TRUE/MID- IFIC GEOTHERMALVENTUR}~Development Marketing of Geothermal Resources

BRIEF FORGOVERNOR1S ADVISORY BOARD

ON THE UNDERWATER CABLE TRANSMISSION PROJECT

ORGANIZATION AND PERMIT STATUS

TRUE/Mid-Pacific Geothermal venture is composed of TRUE Geothermal Ener

Company and Mid-Pacific Geothermal, Inc. The organizers and principals of

these organizations are located in Casper, Wyoming. The venture was formed in

1980 to acquire land leases in areas presumed to have geothermal resources in

underlying reservoirs and to develop those resources for conversion into

electrical energy and for sale to a utility or other consumer. We acquired

land surface leases with Campbell Estate (27,000 acres more or less) along the

middle east rift zone of Kilauea volcano on the island of Hawaii and with

Ulupalakua Ranch (4,000 acres more or less) along the Southwest rift zone of

Haleakala volcano on Maui.

The application and essential supporting data for the land use permit to

explore for, develop and market geothermal resources in the geothermal

resource subzone of the Kilauea middle east rift zone (Campbell Estate lands)

were submitted to the State Board of Land and Natural Resources in 1982.

After five contested hearings and three hearings at the Circuit Court level on

various motions by an opposition group, the Board, on April 11, 1986 granted a

land-use permit, with extensive conditions, allowing exploration and

development of geothermal resources sufficient to generate up to 100MW of

.......-TRUE GEOTHERMAL ENERGY CO. (Hawaii Office) 1001 Bishop Street - Pa cific Tower, Suite 1717

Honolulu , Hawaii 96813 • Telephone (808) 528-3 496

MID·PACIFIC GEOTHERMAL, INC. Pioneer Plaza, Suite 1777 • 900 Fort Street Mall • Honolulu.Hawaii 96813Telephone (808) 521-9004

electricity within the 9000 acres (more or less) of the designated geothermal

resource subzone of the Campbell Estate lands. The Board's decisions on

designating a subzone and granting a development permit were appealed by two

Hawaiians to the State Supreme Court which denied the appeals, affirming the

Board's decisions on July 14th, 1987. There may be further appeal to the U.S.

Supreme Court. The Land Board has just issued to Campbell Estate the required

geothermal mining lease granting the right to mine the State's geothermal

resources underlying that portion of Campbell Estate's lands falling within

the geothermal sub-zone. The mining lease, inter alia, requires that a

royalty of 10%of gross proceeds from the sale of geothermal resources be paid

to the State. Surface owners are paid an additional royalty based on gross

proceeds from sales. An excise tax of 1/2%of 1%is also levied on resource

sales. There is no estimate of what county taxes will be assessed on the land

as a result of geothermal development.

Subject to any appeal of the State Court 's ruling on the Land Board's

decisions and upon completion of pre-construction project site surveys and

approval of a plan of operations for the exploration phase of the project, the

operator of the venture (TRUE Geothermal Energy Company) will ship a major

drilling right to Hawaii and commence drilling operations on the Kilauea

middle east rift zone project site within 6 to 8 months.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Site Location - Geothermal development will occur within Campbell Estate

lands, Puna District, island of Hawaii within the State designated geothermal

resource sub-zone. Figure __1__ •

".

LEGEND :

NW.ES

1

FIGURE

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Location Map ofGeothermal

Resource Subzone.4--- -, J; .; "~:...o ,.

