna 0e te Ane vaKyno wava4R nKkI kro. kyu\ vaKy ko` bole 0e te p` nKkI kro. bolnar Ane sa>w5narnI jait Ane vcn nKkI kro. Aekne Aek VyiKt Aek j ‘Dialogue’ ma> be vaKyo boltI Tyare p/4m vaKyma> ‘told’ Ane

bIja vaKyma> ‘and added that’ A4va ‘and also told that’ mUkvama> Aave 0e. Aek j VyiKt be p/&no rju kre to p/4m vqt ‘asked’ mUkvu> Ane bI+ var ‘again-

asked’ mUkvama> Aave 0e. Jo bolnare p/4m vaKyma> p/&n pU0yo hoy Ane teno ]|r bIja vaKyma> sa>w5nar Aapto

hoy to ‘R.V.’ trIke ‘replied’ mUkvama> Aave 0e Ane frI4I Ae j vaKyma> bIjo jvab

Aape to ‘again replied’ mUkvama> Aave 0e. ‘Direct Speech’ Naa vaKyma> ‘Yes’ Aapelu> hoy to tene dUr krI ‘replied positively-

and told that’ mUkvama> Aave 0e Ane vaKyno ]prno s>dwR l[ vaKy pU R krvama> Aave 0e. ‘Direct Speech’ Naa vaKyma> ‘No’ Aapelu> hoy to tene dUr krI ‘replied negatively-

and told that’ mUkvama> Aave 0e Ane ]prna vaKyno nkaraTmk s>dwR l[ vaKy pU`R krvama> Aave 0e.

jo vaKyma> ‘Thank you’ hoy to ‘thanked’ mUkI sa>w5narnI kmR ivwiKt mUkvama> Aave 0e.

jo vaKyma> ‘Congratulation’ hoy to bolnar p0I ‘congratulated’ mUkI sa>w5narnI kmR ivwiKt mUkvama> Aave 0e.

jo vaKyma> ‘Sir’ hoy to ‘told with respect’ ke ‘replied with respect’ jeva> xBdo mUkay 0e.

jo vaKyma> ‘Dear’ hoy to ‘told lovingly’ mUkay 0e. 3U>ka ke A2Ura vaKyo ]prna vaKyno s>dwR l[ pU`R krvama> Aave 0e. vaKyma> jo ‘Good morning’, ‘Good night’ jeva xBdo hoy to ‘R.V.’ trIke

‘wished’ mUkI sa>w5narnI kmR ivwiKt sa4e je xBd hoy te mUkay 0e. ‘Direct Speech’ ma> rhela vaKyma> bakIna bIja ferfaro je-te vaKyna p/karna inymo

mujb krvama> Aave 0e. ‘Direct Speech’ Maa> rhela vaKyonu> ‘Indirect Speech’ ma> ½pa>tr krta> s5>g fkrama>

lqvama> Aave 0e. ‘Direct Speech’ Naa vaKyna wava4R p/ma e ‘Reporting Verb’ sa4e je-te wava4R

p/ma eno xBd ‘with’ vDe dxaRvvama> Aave 0e.


Read the following examples: 1. Mother : Have you finished your homework?

Shreya : No. Mother : When will you do it? Shreya : Tomorrow.

Ans: The mother asked Shreya if she had finished her homework. Shreya replied negatively her mother that she had not finished her homework. The mother again asked her when she would do it. Shreya replied her that she would do it the next day.

2. Mayank : Did you give me my new book? Rehana : No. Mayank : When will you give it to me? Rehana : Tomorrow.

Ans: Mayank asked Rehana if she had given him his new book. Rehana replied negatively that she had not given him his new book. Mayank again asked her when she would give it to him. Rehana replied him that she would give it to him the following day.

3. Father : When will your school declare your result? Amit : On 20th September. Father : What do you think about your result? Amit : I hope to get distinction marks.

Ans: The father asked Amit when his school would declare his result. Amit replied that his school would declare his result on 20th September. The father again asked him what he thought about his result. Amit replied his father that he hoped to get distinction marks.

4. Mr.Mehta : How many times do you shave in a day? Kanubhai : Thirty to fourty times. Mr.Mehta : Are you mad? Kanubhai : No, I am a barber.

