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ISSN 1993-9965
2 (32) 2012
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2 (32) 2012
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76019, . -,
. , 15
-
.: (0342) 50-77-96
./: (03422) 4-21-39
.: [email protected]
[email protected]
http://nv.nung.edu.ua
2001 .
158334305
16 2009 .
- , 15-18 2012 . :
- - - , -
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2 (32) 2012
SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN
of IVANO-FRANKIVSK
STATE NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY of OIL and GAS
27.03.2012 . 04/512
6084 /2 SvetoCopy, new, 80 / .
300 .
18. .
-
. , 15, . -, 76019,
. (03422) 42453, (03422) 42139,
http://nung.edu.ua, e-mail: [email protected]
18 12.03.2003 .
. . , . .
:
:. . , . .
-
CNG . .
11
. . , . .
15
CNG . .
24
. .
32
: . .
37
. . , . . , . . , . . , . .
41
. . , . . , . .
48
, . . , . . , . .
53
-6 -6-56-2 . .
60
- . . , . .
66
- . .
74
.
-
80
. . , . .
86 -
. .
92
. . , . .
101
. .
105
. . , . .
107
. .
110
. . , . .
117
. .
123
. . , . .
128 ,
. . , . . , . . , . .
134
. . , . .
143
. .
-
.
. .
149
. .
156
' ' - . .
159
. . , . .
164
,
. . , . . , . .
170
. . . , . . , . . , . . , . .
175
. . , . . , . . , . .
185
. . , . . , . .
189
. . , . . , . .
195
. .
201
'
. .
205
-
210
. .
215
. . , . .
222
. . , . . , . .
228
. . , . .
237
. . , . .
-
CONTENT
Newest technologies of oil and gas transportation
The use of CNG technology for the gas supply of the Ukraine Ye.
I. Kryzhanivsky
11
Container transportation of natural gas as an alternative way of
solving problems of energy safety O. M. Shendryk, M. I. Fyk
15
Features of calculation of CNG tanks unloading regeemes directly
into the existing pipeline system A. M. Susak
24
A study of influence of quaternary nitrogen containing
connections on the speed of microbal corrosion of steel M. S.
Polutrenko
32
Geothermal energy utilization in Ukraine: opportunities and
perspectives U. Yu. Paliychuk
37
Research of aerotechnogenic pollution by industrial enterprises
influence I. O. Kamayeva, L. Y. Savchuk, Y. M. Semchuk, O. M. Lev,
L. I. Kamayeva
41
Formalization of task relating to the research of influence of
soils contamination on the environment M. V. Krykhivskyy, D. F.
Tymkiv, D. D. Matieshin
48
Gas pipeline transportation
Analysis of computional procedures used for calculation of
transit and transportation tariffs in the countries of EU and in
Ukraine M. P. Lynchevsky, Lutsyk O. E., N. M. Lynchevska
53
Determination of "GTN-6" Gas turbine installations power and
"N-6-56-2" compressors operating parameters using PC application
and torsional type supplied power meter O. D. Ivanov
60
Effect of uneven gas consumption on corrosion fatigue properties
of welded pipes of main lines O. S. Taraievskyi, S. J.
Taraievskyi
66
Mathematical model of control and restoration applications
providing on gas main pipeline . I. Ostapiyk
74
.
-
CONTENT
80
Scientific foundation of rationing of
natural gas absorption dehydration costs Ya. M. Demjanchuk, F.
V. Kozak
86 Features of tasks of block-ganged equipment optimal
designing
. V. Ivanov
92 Estimation of the environmental impact on the
thermal-hydraulic calculations accuracy
V. B. Mykhalkiv, O. V. Mykhalkiv
101 Estimation of energy efficiency of gas compressor units in
the gas compressor stations conditions
Ya. V. Grudz
105 Evaluation of material balance in gas mains in unsteady gas
consumption conditions
N. Ya. Drin, R. B. Stasiyk
107 The compressor plants reliability estimation of Compressor
Station Yamburgskaia of gas transportation system
Gaspromtransgasyugorsk S. S. Rusan
110 Increase of the efficiency coefficient in small diameter gas
pipelines with long terms of using
R. V. okhtyuk, V. R. Makovyak
117 The computer calculation of the gas pipeline basic
parameters changes for improving the cleaning efficiency of
pigs
. P. Stashynsky
123 Exploiting design of gas weld with hydro-sulfur
contaminants
. A. Martyniyk, . . Chernova
128 Standardization system as a guarantee of reliable, safe and
effective operation of Ukrtransgaz
M. D. Ginzburg, A. M. Klun, I. O. Orlov, I. O. Trebulova
Oil pipeline transportation
134 Remaining life of the long term operated oil pipelines
accounting present corrosion defects
and operating conditions . Ya. Zhdek, V. Ya. Grudz
143 The impact of the wax accumulations on capacity of oil
pipelines
J. V. Jakymiv
.
-
CONTENT
Kinematic researches of the improved construction of oil
exploration equipment S. V. Naslednikov
149
Mathematical model of formation the contaminations areal of oil
pipeline leaks V. V. Nikolaev
156
Research the influence of the storage period of high and low
viscosity oil mixes on their physical and chemical properties L. D.
Pylypiv
159
Universal dependence between oil vapor pressure, phases
composition and oil temperature D. V. Lisafin, V. P. Lisafin
164
Construction, maintenance and repair of oil and gas
pipelines
Estimation of retained strength of gas mains sections with
defects
R. S. Savula, E. V. Kharchenko, A. O. Kychma
170
Inequality of pipes. Calculation of additional tensions from the
internal pressure . V. Oryniak, I. V. Lokhman, V. V. Stypura, A. V.