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----:~:;.;

Geothennal ResourceSubzone~

Source :

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Resource Potential and Characteristics - Extensive geologic analyses have been

conducted to confirm a geothermal resource potential underlying the project

area and the entire Kilauea east rift zone. However, no single geothermal

exploration technique, except for deep exploration drilling, is capable of

positively identifying a sub-surface geothermal system, and the completion and

testing of several successful exploration wells are required to provide a

basis for estimating the characteristics of the resource, the potential

dimensions of a specific reservoir and its characteristics in relation to

whether it could produce and sustain a certain level of flow for 20 - 30

years. This data is essential to estimates on whether the discovered resource

can be economically produced within the parameters that most affect the

economic success of the project. As to the resource, the temperature,

pressure, flow rate and chemical properties will determine whether the

geothermal energy can be economically produced. For example, if the resource

temperature at the well head is less than 300 0 F it is unlikely that power

plant operations would be economical. Pending the completion and testing of

successful wells, the total resource potential within the designated

geothermal sub-zone portion of the leased land is estimated to be sufficient

to produce and sustain 300MW of geothermal generated base-load electricity.

Exploration and Development Plan

The current land use permit authorizes exploration and development of

geothermal resources sufficient to produce only 100MW of electricity from

within the boundaries of the designated geothermal resource sub zone which

constitutes about 3/5 of the total acreage of the Campbell property estimated

to have a geothermal potential.

Prospective drilling and power plant sites have been selected throughout the

sub-zone as show on Figure __2__ • Because of the hazards of operating in an

active volcanic rift zone, special attention is given to siting of facilities

and to taking all appropriate measures to minimize the potential for injury to

personnel and damage or destruction of facilities and equipment due to

eruptions and lava flows. For these reasons development beyond the level · of

100MW of power will require an expansion of the subzone above the northern

boundary to allow siting of some power plants farther from the rift zone

center. Exploration drilling will begin in the eastern portion of the subzone,

on the North side of the rift zone center and progress to the west as the

project expands. Power plants would be located within 1 to Ii miles of the

wells supplying the plant, preferably in the northern portion of the rift zone

or on high ground in other areas to reduce the potential hazards of volcanic

eruptions in the area.

A rotary drilling rig can drill a geothermal well to a depth of about 8000 ft.

(expected producing zone of discovered reservoirs) in 60 days at a cost of

about $2.5 million. For planning purposes, we assume (1) each well will

produce 5MW of electricity, (2) each well will diminish in production capacity

at the rate of 3%a year, (3) one in four wells ( after an initial resource

discovery) will be unsuccessful, (4) one reinjection well will be required for

every three production wells, and (5) a requirement for completed and shut-in

reserve wells equivalent to 10%of the current production levels.

Power plants within the project site will vary in size from 5MW (well head

generator) to 55MW capacity. Plants including abatement systems for Hydrogen

sulfide (H2S) will cost between $1.5 - 2.0 million per megawatt of generating

capacity. Lead time to bring a plant on line (after well testing and

reservoir analysis has confirmed sufficient resources to supply the plant) is

about 18 months for 12-15MW plants and 24 to 26 months for 25MW plants.

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FIGURE

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Proposed ProjectExploration/Development.Areas'

, ,;.~. . .- .... - - ---"-'- ~-'---=-=.;;;~~--=..;;;=--"-'---=-----'=--=:_---'-'

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Tet ra olasandr! hawa li en si s isvery wi desprea d th roug hout th esubzone and sur round i ng a r easusua lly occ url ng as s ca t t er edi nd ivi dua ls or small group s oft rees .

Pl anned explorat ion/dev. are!

Locat io ns of l uge conc ent r a t i onsof eobea t Iecn io ide s , Scat t e r edtreesoccur els ewhere i n oh iaa (2) for est s.

Power pl ants (5 - 8 acres)

Dr ill ing s i tes (2 - 3 ac r es )

Locat i on of Cvane! t r i tQ::\<!ntha(outs ide of ~ated subzone)

Access r oads

A ~ o ro x i r.:a te lc ca t ion ofAdenoohorus eeriens s i g ~ t i n g

by USr.iS Forest BIrd Sur vey

~~ i n t e na nce/se r~ i c e r oads

E:::e r9 ~ nc'y exi t r:)!d

KFC AIRPORT, INC.Source:

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Geothermal developers are prepared to take the risks of drilling initial

exploratory wells to determine the presence of economically producible

resources and the potential production capacity of a discovered reservoir.

