1 Newton110-10 m5. *

*

11 microscopicmacroscopic

111

*

6.

112 p.7825 c(2.998108 m s-1) c

X

*

*

5a. hh c / (16) h6.62610-34 J sPlanckc2.998108 m s-1

h *

O2O=O497 kJ mol-18.25310-19 J(16) hc/(6.62610-34 J s)(2.998108 m s-1) 8.25310-19 J 2.4110-7 m241 nm !()*

p.691385b. E h Eh (17)

E()E

*

*

12

*

DNA250300 nm(5b) DNA DNA(A)(G)(C)(T)42ATGC15*

113

p.810.192-1

p.69138(5) *

(5)

p.69138p.8101

*

5c.

13p.810.114p.101719211c

*

3Lambert-Beer-

*

*

12 121 (5)E(5b)*

a CoCl2CoCl26H2OCoBr219 23Cu(NH3)42+, Cu(H2O)42+

()d*

*

b ()

3HC-CH3 2HC=CH2 CHCH 1.54 1.34 1.20 kJ mol-1 368 720 962

*

C=C

1.3991.3341.50

*

150.5 kJ mol-1223

*

*

I21000 25 2000 *

*

()

*

PH4.4 580590 nm PH3.1 650750 nm)

3

EBT1*

122 11-cis-

11-cis-*

13 131 (5)()

*

5c. 132

133 Fraunhofer(5b)

*

134 1868

(5)

*

135 a 1000 1960861983

b 19671339,192,631,7701*

14 141 5. a 02b 3 3 2 3n63n5 2H2O3CO24 p.10341646CO2

*

*

343-14

b *

*

c (5)(5b)

142

*

*

(5)(5b)

CO2

*

143 q2r1r2 p q(r1r2) q p q l l|r1r2| q l

O-H(OH)OH () *

144 cm-1 1 cm-11.98610-23 Jcm-1hc 1 cm-1h c cm-1 (6.62610-34 J s)(2.998108 m s-1)(102 m-1) 1.98610-23 J

E5003500 cm-1p.10 1719

*

*

p.101719-NH3N-H-NH3-NH3HClHClH-Cl

*

*

*

15

*

T 1 EK (3/2)kBT < > kBBoltzmann kBR / NA1.3806610-23 J K-1 (18)

PVnRTnRTnVP

KBoltzmannkBK 1 KkB K(1.3806610-23 J K-1)(K)1.3806610-23 J

*

O2O=O8.25310-19 J1124K E *

1

6.

5.

*

5a. hh c / (16) h6.62610-34 J sPlanckc2.998108 m s-1

5b. E h Eh (17)

()

*

5c.

*