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Contents1. Types of Music....................................................32. Types of Movies...................................................33. Types of TV Shows.................................................44. Types of Advertising..............................................55. Things to Read....................................................56. Types of Clothing.................................................67. Electrical & Electronic Appliances................................88. Methods of Storing Memories......................................109. Things That Some People Collect (as a hobby).....................1010. Environmental Problems..........................................1011. Housework.......................................................1212. Secondary School................................................1213. Leisure Time & Relaxing.........................................1214. Rain............................................................1315. Restaurants & Food..............................................1416. Letters.........................................................1417. Daily Routine...................................................1418. Animals.........................................................1519. Parks...........................................................1720. Describing People...............................................1821. The Sections of a Newspaper.....................................2122. Types of Magazines..............................................2123. Law.............................................................2224. Water...........................................................2425. Games...........................................................2426. Playgrounds.....................................................2627. Cooking.........................................................2628. "A Sense of + noun".............................................2929. Sports Facilities...............................................3230. Time Management.................................................3631. Adventurous People..............................................3632. Relaxing........................................................3733. Tradition.......................................................37
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34. Change..........................................................3735. Non-Electrical Equipment in the Home............................3937. Bags............................................................4038. Types of Cards..................................................4139. Types of Vehicles...............................................4140. Humour..........................................................4341. Politeness......................................................4442. Toys............................................................4543. Trees and Forests...............................................5444. Memory..........................................................58
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1. Types of Music
A very detailed list of music styles can be found here:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_styles
General
Band music (including marching bands) Children’s music (incl. nursery rhymes) Latin Dance music (e.g., Flamenco, Tango) Electronic (Digital) music Ethnic & national music (incl. Traditional Chinese music, Chinese
opera, Folk songs) Film music Religious music "New Age" Music (= "Meditation music". This is music that is
meant to relax the listener. It often includes sounds from naturesuch as a running stream, bird calls etc.)
Classical European Music
Baroque music Chamber music Orchestral music (such as composed by Mozart, Beethoven etc.) Opera Ballet music Waltz music (esp. Johann Strauss)
Modern Popular Music
Bluegrass Blues (Mostly American black singers.) Country & Western music Disco music (techno, trance …) Hip-hop Jazz (e.g., modern jazz, big band, ragtime)
Pop music (This is a general term for the young people's musicthat is played most often on the radio. It includes most of thetypes of music listed under “Modern Popular Music”. In China,most of this music consists of love ballads and light roll androll.) Rap music Reggae/Ska (Jamaican music) Rhythm & Blues Rock ‘n roll (incl. rockabilly, heavy metal)
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2. Types of Movies
British English mostly uses the word, "film" but "movie" is also usedin British English.
American English mostly uses the word, "movie" but "film" is also usedin American English.
Action films Adventure films Animated Cartoons Comedy films Horror films Martial Arts films Musicals Romance films Romantic Comedy films Science Fiction films Silent movies (Suspense) Thrillers Teen Movies War Movies Disaster Films Westerns Documentary films
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3. Types of TV Shows
Here, "show" = "program"
Cartoon Programs (showing a series of cartoons) Children’s Shows (E.g., programs for children under the age of 6) Documentary Programs
- Travel and Tourism Programs (showing a travelervisiting a different place in each episode)
- Science and technology documentaries
- Nature and Wildlife Programs
- Human Interest Stories
Dramas
- Police dramas
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- (In China) Historical dramas based on the ThreeKingdoms Period
Game Shows (including Quiz shows) Talent Quests Made-for-TV movies (incl. mini-series) Musical video shows (e.g., MTV; programs showing a series of pop
music videos ) Reality TV shows Matchmaking & Dating TV shows Comedy shows (including Situational Comedies [sitcoms]) Soap Operas Sports Programs (e.g., live broadcasts of sports events) Talk Shows (= Chat Shows) Variety Shows (E.g., The Chinese New Year family entertainment
program showing a variety of different performances) The News Special News Programs (focusing on an important current topic) Current Affairs & News Analysis Programs (incl. interviews and
discussions between panelists)
Other words
Advertisements (Make sure you can understand the Britishpronunciation of this word when you hear it)
episode
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4. Types of Advertising
TV & radio advertisements (= TV & radio commercials) Newspaper & magazine ads (including the classified ads) Billboards (next to main roads, railway lines, on subway station
walls etc.) Cell-phone text messages Flyers & handouts (e.g., on the street, put into letterboxes
etc.) Internet advertisements (e.g., pop-up ads) Posters (e.g. wall posters, bus stop posters)
Visible Logos:
on professional athletes’ clothing on signs in front of shops etc. on t-shirts, hats, jackets & other clothing on handbags and other accessories on Formula 1 cars on racing yachts
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on hot-air balloons
Advertisements in other prominent places:
on the side of buses and trains Cinema advertising Sports stadium advertising
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5. Things to Read
Two main types: Fiction and Non-fiction
For News
Newspapers News magazines Company & organization newsletters The internet. The internet includes copies of the printed
newspapers and news magazines but also has news pages that areespecially written for the internet. One important sub-group ofinternet news pages consists of independent journalists. Theseindependent journalists usually include their commentary andopinion with their reporting of factual information.
Magazines
Fashion magazines Movie magazines Computer magazines News magazines Sports magazines Hobbyist magazines Technical & professional journals Art magazines Home decoration magazines Women’s magazines
Literature
Autobiographies Biographies Novels (Historical novels, Thrillers, Mystery stories, Romance
novels, Detective Stories, Science Fiction) Poetry Plays Short Stories Essays
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Literary Criticism
Educational
Textbooks Reference books Encyclopedias ‘How-to’ books 'Self-help' books
Entertainment
Comic books Puzzle books
Personal Correspondence
Letters Emails Postcards Faxes Cell-phone text messages On-line chatting
The Internet
The Internet now includes most of the examples above
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6. Types of Clothing
Make sure you don't confuse the two words, fashion (fashions -Definition 2) and fashionable. The adjective is "fashionable". Wedon't say, "I like to wear fashion clothes".
Casual Wear
a pair of jeans a pair of slacks a T-shirt a sweater a pair of shorts a cardigan
Formal Wear
a business suit a vest
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a tie a bow tie a wedding gown a ballroom gown a tuxedo an overcoat a fur coat
Both Formal and Casual Wear
a pair of trousers (Br.) = a pair of pants (U.S.) a shirt a skirt a dress a blouse a coat a jacket
Sportswear
a tracksuit clothes for football, basketball etc. ski clothes (a ski vest, a pair of ski pants, a ski jacket) a pair of swimming costumes = a swimsuit golf clothes sports fishing clothes
Work clothes
a pair of protective overalls a doctor's gown a lab coat an apron
Uniforms
For the following groups:
school children police security guards the military = the armed forces (army, navy, air-force) mailmen = postmen some company & factory employees airline pilots & flight attendants railway & bus-line employees nurses waiters and waitresses sports teams
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marching band members
Footwear
shoes dress shoes (= formal shoes) sandals house slippers thongs (U.S. = 'flip-flops') gym boots (sneakers) dancing shoes martial arts slippers sports shoes – football, golf, track & field work boots rain boots fur-lined winter boots high-heels platform shoes
Hats
baseball caps ‘cowboy hats’ straw hats Panama hats Stetson hats Arctic weather hats cloth (toweling) hats berets fur hats Chinese ‘coolie’ hats woolen ‘beanies’ ski masks hard hats (safety hats) motorcycle helmets
Other
baby clothes underwear pyjamas (U.S. = pajamas) a dressing gown a raincoat
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7. Electrical & Electronic Appliances
Home Appliances9
Refrigerator Microwave oven Electric stove Rice cooker Coffee maker Toaster Blender/food mixer Washing machine Clothes dryer Electric Iron Air conditioner Electric heater (radiator) Humidifier Electric fan Kitchen exhaust fan (above the stove) Vacuum cleaner Electric shaver Electric toothbrush Hairdryer Reading lamp Electric drill Electric sewing machine Remote control devices, such as for a TV or an air conditioner A battery charger A voltage adapter
Entertainment
DVD/ VCD player Television Radio CD player Tape player/tape recorder (cassette player/recorder) Stereo system Speaker(s) A headset, a set of headphones, a pair of headphones, a pair of
earphones A microphone (for making recordings on the computer) Walkman An MP4 player An Ipod Karaoke machine
Communication
Telephone Cell-phone (= mobile phone) Message machine (Answering machine) Fax machine
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Computer Appliances
Computer (including laptop computer = notebook computer) Monitor Scanner Printer
Office
Fax machine Photocopy machine (photocopier)
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8. Methods of Storing Memories
Photographs (in a photo album) Photographs (stored as digital photos on a computer or an
electronic storage device) Diaries Videos Tape recordings Keeping old letters Storing emails Making backup CD's of digital photos, videos, audio recordings,
written documents, scanned documents etc. Keeping souvenirs and mementos
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9. Things That Some People Collect (as a hobby)
Stamps Coins Sports cards Rocks Shells Butterflies/Insects Antiques Art (paintings, calligraphy etc.) Comics, magazines, old books CD’s (music) DVD’s (films) Postcards Dolls Models (model cars, model trains, model ships, model planes etc.) Matchboxes Cigarette packs Beer cans
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Items with a special motif (eg., toys, models & pictures of dogs,cats or horses etc.)