Bohdan, S. . khrimchuk
175
Problems and prospects of pipeline leaks determination N. M.
Zapukhliak, A. . archuk, V. B. Zapukhliak, I. I. Lukashevych
185
Problems and prospects of offshore oil and gas pipelines
construction Y. V. Doroshenko, J. I. Doroshenko, . P. Shyian
189
Problems and prospects of disable pipelines salvage considering
the ecological aspects of hydrocarbon energy carriers
transportation . M. Bortnyak, . P. Shkolnyy, R. S. Varyk
195
Method of calculation of pipeline vertical displacement during
its coating replacement in mountain areas Yu. H. Melnychenko
201
Diagnostics of objects in oil and gas transportation complex
sector
The adiabatic efficiency of the turbine during its diagnostic D.
V. Kondratiev
205
-
CONTENT
210 Analysis of failures and accidents of "Lvivtransgaz" gas
mains and applications for their prevention
Yu. V. Ilnytskiy
215 Diagnostics of compressors of gas-compressor units using
their present working performance
. P. Voznak, . V. Yurchylo
222 Experience and problems of estimation the structure and
mechanical properties degradation for pipeline steels
V. D. Myndyuk, . . Karpash, E. R. Dotsenko
228 Prediction of tensions rate in the wall of pipes with
defects based on the results of intelligent pig inspection
V. . Bolonnuy, L. I. Melnyk
237 Forming the indexes structure for the diagnostic of gas
transportation system objects on the basis of using the
methodology
of merit function development Y. V. Volikhovskiy, . G. Boyko
-
11
622.691.4
CNG
. .
; 15, . , . -, 76019. E-mail: [email protected]
- LNG NG. LNG CNG , .
: LNG, CNG,
LNG NG. LNG CNG -, . - " "
: LNG, CNG, " "
Technologies of transporting natural gas are considered with the
use of the known technologies of
LNG and NG. Conducted comparative analysis of LNG and CNG of
technologies of transporting, that allowed to find out the rational
areas of their use. Offered new method of the marine transporting
of nat-
ural gas by "movable pipelines"
Keywords: technology of LNG, technology of CNG, "movable
pipelines"
- , [1]. - , . , , - [2, . 65], 50 % . -, , - , .
( ) - (. 1), - LNG ( . Liquefied Natural Gas ), , - , , .
-
12
1 LNG
, , LNG - . , LNG - .
, ( NG, . Compressed Natural Gas ). , - - .
2 NG
-
13
CNG - , . . . -, . CNG LNG: 280-320 , 55-60 , 13,5-14,5 , 3 33 .
3 [3, . 29]. -, 20- 40- , . - , , . , , [4], .
- . .. - . - [5]. , CNG, , --, , - . , , - , 40- 20- . , - . , ,
CNG-.
- . , -, : - 67145 ; - 294 ; - 38,5 ; - 14,2 ; - 2240 FEU; - 24
. , - 2240 .; - 11580 3 . () - () 1444 (2674 ) 25 USD/1000 3 1,0
USD/1000 3 100 . , , .
LNG CNG . , , , LNG - 10 . 3 , - 4000 . CNG - 2500 .
CNG - , ( ), , - , , .
. -, -. -, , - . , - CNG .
-
14
1. BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2011[ ]. :
http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_
english/reports_and_ publications/
statistical_energy_review_2011/STAGING/local_assets/pdf/statistical_review_of_world_energy_full_rep
rt_2011.pdf. 2. . . .
/ . . , . . // . 2006. - 2 (16). - . 65-69.
3. . . / . . , . . , . . // . 2006. - 3 (57). . 29-31.
4. . . / . . // . 2007. - 2. . 32 36.
5. . ., , F17C 5/00. / . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . ; .-. .
. - . u 2011 14580; . 08.12.2011 ; . 11.01.2012, 521//12. 3 .
10.06.12
-
, 15-18 2012 .
-
15
622.279
. . 1, . . 2
1 , 64250, ., -, . , . 9, . (05749) 5-23-47, (05749) 5-20-24.
e-mail: [email protected]
2 , . , 21, , 61002,
. (057) 707-66-00,(057) 700-15-64. e-mail: [email protected]
- . . , . , . -, , ( 1000 .).
: , , ,
- . - . - , - . , . , , - ( 1000 ).
: , , ,
In this work we consider a way to transport a container of gas
to consumers low and medium power
as an alternative to pipeline transport. The options for gas
supply schemes are given, based on road and
rail transport. We consider the advantages and disadvantages of
both types of gas transport, separated
by areas of their effective use. We present promising
applications of technology in the energy, economic
crisis, as well as the trends of world energy. The applications
of advanced technologies are proposed in
energy, economic crisis, as well as the trends of world energy.
The authors believe the most promising
organization of transportation of compressed gas condensate
fields unprepared for universal cylindrical
balloons of large diameter (up to 1000 mm).
Keywords: pipe, container, bulb, transporting of gas
. , , - . 25% . , , , , - . ( - (NGV) ) 20% 10% 10 . , 2020 30%
.
' - , , - .
-
16
, - 520-730 - . . 1020-1420 , . , , - , - . - , . -. , , , ( ) -
. .
, . - , . ( ) , . , , , . . , . .
1 : - 2,6%, - 0,1%, - 26,4%, -
13,9%, - 21,6%, - 30,3%
-
17
- . ' - , - . , - .