Beyond that, further exploration drilling or drilling of development wells

would be dependent on the existence of a market and a power purchase contract

for geothermal generated power. It is our objective that additional drilling

(after the initial exploratory drilling) would be for the purpose of supplying

some level of base load power to HELCO followed by additional exploratory

drilling to prove the existence of sufficient resources to supply a specified

level of power for export to Oahu via HVDC overhead and submarine transmission

cable. If the cable capacity is to be 500MW, it is estimated that at least 20

successful exploratory wells, at a cost of about $45 million, would have to be

drilled and tested to prove the existence of sufficient geothermal resources

to justify proceeding with the cable. This drilling effort could be completed

in about 15 months with at least two developers drilling with 1 rig each.

Installation of the cable and development of geothermal resources would have

to be closely coordinated to limit the time between completion of a well field

and/or its power plant and the time power could be accepted by the cable.

In this connection, it may be necessary to install the cable in two phases to

limit the time that investments in the cable and geothermal development would

be idle before full cash flow potential of the operations can be realized.

Commitments by the utility to purchase base load geothermal generated

electricity at full avoided costs under PURPA would have to be approved by the

Public Utilities Commission. In recognition of the current and projected

costs of oil, the revenue stream for the geothermal generated base load power

could not, in the near term, support the cost of the cable. Funding for the

cable would therefore appear to require a political decision that is

compatible with the State's objective to reduce its dependence on imported oil

and to develop local, renewable energy for the future. We have projected an

optimistic schedule (Figure~) for the rate at which geothermal generated

base load electricity could come on line given the following assumptions:

(1) That the HVDe overhead and submarine transmission line is determined to

be technically and economically feasible, and could be permitted under

applicable regulations; that a decision is made as to licensee or owner

for the cable and that such operator commits to begin installation of the

cable upon satisfactory evidence that sufficient geothermal resources are

available to supply to cable to its design capacity and that at least

half of the intended cable capacity would be installed by 1995 with the

fin al cable installed by 1998.

(2) That special governmental procedures are authorized so that the

geothermal resource development, power plants and transmission cable can

be permitted as a single project to generate 500MW of electricity for

transmission from Hawaii to Oahu;

(3) That avoided capacity costs ( i n addition to avoided fuel costs) can be

contracted for in purchase power contracts with the utility under PURPA

for up to 500MW of base load, geothermal generated electricity supplied

by cable from the Island of Hawaii.

Generating. capacity '8

POSSIBLE GEXJI'HERrw" DEVEIDPMENr SQIEDULE

'97 '98

(530)r---,III

(430) :r- -.,I II II II II II II II II III

(210) II-­IIIII

'89 '90 '91 '92 ' 93 ' 94 '95 '96'88Ot------------~------

300

400

500

100

1 Rig

2 Rigs

Cornrercial cable

Bar Graph Legend:

;- i-Production level estinate for 2nd developer

• - Production level estinate for T/MPG _f:lG_3 _

(4) That two geothermal developers, each operating with two rigs in the

geothermal subzones of the Kilauea east rift zone, will initiate

development drilling simultaneously upon notification of a decision that

an order for the manufacture of the cable has been issued.

PRINCIPAL DEVELOPER CONCERNS

The coordination of the governmental permitting and the scheduling of the

cable and geothermal developments. Under existing law, it is unlikely

that the two components could be permitted on a concurrent, timely basis.

There would have to be a consolidation of applicable laws and standards

and this would require new legislation.

Financing and ownership of the cable.

Establishing/projecting the level of base-load, geothermal generated

power that could replace oil fired generating capacity beginning in 1995.

The type of long term commitment that can be made by HECO on purchase

power contracts for the 1995 period.