Telephone cards Souvenirs of places visited
Things that People "Collect" (= keep) (not as a hobby but for futureuse)
Books, especially reference books or special interest books
Things That People "Collect" (= keep) (not as a hobby but usually forrecycling purposes or reuse in the home)
newspapers and magazines glass bottles plastic bottles plastic bags
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10. Environmental Problems
See he re for my personal opinion on the topic of "man-made global warming"(written in more advanced English)
The Problems
pollution: air pollution, water pollution (including oceanicpollution), soil pollution, (noise pollution)
species loss deforestation desertification soil salinization (= to make the soil salty) waste disposal water shortage
Other Related Vocabulary
Pollution
fertilizer factory waste rivers and streams heavy metals sulphur dioxide fossil fuels hydrogen wind power, solar power, solar cells vehicle exhaust
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power station
Water Shortage
recycling
Waste Disposal
recycling incineration landfill
Desertification
sand storms (dust storms) overgrazing goats (a major cause of desertification) grasslands reforestation land regeneration
Species Loss
habitat loss ecological balance genetic diversity genes; genetic engineering natural compounds (from living organisms) medicinal uses genetically produced medicines (from the use of the genes of
other species) improved/higher food production (from the use of original
crop genes)
Soil Salinification
the water table
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11. Housework
washing the dishes sweeping the floor mopping the floor making the beds preparing meals washing vegetables cooking
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setting the table (for a meal) ironing dusting taking out the garbage doing the laundry (washing clothes) tidying up / putting things where they belong shopping for groceries and other household supplies cleaning:
- cleaning the kitchen
- cleaning the stove
- cleaning the refrigerator
- cleaning the bathroom
- cleaning the toilet
- cleaning the walls
- washing the windows
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12. Secondary School
('Secondary School' is rather formal; 'high school' is usually used.)
Physics Chemistry Geography Politics Mathematics [Math (U.S); Maths (Br.)] P.E. (Physical Education) (This is not normally called a 'school
subject'.)
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13. Leisure Time & Relaxing
to relax (Don't add 'myself' or any variation of 'self' afterthis word.)
to 'wind down' to 'take it easy' to take a stroll; to take/have a walk to meditate massage sauna
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sofa soft, soothing music holidays (Br.) = vacation (U.S.) holiday A ‘holiday’ (singular) usually refers to a public
holiday, i.e., a day or small number of days when most peopletake time off work.
weekend go on a trip take a trip to travel to go sightseeing a hobby an interest a pastime to pass the time ( Do not say, "to kill time" except when you are
talking about situations when time seems to be moving particularlyslowly because you have nothing to do such as waiting for twohours at the train station to catch your train.)
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14. Rain
humid sticky uncomfortable refreshing cooling a storm a thunderstorm thunder lightening a deluge to pour to ‘rain cats and dogs’= to rain very heavily a flood an underpass to inundate the rainy season the monsoon season the tropics a drought parched to sprinkle a drop not a drop a dry spell irregular a trickle
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to dry up reservoir a dam to irrigate
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15. Restaurants & Food
menu hotpot seafood Cantonese style food Sichuan style food American-style fast food pizza vegetarian take-away food (U.S. = food to go) hot = spicy salty sour sweet a cafe (this is a small restaurant, not a coffee shop such as
Starbucks) a restaurant a cafeteria (this is usually a self-serve eating place such as in
a school or factory) a snack bar instant noodles
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16. Letters
business letters personal letters postcards love letters spam an attachment to download a computer virus to keep in touch with someone to hear from someone
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17. Daily Routine
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usually, always, often, frequently, sometimes, rarely, seldom,never
alert fresh tired, tiring to take a break to go online to check my email warmed-up in the evening(s) in the afternoon(s) in the morning(s) in the middle of the night during the day during working hours
18. Animals
Major Biological Classifications of Animals
mammals reptiles amphibians birds fish insects
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Domesticated Animals
a) Pets
Dogs
Pekinese Chihuahua Poodle Cocker Spaniel Dachshund ('sausage dog') Chow Pug Beagle Collie Boxer Bull-dog Bull-terrier
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the 'Asian dog' (This dog can be found as a pet in remotevillages in Asia as well as in towns and cities. Similar to theAustralian Dingo)
Dalmatian German Shepherd Labrador Golden Retriever
young dog = a puppy
Cats
long-haired cats short-haired cats Siamese cats Burmese cats tabby cats alley cats (feral cats, street cats) a tom cat
young cat = a kitten
Birds
the Asian mynah bird the canary the budgie ( = the parakeet = the budgerigar) the parrot the finch the pigeon
bird food: birdseed /fruit /nuts
Fish
goldfish tropical fish
Other Pets
rabbits guinea pigs hamsters gerbils rats ferrets tortoises
b) Farmed animals
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chickens ducks geese pigs (= hogs) sheep beef cattle dairy cows goats
c) Work Animals
water buffalo horses donkeys mules camels elephants yaks goats dogs
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Wild Animals
a) Endangered Animals of China
the panda the tiger the black bear the wolf the Mongolian wild horse the elephant
b) Other Wild Animals in China
rats and mice snakes yaks foxes deer wild horses monkeys
c) Wild Animals in the Cities of China
The following wild animals are seen in some parts of some cities.
squirrels
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ferrets rats and mice possums bats birds (sparrows, magpies, seagulls, swallows, crows, pigeons,
doves, ducks, ... ) feral cats
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19. Parks
the entrance an entrance fee a statue sculptures a fountain a pool a lake a pond a river a bridge a rockery a bamboo grove a fish pond lawns gardens flowers plants trees vines bamboo a park bench = a park seat in the shade in the sun a pathway = a path to stroll to walk to jog to do exercises to do stretching exercises to do aerobics to do tai ji = to practice tai ji to chat to dance to play a musical instrument to perform to sing to entertain
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to relax to play chess
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20. Describing People
The adjectives below could be used in the following sentence: "She'svery _________. " Or, "She's a very _______ person." Or, "She's a very_______ type of person."
