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Biodiversity and Health

Understanding the Fundamentals & Territories of EmergingUnderstanding the Fundamentals & Territories of Emerging

Infectious Diseases : A matter of biodiversityInfectious Diseases : A matter of biodiversity

Emerging Infectious Diseases and biodiversity

• Vectors (genetics, evolution, bio-ecology of arthopods & vertebrates)

• Hosts (human genome, phylogeny)

• Parasites (evolutive biology, phylogeny, taxonomy)

• Pathocenoses (pathogens equilibrium)

• Environmental factors (changing characteristics of natural or human origin)

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Fundamentals & Territories of Emerging InfectiousFundamentals & Territories of Emerging Infectious

Diseases : A matter of biodiversityDiseases : A matter of biodiversity

A A Transdisciplinary Transdisciplinary & &

Spatial approachSpatial approach

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Influenza virus Type A

• Pathogens are Emerging

• Targeting Hosts & vectors

• Understanding the

Fundamentals of emergence

• Risk assesment

• Preparedness

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H5N1 Gs/GD/96-like

H5N1/97

H9N2 G1-likeH6N1 W312-like

Guan et al 1999 PNAS

after 1997

The The Emergence of H5N1 AIVEmergence of H5N1 AIV

PB2PB1PAHANPNAMNS

PB2PB1PAHANPNAMNS

PB2PB1PAHANPNAMNSPB2

PB1PAHANPNAMNS

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H5N1virus evolution from 1996 to 2004

Guan et al PNAS 2002

Guan et al PNAS 2004

Li et al Nature July 8, 2004

Dr Tran Tinh Hien

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Thailand : Chiken death & culling, 2004

.3

1.5

3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep

Epizootics

23,393,000

Million

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0

1

2

3

4

5

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51

Cases

Confirmed infected

death

Weekly Human Weekly Human cases of cases of Avian Flu ThaAvian Flu Thaïlandïland, 2004, 2004

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

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Consequences of the H5N1 emergence

Avian influenza

events in

Thailand 2004

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Bird FluBird Flu: : Human Human && Economic costs Economic costs

ECONOMIC COSTECONOMIC COST

Estimated: 200 Millions Estimated: 200 Millions !!

Poultry SectorPoultry Sector

Corn and food production Corn and food production

Food supplements Food supplements

Agricultural supplementsAgricultural supplements

Food Industry Food Industry EmploymentEmployment

farming, farming, slaughter houses, productsslaughter houses, products

delivery, local market, consumersdelivery, local market, consumers……

HUMAN COSTHUMAN COST

TerritoriesTerritories

From China to South Thailand From China to South Thailand

Number of infected Number of infected unknow unknow

50 + identified cases 50 + identified cases

25 death25 death

BenefitBenefit

Increase awareness of Increase awareness of

Flu like syndromeFlu like syndrome

value of immunizationvalue of immunization

Poultry and Poultry and

Domestic animal farmingDomestic animal farming

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2004 - Viet Nam : 20 death (to date, Jan 2005 : 27)

2005 - total in SEA 39 death to date

Viet NamViet Nam: H5N1 Avian : H5N1 Avian FluFlu, 2004, 2004

Binh Phuoc

1 patients

Tay Ninh

2 children

Confirmed human cases

Provinces confirmed H5N1 poultry infection

epizootics

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Wild birds: Vectors or VictimsWild birds: Vectors or Victims

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Bird Flu in Thailand

Suspected

provinces

Confirmed

human casesprotected areas

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A motorized virus : A motorized virus : Bird Flu in Thailand (July -Oct

2004) The human way to disperse the virus

Main roads Avian Flu epizootics

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Bird Migration& pathogens dispersionBird Migration& pathogens dispersion

Chevallier & F Baillon

West Nile virus Bird Tracking :