------------~

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(LEGEND:

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Fig u r e 111-2

WATER WELLS IN THE PUNA AREA

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• AC /DC Converter Station

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ADJbhSf A~~~C1S UF G~OTHERMAL )~V~L IPMENT ON AGRICULTURE

,

he l arid i', the ~::af1nho L:;E"c1the,rma.l F~esour-("l":'O Subzone l<a,s'5 bt':.'c7.'n CU] tl,v'-:l,-rc?df"'" n':;ntL'r-ips,. -:'i,r,=t by cl, If.l,lr']e po pi, ~atior1 of l-IaI-'JC:\,ii-3.f1s f o r:

C1lh<"'lstenr::e =t'ld in the If.\st LPntu'-y, if' OCDnc)micallv impor-t;:\nt c:r-CJP_"of c:attl~ af'~ su~ar uf'til th~ mid 960s ~nd sincE ther \ fo~ or-chard a1d

lc ric ,ltuTe. I=O~ deCo.ides, c:in E';~te'lsi If? r'a ... Lr-oad =>'stern Li.n '.. -?<i ":1--_r_, :5 at-- .£t.nd~.. of l<apoh:J 1:.( t _~ ~··ed.a.u. mi Lt , -rhp .i n c i p i.erit; (Japr;.\./-

i'iOI_lstr-V dev."looed p r i rnar i Lv in -I.-,he I<:GRS.

'Aqr-~c~ltural L_.n of nportanC? tr t~~ S+ate cf rl~~~_l

01 lie State L'gi~,l::\tL,\re, >",'en_ir'ed j:'ap2ya lar,C"'s c;._

ar~ USE w~ich fnust b? p J~ected The spaC'l .1 qualit_E: tba+o '.:cp,ho tile :-ilhes 'La'.,ty '""_'"J2ya ~-ec, the __ t

, hi=' "-Pf\Oir tC" or t- ae. t.~~d

sOP- _alfT r:, ' r dCI,

r/c-od -n i x t.ure of 't'~ne sOLI p;::,.rtlcJes ard ro c kv 'J.nder-laymert \"1 'hexc-ellert d··a~nage capc:ic:ty.

2. Consist.ent anel well dist...-j,tlU .ed liioder-at.e n a t.u r e I r-f.l,in-f.-=,·tl;3~ High leve's of 5urlight (temperatu~e),

4. Excellent i,frsstr-uc-tur-e 0f cird~r- cDver'ed r-oads,5a Mos"tly gently ~lopiflg gr-o~~rld wh8re ~Lli' of-f and porlding ar-e li"mite(j~

p\nel ;6 hela,t.i v e ' y . r'e;,(p'~fl~.i 'e laflr:! t.1·'2t c ari '::l ~ p',I.I"·c"c;isec1 o r' l~ased

w~th the re ' enLES produce~ ~y :h~ crop.

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.;, '-; n'far dci.

C'

CJ :het

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c-fcf

1r<3.j ')1" i "_ Y-:t.moupt;::;( ro ')c.

L '1d C2~ ':Je 5ee-' hy t 1E" near-l I i OC'I

..... r- f.lS OC tl<p q:.=r= C\,'d ::'(~6() f!oq<... - r>

Lnt eri-s '''-1~ -,_I~ ,,+--' -,'00

"'r'pe r a i a Iv'l" -:~ t"e' .·Ie',,-

lll€ liq, C4L'dlity of ~"a,o"o'-:;

r-u t Lv a', Or) of +-'11=- aTeF.\. E"/tn

::If in'J L spd. "I l'e "Jlder la,Ids at,.-r r. 10(<3.", t'lP ands of tl,e

..... . a $ ~ 4 (T 'lr a . '"a t" . r (J <= J

1- mi I .i o cr i o'-\s:'- tl'"\-.)1 11 d~ ecorlrJrrli<:" I' y signi of .i c an r'12' -ararr.i.2 nut, c i, JU" <: d pi e of'