Of course, instead of, 'very' you can also use other words such as: 'quite', 'rather', 'somewhat', 'really' and, 'extremely'.
friendly easy-going laid-back (= habitually very relaxed; not easily excited or
angered) relaxed mellow open natural warm-hearted hospitable (= a very welcoming host towards guests) generous helpful co-operative humourous funny interesting unique special impressive kind empathetic sympathetic nice good honest (= does not lie, cheat, steal etc.) considerate thoughtful (= considerate = thinks about the feelings and welfare
of other people) caring selfless (the opposite is, 'selfish') down-to-earth idealistic extroverted (the opposite is, 'introverted') outgoing gregarious
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sociable spontaneous introverted (This means, 'usually focused on one's own thoughts',
such as a research scientist, an author or anyone who ishabitually a deep thinker.)
shy (This means, 'a little fearful' of other people) sensitive private quiet studious traditional conservative old-fashioned fashionable 'cool' 'hip' modern fashion-conscious stylish well-groomed well-dressed attractive good-looking handsome beautiful pretty elegant graceful gentle statuesque (usually for tall women) well-mannered cultured sophisticated open-minded confident competitive fearless independent individualistic adventurous rebellious persistent industrious = hard-working motivated single-minded goal-oriented determined ambitious strong-willed
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passionate enthusiastic well-balanced positive healthy fit (= healthy, especially with strong muscles, a healthy heart
and healthy lungs - Someone who can walk up a high mountainwithout resting is "very fit".)
health-conscious athletic physical artistic talented capable musical theatrical dramatic expressive intelligent smart (U.S. (informal) = intelligent; Br. = well-dressed) bright analytical erudite = well-read (usually for older people) well-educated well-informed knowledgeable skilled, skillful professional thorough careful neat precise meticulous reliable punctual curious far-sighted insightful intuitive wise mature responsible sensible imaginative creative playful (usually children) rambunctious (e.g., a 2-yr-old child) energetic
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adorable (Don't say "very adorable". But "really adorable" isok.)
cute loveable lovely loving
Some nouns
a joy (e.g., 'a joy to be around') an inspiration an example a model student a model son a devoted mother, a devoted teacher, a devoted doctor a genius a leader a non-conformist a rebel an idealist
Internet Sites with Vocabulary for the topic of "Personality"
(There are many more sites similar to the ones shown below.)
http://www.esolcourses.com/content/exercises/grammar/adjectives/personality/words-for-describing-personality.html
http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/adjectives-personality-positive.htm
http://www.esl-lab.com/vocab/v-personality.htm
http://www.tefl.net/alexcase/worksheets/exams/ielts/ielts-sp/ielts-sp-one-two-three/ielts-personality-vocab/
http://www.expandyourvocabulary.com/personality/menu.php/
http://www.englishpage.com/vocabulary/interactivelesson1.html
http://elt.oup.com/student/naturalenglish/pre/b_vocabulary/unit13/nepre_vocabulary13_exp;jsessionid=C287AC61DA390B3790CBA79A5DBA99E0?cc=global&selLanguage=en
Negative Personality Traits:http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/adjectives-personality-negative.htm
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21. The Sections of a Newspaper
The following are the main sections that typical newspapers have.
The Local News Section The International News Section The Editorial Section Letters to the Editor The Business Section The Entertainment Section The Sports Section The Classified Advertisements Section The Comics (Comic Strips)
Other sections that most often appear in weekend editions ofnewspapers are:
The Travel Section The 'Magazine Section' that features stories and information
about modern living, fashion, home decoration etc.
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22. Types of Magazines
There are magazines for almost every topic of interest, whether asport, hobby, general interest or a career interest.
Sports magazines (e.g. Basketball, Football, Golf magazines) Tabloid magazines (Sensationalized & often exaggerated or untrue
articles & gossip about celebrities. This magazine genre alsoincludes magazines with unusual or sensationalized human-intereststories.)
Movie magazines (Stories and reviews about the latest films) Music & Entertainment magazines (Articles about pop music &
movies & entertainment celebrities) News & Current Events magazines (News, news analysis & opinion
pieces) Women's magazines (Topics of general interest to women, including
parenting, family, home, health, beauty & fashion, career &relationship advice, & short stories.)
Beauty & Fashion magazines (e.g., Vogue. Articles & manyphotographs on fashion & beauty for women)
Teen magazines (Usually for teenage girls - general interestmagazines for teenagers with topics such as romantic shortstories, romance advice, fashion & beauty advice, entertainmentetc.)
Men's magazines (Short stories & articles of interest to(usually) young men, including pictures of pretty girls)
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Handyman magazines (=D.Y.I. magazines = Do-It-Yourself magazines)(Articles on how to do certain practical things such as repairingor making certain things)
Home and Gardening magazines (Articles about buying a home, homedecoration, home maintenance, gardening etc.)
Car magazines Military magazines (Articles & stories about military history,
military equipment & weaponry) Hobbyist magazines (E.g., stamp collecting, antiques,
photography, different arts and crafts, pets, differentgames ...)
Computer magazines (Articles about new developments and productsin the world of computers)
Computer Game magazines Business & Money magazines (Articles about personal money
management, investing, the stock market etc.) Puzzle magazines (With puzzles to solve) Humor magazines (Jokes, funny cartoons, & humorous short stories) Travel magazines (Articles about interesting places to visit) Science and Nature magazines (E.g., National Geographic) Health and Fitness magazines Popular Psychology magazines (Self-help articles and articles on
'pop psychology' topics) Literary magazines (Short stories, poetry, reviews of new books,
etc.) Short Story magazines (Various short stories to read. Different
genres exist e.g., mystery stories, romance stories, crimestories, science fiction stories ...)
Political magazines (Usually political analysis & opinion ratherthan objective political news)
Scholarly magazines (Specialized magazines for academics indifferent subjects)
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23. Law
to commit a crime = to break the law to disregard the law, to violate the law to obey the law = to abide by the law a law-abiding citizen a crime = an infraction of the law = an offence violent crime economic crime a crime of passion criminal negligence a "white collar crime" a "victimless crime" a criminal = a law breaker
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a juvenile delinquent be required by the law against the law = illegal within the law = legal, lawful to "be above the law" to "turn to crime", to "be driven to crime" organized crime a criminal gang to prohibit to ban treason a felony a misdemeanor murder manslaughter assault theft (a thief) robbery (a robber) burglary (a burglar) rape (a rapist) kidnapping fraud blackmail bribery graft corruption extortion slander to defame smuggling piracy forgery fake, counterfeit drug trafficking arson insurance fraud bigamy vandalism gambling a petty crime a 'con man', a confidence trickster a victim compensation insider trading prison = gaol (Br.) = jail (U.S. but also used in Britain &
Australia) punishment = a penalty capital punishment = the death penalty a sentence, to sentence, to pass sentence
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a fine a criminal record a regulation, to regulate a harsh law, a harsh sentence a lenient sentence, a light sentence to arrest someone innocent, guilty the police, the police force a policeman, a policewoman, a police officer (U.S.) a police station, a police car, a police dog traffic police a detective forensic science law enforcement, to enforce the law = to uphold the law crime prevention a deterrence a crackdown on crime to combat crime, to fight crime to prosecute, to defend to be convicted of a crime evidence, proof a witness a law court = a court of law a trial a judge a magistrate a lawyer = an attorney (U.S.), a barrister (Br.), a solicitor
(Br.) to practice law a law firm a law suit, to sue somebody a license, a business license, a driver's license to enact a law, to institute a law, to adopt a law a annul a law, to repeal a law
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24. Water
Water Usage
consume/consumption in agriculture in industry trickle irrigation domestic uses (= household uses) watering public lawns and gardens taking/having a bath taking/having a shower
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cleaning/brushing your (my) teeth flushing the toilet washing the dishes washing the car turn off/turn on a tap (U.S. = a faucet) a running tap
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25. Games
Adult games
(Of course, older children also play these.)
chess
checkers
mahjong
weiqi (I suggest you use the Chinese name, not the Japanese name,'Go')
dominoes
Chinese checkers
poker
backgammon
pool (= "8 ball"), billiards, snooker
darts
Some Categories of Games
ball games (These are usually called "sports" rather than "games".)
board games
table games = tabletop games (which can include board games & cardgames such as poker)
computer games = electronic games
guessing games
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word games
number games
party games
parlour games
gambling games
drinking games
role-playing games
Children's Games
(See also here for some traditional Chinese children's games)
Most of the games listed below are outdoor games.
