UNDERSTANDING INDIAN RAILWAY HERITAGE

SHRADHA ARORAConservation ArchitectProgramme Associate

(INTACH Heritage Academy)

SESSION : HISTORY OF INDIAN RAILWAYS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE

11 -12 APRIL 2019IRICEN, PUNE

CONTENT

1. HISTORY OF INDIAN RAILWAY

2. DEFINING INDIAN RAILWAY HERIATGE

3. RAILWAY HERITAGE OF INDIA

4. VALUES OF INDIAN RAILWAY HERITAGE

5. WORLD HERITAGE & INDIAN RAILWAY HERITAGE

- Indian Railways are an emblem of conviction and progress spanning over 164 years.

- It catalysed India’s industrialization and has emerged to be a lifeline of the country.

- owned and operated by the Government of India through the Ministry of Railways, it is fourth largest railway network in the world and world's eighth biggest employer

- The core of the pressure for building railways in India came from London and they first introduced to India in 1830s for freight purposes

INTRODUCTION

1. HISTORY OF INDIAN RAILWAY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=loFCcOWHiSQ

1865 1871 1893 1909

2014

1832–1852: INDUSTRIAL RAILWAYS� India's first railway proposals were made in Madras in 1832.

� The Red Hill Railway, the country's first train, ran from Red Hills to Chintadripet bridge in Madras in 1837. It was hauled by a rotary steam-engine locomotive and was primarily used to transport laterite stone for road-building work in Madras.

� In 1845, the Godavari Dam Construction Railway was built at Dow;eswaram in Rajahmundry for supplyimg of stone for the construction of a dam over the Godavari River.

� On 8 May 1845, the Madras Railway was incorporated, followed that year by the East India Railway. On 1 August 1849, the Great Indian Peninsular Railway was incorporated by an act of parliament.

� The "guarantee system", providing free land and a guaranteed five-percent rate of return to private British companies willing to build railways.

� In 1851, the Solani Aqueduct Railway was built in Roorkee. It was hauled by the Thomason steam locomotive, to transported construction materials for an aqueduct over the Solani River.

1853–1924: PASSENGER RAILWAYS AND EXPANSION

� First passenger train ran between Bombay's Bori Bunder station and Thane on 16 April 1853,14-carriage train was hauled by three steam locomotives: the Sahib, Sindh, and Sultan, it travelled 34 kilometres carrying 400 people. It was built in 5 ft 6 in broad gauge, which became the country's standard for railways.

� The first passenger train in eastern India ran from Howrah to Hoogly, a distance of 24 miles (39 km), on 15 August 1854.

� The Thane viaducts, India's first railway bridges, were built over the Thane creek when the Mumbai-Thane line was extended to Kalyan in May 1854

� On 24 February 1873, a horse-drawn 3.8-kilometre (2.4 mi) tram opened in Calcutta between Sealdah and Armenian Ghat Street

� Lighting in passenger coaches was introduced by many railway companies in 1897. In 1902, the Jodhpur Railway was the first to introduce electric lighting as standard fixtures.

1925–1950: Electrification and further expansion

� The first railway budget was presented in 1925. On 3 February 1925, the first electric passenger train in India ran between Victoria Terminus (VT) and Kurla on 1,500 V DC overhead traction.

� Automatic colour-light signals became operational

1951–1983: Zonal re-organisation and further developments� The re-organisation of railways in India into regional zones began in 1951.� Fans and lights were mandated for all compartments in all classes of passenger

accommodations in 1952, and sleeping accommodations were introduced in coaches.� The first containerized freight service began between Bombay and Ahmedabad in

1966.� Palace on Wheels in 1982

1984–Present: Rapid transit and later developments

� India's first metro ran in Calcutta on 24 October 1984.� In 1986, computerized ticketing and reservations were introduced in New Delhi� The Shatabdi Express was introduced between New Delhi and Jhansi in 1988.� In 1990, the first self-printing ticket machine (SPTM) was introduced in New Delhi. � Air-conditioned, three-tier coaches and a sleeper class (separate from Second Class) were

introduced in 1993.� In 1998, coupon-validating machines (CVMs) were introduced at Mumbai CST.