, - 24,4% 32,3 % . , - . - . - (14% 21,8% ) .
- , -, . .
, . , - . - ( ) - , . , . - (. 2, ) ( ). -, (. 2, ) - . , (. 2,
).
- .
, - . , , -, , . [1], ( ).
-. . - . , , - . , .
-. . - . , , -
-
18
. , .
; ; - 2
, , ( ) [2]. . - , , . (. 3).
3
- 0,3-0,5 . - .
(0,5-1 ), , - , .
-
19
4
, - (. 4). 20 40 2,5 - ISO 11120 200 - DOT AAX 2900, ( -
2296-031-03455343-2009. - ). - , - ( -TIR). NK CO., LTD Korea CNG.
-, (1220 ) ( 22 Europipe ). Nord Stream. - .
5 20- 40- NK Co. Ltd.
( 25 ). NK CO., LTD Korea 5300 3 (. 5). - . - . - ( , - ) [3]. -
, - ( , , , - ).
- . Galileo - , (.6). ,
-
20
, ( ). . , - . . .
, - .
. , - . - - . - - , , 1,5-2 . - , , . - , .
6 Galileo
, .
( 1,4 , 2,4), 80- 850 . 3 . - 1 41, 487 . 3/, 15 . 3 . 300 3 100
0,035% , 0,35% 1000 , 3,5 % 10000 . - 10000 50 - (. 7) [4]. -, ,
.
, (, , ) - . , - .
( , , ) - (, , , - ).
-
21
7
7,5
. [5] - (.8).
8
: ;
; ; ,
(.9). (, -
/ ) , - .
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22
, - , '- , . - . , , . . : . , - . , , [6]. , , -.
9
, , - - , , . , , . , .
: ,
.
. , - -.
( ) .
, - , - , - .
179 . 3 - 6 . 3 (3,3%). , -, . - [7]. [7]. (. 10, ), (.10, ), (.
10, ).
, , - . - .
-
23
( ) .
) ) )
) ; ) (); ) 10
1. - : 5542-87 [ 01-01-1988]. . 1988. 6 . ( ).
2. . 34473 . (19)UA (11) 34473 (13)U (51) 7 E21B43/00. / .., .
., . : . - .., . ., . . u200803684; . 24.03.2008; . 11.08.2008, .
15.
3. . 38010 . (2006) F17C 5/00 / .., . ., . .: . - .., . ., . . -
u200803681; ., 24.03.2008; . 25.12.2008 . 24.
4. . . []: / . . . . . . 2001. - 400.
5. . . - []: / . . , .. . .: 1990. 304 .: .
6. .. . - []: / .. / . , 2009. 60 .
7. . . - [] / . ., . . // -. - 2008. - 6 - . 41-44.
10.06.12
-
, 15-18 2012 .
-
24
622.691.4
CNG
. .
; 15, . , . -, 76019. . +380342242166.e-mail:
[email protected]
CNG . - , CNG , , . - . , 22,5 1011 . - , , 24 , - . - 30-35
.
: CNG , , , -
CNG . - , CNG , - , . - . , - 22,5 1011 . , , - 24 , - . 30-35
.
: CNG , , -,
In this paper, calculations of the regime of discharging CNG
vehicles were made. The basic flow
sheet discharging was presented, which includes the coastal
communication, connectivity to CNG ship,
unloading station and buffer pipeline, which allows supply gas
to the existing gas transportation system.
The work carried out mathematical modeling discharging modes
using commonly known dependencies of
gas dynamics. The process of discharging takes place in two
stages playing 2 2,5 hours first and 10 11 the second phase.
Duration of the process of discharging including all operations
call and departure
the vessel, mooring, connection and disconnection of
communication reaches 24 hours, subject to the
technical and economic calculations. In the process of
discharging the vessel, there are three phases of
nonstationary regimes of the gas phase with duration of
non-stationary in 30-35 minutes each.
Keywords: CNG ship, mathematical simulation regimes of the gas,
gas dynamics, non-stationary processes
(CNG) . - CNG - ().
CNG . CNG , - , ,
-
25
. 1960- [1], [2]. , , , - . , - - CNG , - CNG- , 2011-2012 .
- -, 40 -, [3, 4]. - .
2025 , , , 7,5 ( - ) 5,6 ( ). CNG - . 1215 . , , 9 , CNG - 24
.
, . - .
- CNG . .
CNG . :
CNG (DN 700) 20 ;
, , , - , 25 .3/;
(DN 1400) 10 90 ;
, . - ( 5,6 10 ), 5,6 4,0 .
20 .3/.
CNG , - (1214 ) - . , . 10. - - , - . - - .
. :
CNG .
-
26
CNG .
--,
5. -
6. . -
CNG 20 , 0,3 0,5 , CNG 20 .3 . 5 . - 5 . CNG
25 ( -
CNG ), 10 ( - ).
. - CNG , . -.
, - - , - . 24 . , - -.
CNG - , , , , . - , .
22,5 , 1011 . 1 - CNG . (
2 . . - CNG
3035 , . - . - 3 CNG . -,
, 20 2 .
-
27
1 CNG ; 2 1
CNG
4 CNG - . . . 5 .
4 5 . 30 35 . CNG - . - 40 . 6 - . - - CNG .
7 - 10 . . - 52-52/, CNG 34-35/. - , (7-8 ) , - CNG .
