心理系 102 鄭幼毅

DÉJÀ VU IN THE LABORATORY:

A Behavioral and Experiential Comparison of Posthypnotic Amnesia and Posthypnotic

Familiarity

Authors

AKIRA R. O‘CONNOR - University of Leeds, United Kingdom

AMANDA J. BARNIER & ROCHELLE E. COX

The Oxford handbook of hypnosis

Outline

　　　　　　　　　　 1. Abstract　　　　　　　　　　 2. introduction　　　　　　　　　　 3. method　　　　　　　　　　 4. result　　　　　　　　　　 5. discussion　　　　　　　　　　 6. Q&A

1.Abstract

Abstract

1. Déjà vu

2. PHA condition Posthypnotic Amnesia

3. PHF condition Posthypnotic Familiarity

4. EAT inquiry

1.Introduction

DÉJÀ VU是甚麼？

錯誤的熟悉感 (feeling of familiarity is incorrect)

人類在現實環境中，突然感到自己「曾於某處親歷某過畫面或者經歷一些事情」的感覺。

而每次經歷 déjà vu 大約是 2~30 秒，而通常是在遇到難以應付的狀況時終止。

其他有關熟悉感錯誤的現象

1. DÉJÀ VU

2. presque vu (tip in the tone)

3. Jamais vu

Déjà vu 的分類

1. Déjà vecu

2. Déjà senti

3. Déjà visite

為甚麼會有 DÉJÀ VU

1. 腦部對於資訊處理的錯誤 腦傷、癲癇、偏頭痛、精神病患者

2. 在 information coding 的時間差異造成

3. 大腦預知未來的能力

4. 平行時空下的連結

5. dissociation between memory and familiarity.

10-26 的報告中有提到

Diana, R. A., Yonelinas, A. P., & Ranganath, C. (2007). Imaging recollection and familiarity in the medial temporal lobe: a three-component model. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(9), 379–386.

Déjà Vu, Again and Again

A.K.P

為何要利用催眠呈現 Déjà vu

1. Déjà vu 目前還不甚清楚其成因，以及如何誘發

2. 催眠可以製造特殊經驗

3. 催眠可以在過程中分離 perception and awareness

4. perception and awareness 和 memory and familiarity 類似

Banister and Zangwill (1941) PHA

shown a set pictures

posthypnotic amnesia suggestion

shown the pictures

again

O’Connor et al.’s (2007) PHF

Empty

posthypnotic

familiarity suggestion

Puzzle game

EAT(Experiential Analysis Technique)

(1) participants’ interpretations of the suggestion.(2) confusion about the familiarity experienced for the puzzle game.(3) fascination with the sensory aspects of the puzzle game.(4) breaching of the posthypnotic amnesia.(5) the relationship between déjà vu in the laboratory and naturally occurring déjà vu.(6) task focus.

2.Method

Participants

12 (6 male, 6 female) very high hypnotizable individuals who were undergraduate psychology students at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.

Pass HGSHS:A & SHSS:C

HGSHS:A

Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A

HGSHS:A Script

HGSHS:A Response

Mean=9.42 Sd=0.79

SHSS:C

Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C

SHSS:C Script

SHSS:C Score sheet

Mean=9.67 Sd=0.49

Materials

DVD Recorders

EAT inquiry

Puzzle game - Railroad Rush Hour

Procedure

Hypnosis Procedure

Posthypnotic Interview

EAT Inquiry

Procedure

3.Result

Performance and Ratings on Puzzle Game

Experiences of Familiarity and Déjà Vu

Posthypnotic inquiry

PHA Condition: 好像在小時候有做過這個測驗。

PHF Condition: 對這個測驗好熟悉，但不會解釋這種熟悉感。 ( 在 440 頁有訪談內容 )

Aspects of Hypnotic Déjà Vu Revealed by the EAT Inquiry

PHA condition focused on attempting to forget their initial completion of the puzzle task.

Participants in the PHF condition described attempting to visualize the puzzle

PHF condition commented in ways that indicated they felt confused about the familiarity, BUT PHA condition commented they felt confident about the source of familiarity.

Aspects of Hypnotic Déjà Vu Revealed by the EAT Inquiry

PHA Condition PHF Condition

Focus on How to complete the game

Sensory feature

Process P Breaching of the PHA X

Feel like day life

X O

PHA Condition PHF Condition

sensory focus

16.7% 66.7%

event focus 33.3% 16.7%

strategic focus

66.7% 33.3%

5.Discussion

on the PHA condition, 5 of the 6 participants in this condition passed the suggestion, BUT only 3 of the 6 experienced a sense of déjà vu.

In contrast, the PHF condition, 5 of the 6 participants in this condition passed the suggestion, and 5 of the 6 reported feelings of familiarity for the puzzle game. Most importantly, 5 of the 6 experienced a sense of déjà vu.

this experiment must await additional work with larger groups and appropriate controls

our findings suggest that hypnosis is a useful technique for creating and studying déjà vu in the laboratory

Puzzle game v.s naturally situation

They ever done the task before?

Less strong of déjà vu feeling then everyday life’s déjà vu . - attention

Could find more systematic and reliable way

Q & A