2. DEFINING INDIAN RAILWAY HERITAGE

ARCHITECTURAL MARVELS

ENGINEERING MARVELS

TECHNOLOGY MARVELS

3. RAILWAY HERITAGE OF INDIA

INDIAN RAILWAY HERITAGE

TANGIBLE HERITAGE

Grand Stations or Terminus

TANGIBLE HERITAGE

Way Side Stations

TANGIBLE HERITAGE

INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS

WORKSHOPS, FOUNDRIES, MACHINE SHOP

TANGIBLE HERITAGE

CHURCH, RAILWAY COLONY BANDIKUI (JAIPUR)

BOMBARCI, GENERAL MANAGER'S BUNGALOW, CUMBALLA HILL , MUMBAI

OTHER BUILDINGS TANGIBLE HERITAGE

TANGIBLE HERITAGE

HERITAGE INVENTORY OF INDIAN RAILWAYS (2016) (BASED ON INFORMATION PROVIDED BY ZONAL RAILWAYS)

BUILT - 71 STATIONS

COACHES & WAGONS

BUILDINGS (housing, religious, education, railways offices etc.)

TECHNOLOGYBRIDGES

VAIDUCTS

TUNNELS

LOCOMOTIVES

STEAM ENGINES - 224

ELECTRIC ENGINES

DIESEL ENGINES 36

(Iconic sites (WHS), national significance, vernacular architecture)

(also includes early / pioneering and rare examples)

BRIDGES, TUNNELS, VIA DUCT – 25

COACHES & WAGONS – 107

HERITAGE INVENTORY OF INDIAN RAILWAYS (2016) (BASED ON INFORMATION PROVIDED BY ZONAL RAILWAYS)

BUILT - 71

STATIONS BUILDINGS (housing, religious, education, railways offices etc.)l

TECHNOLOGY LOCOMOTIVES

STEAM ENGINES - 224

DIESEL & ELECTRIC ENGINES 36

(Iconic sites (WHS), national significance, vernacular architecture)

(also includes early / pioneering and rare examples)

BRIDGES, TUNNELS, VIA DUCTS – 25

COACHES & WAGONS – 107

SKILLS FOR OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

INTANGIBLE HERITAGE

EXPERIENCE OF THE JOURNEY INTANGIBLE HERITAGE

VALUE OF INDIAN RAILWAY HERITAGE

4. VALUE OF INDIAN RAILWAY HERITAGE

ARCHITECTURAL / AESTHETIC VALUE

CST- MUMBAI

EGMORE RAILWAY STATION- CHENNAI

TECHNOLOGICAL AND SCIENTIFIC VALUE PAMBAN VIA DUCT

OLDEST OPERATING ELECTRIC TRAM IN ASIA, RUNNING SINCE 1902

HISTORICAL & ASSOCIATIONAL VALUE

FIRST RAIL TUNNEL: PARSIK TUNNEL

INDIAN FREEDOM MOVEMENT

ECONOMIC & SOCIAL VALUEWORKERS INSPECTING THE BOILER OF A STEAM LOCOMOTIVE - DARJEELING

SIGNIFICANCE OF INDIAN RAILWAY HERITAGE

- an example of a type building / technological ensemble / landscape which illustrates a significant stage in human history;

- Indian railways combined the prestige and relevance of train travel with imaginative innovations of engineering

- Represents a masterpiece of human creative genius with significance and outstanding value;

- Exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture / technology / landscape;

WORKING SESSION

TO RECOGNISE WHAT IS SPECIAL OF VALUE THAT NEEDS TO BE PROTECTED/ PRESERVED OR ENHANCED

5. WORLD HERITAGE AND INDIAN RAILWAY

WHS & INDIAN RAILWAYSCHATRAPATI SHIVAJI TERMINUS - Criteria ii, iv

- exhibits an important interchange of influences from Victorian Italianate Gothic Revival architecture, and from Indian Traditional buildings.

- an outstanding example of late 19th century railway architecture in the British Commonwealth, characterized by Victorian Gothic Revival and traditional Indian Features, as well as its advanced structural and technical solutions.

MOUNTAIN RAILWAYS

KALKA SHIMLA

RAILWAY

DARJEELING HIMALAYAN RAILWAY

NILGIRI MOUNTAIN RAILWAY

- Criterion (ii), (iv)- outstanding examples of hill railways,

opened between 1881 and 1908 they applied bold and ingenious engineering solutions in establishing an effective rail link across a mountainous terrain.

- outstanding examples of the interchange of values on developments in technology, and the impact of an innovative transportation system on the social and economic development of a multicultural region, which was to serve as a model for similar developments in many parts of the world.

- outstanding examples of a technological ensemble, representing different phases of the development in high mountain areas.

WHS & INDIAN RAILWAYS

THANK YOU