-
28
1 CNG ; 2
2 CNG
1 CNG ; 2
3 10 CNG
-
29
1 CNG ; 2
4 CNG
1 CNG ; 2
5 CNG
-
30
1 CNG ; 2
6
1 CNG ; 2
7 10 CNG
-
31
CNG - , (24 ) CNG . 22,5 1011 . - 30-35 . CNG - - CNG .
1. .. / .., ... // . . . 2004. 1 (15).
2. .. - / .. // . 1974. 4. . 5-12.
3. . 67664 , (2012.01) F17C 5/00. - / .., .., .., .., .., ...
u2011 14580; . 08.12.11; . 27.02.12 // . 2012. . 4.
4. . 33882 , (2006) F17C 5/00. - / .., .., .., .., .., .., ... -
u200804626; . 10.04.08; . 10.07.08 // -. 2008. . 13.
5. ., . , .. . : , 1982. 592 . 6. .., ... -
. .:
, 1696. 238 .
10.06.12
-
, 15-18 2012 .
-
32
622.4.076:620.197.6
. .
, 76019, . -, . , 15, . (03422) 42353, -mail: n o @ n u n g. e d
u.
171 - (). . , - , 78% (77,4). - : > > > >. - , .
: , ,
171 - (). . , - , 78% (77,4). - : > > > > . , .
: , ,
The effect of quaternary nitrogen inhibitors on the corrosion
rate of steel in a sterile environment
17G1S Postgate "B" and the presence of sulfate reducing bacteria
(SRB). The effectiveness of the
inhibitors on the microbial corrosion of steel. Found that the
protective effect of quaternary inhibitors in
sterile conditions, different from their actions in the presence
of SRB, which reaches 78% of (77,4). On
the effectiveness of the protective effect of inhibitors
investigated in the presence of SRB are placed in the
following order: "N> "K"> "G"> "L""> "M". Showing
antibacterial properties, these inhibitors are
recommended for use in industrial environments anaerobic
corrosion caused by SRB.
Keywords: quaternary nitrohenovmisni inhibitors, microbial
corrosion, bacteria
, , - , , . 50% . . 77% - , - (), - [1].
. - , , , - . , -, , - , , .
, - , . , ,
-
33
. , , - . , -, , , - , :
; - ; ; ; ; . : [2], [3],
, [4]. - , , , , - , - [5]. , - , , .
, - , - - , -.
171 401210 . ( ) 3999-200. , , , . , - () () [6].
- .
6 30
. 50 , 105 1 3 , , , , , , . 1,07 - 1,09 /. : + - ; + + . 4 . ,
. , -, (1) [7] :
S
V , (1)
P - (); S (2); - (). ,
() (Z). () (Z) [7] -
(2) (3):
Vi
V , (2)
V , , /2; V - - , /2.
-
34
Z = 100 ( 1 1/), (3)
Z , %. .1. -
, - , .
1 -
. 1 .
1
/ -,
(Z), %
1 1,64 38,9
2 2,0 50,0
3 2,79 64,1
4 4,03 75,2
5 4,42 77,4
, - , . , -, , , .
171 - : > > > > .
, - , - .
6 . - .2 .2, - . - 10 15% -. 25%. -
23,4
11,714,3
8,4
5,85,3
0
5
10
15
20
25
,
/
2
-
35
2 , 107/3 109 -/3, ' ( - ), - .
2 -
- , -, - .
, , ' , , .
, - . - ( 78%), - -, .
: 1.
. 2. . 3. . 4. -
, , .
1. .. / .. , .. , .. - . .: , 2005. 258 .
2. .. . I. 5- / .. , .. , .. . // -. 1995. 31, 4. . 356-359.
3. .. . II. 1,2,4- / .. , .. , .. // . 1997. 33, 4. .
415-417.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5 6
,
,
/
2
-
36
4. .. - / .. , .. , .. . // . 1991. 27.- 6. . 1041-1045.
5. .. / .. , .. , .. // . . 2002. 64, 6. . 67 72.
6. .. - / .. // . 2012.- 19. - . 36-39.
7. . / .. // - .: , 1980.223.
10.06.12
-
, 15-18 2012 .
-
37
338+502/504:(622.276+622.279)+620.9
:
. .
, 76019, . -, . , 15, .(0342) 500750, e-mail:
[email protected]
- . -
: , , , ,
. -
: , , , ,
The article assesses the geothermal resources and technically
feasible energy potential of
geothermal energy in Ukraine along with distinguishing of
regions which are the most suitable for the
development of geothermal energy. Emphasis was made on the
feasibility and prospects of using this type
of renewable energy in a shortage of traditional energy
sources
Key words: geothermal energy, geothermal resources, geothermal
power, heat capacity, technically
achievable energy potential
. , - , - .
- , ( ). ' , - , .
. , , - , (, , -, , ) 93 98 , 50% . , - 2030 30% - [1, 2].
, . , , - . - . ,
-
38
, , , 41 [3].
40 50 , , -, . - 30 . , 21 - .
, , , , , , , , , . - , , .
20 22 . , . - 10 15-20 . [4].
. - - - .
. -, , , . - - , , , 200 ( 140 ). 2030 - 2160 , 400 .
- 12 . .., 10 . 3 ( ) [5, 6].
- .
( , , , - - ). . 4 210, (>150C) ( 1 1,5 ), . - . , 4565 3050
. 3/, 100 . .
( ). - ( 2000 ), 50-70, 20-70 /. . -, . - 2-4 . 3 [7, 4].
- , , , , , , [7, 8, 9].
, : 1 : - , -
, , - .
-
39
2 - . 3 - .