-ftv" ~f I.:?CtS ")1 <;jLoth=t nlc:il dE'" p}i::lprrelt C'lnd erni s a i oo s en ':?r;letaJ~i.':lr e nrr r 1pS h<3."L been -st.ud i.ed and del'lOn<·-t",:.> oed e!sewhe'·"e.

ii~77 "E11f"L'~e, ) Con':inuous H2S t=".\mj,(Jat..i..on on Sr-OJL. • C;; Fii VE"~"'-5 i d r E; t.'3,t. ?It-! i dc? ?h r- Po 1utiOf' ~~'e~.e':in:1-,

dir-ect sho· t ter-m phytoto! ie effects af ~2P I

not thF 2c_omranying CO'VEr-S~,_f1 ':0 802 an~ s.i]fumigat=d bv H?S showed J,njur'i~s in di~f0rinn

')(lC),f1SC1n <3. '"1 d l<:3. _. S

,:.:Inri J:..or"est Plants"l PI +- ,?V" assesspej t' h "r'~?r toii. ') pl an ts, bl...I-1:<:-' c i.eli f i c A, t; i on F'l an t. c:;

C\ mo: nt' c; b a sed on.

C !'""·11 mDistur·E.'-· dri~~r much mo·"·l ~usr·"':'r)+·it"lf".?

d , I-':'S rOllce'lt' <: t:.OI -- hic]I··ler· I€,= '=1,-5 mor e s\(sce l1.. '~I' IE:" c f"f"t7'd (of q owit-- r·"':\pi.d qrow'rg fTn e ·:::;u<:.:;-.:>r:t ..... c.Ie

t ep.:Jr-t

to he uf u- _tlpr't-'\· F of

po In ':s n' t ~ I

suI f u r 'I) <"' 1

t par e~<I:os r

Comrr::"ssiUli' <:;De e Lo prr e j

asc,essl?l-j L!:"

r a ~rD~r ia Erergc .~t S 3':20 h. r a 1

t::n~t'y ComfTlic's_o(.:::. !~s=:. j '..JrlS 1n Loc <31

l~ul<3_ive Bio'ogira'1'7',1 Sta-f-f :;:E:.t=lC t

'-cnjc: 101 l.evi=lt~tion. Veg~ti3tic'l

In'p?cJ:s c.c t'of -::<3, v- ,

ef fe l , . t:3 C,

10<::;5e<:o ~:.:> E

~)eLi2S 3pecifi~ to a long list of Califor'lia's n~tiv~ trE?-. T~e

eY1issio jC: ....!pre low in H::~5, '!ut. t he .~= c+ e c t. r5 wprt=: dt\t. p r (1-, v"t o ':~eoi:'lE'!rmal J y Jp.net-atecl aci.d rain .:.'l.l"lci pa.l~ti.c'.I.1<':H-l,/ BOt-on s.<3.J ts j 1

the st.eam mi.st.s. Boron concentrations of emissions have bpFnincreasing over time and been faDn'] to te i .. thp immediate vicinitylA'e 1 1 <3.5 t ransj:'or::ed C}V'"?t- Cn r

,..:: , • I 'f't-ab 1 e d ist ::\Iices" This st.urly :::, 1so110+'p cS ':~s may c ""use ch~<.nges 'JI ~::;t=lec' es composi tion in t he '1<3turc;'\/pv-'tati..an dt'P t o 'ne\'en _;;+.ressPC' )l r'if'fpt-ent spec:'es.