A general type of children's game is role-playing games. Forexample, playing "Mothers and Fathers".
marbles 'Hide and Seek' Hopscotch 'Scissors, Rock and Paper' skipping games (using a skipping rope )
--------
See also these websites for more vocabulary:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_types_of_games
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_games_and_sports
http://www.kidsinsolitude.com/indoor-games-for-children.html
http://debbiegee.hubpages.com/hub/Types-of-Childrens-Indoor-Games
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26. Playgrounds
Basic List
a swing
a slide = a slippery dip
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a carousel
a see-saw
a jungle-gym = a set of monkey bars
The following internet articles will show you some good vocabulary(along with pictures) for the topic of children's playgrounds andplayground equipment. (On the left of the wikipedia pages you will seea place to change into Chinese language if you want.)
http://www.aaastateofplay.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playground
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_gym
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/See-saw
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_(seat)
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27. Cooking
Cooking Methods
to fry to stir fry to deep fry to boil to grill
= to broil= tobarbecuewhen doneoutside
to roast to bake
(especiallyused forcake, breadetc. aprocesssimilar toroasting.)
to toast
(especiallyfor slicesof bread)
to stew
(= slowlycook inwater athickmixture of ingredientssuch asmeat andvegetables)
to steam
to poach
(to cookeggs in
tomicrowave
to simmer to cool toovercook,to burn
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water)toundercook
to slow-cook
Methods of Cooking Eggs
fried eggs scrambledeggs
(the eggsyolks arebroken.mixed withthe eggwhites andthencooked)
poachedeggs
(cooked inwater)
hard-boiledeggs
(cooked inthe shell)
soft-boiledeggs
(cooked inthe shell)
an omelet
Other Cooking and Food Preparation Verbs
See also the following two web pages for some pictures
http://www.vocabulary.cl/Lists/Cooking-Instructions.htm
http://www.passporttoenglish.com/Advanced-English/Lesson7/Vocabulary.html
to slice to dice to grate to chop to stirto blend to sift to mash
(especiallycookedvegetablessuch aspotatoes)
to defrost
(= to thawfrozenfood)
to pre-heatthe oven
(for bakingcakes,bread etc.)
Basic Kitchen Equipment
The following excellent webpage shows most of the words listed below,with pictures -
http://englishwilleasy.com/english-through-pictures/place-english-through-pictures/kitchen-area/
a kitchencupboard
an oven a stove
(gas,
a microwaveoven
a pressurecooker
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electric)a ricecooker
a steamer a deepfryer
arefrigerator
a saucepan
a cookingpot
a strainer a roastingpan
(for achickenetc.)
a bakingtray
(forbiscuits,cakes etc.)
a wok(Chinese)
= 锅
a choppingboard
a cuttingknife
a vegetableknife
a meatcleaver
a spatula
a woodenspoon
a mixingbowl
a blender a juicer
(often thesame as ablender)
Basic Types of Dishes
basic meatandvegetables
a rice dish a stew a soup a roast
(e.g.,roastchicken,roast beef)
a salad
(mixed rawvegetables)
avegetariandish
(a meatlessdish)
seafood a noodlesoup
(a stewwithnoodles)
pasta,spaghetti
an egg dish Noodles(includinginstantnoodles)
a snack
(a smallamount offood toease thehunger)
a sandwich a pizza
a roll
(a breadroll withfillingssimilar toa sandwich)
a pie
(withsavory meatfillingsetc. orsweetfillings
a hamburger a dessert
(ice cream,cake, apudding,flavouredyoghurt,sweet
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biscuits,sweetpastry,fruit saladetc.)
Tastes and Similar Adjectives
sweet sour (tart) salty spicy (hot) tasty
(nicetasting,similar todelicious)
delicious
(= verytasty))
succulent
(juicy anddelicious,esp. fruitand meat)
watery
(mostlywater andnot muchsolid foode.g., soup,stew)
thick
(not waterye.g., soup,stew)
burnt
tasteless bland
(boringtaste; nostrongtaste)
tough
(meat thatis hard tochew)
tender
(meat thatis easy tochew)
juicy
(meat thathas lots ofjuice;fruits)
Meats, Meat Words, Seafood
beef
(the meatof cattle,e.g., beefsteak)
veal
(the meatof youngcattle)
pork
(pork chopsetc.)
ham andbacon arepreservedforms ofpork
poultry
(chicken,duck,turkeyetc.)
mutton
(the meatof sheep)
lamb
(the meatof youngsheep, e.g.a leg oflamb)
seafood
(includesfish,shellfishetc.)
lean meat
= meat withlittle fat
fatty meat
= meat witha lot offat
white meat
(poultry &fish)
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red meat
(not whitemeat, esp.beef &mutton)
smokedmeat/fish
(preservedby smoke)
saltedmeat/fish
(preservedby salt)
driedmeat/fish
(preservedby drying)
cannedmeat/fish
= tinnedmeat/fish
a sausage a fillet offish/meat
= a thickslice offish/meat
mincemeat
Other Foods Found in the Kitchen
herbs,spices andflavourings
(includingsalt,pepper,sugar andvinegar)
cooking oil dried fruit pickledfoods
sauces
Other Vocabulary Connected with Cooking and Food Preparation
a recipe cookinginstructions
ingredients a measuringcup
an apron
a simpledish / asimple meal
anelaboratemeal
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28. "A Sense of + noun"
Note: This item (Item 28) is quite advanced.
Using the expression, "A Sense of + noun ( 名 名 ) " is a variation on usingadjectives to describe qualities of people (and things) or to describefeelings.
For many adjectives, there is an equivalent noun. For example, theadjective, "adventurous" has the noun form, "adventure". You can
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describe a person using both the adjective or the noun. The patternis: "He is + adjective" = "He has a sense of + noun". For example, "He isadventurous" = "He has a sense of adventure".
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The lists below show just a small collection of some of the mostcommonly used examples of, "a sense of + noun". It is possible tocreate your own examples but I don't recommend doing that untilyou are very strong at English.
To correctly use many of these examples, you will first need tocheck in good quality dictionaries with examples (not electronicdictionaries) to fully understand the meaning. The idea of theselists is to explain that the expression, "a sense of + noun" is agood way to broaden your ability to describe a quality or afeeling. If you just correctly use one example in the test, itwill help you.
How or when is the expression, "a sense of + noun" used? Thereseems to be two different circumstances when this expression isused:
List A) When you are describing a quality in another person or thing.For example, "He's got a good sense of humour"; or, "That play had a strong sense ofpathos." (Note that we don't usually use these words to describe one'sown qualities or feelings.)
List B) When you are describing your own feelings or the feelings of others.For example, "It gives me a sense of tranquility when I walk alone in the forest." Or, "Tobe a good soldier, you need to have a sense of patriotism." When talking about others,the examples in List B are describing both the feelings and qualitiesof these others.
Many or most of the nouns in the two lists below are quiteabstract (and therefore a little difficult for Band 5.0 studentsto learn or use correctly). When talking about feelings that arerepresented in List B, the feelings are deeper, more complex and moredifficult to describe or define than other feelings. In other words, when youuse the expression, "a sense of + noun", your meaning is that thisfeeling is not simple or easy to describe.
For example, most English speakers would not say, "When she told meshe got 99% in the test, I felt a sense of surprise". Instead, mostEnglish speakers would simply say, "When she told me she got 99% in the test, Iwas surprised" ("I was surprised when she told me she got 99% in the test.") The reasonwe would not say, "a sense of surprise" is that the emotion of surprise is
36
quite simple and clear-cut. It's also possible to say, "I feltsurprised" or, "I felt happy" for these simple, clear-cut emotions.
On the other hand, look at this example: "I had to kill my pet cat when she gotvery old and ill with cancer. But after I did it, I felt a great sense of guilt." In thisexample, the feelings the speaker is trying to express are deep,complex and diverse. It is possible to say, "I had to kill my pet cat when shegot very old and ill with cancer. But after I did it, I felt guilty" but if you describedyour feeling in such a short, quick way, you would be decreasing theemphasis on the complexity and depth of your feelings.