Ans: Mr.Mehta asked Kanubhai how many times he shaved in a day. Kanubhai replied him that he shaved thirty to fourty times in a day. Mr.Mehta again asked him if he was mad. Kanubhai replied him negatively he was a barber.


5. Uncle : Did you buy this dress from here? Krupa : No, I bought it from Ahmedabad. Uncle : How much money did you pay for it? Krupa : Only seven hundred ruppes.

Ans: The uncle asked Krupa if she had bought that dress from there. Krupa replied negatively and told that she had bought it from Ahmedabad. The uncle again asked her how much money she had paid for it. Krupa replied that she had paid only seven hundred rupees for it.

6. Anil : How much did you pay for this toy car? Sachin : Two hundred rupees. Anil : Is it automatic? Sachin : Yes.

Ans: Anil asked Sachin how much he had paid for that toy car. Sachin replied him that he had paid two hundred rupees. Anil again asked him if it was automatic. Sachin replied positively that it was automatic.

7. Ketan : This dish is very delicious. Keyur : Do you like it? Ketan : Yes, who prepared it? Keyur : My mother.

Ans: Ketan told Keyur that that dish was very delicious. Keyur asked him if he liked it. Ketan replied positively and asked him who had prepared it. Keyur replied that his mother had prepared it.

8. Teacher : Good morning Rutvi. Rutvi : Good morning, sir. How are you? Teacher : I’m fine and you? Rutvi : I’m also fine. Teacher : Congratulation for your better result.

Ans: The teacher wished Rutvi good morning. Rutvi also wished her teacher good morning and asked how he was. He replied that he was fine and asked how she was. She replied that she was also fine. He congratulated for her better result.


“Editing” From S.S.C. Board Examination: (boDRnI prI9ama> pU0ayel qalI jGyaAo)

D. March – 2007 Shopkeeper : Madam, I think this sari will suit you well. Asrladevi : Yes, I shall buy it. How much is it ? Shopkeeper : Only Rs. 1500 Sarladevi : Oh ! It is very costly. Will you give me some discount?

Ans: The shopkeeper politely told Sarladevi that he thought that sari would suit her well. Sarladevi agreed with him and told that she would buy it and asked him how much it was. The shopkeeper replied that it cost only Rs.1500. Sarladevi exclaimed that it was very costly and asked if he would give her some discount.

E. March – 2008 Ahmad : Good morning, Zara. How are you? Zara : Not very fine. Ahmad : What happened ? Can I help you ? Zara : I have got Geometry test tomorrow and I cannot

understand this theorem.

Ans: Ahmad wished Zara good morning and asked her how she was. Zara replied that she was not very fine. Ahmad asked her what had happened and also asked if he could help her. Zara replied that she had got Geometry test the following day and could not understand that theorem.

F. July – 2008

Ragini : How are you Nirali, today ? Nirali : Fine. What shall we do now ? Ragini : Let’s go to the library and borrow some books. Nirali : What a fine idea !

Ans: Ragini asked Nirali how she was that day. Nirali replied her that she was fine that day and asked what they would do then. Ragini suggested her that they should go to the library and borrow some books. Nirali exclaimed with joy to her that it was a very fine idea.


G. March – 2009

Passenger : Take this heavy bag to my office. Coolie : Sir, it will cost more. Passenger : Don’t worry, I will pay 100 rupees for it. Coolie : Thank you, sir. How kind you are !

Ans: the passenger asked Coolie to take that heavy bag to his office. The coolie told with respect that it would cost more. The passenger asked him not toi worry and assured him that he would pay 100 rupees for it. The coolie thanked him and exclaimed with joy that he was very kind.

H. March – 2010

Nirali : What are you doing now ? Akash : I am doing my exercise. Nirali : Please help me with my homework. Akash : Don’t worry. I’ll surely help you this evening.

Ans: Nirali asked Akash what he was doing then. Akash replied her that he was doing his exercise. Nirali requested him to help her with her homework. Akash asked her not to worry and added that he would surely help her that evening.

I. March – 2011

Mother : What are you doing now ? Keta : I am watching serial on T.V. Mother : Don’t waste time in watching T.V. serial. You are in

S.S.C. class. Keta : Sorry, Mummy, I want to relax.