- i dings a.>50 rro te t Ll d t c lny J=?t" l"W' 0+ H2S to mov-t= . h"tr)t.o" i" Sf::-I~':; O:I(ITS ~_ri les~ than j2 liD_l'·..S <'~f)C this becads<:? o f '';''mlted d i.Li .... ]21 cis, e"-sion CB" produce 10 e co c~ .. trated effec'_5 ~h2" pre 'ic_s:tric dc;'lL.

r'\ir npw in-_rl1~+irl) on the r:, i/er"s~or -ritE o f H;S~eartion tim? ~-f 12-~8 ~o (1"_ in5tep~ c f 42 ~ours

fTlf),c;t~ big" .... a~nta' windwa.r-l ::,r'"' S' of tre GRS, 5J?O'Jt a.s suI furie :lLid m'.... c h c r,)';;"" anrl rnuc h mo r efLJrme'ly a.ssu. e~

:) S~2 ; nd _ - _ :-° 'rid 2' the l_ 11 r

wo,.lrj pr?=i;-,':'_'l. ~

cnncEntrated t~3""

SUC'l c:\c_.d ra i.n ~ffect.s have tlP'pn b road Lv n o t.ed rind u.ncler l.es>::once.. tl~at.ed <:;l.t_\·:\'_ion~5 t han ..:>'\n be e;.:per:ted t.o a.ccr-ue in the -3.r2as i)'~

~~~\otrH_rrn{"J deYF,olonfTll-?nt, ha.Y,=' 'Iead to ~"'jt-onic 3.cidi:ica.tion andr~sultjnq disruption of natJraJ soj.l chsmistry resulting in deat.r cfIIIC:\l"'lY plant. sp£·'cies. ~lJhilE.. i.r- c\ fa I" rn set.·':ing" soil ,:~.cid.ifi.c;"lt.:i.on '::c:\r' ")~~

r r; Intp!~","'j bl incrpased l Lm i.n q , produc ,i iity ill -s t i 11 be n,egati\ ely·tect~("I. F'a~tic:u_r~rly, with the a.detition of B:J .... on, ,('-,-omJ2\.nir~rj I.)y f3J2

in HalAlaii's ge'')t,..~rmal (~miSSlc'nC ,I the 'very dE::l'c,:':l.t.f.- ,::Ind dif·fic'..\'i tC'~) li3nce CalciL'1"l-'Tlc,g'les~Lrn-...·,rr i corn ':ev ''<Ii 1] ]r.lwpr (- -rp /ie'd.::i a.n I

, l r'ea::,"" cos t s ,

( n )Ie ·'r t ~ .. i (".,,- " k::i'l liE a .. 1 .11';::, at'e .~ ... c i' ""U I D "T' 1i. ~

IT' it·t '3 k:. 'a.'_,oa. ~-j'o Goct"I?~n.:.'lJ f', 'zrnt' ':on .es t:. C-",,-I- -~ng) to b ... i .sf' mg/:g of luicJ, ~ Od I"'a'f _t.a: et=lu"'t\=;'G ~~::ctt,~u.- _c

:. 5 table 5-'<:) for- I:.,eysers, 2.n':! SIJ a.rE.~ en viranm"2 '1ta11y ccmpa.-a.ble.

'..jilWpyer tl,e m)!::>+- <:.-e~~")t'.S effec .... of l;eo'_""r.:>t-'l1a.1 err, sc:; ')ns is 'i e~~ tlb~ the direc~ ph,totoxic ~f~~ct~ IJf dl?li~ate sulrLrje acij r~ii

~ .. ·ti n ,} cle jcate ·r.lLJw·=r~, fo'l iagE., ':::"1 d I''"'uit j"'i's:':inpd +e t t'-,e t-18m:'stfy r"c y 1'-"" markc~i_ Spotted ere . ds .3.l'l thur iums. r_a::Ja; ';:1.S a.lld c t·v:J.l ~r tIl COls,.lrnec' r-xoducts ,::\rp. Inm.:::,,~k tOl')le: p(-2r~'laps foY" many m,n c

f( 11 'ol/",Ilnq eVE'ry inr ide,- t of cppr\ u.na.LJ{;1. ted 'len til-H]. F 1a,!e"- d r-op ar Ct <, ~Ut: '''li5cDlorat.J on r the tomc:\.h,J macadamia '1ut. ane! cof f~':2

