Presented by: Ian Ireland Vice President, Technology Development

Prairie BioGas Ltd.

Economically Viable Waste Diversion is Very Difficult

for Small to Medium Sized Communities

Transportation Costs

◦ Economic and environmental issues

Infrastructure

◦ Materials handling

Soft Markets

◦ Cost to communities: $50-$70+ per tonne recycled material

Materials not Currently Recyclable

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• Poor Environmental Outcome

• Toxic leachate

• GHG emissions – CO2 and CH4

• Construction and Operating Costs

• Lined cells with leachate collection

• Multi-million dollar outlay

• Higher tipping fees

• Regulatory Changes

• Waste diversion mandates

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Vacuum Pyrolysis for Solid Waste Resource

Recovery

Carbon Neutral Energy Harvest from Organic Waste

◦ Maximize the extraction of carbon

◦ Maintain the highest energy values

◦ Achieve the best economic results

◦ Environmentally acceptable, renewable, alternative energy

Carbon Negative Value Added Products

◦ Biochar

◦ Specialty chemicals

Compatible with Existing Recycling Programs

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High Grade Recyclables Removed

◦ Identify materials that can be economically recycled elsewhere

◦ Source Separation or sort line

◦ Remaining organic material is pyrolysed locally

◦ Maximise the value chain

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• Private company with offices in Regina and Lethbridge deploying technologies in solid waste treatment (build-own-operate plants)

Status

• Virtually anything organic including: Oily sludge / Municipal solid waste (MSW) / Biomass / Plastics / and many other

Waste / Feedstock

Types

• Raw: Non condensable gas / Biochar / Bio-oil / Water

• Value added: Power / Ag and horticultural products / Activated carbon / Specialty chemicals / Drop in transportation fuels

Output:

• Low capital cost: $2.5-$3.5 million (all in)

• Small footprint (15 tonnes) AND scalable up to 100 tonnes / day

• Multiple feedstocks Multiple outputs

Competitive Advantages:

• Municipalities of up to 100,000 residents

• Industrial operations or Biomass plants with high disposal costs / large energy requirements

Installation Target Types:

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Thermal breakdown of organic substances in the absence of oxygen ◦ No oxidation ◦ NOT combustion

Outputs ◦ Combustible synthetic gas ◦ Bio-oil ◦ Biochar ◦ Water ◦ Heat

Can divert up to 85% of MSW from landfills

Developed in the 1800’s

◦ Town Gas

Pyrolysis of coal

Lighting, cooking and power

Replaced by natural gas

◦ Producer Gas

Pyrolysis of wood

First internal combustion engine

Replaced by gasoline

◦ Replaced by Cheap Fossil Fuels

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Vacuum pyrolysis at low temperature (~500 ̊C)

◦ Slow pyrolysis

◦ Better quality products

Auger fed system

Externally heated with:

Natural gas

Diesel

Produced gas

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Full system includes

◦ Shredders

◦ Drying

◦ Metals removal

◦ Biochar cooling

◦ Bio-oil condensation

◦ Water separation

◦ Water clean-up

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Carboniser

Biochar

Bio-oil

Water

Municipal

Solid

Waste

Coarse

Shred

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Metals

Removal

Fine

Grind

Drying

Syngas External

Heater Natural

Gas

Oil/Water

Mixture Condenser

Excess

Heat

Competitive Advantages

◦ Size

15 tonnes feedstock per day base unit

◦ Low capital cost

$2.5 - $3.5 million

◦ Scalability

Up to 100 tonnes feedstock per day

◦ Good quality products

◦ Small environmental footprint

◦ Positive cash flow

Energy

Value added products

Carbon credits

Non-Condensable Gas

◦ CO

◦ H2

◦ Methane

◦ Other light ends

Used Internally

◦ Burner fuel

◦ Offsets natural gas consumption

Can Be Converted to Gasoline

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Water

◦ Residual moisture in feedstock

◦ Produced during pyrolysis

◦ Condensed with the bio-oil

◦ Separated

◦ Treated

◦ Suitable for industrial use

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Yield

◦ 200 – 500 L/tonne of feedstock

Description

◦ Dark-brown, free flowing liquid fuel

◦ Acidic: pH 2-3

◦ Highly aromatic

◦ Heating value of approx 30 GJ/tonne

70% - 80% of diesel heating value

◦ Density: 0.85 – 1.05 g/mL

Feedstock dependent

◦ Comparable to a #4 heating oil

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Immediate Applications

◦ Electricity generation

Eligible for $0.06/kWh incentive

Carbon credits

◦ Fuel for industrial machinery /

boilers

◦ Heating oil

Future Applications

◦ Heavy oil diluent

◦ Refinery feedstock

◦ Specialty chemicals

Aromatic compounds

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Yield

◦ 250 – 350 kg/tonne of feedstock

Specialised form of Charcoal

◦ High porosity

◦ High surface area

◦ Low bulk density

◦ High carbon content

50% - 85%

◦ Good heating value

Coal substitute

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Immediate Application

◦ Electricity generation

Eligible for $0.06/kWh incentive

Carbon credits

Future Applications

◦ Activated carbon

◦ Carbon black

◦ Agricultural/Horticultural products

Synthetic Terra Preta

CARBnGRO®

◦ Carbon Sequestration

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Amazonian Dark Earth

◦ Indigenous agricultural practices

Slash and burn agriculture

Midden piles

Increased carbon content

◦ Improved Soil Fertility

Plant growth and yield doubled

Improved water and nutrient retention

◦ Stable

Up to thousands of years

Sequestered carbon

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Biochar Based Hydroponic Growth Medium

◦ Developed by AI – TF (formerly ARC)

Replaces coconut coir, peat moss, and sawdust

Equal or better yields for cucumbers, peppers and tomatoes

Can be reused

◦ PBL holds the licensing rights for CARBnGRO®

Market to commercial greenhouses

Market to the home gardener

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Reducing Atmospheric CO2 Levels

◦ Large biomass component of MSW

Food waste

Green waste

Paper/cardboard

Lumber

◦ Plants take in atmospheric CO2 to grow

◦ Biochar locks the carbon away

Stable for hundreds to thousands of years

Unavailable to future plant growth

Successive generations take in more atmospheric CO2

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Initial Economics Based on Waste to Energy

◦ Biochar and bio-oil as fossil fuel substitutes

Co-fired power generation

Expect 1.5 MWh capacity from 15 tonne/day system

◦ Low hanging fruit

100+ years of evidence

Guaranteed grid tie-in

$0.06/kWh incentive

Carbon credits

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Detailed Economics (Waste to Energy)

◦ Project payout in 3-4 years

◦ No change in tipping fee structure

◦ Economics are even better for the other value added products.

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PBL Vacuum Pyrolysis Technology is:

◦ Flexible Process equipment can be tuned to local market conditions

Scalable: 15 tonne/day to 100 tonne/day

◦ Economically Viable Low energy inputs

High value outputs and water for reuse

◦ Environmentally effective Improved recycling performance

Decreased landfill liability

No hazardous emissions

Integrates with existing recycling systems

Conclusion

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