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The Lists of " A sense of + ... "
List A:
Used to describe a quality of another person (or thing); notusually used to describe oneself.
To describe a quality in other people and things, wetypically use the verb, 'have' such as, "He/she/it has a sense of+ noun". For example, "He has a good sense of humour."
We only use, "have a sense of ..." for these when describingothers.
The words, "feel a sense of ..." or "have a feeling of ..."are not used with these nouns.
balance tastefairness co-ordinationintegrity humourproportion pathos style rhythm
List B:
Used to describe a feeling in oneself or both a feeling and aquality when talking about another person and using the verbs"have" or "feel". For example, when talking about somesoldiers, you can say, "They have a sense of patriotism", whichboth describes their feeling and also describes a qualitythat they have.
For the examples in List B, in addition to saying "a senseof + noun", you could also say, "a feeling of + noun".
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To use the nouns in List B, we can use the verb, 'have' or avariety of other verbs: "I have sense of + noun"; "It gives me a senseof + noun"; "I feel a sense of + noun"; "I get a sense of + noun"; or; "I'mexperiencing a sense of + noun".
acceptance achievement affiliation alienationambivalence anxiety awareness belonging bitterness community (= community spirit) connection devotion desolation destiny (= the belief that one is
destined for greatness) devotion disillusionment doom duty emptiness failure foreboding fulfillment guilt humility indignation insight liberation loyalty morality nostalgia one's own importance outrage perspective power proportion reassurance relief resentment reverence satisfaction serenity spirituality the past transformation (= change)trust victory (= triumph) wariness wonder accomplishment adventure affinity allegiance anticipation autonomy (= independence)awe being needed, being wanted, being
loved, being appreciated, beingaccepted, being respected, being useful,being rejected, being judged, beinglaughed at, being free, being used,being trapped, being part of thecommunity, being among friends, etc.
betrayal closure competence contentment curiosity déjà vu despair detachmentdirection dislocation dread empowerment
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expectancy fellowship freedom gratification history identityindifference irony loss mastery mystery oneness with nature optimism patriotism pessimism pride purpose rejection remorse responsibility right and wrong (= morality) security shame the futuretranquility triumph (= victory) urgency vitality well-being worth
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29. Sports Facilities
The information here was written especially to help people answer thequestions, "What sports facilities are there near where you live?" and, "What sportsfacilities are there at your university?"
The word 'facility' includes the two ideas of a place and thespecial equipment in that place, to be used for a certain activity.When speaking of 'sports facilities', you can replace the idea of'equipment' with the idea of "something special about thatplace". For example, a running track has no "equipment" but it isespecially designed, with lines on the ground representing therunning lanes.
For the question, "What sports facilities are there near where you live?", themeaning is facilities that the general public can use. This includes:facilities that people can use, free of cost; facilities thatpeople must pay to use; and it also includes such facilities asprivate sports clubs that you, as a member of the public, canjoin if you want.
Maybe there's a private school in your community that has a swimmingpool and several tennis courts. If you, a non-student at the school,are not allowed to enter and use these facilities (even when you offerto pay), then it is not suitable to include the school's sportsfacilities as examples of sports facilities near where you live. Ofcourse, you could mention these facts to the examiner and explain howthese facilities exist but are not available for the public to use,and that would be suitable for a Part 3 answer but a little unsuitablefor Part 1 unless you firstly address the question of facilities
39
available to the public. Anyway, in Part 1 you probably won't havetime to give such an extended and detailed example.
What is 'sport'? A sport is a physical activity that is done forexercise and amusement (although some sports involve very littleexercise and focus more on physical skills.)
Some sports are done mostly for competition, such as football,basketball or tennis. This is the main group of activities that peoplethink of when using the word, 'sport'. These competitive sports haveset rules and special areas where the activity is done.
A broader definition of 'sport' includes some physical activities thatare done purely for recreation, not competition, such as hunting,fishing, or horseback riding. Most of the water sports such as scuba-diving, snorkeling, water skiing and surfing (surfboard riding) arenon-competitive, although water skiing and surfing competitions areheld sometimes.
The 'extreme sports' are also usually non-competitive. These sportsreally involve competing against oneself or against nature. Examplesof these are: 'sky diving', 'white water rafting' down a fast-movingriver or mountain climbing (rock climbing), such as climbing Mt.Everest.
Some sports don't require much physical exertion but do requirephysical skills, for example pistol shooting. Similarly, games such assnooker which are games of physical skill rather than physicalexertion are usually also classified as 'sports'.
Make sure you know the difference between "sport" and simple"exercise". A sport usually involves physical skills but exercise issimply the physical activity of 'moving the body' – walking up thestairs to your 4th-floor apartment is a form of exercise but it'snot sport. A "walking path" in a public park might be used by alot of people for exercise, but it is unsuitable to describe thatas a, "sports facility".
Sometimes there is a 'fine line' (= an unclear dividing line) betweenwhat is exercise and what is sport. For example, if you go to theswimming pool three times a week and swim ten laps of the pool eachtime, can you say that you do a sports activity? Personally, I wouldcall it a form of exercise, not sport. (Certainly you cannot say thatis 'playing a sport' because you can only 'play' a game and swimming,even in competition, is not a "game".) On the other hand, if you hit aping-pong ball across a ping-pong table with your friend for an hour,without keeping score, then I would say you are playing a sport, eventhough you are not actually playing a formal, competitive game ofping-pong.
40
However, even though I think swimming laps in a swimming pool is notsport, and even though very few Chinese people swim as a competitive sport,it is still suitable to call a swimming pool a 'sports facility'because in other parts of the world, a swimming pool is a place thatis often used for sporting competition. For example, in Australia,every public swimming pool has a swimming club where the members holdswimming competitions against each other and against other swimmingclubs.
I also would not call 'a gymnasium' a sports facility, where'gymnasium' here simply means 'an exercise room' with weights andexercise machines. But it's probably ok to use that example in youranswer, provided you communicate to the examiner the idea that, "it's notreally a sports facility but more an exercise facility".
The word, 'gymnasium' can also be used to mean, 'an indoor sportsarena' where sporting competitions are held – that certainly is asports facility.
Below are some common examples of sports facilities that arefound in a town/city or school/university. Of course, there areothers. And of course, for some of these, using the plural mightbe more appropriate, for example, "some basketball courts" and "someping-pong tables".
Most of these examples are compound nouns. To speak these, thefirst word is spoken with more stress than the second word. "Morestress" simply means "a little louder". The stressed part of thecompound nouns are shown with heavier print, such as "tabletennis", where the word "table" is spoken a little louder thanthe word, "tennis".
a swimming pool
a basketball court
a badminton court
a tennis court
a squash court
a volleyball court
a football field
a baseball field
a hockey field
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an athletics field
a running track
a cycling track
a golf course
a golf driving range
an archery range
a shooting range
a shooting gallery
a) a gymnasium ( = a room for exercising, weightlifting, etc. Thisitem is suitable if you add the fact that it's really an exercisefacility rather than a sports facility.)
b) a gymnasium = an indoor stadium = a big competition room thatprobably has seats for spectators and with facilities for suchcompetitions as weightlifting, gymnastics, basketball, volleyball etc.
a bowling alley (for ten-pin bowling)
an ice-skating rink / a roller-skating rink / a skating rink
a ski slope / a ski run / a ski resort
ping-pong tables (= table tennis tables) For example, concrete ping-pongtables in a public park.
a billiard room / a pool hall
a go-cart track; a go-cart course (if the general public is able touse it, even if they have to first join a club to use it.)
a skateboarding park
a mountain bike track = a mountain bike competition ground
a stadium, a foot ball stadium
If you are answering the question, "What sports facilities are there inyour university?" then to include a stadium is suitable because thatfacility is used by the students in competition and for generalsporting use.
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But if the question is, "What sports facilities are there near where youlive?" then you need to be careful about using a stadium as an examplebecause some big football stadiums are only used by professionalfootball clubs and are not available to the general public as places wherepeople can (join a club and) play amateur football, or other sports.If this is the case, these stadiums are more suitably classified as"entertainment facilities" for the general public rather than sportsfacilities for the general public.