. , - - , , . . , , . , - [9]. - , , . - , , - , 40-50% . "" - ,
, [7].
[5], - - 5155 . . (5,16 . ..), 597 . ..
- 1173 . .. (1,17 . ..), - 20 . .
- . , , -, , , , , -, - . , 800-1300 45-65.
, - - - 510 . ..
. , . - , , .
, , , .
, , - , , -, - .
1. . . / . . , . . , . . // - . - 2010. . 153. - . 93-99
2. . i: / . // [ ] "", 46-47, ', 16 2012. :
http://www.day.kiev.ua/225221
3. . " ?"/ . // [ ] "- ", 38, 07 2006. :
http://dt.ua/articles/48006?articleslug=chi_bude_v_ukrayini_blakitna_laguna&rubric=40
4. . /.. -, .. ; . .. . - : , 2011. 55 .
-
40
5. . /. , . // [- ]. :
http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/media/documents/pdf/Energy_Environment/carpathians_session4_7.
pdf
6. .. / .. // - . 2010. . 144, .1. . 117 125.
7. . . : / . . // - . 2011. - 2(4). . 12 16.
8. // [ ]. :
http://www.esco-ecosys.narod.ru/2005_11/art07_30.htm
9. .. / .. , .. // . 2010. . 26.
10.06.12
-
, 15-18 2012 .
-
41
539.04
. . , . . , . . , . . , . .
, 76019, . -, . , 15, . (03422)42098, e-mail:
[email protected]
. . . , - .
: , , , , .
. . - . , - .
: , , , -, .
A classification of industrial pollution on the degree of
dispersion is present. Methods for the study
of turbulent diffusion in the air is consider. Recommended
equation for the turbulent sedimentation.
Constructed a mathematical model describing the motion of
particles in the air, depending on their
density and size with the Reynolds number.
Keywords: atmospheric dust, spray, turbulent diffusion, the
mathematical model, the Reynolds
number.
', , , - , . , , -. . .
, . - . : ( > 10
), ( 1 10 ) ( < 1 ); : , , . , , , , ( ), -. ' , , , .
. , . , - , , - , . - , , ,
-
42
, . , , . , , , , , . , , - , , .
, ( 1 ), . 10-20 .
, , .
, , . , - .
. - , (10%, 1% 0,1%), - , .
, . - , , [1].
.
, - .
20-30 XX , .
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, . , - .
, , . , - ., ' . . - , .
, , . , ' , , . , , .. [2], .. [3], .. [4], .. [5], .. [6], ..
[7].
' . - , , . .. [8,9], .. [10], .. - [11].
, .. [12], , , , . ,
-
43
, - , - , , , - .
, , - , :
) , ;
) , ;
) , , - .
, - [13]. , . - , . , , , , - . , - - , , , - .
: 1. -
. 2.
. 3. -
. 4. -
, .
, , , - , [13-15].
. :
dh
dCD , (1)
; dh
dC (
). ( ) ,
. , , - . , , , - , - . - [16]:
-
44
TK
hhmg
C
Cln 012
2
1
, (2)
1 2 h1 i h2; m ; ; 0 ; ; g -.
, , , . . . , (), :
21
21
hh
CC
dh
dC
. (3)
[16], - , -, 10 , .
r , , 0, f, :
gr3
4f 0
3 , (4)
g ; r . -
. F, :
F = 6 r , (5)
; . , , -
. , :
gr3
40
3 = 6 r . (6)
(6) :
9
2 20 rg . (7)
, , ,
. , 0,01-0,1 (10-
100). 0,01 10 ,
. , - , .
-
45
, - .
, h S, V0 (. 1). L V.
1
[17]. t1 h1
;1
cat =
g
2
1
ch = - ln cos a
g, (8)
( [18]):
mnC
gdc
3
4 . (9)
, d, - , , g , , .
t2 H= h + h1
2ln2g
c
c
Ht . (10)
, V
1 2L=V t +t . (11)
-
46
, .. , [18] -
Re10000 Re . - [17]. [17]. . .
d=210-3 , =3.36103 /3, h=120 , V=5 /, V0=24.3 /, t=20, =1.2
/
3, -
=0.15110-4 2/c. 1 . 0 . , ,
V= 0.5V0=0.524.3=12.15 /. Re [18]
3.160910151.0
10215.124
3
dVR
cep
e/.
[18], =0.46. (8), (9)
6.1246.02.13
10281.91036.34
3
4 33
mnC
gdc
/,
08.192.16.12
3.240 arctgarctgc
Varctga ,
12.61.081.4
1 9.81
cat =
g
,
0.756 12.212.6
9.81
2 2
1
ch = - ln cos a -
g ,
H= h + h1 = 132.2 .
2 . . =0.47, Re=1000,
3 3
4gd 4 3.36 10 9.81 2 10c 12.48
3 C 3 1.2 0.47
/.
3
4
12.48 2 101652.9
0.151 10e
C dR
.
[18] 0.46, =12.6 /. , -
=12.6 /. (10) (11):
2
132.2 12.60.693 11.38
12.6 9.81
H Ct = + ln2 +
C g ,
5 1.4 11.38 63.9 1 2L=V t +t + . , , =0.5
. , =0.24 /3. ,
Re1000. , Re 1000 , 0.47 0.22. ,
[18] , =const. d=210-3
,
=3.36103 /3 =0.46, =0.276 /3. -
=0.24 /3. :
1) d 210-3 , , =const =0.24 /3 -
(8-11).