From Burkina Faso to nesting area of Europe

JapanJapanChinaChina

A complex pattern of bird

migration: South East Asia -

Autralian region

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2004, “Human” H3N2 virus appears enzootic in pigs

of China & South East region of Asia

H5N1 isolated from pigs in continental China & Tigers in Thailand

Peiris et al J Virol 2001

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A necessary use of Genetic diversity &A necessary use of Genetic diversity &

changing animal farming practiceschanging animal farming practices

Rather than…

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World Distribution of Dengue, 2000

100 countries and territories

2,500 – 3,000 million people at risk

50 million of infections a year including 500,000 DHF cases

More than 21,000 deaths, a year mainly in children

Aedes aegypti

Aedes aegypti + Dengue virus

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Genotype III(1983)

Genotype II(1982)

Five Japanese Encephalitis Virus GenotypesFive Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotypes

have been recognizedhave been recognized

Genotype I(1972, 1982 - 5, 1992-3, and 2003-4)

Three genotypes are present in Thailand; several mosquito species can

transmit the virus; new mosquito vectors have been identified; no correlation

between genotype and either epidemiological pattern or clinical syndrome

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Transmissible Diseases: Host & Vectors

Understanding the transmission asks for

a necessary knowledge of Host &

Vectors Biodiversity

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Seoul EastChina1

Seoul EastChina2

Seoul Japan

Seoul Louisiana

Hantaan NEastChina

Hantaan SEastChina

Hantaan Korea1

Hantaan Korea2

Hantaan SEastRussia

Dobrava Estonia

Dobrava Bosnia

Dobrava Greece

Dobrava Slovakia

Dobrava SWRussia

Bayou SEastUSA

SinNombre Venezuela

SinNombre CostaRica

SinNombre SWestUSA

SinNombreNEastUSA

SinNombre SWestUSA

Andes Bolivia

Andes Chile

Andes NArgentina

Prairie SWestUSA

Tula NEastEurope

Tula CentrEurope

Puumala NEastRussia

Puumala Japan

Puumala NorthEurope

Puumala SouthRussia

Puumala Scandinavia

Bayou SEastUSA

SinNombre Venezuela

SinNombre CostaRica

SinNombre SWestUSA

SinNombreNEastUSA

SinNombre SWestUSA

Andes Bolivia

Andes Chile

Andes NArgentina

SIN

NO

MB

RE

BAYOU

ANDES

Dobrava SWRussia

Seoul EastChina2

Seoul Japan

Seoul Louisiana

Hantaan NEastChina

Hantaan SEastChina

Hantaan Korea1

Hantaan Korea2

Hantaan SEastRussia

Dobrava Estonia

Dobrava Bosnia

Dobrava Greece

Dobrava Slovakia

SEOUL

HANTAAN

DOBRAVA

Seoul EastChina1

Clade 1MURINAE

Clade 3ARVICOLINAE

Clade 2

SIG

MO

DO

NT

INA

E

HRSsHRSs

HRSaHRSa

HPSHPS

Prairie SWestUSA

Tula NEastEurope

Tula CentrEurope

Puumala NEastRussia

Puumala Japan

Puumala NorthEurope

Puumala SouthRussia

Puumala Scandinavia

PRAIRIE

TULA

PUUMALA

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Hantavirus phylogeny fits rodent taxonomy at the family levelHantavirus phylogeny fits rodent taxonomy at the family level

Virus & host co-evolutionVirus & host co-evolution

Host species & geographic distribution appear congruentHost species & geographic distribution appear congruent

The 3 main clades match with human syndromesThe 3 main clades match with human syndromes

Hantaviruses evolved and dispersed with the MuroideaHantaviruses evolved and dispersed with the Muroidea

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Emergence & Spread of Arenavirus &Emergence & Spread of Arenavirus &

Their Rodent Hosts : Their Rodent Hosts : Rodent expension show the path of virus dispersionRodent expension show the path of virus dispersion

Sigmodontinae

Murinae

30 M ybp

Lassa

LCM

8 -10 M ybp

MachupoMachupo

??