Ans: The mother asked Keta what she was doing then. Keta replied her mother that she was watching serial on T.V. The mother advised her not to waste time in watching T.V. serial and added that she was in S.S.C. class. Keta told her mother sorry and added that she wanted to relax.


J. March – 2012 Vatsal : Where are you going ? Nirav : I am going to play. Vatsal : Let’s go to the library. Nirav : What a wonderful idea !

Ans: Vatsal asked Nirav where he was going. Nirav replied him that he was going to play. Vatsal suggested him that they should go to the library. Nirav exclaimed with joy to him that it was a very wonderful idea.

K. July – 2012 Pappu : Hello, uncle! Good morning. How are you? Glad to meet

you. Natukaka : Hey, naughty boy, what are you doing here? Where are

your parents? Pappu : They are at home. Natukaka : It is already noon. Are you not hungry? I will bring some

food for you.

Ans: Pappu wished his uncle good morning and asked how he was and also told him that he felt glad to meet him. Natukaka addressed Pappu as a naughty boy and asked him what he was doing there and also asked him where his paents were. Pappu told him that they were at home. Natukaka told him that it was already noon and asked if he was not hungry and added that he would bring some food for him.

L. March – 2013 The King : What are you doing here ? Didn’t you go home ? The beggar : Sir, I have lost a rupee. I have been searching for it since

morning. The King : You are a very greedy fellow.

Ans: The king asked the beggar what he was doing there and also asked if he didn’t go home. The beggar replied with respect that he had lost a ruppe and added that he had been searching for it since morning. The king told him that he was a very greedy fellow.

* * * * *


Conjunctions ________________________________________________________________

Conjunction(s>yojk): “A word which is used to join the sentences, is known as a conjunction.” “A conjunction is a word which provides transitions between sentences and the parts of speech.”

ke3la>k s>yojko nIce mujb 0e:

And But/Yet/Still Or/Otherwise So/Therefore Because/As/Since Either or Neither nor

1. And: Jyare Aek vaKy bIja vaKyna A4Rma> k>[k ]mero kre Tyare te be vaKyone joDva ma3e t4a

sman babtone joDva ma3e s>yojk ‘and’ trIke vpray 0e.bNne vaKyoma> jo Aek j ktaR

hoy to Aek j vqt vaKynI x½Aatma> ‘and’ vpray 0e. Examples,

1. Jay is clever. Pranav is clever. Jay and Pranav are clever. 2. Nisha sings well. She dnaces well. Nisha sings and dances well. 3. Anil got up. He took leave. Anil got up and took leave. 4. Sit down. Come here. Sit down and come here. 5. Shreya went to a book-stall. She bought some books. Shreya went to a book-stall and bought some books. 6. My father finished his work. He went for a walk. My father finished his work and he went for a walk. 7. Sachin was doing his homework. I was also doing homework. Sachin and I were doing our homework.

Topic – 10 Conjunctions


2. But: Jyare be vaKyoma> prSpr ivro2no wav hoy Tyare te be vaKyone joDva ma3e s>yojk trIke

‘But’ vpray 0e. Examples,

1. Jay is clever. His sister is not clever. Jay is clever, but his sister is not clever.

2. He ran fast. He missed the train. He ran fast, but he missed the train.

3. Sanjana is beautiful. She is proud. Sanjana is beautiful, but she is proud.

4. Dixit worked hard. He did not get more marks. Dixit worked hard, but he did not get more marks.

5. He is old. He is active. He is old, but he is active.

3. Or/Otherwise: Jyare be babtoma>4I ko[ Aek ivkLp SvIkarvano hoy Tyare te be vaKyone joDva ma3e

s>yojk trIke ‘Or/Otherwise’ vpray 0e. p/4m ]pvaKyma> xrtno A4R, slah, sUcna, Aa)ano A4R hoy Ane bIja ]pvaKyma> tenI

ivprIt Asr ke piràm dxaRvayu> hoy Tyare p` ‘Or/Otherwise’ vpray 0e. Examples,

1. Work hard. You will not get good marks. Work hard or you will not get good marks. OR Work hard, otherwise you will not get good marks.