However, if the stadium is available for amateur footballers to use,then it is suitable to include it as a "sports facility near where youlive". This kind of stadium would probably be owned and run by thecity government, rather than by a private football club.
(I don't know about the situation in China but in most parts of theworld, these big football stadiums are connected to one professionalfootball club and this club often has a 'junior league' which is aclub that boys can join in order to play competitive football.Although this is only available for a select or limited group of boys,the boys in the junior league are part of the general public and inthis sense, the facility could be called, 'a sports facility for thepublic'.)
Similarly, the F1 racing course in Shanghai is more of anentertainment facility rather than a sports facility.
Other Sports Facilities
There are other sports facilities that exist in the community but thefollowing descriptions are not as good as those above because thewords "club", "center" etc. tend to refer more to an organizationrather than a facility. And "a river", "lake" or "the ocean" are notusually used to mean "a facility" – they simply refer to "places"rather than "places with special equipment".
a wushu training centre
a taekwondo class
a tennis club
a rowing club
an archery club
a lake or river (for swimming, water skiing, rowing, sailing orfishing)
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the ocean or a beach (for swimming, scuba diving, snorkeling, surfboardriding, jet ski riding, sailing or fishing)
Exercise Facilities
The following examples are not suitable to use if the question is,"What sports facilities are there near where you live?" As noted above,"exercise" and "sport" are not exactly the same in meaning. However,it is possible to include these examples in your answer to that question,if you communicate to the examiner that you know the differencebetween "exercise facilities" and "sports facilities" and you aregiving an extended answer to the question. This is especially true ifeither of the two questions about sports facilities are used in Part3. You are unlikely to have enough time in Part 1 for such an extendedanswer.
"exercise machines in an exercise area" ( = "exercise equipment" inpublic parks or public exercise areas)
a gymnasium / an exercise room
a walking path in a public park
a jogging track
the steps going to the top of a big hill or a mountain (= a walkwaywhich many people use for regular exercise, for example, old people at6 o'clock in the mornings)
a yoga class (Yoga is classified as a form of exercise or a form ofphysical training rather than "a sport".)
an aerobics class (or, an aerobics group)
a 'jazz dancing' class or group (which some women join as a form ofexercise)
a hiking club; a mountain trail for hiking;
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30. Time Management
punctual
punctuality
to plan ahead
to procrastinate
to postpone
overdue
a crash studyprogram
a timetable
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on time
on schedule
a deadline
timely
a "rush job"
at short notice
to be behind time
to delay
to put off doings’thing
to leave s’thingtill the last moment
the due time
the due date
prompt, promptly
to fall behind
to be behind
to rush
to hurry
urgent
to cram (for anexam)
to be pressed fortime
a schedule
to fritter awayone’s time
a short-term goal
a long-term goal
goal-setting
a priority
high priority
low priority
efficient,inefficient
organized
flexible
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31. Adventurous People
The following words could be used when describing people whoparticipate in extreme sports or other examples of adventurous people.Use a good dictionary (not just an electronic dictionary) to see thefull meaning, with examples, and usage of these words.
Adjectives
Nouns
adventurous
adare devil
fearless a“show off ”
bold reckless rash foolhardy daring
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32. Relaxing
The following words might be useful when talking about the topic ofrelaxation.
Adjectives
Nouns Verbs Phrases & Expressions
relaxing a rest to relax "A change is as good asa rest."
relaxed a nap to rest for recreationrestful a siesta to nap for pleasureleisurely a massage to sleep for enjoymentpeaceful meditation to unwind for leisuresoothing stress to refresh oneself "to recharge my
batteries"stressful pressure to meditate to take my mind off my
studies (or, off mywork)
tension to stretch out light
exerciseto take it easy
soothingmusic
to revitalizeoneself
a warm bath to relieve stress to take a nap = to
have a nap
to stretch thelegs (= go for awalk)
to "chill out"(This is slang butok to use withyounger examiners.Pronounce itclearly.)
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33. Tradition
Adjectives
Nouns Verbs
traditional
a tradition to observe acustom
customary a custom to follow a customceremonial
a ceremony to bow
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religious a ritual superstitious
a rite
formal a practice conventional
a convention
ancestral folklore religious a
superstition
a belief a myth a legend a festival
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34. Change
The topic of "change" is a very frequent topic throughout the IELTSSpeaking and Writing tests.
Most of the verbs in this list can be changed into nouns, often byadding "ion" to the verb.
Similarly, many of the verbs can be changed to become adjectives byadding "ed", for example, "improve" can become "improved".
Make sure you use a dictionary to see examples of how any new words areused. Using an impressive word in the test but using it incorrectlyoften causes you to lose points for vocabulary rather than gainpoints. This is because the listener (the examiner) might becomeconfused about what you mean – clear communication is the Number 1thing in the IELTS Speaking and Writing tests!
Adjectives
Nouns Verbs Verbs(continued)
Other
better progress to grow to restrict "A change is asgood as a rest".
worse adevelopment
to increase to suppress "Variety is thespice of life."
former ametamorphosis
to rise to abolish go out offashion
current atransition
to expand to renew go out of style
modern the rate ofchange
to extend to rejuvenate to die out (Someold traditionshave "died
47
out".)fashionable
to broaden to renovate exponentially(exponentialgrowth)
up-to-date to widen to revamp to “change forthe better”
contemporary
to lengthen to streamline to “change forthe worse”
a radicalchange
tointensify
torecondition
behind the times= no longerfashionable
a gradualchange
to magnify to refurnish
animperceptiblechange
to decrease torehabilitate
to fall to regenerate
to contract to reform
to shorten to reverse
to reduce to improve
tofluctuate
to develop
to vary to mature
to move to modernize
to relocate to enhance
totransport
to advance
to shift to ameliorate
to divert to alleviate
tosubstitute
to relieve
totransform
to correct
to replace todeteriorate
to convert to worsen
to build to age
toconstruct
to decay
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to demolish to degenerate
to fix to aggravate
to repair to exacerbate
to update to impair
to alter to corrupt
to modify todiscontinue
to limit to abandon
to contain
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35. Non-Electrical Equipment in the Home
Here, "equipment", "devices", "tools", "gadgets" all mean, more orless, the same thing.
In the Kitchen
a measuring cup a bottle opener a frying pan a meat cleaver
a ladle a cork screw
a sauce pan (U.S.pronunciation isalso acceptable:sauce pan )
a cutting board
a spatula a nut cracker a vegetable knife a dish rack (adish drainer)
a can opener a wok (锅） a vegetable peeler a timer a waterdispenser a serving spoon a strainer
In the Bathroom
a bathroom scale (= aset of bathroom scales) a toothbrush holder
a toilet plunger a razor a toilet brush a hair brush a tooth brush
In the Study
a stapler (a staplingmachine) a pencil sharpener
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a ruler a pair of scissors a hole punch a magnifying glass
Cleaning Equipment
a broom a feather duster a dust pan (and handbrush)
a mop a mop bucket
Exercise Equipment
an exercise bicycle a dumb bell a rowing machine a bar bell a tread mill a skipping rope a set of weights
Handyman Tools
a hammer a ladder a tape measure
a screw driver an adjustablespanner (U.S. = anadjustable wrench)
a pair of pliers a saw a set of jeweler'sscrewdrivers a hack saw
Other
a sewing needle a torch (U.S. = aflash light ) a coat hanger a pair of nail clippers
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37. Bags
There are many types of bags. Below are some of the types of bags thatyou might want to mention in the speaking test.