.tr1C' sj riJ=?S in ~::El'U. a.nd ~::ona has b'?en dirertly tjed to i-.he sanH':'

['fTlj ~:,~;;i{)n cClmponE~nt~5 21.5 wot..!.l d be f.?'·~ PF~C ted in t.he c:lClwnlA.linc! p 1 u.rnE·? 0 f Elny~ell field. ~hl? Kana tomato industry has beef) fereE.d to ~o ~[

rt "L.llitcuses pt ima.rily due to -Iolr3.n _c "2mis·5j::ms. 'L~wa.i~ r~gri,-u'tlw.:,,·,l

~_< '.sties Service Repc"..t~ ir lQS9 fer Avocados, Cof 'ee ard Mara~ami2

1 1 i :;.t ( j"I Cl n I- ~ p r"....- 1 )

- imc' 'jf~q I'-ee o f c Y"Op 105S The' 3L,gc r 'ndl,tstl~Y

~L n t a t ion ss at,+:'r-1.b,\te reduced crop y:',?'(iSa~'0ifi~~:ior dGe +:'0 volc~nic 2nissi,~s.

at F'i:.<.h ':1, I ;~, aridto inrrE'd,sed

Hu,tc 't n SUI'sU,] fu'" d,'" ('I

• -3 ctH::rmal efi~sicn~ bet';:vi=~ ve~,,' fTlu,h like v o Lc a.n c c em1.ssiors a-ft~' H..?~

r:« f V':2Y t.=; t r' ~~C:;;..

"'I f,c Lv f o r n i.e , water conta,mirh3+;0-, [1'/ geo_ie~rnal ~luids has heen I-,' a-ne-dov .i o f e r t.Ll Lt;v ar-d stillbirt~s 'r c a.._t e at; 'v1Coynard Freema,C"'s ~,·,nr·t;

l~ vet-sity of San --6Ilci~co :'cientist.s h s e fOll,r,d ur-usue Ll v high 1 ve]so ccpppr,le~d boron, stro,t1.~m, zirc t~tan1.um and m2ng2r~sE

<'lCi «nu f etinq inltc' It_i;:.~rmal \-'Jastes

the tissues of rodents and fish in th? Geysers ,re~

i.n the C:~evs2rs CoTE' 8, "l,r<:> telr'med "Iiaza,rdol',s W2-.S t.e /I

'1I"I,l<::,. t'hl'2 kn own f':!ffects of thE~ ehf..:'ml,c<':l.lS', coritai.n e d ~.. n geothf2r'malf?f l,ssiollS and l:heiy- break down products j IIC ude:1 t h p~lyt.Oto;-: ic E'f f e c ts of H2S a,rld S02''~ a,icification of so'l~, ard the resu~tant imbalancos ~aused ~~ the

del:c~te soil "'hpwistry of ~GRS soil~;

,:;. ti_s3ue abso"-bt on a .. d r"l 3,tpd t o x i c e'f'fect5 of folia!"ap p l Led pmissi r1ns 0+ suIf.lt :in'l but-o"', SUf'e e ei el'_S ::I,I-e ~_J;', ;..

"e"-'/ 1O\!'J r a t.':?s sue h ,~s boron or' p. p 'OIY "IS and su 1 fur on be'iar'a:,~)' f +t;~ e ef eC+5 21."e .ir kr ov ~1 '::> tifT'" but ;pc:p~ve f· ~p~

'"" i L'" /

'_;I_'C[ l':..',-,,:\f _-use cy"rj:d"l,ma,ge _)'E~

., er df~vel"prr"?fit. ir t.his high' '}' dr:?velCiped

thEm pl'v's Co. - ..... '....11:: I

~Jl7:'O_f-· .t-fTo;-:'

inc.11dp,

espec i =>' 1 ,

c-' d '10"1C r ;:1<3,1,-::ff'O'cl-s 0 si I-i, 1

~gri~ul+u..-~: a..-e~

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e'lli""""iLfl:::'t c'r1 c '!' i s <

I hr->rr':" e 1

r,j jnLoJfiej

1 i2

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Fctt'nt.j21.1 rii ect lo<s; of 1 Clnr-J Lc::. ... due to dC:~f.',<de -r mov.ed ""C:l1