2. Sit here. Go to your home. Sit here or go to your home.

3. Walk hurriedly. You will miss the train. Walk hurriedly, otherwise you will miss the train.

4. Stand in queue. You will not get a ticket. Stand in queue otherwise you will not get a ticket.

5. We should stop cutting trees. There will be no rain. We should stop cutting trees, otherwise there will be no rain.


4. So/Therefore:

‘So/Therefore’ no A4R ‘te4I’ Aevo 4ay 0e.

Kar` Ane piràm dxaRvata be vaKyone joDva ma3e ‘So/Therefore’ vpray 0e.

piràmdxRk vaKynI Aag5 ‘So/Therefore’ Aave 0e.

Jyare Aapela be vaKyoma>4I bIja vaKynI ik/ya p/4m vaKynu> piràm dxaRvtI hoy Tyare te

be vaKyone joDva ma3e ‘So/Therefore’ vpray 0e.

vaKyrcna:

kar`dxRk vaKy + so/therefore + piràmdxRk vaKy.

Examples,

1. Rahul had a fever. He could not play in the match. Rahul had a fever, so/therefore he could not play in the match.

2. We got up late. We missed the first bus. We got up late, so/therefore we missed the first bus.

3. He has good manners. Everyone likes him. He had good manners, so/therefore everyone likes him.

4. Rehana was sick. She did not go to school. Rehana was sick, so/therefore she did not go to school.

5. Jay told a lie. His father scolded him. Jay told a lie, so/therefore his father scolded him.

6. It rained heavily. We could not go out the whole day. It rained heavily, so/therefore we could not go out the whole day.

7. Urvi did not do her homework. The teacher punished her. Urvi did not do her homework, so/therefore the teacher punished her.

8. She does not know English. She can’t talk with her friends. She doesn’t know English, so/therefore she can’t talk with her friends.

9. Nehal fell down from the tree. She was hurt. Nehal fell down from the tree, so/therefore she was hurt.

10. They did not have tickets. They could not see the movie. They did not have tickets, so/therefore they could not see the movie.


5. ‘Either…or’ & ‘Neither…nor’:

I. Either…or:

‘Either…or’ no A4R ‘be ma>4I Aek’ Aevo 4ay 0e.

vaKyma> Jyare be ma>4I Aek ivkLpnI ps>dgI rhelI hoy Ae3le ke be ktaR, be kmR, be ivxe8`

ke be ik/yaAoma>4I ko[p` AeknI ps>dgI ke xKyta rhelI hoy Tyare be vaKyone joDva ma3e

‘Either…or’ vpray 0e.

Examples,

1. Mr. Shah is a doctor. Mr. Shah is a lawyer. (kmR) Mr.Shah is either a doctor or a lawyer.

2. Sneha is hungry. Sneha is thirsty. (ivxe8`) Sneha is either hungry or thirsty.

3. He will do his homework. He will watch T.V. (ik/ya) He will either do his homework or watch T.V.

4. Jay is an intelligent boy. Aashit is an intelligent boy. (ktaR) Either Jay or Aashit is an intelligent boy.

II. Neither…nor:

‘Neither…nor’ no A4R ‘be ma>4I Aekey nih’ Aevo 4ay 0e.

Jyare ivkLpo ke xKytaAo nkaraTmk hoy A4va to be ktaR, be kmR, be ivxe8` ke be ik/yaAoma>4I ko[p` Aekey ivkLpnI ps>dgI ke xKyta n rhelI hoy Tyare

‘Neither…nor’ vpray 0e. ‘Neither…nor’ Vaa5u> vaKy nkar A4R dxaRve 0e, te4I teva> vaKyma> ‘no’, ‘not’ ke

‘never’ jeva> nkar A4RdxRk xBdo vprata> n4I. Examples,

1. Keval is not a clever boy. He is not a hard-working boy. (kmR) Keval is neither a clever nor a hard-working boy.

2. Neha is not hungry. Sneha is not thirsty. (ivxe8`) Neha is neither hungry nor thirsty.

3. Helen could not hear. Helen could not speak. (ik/ya) Helen could neither hear nor speak.

4. Jay is not an intelligent boy. Aashit is not an intelligent boy. (ktaR) Neither Jay nor Aashit is an intelligent boy.


‘Either…or’ & ‘Neither…nor’ vaKyna ke3lak bIja inymo:

‘Either’ ke ‘Neither’ p0I nam Aave to ‘or’ ke ‘nor’ p0I p` nam j Aave 0e.