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RATTUSRATTUS

The The Rattus rattusRattus rattus complex :complex :

A question of A question of ““vector competencevector competence””

K Aplin, CSIRO

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overlapping host territories

01/12/01

gorille

Mbeza

Malassa

Mekouma

Ntolo

Oloba

Ebola

outbreak Trans

mission

MAKOKO

U

27/03/02 gorille

11/01 & 12/01 antilope et ?

25/10/01 antilope

29/12/01 chimp

E. Leroy et coll. CIRMF, Gabon

Time & Territories: Toward a

logic of virus dispersal

Ebola territories :

Unveiling the natural history of Ebola Fever in Gabon

Chimp dikersgenettaGorilla

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Twelve recognised tick-borne Twelve recognised tick-borne rickettsioses rickettsioses andand

seven seven since 1991 since 1991

R. rickettsii

R. africae

R. conorii

R. conorii

R. slovaca

R. conorii Astrakhan

R. conorii Israël

R. australis

R. honei

Indian tick typhus Rickettsia

R. japonica

R. mongolotimonae

R. helvetica

R. mongolotimonae

R. sibirica

R. conorii

R. conorii Israël

« R. heilongjiangii »

R. helvetica

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July Aug Sept Oct.

Rift Valley Fever, a climatic dependant disease :

changing Vector Vector population & population & the risk emergencethe risk emergence

Cumulative Rainfall

Rainfall pauses

Aedes vexans

Culex poicilipes

Nov.

400400

200200

00

Bernard Mondet et coll. IRD/ISRA

Senegeal River Basin, 2003

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1840

Historic estimate

1950

Aerial photograph

Scrub typhus, a re-emerging zoonosis

associated with North Eastern disturbed forest areas of Thailand

Vincent Herbreteau, UR034 IRD

2000

Landsat V

Forest

200 km

1993

Landsat V

19961996

Scrub typhus cases

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SARS: Air plane commercial traffic & pathogens dispersion SARS: Air plane commercial traffic & pathogens dispersion

6 h 10 h 12 h

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Concluding remarks

! Preventing & forecasting

! A regiona!ecological approach

! A global approach : Health to the South,

security to the North

! Exploring New challenges :

! Transdisciplinary studies

!Developing antimicrobial drugs

! Supra national Heath Sanitary System

! Clinical & laboratory (i.e.: veterinarian public

health) networking

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A Partnership of Mahidol University &

the French Research Institute for Development

Sutee Yoksan

Philippe Barbazan

Narong Nitatpattana

Marc Souris

Wailarut Tuntaprasart

Jean Paul Cornet

Jean Pierre Hugot

Aree Chaimarin

Florent Demoraes

Jean Paul Gonzalez

… To be continuedTo be continued……Thank you, Thank you,

• In Thailand

• Mahidol University: Research Center for Emerging Viral

Diseases, IRD Project; Center for Vaccine Development;

Center for Excellence CVVD,,

• Ministry of Public Health / Communicable Diseases

Control / National Research Council / Ministry of

Transportation / Asian Institute for Technology

•The French Ambassy / AVENTIS - Pasteur

… and others from abroad

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Integrating Data

into a Spatial Database

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Landsat V TM map

Land use

Rodent biotope

Remote sensing & Host territoriesRemote sensing & Host territories

Combining rodent potential

presence and human density

: Exposure risk map

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Field Field Specimen Specimen collectioncollection

Laboratory Laboratory tests & tests & quality quality controlcontrol

Traping &

collecting

Hospital based & survey virus isolation

Universal

RT-PCRSerology

TCAATATGC TCAATATGC TCAATATGC

TCAATATGC TCAATATGC TCAATATGC

TCAATATGC TCAATATGC TCAATATGC

TCAATATGC

Sequence

analasys

sampleprocessing

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