cLlltivatiCin for well pads, power ~lants, pipe line corridors(i.e. Puna Seotherm21.l Ve~ture's 2~ MW ~ 500 acres'

.-::. F_t9i.ti"\/e emissi(:"lrt ll /entilli1 a.nd oth£..:ll'- '=?missi'Jr1 r-e'eB.ses;1 r-es'I.1"..J.rl\]

j n /..,125 6':l.,nbi'"? '1'1.: lE~veJ.s to reach above tfH':;' o d o r t hre s ho Ld o f

5 pph will result 1.11 further difficulty in obtain'ng ~gricLl­

turdl employees due :0 tnp ~ign1~;c21.lit ~uisanee ard h?:0ac~es Gfsmp1]y r~:ten egg~ '0 ~nurs per week.

~e rlW

~ < ,J-3. f "I II

_ ev~tion l';\rrlsl 3.fi al a ' ] '_ Wt r ~,nr

~1''lrJ ini I~nrir;..,l.- r- _ ....

t, p ',:'r;PE err:? '.rr 'pl='_E3.,:::lp tf r- _t2. ' ~',dus. _"- / r: 'f tor y an i

CO" 1ict "'JY L"l,n 1 u~:;p is re- as all as 'iei -t- '1 'I"'" 'S3 r r p

to) \AI Jr'L:,erS c'ep!""~s<:=ed 1ar d al u ~,t lor 1-0 fa,~rr i..rvps+o '-~ inc'!'"' 21'5pd

(-II ti_V€:i+'on cnst<:::. _0 'Jf-fset ac 'c<?+irn, ~nd p"t_~t',:.>l 'Jly·"'+c" r:

12 'e':+s 'Jr H2"1'1.iial CY':lpS ;:l,'sec frr tlei~ fresh fTl",..-ke' J:.1"'? ..... fr':'c'f: 01

FlolAIP-ts dafTli:3,ger j by 51);' ~ind H'2f~ w 10 2 ,I,rsale':l,r.l':? 25 f-,1.i3(]E" a1- m~

c.. ~\ <=12 c:!pflowe..-' ng of pa.pa,y,::s a,rd soP':J _tirg or ~resh fT'ar ket 'fr' ",1. '_.

~

"QUR'Botanical Survey Areasand Ecosystem Types in

ohia-a(2)

ohio-aO

ohio-aO

ohia-a(2)

Emergency exit road

Approximate loca tion ofAdenoohor'Js perians s ig ht i n9by USrWS Forest Ird Survey

Locat ion of Cyanea tr itomantha(out si de of des l9na teO subzone)

Locat ions of l ar ge concentrat ionsof 80bea t imonio ides . Scatteredtreesoccur el sewhere i n oh iaa(2) forests .

Tetraolasandra hawaliens ls isvery IIldespread throughout thesubzone and surround ing areasusually occurlng as scatteredlnd lvldUils or small groups oftrees .

Ma intenance/serv ice roads

Access roads

Power plants (5 - 8 acres)

Drilling sites (Z - 3 acres)

Planned exploration/dev. area

' ohi ' a forest with exot icsubcanopy and shrub layers

l ava f l ows wi th pioneervege ta tion

' ohi' a -uluhe woodla nd

wet ' ohi ' a for es t wi t hna t I ve sped es

wet ' ohl ' a forest ..ith nat ivespec ies and exot ic shrubs

' ohi ' a-k ukui forest .. i th mixednat i ve and exot i c shrubs

Pu' o 0 '0 flows

Geot hennaI ResourcesSubzone study area

sur vey route ( t hi s s t udy)

Char & Lamou r eux (198S)transect route

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