50
Try to pronounce the compound nouns (the words that are composed oftwo nouns) with the stress more on the first word than on the secondword. Mimic the recordings to learn this.
a 'hand bag (The bag that most women carry.)
a purse (Usually a purse is a small bag that a woman uses to hold hermoney and she keeps it in her handbag when she is carrying herhandbag. But sometimes, especially in American English, "a purse" isused to mean "a handbag".)
a 'shoulder bag
a 'back pack (A "rucksack" and a "haversack" are words for a biggertype of backpack that people use when they are hiking and camping,although we also can call those bigger bags, "backpacks".)
a 'book bag (A book bag can be a shoulder bag or a small backpack thatschool children use.)
a 'brief case (Carried by businesspeople and also by some olderstudents.)
an 'attaché case and 'attaché case (A type of briefcase that is flatterand more solid than a briefcase and has a more squared shape than abriefcase.)
a laptop 'computer bag (Some people use this to carry things otherthan their laptop computer. Or some people always carry this with themwherever they go because they take their laptop computer with themeverywhere. It can hold a few extra small things besides the laptopcomputer.)
a 'shopping bag (and 'shopping bag ) (A bag that is usually carried by awoman , especially an older woman, when she goes shopping.)
Some more bags are listed here:http://www.macmillandictionary.com/thesaurus-category/british/Bags-and-cases-for-carrying-possessions and on this page, http://ielts-yasi.englishlab.net/TYPE_1_PAGE_1.htm
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38. Types of Cards
See the long list of cards athttp://ielts-yasi.englishlab.net/TYPE_1_PAGE_2.htm#CARD. Make sureyou know how to pronounce these compound nouns (= two-word nouns) with
51
the first word stressed more than the word, "card". Mimic some of therecordings.
For the Part 1 topic of "Cards", you only need to know a few of theseexamples. " A post card " seems to be one of the words used in the Part1 questions. In fact, this might be the only card that you will beasked about.
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39. Types of Vehicles
Cars
sedans
sports cars
convertibles (the roof can be retracted)
station wagons
SUV (Sports Utility Vehicle)
Off-road vehicles (similar to four-wheel-drive vehicles & SUVs)
four-wheel-drive cars
electric cars
hybrid cars
a utility = a "ute" (Australian English) = a pick-up truck in AmericanEnglish
a racing car (e.g., a Formula 1 racing car)
a beach buggy
a stretch limousine
a vintage car (a car that was produced earlier than about 40 yearsago, especially those cars produced in the 1920's to the 1950's.)
Trucks
Vans
Motor Homes
52
campers
caravans (not a self-powered vehicle)
Bicycles
mountain bikes (BMX bikes)
racing bikes
electric bicycles
fold-up bicycles
a bicycle built for two
unicycles
Motor Cycles
(Sometimes called "motor bikes" in British English)
a racing motorcycle
scooters (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooter_(motorcycle))
electric motor cycles
sidecar (on some motor cycles)
Other Vehicles
tractors
horse-drawn carts
a rickshaw
a mini-bus
a go-cart
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40. Humour
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy
53
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughter
(See different languages at the left-hand side of those pages)
See note about appropriate usage
(= "humor" in American spelling)
laugh, laughter
funny
homourous
amusing
wit, witty
ludricous / ridiculous / absurd / laughable
comedy (a type of performance or a type of TV show or film)
a sit-com (= a situational comedy TV show)
comedian
a jokester / a comic
a stand-up comic (performer)
cross-talk (in China)
a clown
a joke
to crack a joke / to tell a joke
a "dirty joke"
a practical joke
a gag
to jest
a pun = a play on words
satire
54
to satirize
a satirist
to make fun of somebody / something
a sense of humour
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41. Politeness
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiquette (See different languages atthe left-hand side of that page)
See note about appropriate usage
polite
courteous
courtesy
common courtesy (= everyday small acts of courtesy or politeness. Mostoften, these acts involve consideration of others. Examples includesaying, "Thank you", "Excuse me" and greeting those we know such assaying, "Good morning". )
manners
good manners
table manners (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_manners)
well-mannered
etiquette
formal, formality
ceremony, ceremonial
custom, tradition
to bow
social status
to respect
55
to show respect
using honourific language (eg. 锅 in Chinese)
disrespectful
informal, casual
impolite
discourteous
rude
uncultivated, uncivilized, ignorant (related to low social class)
genteel, refined, well-bred, gentlemanly (related to higher socialclass)
unaffected, natural, simple
rudeness
insulting
to offend, offensive
ill-mannered
42. Toys
Many children's toys involve the child playing a role, an imaginedadult role. For example, boys play with toy weapons and imagine theyare soldiers (killing people) while girls play with doll babies (=baby dolls), imagining they are mothers (taking care of new-bornlife).
Pronunciation
Words of the pattern, "toy + noun", such as "toy piano", "toy gun","toy rabbit" are pronounced with the noun spoken more emphatically thanthe word, "toy". It is the same stress pattern as with the words,"model + noun". Here is the way, "model railway " is pronounced.
Other Internet Sites about Toys
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys
http://www.toysrus.com
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http://www.toyworld.com.au/
http://www.ecotoys.com.au/store/
For Both Boys and Girls
A toy stuffed animal (usually cuddly)
A teddy bear (a particular example of a stuffed animal)
A hand puppet (= a glove puppet)
Toy musical instruments (toys that usually can be used to producemusic)
Blocks
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Toy food items . e.g., toy fruits & vegetables
Toy zoo animals (usually moulded plastic small models)
Lego (trade name) building bricks
("Building brick" is pronounced with the same stress patternas "building block ".)
A toy bucket and spade set (for digging in sand at the beach, orin a sand pit / sand box)
Battery-powered and wind-up toys
(For pronunciation of "wind-up" - http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=wind+up&submit=Submit wind-up & definition 4 here -http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/wind_24#wind_40)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OeuATs-Mhlw
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A Robot Dog
A spinning top
A kite (often homemade)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite
A ball
A pogo stick (a toy to bounce on)
http://www.pogostickusa.com/
Puzzles (e.g., jig-saw puzzles. Also an adults' puzzle)
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A jigsaw puzzle
Children's card games
Children's board games (e.g., Chinese Checkers. This is also anadults' game.)
Dominoes
Magic tricks/devices
A rocking horse (click to hear correct pronunciation)
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Mostly for Boys
Marbles (small glass balls, used to play the game of Marbles)
http://www.landofmarbles.com/marbles-play.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_%28toy%29
A yoyo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YOYO
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Toy weapons
- a toy gun
- a toy sword
A toy car
A toy plane
A toy ship/boat
Toy soldiers and toy military equipment (e.g., toy tanks)
A toy rocket ship
A male "action figures" such as Spiderman (often from children'sfilms/comics)
Toy carpenter's tools
Toy construction equipment
A train set
http://www.toysrus.com.au/train-sets/w1/i1181250/
A construction set of the mechanical engineering type (E.g., aMeccano Set)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meccano
Toy dinosaurs
A bow and arrow (often homemade )
http://www.fishpond.com.au/c/Toys/q/Bow+And+Arrow+Toys
A slingshot (often homemade)
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A "Transformer" (trade name)
http://www.transformerland.com/
Mostly for Girls
Dolls (various kinds, including baby dolls, Barbie Doll with toyclothes, nurse & doctor dolls etc.)
A doll house / a toy house with toy furniture etc.
A female "action figures" such as Spiderwoman (often fromchildren's films/comics)
A toy tea set (or a toy dinner set)
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Toy cooking equipment
A skipping rope (click to hear correct pronunciation)
A hula hoop
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43. Trees and Forests
Parts of a Tree
- the roots
- the trunk
- the bark65
- the branches
- leaves, plural of leaf (or "needles" for some pine trees)
- flowers and seeds
What Trees Give Us
- timber (for construction, furniture, paper etc.)
- firewood (esp. in poor parts of the world)
- shade (for humans and some farm animals) ["Shade" and "shadow" aredifferent. A shadow is a silhouette on a flat surface such as a wallor the ground. It is 2D. Shade is 3D. A shadow can be produced by thesun or a man-made light, but the word "shade" is only used inconnection with the sun, i.e., outside.] Adjective - shady
- a home for birds and small animals
- greenery (beautification, important for city dwellers in parks andgardens)
- soil stabilization (esp. important on mountain slopes; mangrovetrees stabilize coastal areas + provide breeding grounds for fish)
- trees act as windbreaks (usually on farmland to prevent winderosion; in Northern China, to help prevent dust-storms)
- important for the ecology of an area (e.g., food for bees and otherinsects, a home for living creatures, etc.) It is best to say, "theecology of an area", not just "the ecology" like the way we say, "theenvironment".