2) d < 210-3 (8-11), - .
-
47
1. .. [] / .. . .: . ., 1991. 320 . 2. .. [] / .. . .: -
, 1972. 440 . 3. . . -
/ . . . , 1941. .31. - 6. . 538-541. 4. .. / .. . //
. , 1941. .5. 4. . 4534662. . . . 5. .. [] / .. . .: ,
1973. 906 . 6. .. -
[] / .. . .: , 1985. 160 . 7. .. [] / .. -
. .: , 1986. 170 . 8. .. [] / ..
, .. . .: , 1999. 248 . 9. .. [] / .. , ..
. .: , 1987. 588 . 10. .. -
[] / .. , .. , .. . .: , 1991. 280 .
11. .. [] / .. . .: , 1975. 448 .
12. .. , [] / .. . .: ., 1963. 680 .
13. .. [] / .. . .: , 1979. 416 .
14. .. -. / .. -; . .. . .: - , 1958. . 275-304.
15. .. [] / .. . .: , 1967. 340 .
16. . / . ; . .. . .: , 1990. 80 .
17. .. / . . , . . , . . , . . // . . . . -. 2005. . 2(22). .
143-147.
18. . . : / .. , .. . .: ., 2002. 277 .
4. .. / .. . .: . - .-. -, 1958. 484 .
10.06.12
-
, 15-18 2012 .
-
48
504.05
. . , . . , . .
, 76019, . -, .,15, [email protected]
. . - , .
: , , .
. . - .
: , ,
In the article 12 is considered basic chemical element in soils.
The task of evaluation of influence of
their concentrations on a health of people is formalized. It is
suggested to set the crowd conditions of
statistical connection and proper it functional dependence.
Keywords: chemical composition of soils, types of illnesses,
statistical dependence
, , , . -, , . .
.. [1] , . . . .. [2] - , . , , .
( , , - - ) .. .. ... . , . - - .
- , - . , -, -, , , - . .
- . . - , , , , , , , , . - , .
-
49
.. .. - . - ; , , , . , , . , - .
. , , , . .. , , , . , .. , , -- . .. , , , , , , , - .
- , - . , , . , , - .
Hg () - , . , . - , . .
. . - , . , . - . , , , . - 2.1 / ( ), - 0.0083 /.
Be () , , - . - , , , , - . . - -.
, , , . , -, . - , , , , , . - 1.0 / ( ), - 3.8 /.
Cd () - ' . - , , , . - , .
. - , , , , , , , , , , , , . 0.6 / (- ), - 0.13 /.
Co () , - [7]. - , , , B12. , -, , , .
-
50
, -, , , . - , , , , , , , - . 5.0 / ( ), - 18.0 /.
Pb () ', , . -, , , , , , . - . , . - .
, - , , , , -, , , , , -, , , , , -, , , , . 32.0 / ( ), - 16.0
/.
As (, ) ( ), . - . , , , , . , . , .
, , , , , , , , , , , . - 1.0 / ( ), - 1.7 /.
Se () ' ( ), . - . , , - , . , .
, , , , , -. , , - , , , , , . 0.2 / ( ), - 0.05 /.
Cu (, ) , - . . 50 , . , , , - , . - , , , , , .
, - , - , , , , - , .
, , . 3.0 / ( ), - 47.0 /.
Cr () . , , , , , . . , , , . - .
- , , , ,
-
51
, , - , . 0.05 / ( ), - 83.0 /.
Zn () ', - . , -, . -. , , , , . , , - , ' .
, , , . - , , , , , - , , , , , , , .
, , , . , , , , , , . 23.0 / ( ), - 83.0 /.
Fe (, ) , ' - . - . . . '- .
, , , -, , , , , . , . , , , , , , , , - , , , -. , - 46500
/.
Al () ', , - . . , , . , -. , , - , , .
, . - , - , - , , , , , , . , - 80500 /.
, . : 1 ; 2 -, 3 4 ; 5 ; 6 . , .
xi,j, i , 1 12, j : 1- Hg, 2- Be, 3 - Cd, 4 - Co, 5 - Pb, 6 -
As, 7 - Se, 8 - Cu, 9 - Cr, 10 - Zn, 11 - Fe, 12 Al. . , -, , .
, , pzi,j , i , 1 12, j : 1- , 2- 1, 3 2, 4 3, 5 4, 6 5, 7 6;
ppzi,j , i , 1 12, j -: 1- , 2- 1, 3 2, 4 3, 5 4, 6 5, 7 6; si,j ,
i - , 1 12, j : 1- , 2- 1, 3
-
52
2, 4 3, 5 4, 6 5, 7 6. , , -, .
, , yi, i - , 1 12. , , .
)(
...
)(
)(
)(
,
,2
,1
,
jim
ji
ji
ji
xf
xf
xf
xf xi,j,
() pzi,j , pzi,j , si,j , , [3]. xi,j pzi,j , ppzi,j si,j. -
f(xi,j).
1. . . / ... .: , 1988. 104 . ISBN 5-235-00061-7.
2. .. / ... .: -, 1984.- 560 . ISBN 5-286-00572-1.
3. .. . - / ... .: , 2006. 816 . ISBN 5-9221-0707-0.
10.06.12
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, 15-18 2012 .
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ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
53
622.691
,
. . 1, . . 1, . . 2
1 ; . , 26-, . , 04053,
-mail: [email protected] 2 -
. .. , ; . , 60, . , 01032.
. C, ,
: , , ,
. C, , .