Examples,

1. Mother must be in the kitchen. She must be in the garden. Mother must be either in the kitchen or the garden.

2. Sunil is not a student. He is not a teacher. Sunil is neither a student nor a teacher.

‘Either’ ke ‘Neither’ p0I ivxe8` Aave to ‘or’ ke ‘nor’ p0I p` ivxe8` j Aave 0e.

Examples,

1. The Abbot is learned. He is also wise. The Abbot is either learned or wise.

2. Mayur is not clever. He is not hard-working. Mayur is neither clever nor hard-working.

‘Either’ ke ‘Neither’ p0I ik/yapd Aave to ‘or’ ke ‘nor’ p0I p` ik/yapd j Aave 0e.

Examples,

1. Sweta is not watching T.V. She is not listening songs. Sweta is neither watching T.V. nor listening songs.

2. My father is going to office. He is working in his room. My father is either going to office or working in his room.

‘Either’ ke ‘Neither’ p0I Aavta ktaR Ane ‘or’ ke ‘nor’ p0I Aavta ktaRna pu½8 Ane

vcn juda> hoy to ‘or’ ke ‘nor’ p0I Aavta ktaRne lagu pDtu hoy tevu> ik/yapdnu> ½p

mUkvama> Aave 0e. Examples,

1. He has not done his work. I have also not done my work. Neither he nor I have done our work.

2. Summet is in the house. His friends are in the house. Either Summet or his friends are in the house.


Join the following sentences using ‘either…or’ or ‘neither…nor’.

1. They will go to Baroda by bus. They will go to Baroda by train.

2. We shall play cricket. We shall play hockey.

3. Kusum will sing a song. Kumud will sing a song.

4. I will buy mangoes. I will buy oranges.

5. This mango is sweet. This mango is juicy.

6. She will sing. She will dance.

7. A whale can live in a pond. A whale can live in a river.

8. Dipika does not like birds in cages. Dinkal does not like birds in cages.

9. People must work. People must be ready to starve.

10.You did not come to my house. You did not guide me.

11. Lina does not work in the school. Her mother also does not work in the same place.

12. Mr.Shah does not borrow money. He does not lend money.

13. The guests has not tasted bananas. He has also not tasted apples.

14. I will join the cricket practice. I will go on a tour.

15. He must improve his work. He must leave the job.

16. Mr.Patel is not a liar. He is not a coward.

17. Urvi will go to the library. She will go to the home.

18. Viren will go to the station. Virat will go to the station.

19. The visitor could not speak English or Gujarati.

20. Parth doesn’t want to become a doctor. He doesn’t want to become a engineer.

21. That poor girl cannot speak or hear.

22. He did not go either on foot or by bus.

23. Poverty is not a crime or a sin.

24. Sit quietly or leave the classroom.


Fill in the blanks with appropriate conjunction.

1. I can understand Gujarati,__________ cannot speak it.

2. I ran fast, _________ I missed the bus.

3. Eat good food __________you will fall ill.

4. Help yourself ___________ God will help you.

5. Try hard ___________you will succeed.

6. He is not clever, __________ he is lucky.

7. Pay the membership fees __________ become a member.

8. Minal does not like caged birds and animals, __________ she did not visit the zoo.

9. Yusuf was very ill, __________ he did not go to school.

10. Our motor-car was in the garage, _________ we went by taxi.

11. Keep quiet, __________ go out.

12. The playground was wet, __________ they could not play cricket.

13. Trust yourself __________ others will not trust you.

14. He came late, __________ he missed the train.

15. We lost the match, __________ we played very poorly.

16. Amit __________ Meet are students.

17. The teacher called Sagar __________ gave him a book.

18. __________ Ravi or Ketan will attend the party.

19. Mother will make __________ tea nor coffee.

20. You must apologize __________ you will not be allowed to come to school.

21. Kirtan has not scored good marks __________ he is sad.

22. Aman will __________ become a teacher or an engineer.

23. Keep quiet _________you will be punished.

24. I wanted to see a movie, __________ I did not get the ticket.

25. Please come soon __________ take your money back.

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