- large forested areas promote rainfall (large reforested areasamazingly have more rainfall after the trees grow again) (See Note,below)
- trees help to regulate underground water flows (After trees arecleared, sometimes the underground water table rises to the surface,bringing salt to the soil and thereby damaging farmland. This is"salinization" of the soil.) (See Note, below)
- oxygen = O2 (fresh air; trees absorb carbon dioxide, CO2, which isfood for trees, and give off oxygen)
- medicines
- sap (rubber, edible syrup etc.)
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- fruits and some nuts
- spices and flavourings
- cork
- balsa wood
Forests
- a virgin forest ( = a native forest; usually = an old growthforest)
- a rainforest (tropical rainforest; temperate rainforest. There arealso dry climate forests.)
- a commercial forest (usually = a "plantation", most often fast-growing trees such as pine)
- a national park (Most national parks contain forests - camping,hiking in some national parks; can see wild animals)
- wilderness
- logging (verbal noun, an activity, to create and transport logs. )
- timber ("Lumber" is more American English and refers to timber thathas been cut into boards or pieces of wood, ready for use. There is"the timber industry" but, "the lumber industry" is not a commonexpression, although "the lumber trade" is used in the U.S.)
- softwood
- hardwood
- a bush fire (mostly used in Australia, NZ & English-speaking partsof Africa = a forest fire)
- undergrowth (what grows under the trees in a forest)
- a "wooded" area (similar to a "forest"; not necessarily a nativeforest - it could be a plantation or simply some tress planted byhumans). The tree are not as close together in a wooded area as theyare in a forest.
- forestry = the science and practice of planting, caring for andmanaging forests
Some Other Vocabulary Associated with Trees
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- to lop a branch off a tree (= to cut off)
- to prune a small tree, hedge or shrub (= to trim it)
- to cut down a tree (= to "chop down" a tree when an axe is used = [abit more formal-sounding] to "fell" a tree)
- an axe
- a chainsaw
- a hollow tree
- a log (a hollow log is often a home to animals)
- a tree house (No, it's not a house where trees live. It's a treewhere a house lives!)
- a fork in a tree
- fragrant
- a (tree) stump
- to shed leaves (deciduous trees shed their leaves in winter)
- a dead tree
- Some tree leaves change colour (to red, yellow etc.)
- a pine cone; pine needles
- a Christmas tree (usually a pine tree)
- deforestation (the possible start of desertification)
- tree rings (give the age of a tree)
- a swing (child's plaything hanging from a strong tree branch)
- to uproot a tree (what a typhoon or cyclone does to some trees)
- an overhanging tree (usually overhanging a fence or a house)
- an orchard (a farm consisting of fruit trees)
- a sapling (a young, immature tree)
- a twig (a small piece of a dead tree branch, like a short stick, notnecessarily straight)
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- a few trees "dotting the landscape" (= a few trees appearing on alandscape such as farmland where there are not many trees)
- deciduous trees (shed their leaves in winter)
- evergreen trees (keep their leaves in winter)
- termites = white ants (they eat wood, usually dead trees and fallenbranches)
- a bonsai tree (small twisted ornamental tree in Japan, produced byhumans twisting the tree when it is young)
A Few Varieties of Tree
It might be a good idea to know the English name for one or two treesin your area. But, at the same time, you need to be careful in thetest of showing that you obviously knew that this topic is in the testand obviously showing that you are speaking a prepared answer. Examinersdon't like that (both of them) and, in fact, the examiner could deductpoints from your score if you show it too much throughout the test.
- a eucalyptus tree ( = a gum tree. An Australian tree that has alsobeen planted in many parts of the world. There are many varieties ofthis species, as with most of the species shown below.)
- a palm tree (coconut palm, date palm, etc.)
- a banana tree (and many other fruits)
- a pine tree
- a willow tree
- a poplar tree
- an oak tree
- a mahogany tree
- an ash tree
- a cedar tree
- a fir tree
- a birch tree
- an olive tree (Esp. in the Middle East and the Mediterranean area;for food)
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Some internet links
Vocabulary lists - (not all the words on these pages are useful forthe IELTS test)
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/wordlist/tree.shtml
http://www.hkhk.edu.ee/botany/picture_dictionary__forest.html
http://www.bhg.com/gardening/plant-dictionary/tree/eucalyptus/
Tree Houses
(Kids love tree houses)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_house
http://www.photographyblogger.net/15-nostalgic-treehouse-pictures/
Forests
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest (Very many more links at thebottom of that page)
Note (about large forested areas promoting rainfall)
Although this is a valid fact, I think not many examiners would knowabout this. Some examiners might even think you had made a mistake ofsome kind in your English because they might not understand what youare talking about if you say this. So, since this is rather complex toexplain and since Part 1 answers should be rather summarized, it wouldbe best to only use this fact in a Part 3 answer, when you can, andshould, give longer, more complex answers.
Another point is this - you need to be careful not to speak so thatthe examiner is almost sure that you have read this website. If theexaminer thinks you have read this website, he or she might be extrastrict when grading your answers, might actually reduce your score ifthey recognize a memorized answer, and also might ask you questionsthat are much more difficult than usual.
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44. Memory
Look up the meanings, pronunciation & uses of these in gooddictionaries & other reference books.
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The two words that are most often mistakenly used are "memorize" and"memory". You need to understand the difference between "memory" (anability; uncountable, but countable with an adjective such as, "Idon't have a good memory" ) and "a memory" (countable, somethingrecalled)
"Can't remember" has the same meaning as, "don't remember",especially after someone has tried to remember something such asa name, but is unsuccessful.
forget/forgot/forgotten "a memory" (n) = a recalled event, fact or idea etc. "a good memory" (meaning 1) = "a pleasant memory" = "a happy
memory" = something that is pleasant to recall "a good memory" (meaning 2) = a good ability to remember things.
The opposite is, "a poor memory" or, "a bad memory". to memorize (v) = to put something into your memory ( = store it
in your "memory bank"), mostly by repeating this item. Forexample, people memorize a new phone number, or a new password.It does NOT mean "to remember". People memorize something inorder to be able to remember, or recall it later.
to rote learn = to memorize by repetition. ~ to memorize. But"rote learn" is usually used when talking about rather longmaterials such as a song, a poem, an answer to write in an exametc. To "memorize" is used more for small things or short thingssuch as a new phone number, a password, the name ofsomeone/something etc.
"To learn by heart" = "To rote learn" to recall = to remember to recollect = to remember, especially when you are remembering
a more intricate memory, rather than something simple such as aname E.g., "I recollect exactly what happened."
a recollection = what is recollected = what is recalled short-term memory / long-term memory to associate = to connect one idea with another in your mind,
even if the connection is simply a feeling rather than anylogical or more concrete connection. Idea X reminds you of idea(or fact) Y. Association (and the memory in general) works bestwhen vivid or highly imaginative ideas are used.
a memory system = a system used to help you remember things.Most memory systems are based on a set of already memorizedassociations, such as "book = 1", "cow = 2", "dog = 3" etc.
an appointment book = "a diary" when the purpose is not to recordpast events but instead, to remind you of something at somefuture time. Also called "a date book".
to remind someone of something; a reminder a "reminder note" a "memorial" to (the memory of) someone has has died It "slipped my mind" = I forgot (to do) it
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forgetful = describing someone who often or easily forgetsthings; forgetfulness
"It's on the tip of my tongue" = I feel that I can almostremember it; I feel that it will come to me soon. (e.g.,someone's name)
"I have a memory like a sieve" = I have a very poor memory Wikipedia on Memory - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory (this
is a bit complex). 锅 锅http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6 (See otherlanguages on the left-hand side of the English Wikipedia page)
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