: , , ,
Establishment of effective tariffs is considered on services of
gas-transport enterprises. The review of
the methodological going is conducted near determination of
tariffs on transit and transporting of gas in
the countries of C, and to the analysis of methods of
determination of such tariffs in Ukraine, correctnesses of their
application in modern terms and necessity them orrections
Keywords: tariff, transit, gas, calculation
() . . , .
C, , .
: ,
(. . 1), (. . 2).
, : ( - (cost-plus
regulation), (rate-of-return regulation, RoR), (revenue assets
base, RAB));
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
54
, (incentive regulation), ( ), , [9].
. , , , . (RR), , , :
1 (RR)
(Operating costs, Opex) . (Fixed Costs, FC), , ( , , ),
(Variable Costs, VC) , , , , .
(Depreciation, Depr) .
(Regulatory Assets Base, RAB) , . , , . . :
1. , ;
2. , ;
3. ; 4. ; 5. , . (Cost of Capital, CC) ,
. (Weighted Average Cost of Capital, WACC), , , , , , :
WACC = re x (E/E + D) + rd x (1 - tc) x (D/E + D),
re ; rd ; ; D ; tc .
: ,
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
55
- , , .
, . .
. . (3-5 ). . :
Pi = Pi-1 * (1+RPI i Zi),
Pi-1 , ; (1+RPI i Zi) , RPI (Retail Price Index); i ; Zi , , (,
).
, . [9]
.
, , . ( ). , ( ) , ( 2% 1000 ). 10/90. .
1 ;2- ;
3- 2
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
56
, .
(Postage stamp) - , . , , . , , . , . .
(Distance based) , . , , - $/3//100 /. . , , , .
(Point to point, P2P) .
/ (Entry/exit, EE) . , , . , , .
, , / . , .
. . 2009 , , , , , .
19 2009 2009 2019 , . , , , 2,04 . /1000 3/100 . , . [5]
, . 3% .
, , ().
, . , 04.09.2002 983, , 04.09.2002 984.
, .
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
57
, , , ' . .
(RR) :
= + + ,
- , ' , ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - ; - ' , .
, .
( ) , , , , :
= / Q, - , . 1000 . ; - , .; Q - , , .
(. . 3).
3 , 2002-2011 .
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
58
( 04.2012 .) 70% , 8% (. . 4).
, , , :
- , - . , - ;
- , ;
- , , [4].
4
( 04.2012 .)
, , . , , , , . , , , , (RAB) , .
, . 26%. , ( ) 31-36%, . 3540 , 50 , 50%. , . , .
.
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
59
11 2012 ( ) 10338, , , ' ( ) . ' , . ' , .
, , .
1. Energy Charter Secretariat. Gas Transit Tariffs in selected
Energy Charter Treaty Countries. www.encharter.org. January 2006.
86 p.
2. , , , , : 28.07.2011, 1384.
http://zakon.nau.ua/doc/?code=v1384227-11.
3. 2010 : 21.04.2011 ., 684.
http://zakon.nau.ua/doc/?uid=1044.26740.0.
4. .. / .., .. // . 2011. 5. . 234-238.
5. . / // . 19.01.2008 .- 2.
6. . / , // . 05.01.2009 .,
http://www.epravda.com.ua/publications/2009/01/5/176402/.
7. ( ): 11.04.2012, 10338. http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf
/link1/JF7Z600I.html.
8. . . . , .. 2006.
http://www.center.gov.ua/english/storinki-gap/rezultati-roboti.html.
9. , . . , .. 2006.
http://www.center.gov.ua/english/storinki-gap/rezultati-roboti.html.
10.06.12
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15-18 2012 .
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ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
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004.421.2
-6 -6-56-2
. .
, , -12/2 , -mail: [email protected]
,
(, , ). , , . : ' , , , , , .
: , , , , , , , .
, (, , ..). , , . : , , , , , .
: , , , , , , ,
This paper contains information about using the application, as
well as power meter for
determination in direct parameters of GTA (power, efficiency,
productivity ...). The accuracy of determining the parameters of
GTA (gas-transfer aggregate) has a special meaning, as in a GTA
optimization and for change-over GTA in complete renovation,
thereby affecting the economic efficiency of the compressor
stations. The proposed application and the power meter both provide
rather accumulation rather massive forecasting information about
technical state of GTA, rapid analysis of the effectiveness of GTA
in different modes, optimization working of GTA. As a consequence,
there are provided reduction of gas consumption for GTA needs,
reduction cost of GTA maintenance, reconstruction and
attendance.
Keywords: Compressor station, gas-transfer aggregate, program to
determine the parameters of the indirect, gas-dynamic
characteristics of, torsional tipe meter of supplied power, primary
converter, microcontroller, analysis of strength
,
, , . -
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
61
(, , ). ( , , , , (ABO) , ..) .
() , , . , , () ..
, , 8-10%, - 40% 30% [1].
, ( ), , , , , , .
1. -6 -6-56-2
, -6 -6-56-2 Visual Basic ( .exe ) [2] - . :
Q/Qmin
Q () N
( 1), .
1
( ) .
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
62
. . , , . , , . . , . . , . , .
, .
2. -6
. 0.25% .
2.1
, , PIC16F84 MicroChip .
2.2 . -6
-6-56-2 ( ), . . . , . . ( ) , , . 2. . , , , , . - , .
2.3 : , ,
, , , . 3. -6 -6-56-2 , , ( ), . ( , 2). , ,
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
63
. . ( , ) (, , ).
2 PIC16F84
3
2.4 . ,
, , . , . : 65( , ; , : , , ) 40 ( , ; , , ).
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
64
. , , :
; ; : ; ; ,
-6. . : n = 6150 / - , N =6300 / - , d=10
, G=810000/2 , l=149.5 .
: = 508/2 - ; = 1.480 ; t=40.108 - / 65 2000/2.
. . : n = 6150 / - , N =6300 / - , R1=5.1 -
, R2=6.5 , G=810000/2 -
, l=147 - . : =372.6/2 - / 40 1700/2.
.
-6 SolidWorks SimulationXpress. 2.3
. ( ), , 2,06696. 2.4
. ( ), , 8,2734. 2.5
. ( ), , 2,089. 2.6
. ( ), , 1,933. , ' [3].
4
5
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
65
,
, ; :
; , ,
, , ..
1. . .: .
.-: , 2000. 100. 2. -6-56-2: , 1984
45. 3. .., ..: .
. .: , 2008. 204 .
10.06.12
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, 15-18 2012 .
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7
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
66
622.692.4
-
. . , . .
, 76019, . - , . , 15, . (03422) 4-24-64, e-mail:
[email protected]
, - ' 171. ' . ' , , .
: , , , ', , , , .
, - 171. . , , .
: , , , , , , .
The results of experimental studies and analyzed the impact of
long-term operation of gas pipelines,
as well as natural stress concentrators on the
physico-mechanical properties of welded joints of steel
17G1S. The technique and the regularities of the destruction of
the material of welded joints of gas
pipelines under static and low frequency loading for long term
use, as well as stress concentrators. Some
aspects of the mechanism of fracture of welded
zednantruboprovodiv who are in long-term operation, as
well as stress concentrations.
Key words: fatigue, floods, stress concentrators, weld of unity,
weld, gas, static load, low-frequency
loads.
, . , , .
, . , . . , , , , '. , .
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
67
.
171 , . , .
' ,
,
RK
(1)
R .
' , R/
, ,
R . ,
.
.
: = R, = 1.
, ,
jmax - [2], jmax = R = jmax. : jmax = R = jmax < . , : (
)
( ).
, ,
d
d
2
1 (2)
,
n, (2) :
dn 21 . (3)
, n
( ) minn. ,
, ,
, , n>0,25. ,
,
j K1 .
, ,
, d d , (3)
en 21 . (4)
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
68
(1)
.
1/4 ( b = 50 ).
.
.
(0) 1.
, ,
.
14 171.
1 -
. , ,
)180...130(1 .
,
,
, .
, , ,
, .
(, 17 - 4000-5000 )
.
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. , ,
.
,
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.
()
.
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S [2]. ,
.
. ,
. , , ,
d/d . , ,
, .
d/d
.
,
,
.
2/1 d sy , (5)
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
69
; ; ,
, ; d .
222
1 2 , (6)
.
,
. dl/dN 2. .
. ,
, , -
, ' , ,
.
S, 1,
R.
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(, 171 19).
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) .
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30-
. , ,
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(, ).
, , . . , , .
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
70
() , 90 .
1- ; 2- ; 3-
1
, , - , , . 40 .
. , . . , .
2, 3 , , .
, , , , .
. , (-) , . , , , , . , , ,
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
71
- , , ' , , , .
1- ; 2- ; 3-
2
1- ; 2- ; 3-
3
.
,
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
72
20 , .
. , .
, , . (. 4). . . 16 .
1- ; 2- ; 3-
4
, . , 171, .
, , - .
, , ,
, , .
, . ,
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
73
, , .
, , . ,
, , ' , . , , , . . ' . , ( 20 ) . , , , .
, , , .
1. .. - / .., .., .. // . 2005. - 1(14). .25-29.
2. .. / .. // .:, 1963.- 188.
3. .. - / .. , ... - .: , 1990. - 347.
4. .. / ... - .: , 1985. - 207.
5. .. / .., .. // . 2004. - 3(12). .31-34.
6. .. 171 / .., .., .. // .-. . 2004. -6. . 111-114.
10.06.12
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15-18 2012 .
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ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
74
621.438:622
-
. .
,76019, . -, . ,15, (03422)42157,
e-mail:[email protected]
. - , . .
: , ,
. - , . .
: , ,
Are examined question of the centralized maintenance of linear
part of main gas pipeline. The
ekonomo-mathematical model of process, which is examined as
funkktsiya specific expenses on service, is
created. Optimization of process settles service to shorten
expenses on exploitation.
Keywords: reliability, main gas pipeline, diagnosticating
, , . , ". 33 , .
17.27% 33 , 13.66% 10 . , 30.33% , .
, , . , . , .
- .
, , .
- , . , ', - . (') -
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
75
n21
E,...E,EE . (t) . , :
-
- -
() -
, -
-
t
5
4
3
2
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- () :
-
() ( ); - (, )
; - ( )
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1. ,
. . ,
( ) .
- :
minVZ . (1)
[1]. ( ) , , () ( ). .
- :
QZnZnZZ V /n , (2)
n nn , - ,
, , 1/; Q -
/; Z, Zn - , () , .
,
, 1/. ()
(t).
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
76
1 - ; 2 - ; 3 - (); 4 - ; 5 -
1 - -
( Z, Zn ) :
- ( ) -Z; - ; - -(, ) - q ; - - ;
- - , .
1/ . ,
, :
0
1
3
2
2
0
11
...111
K
K
K
K
dttPP
dttPPdttPPdtt
, (3)
)(1)( tt - , ', t (
).
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
77
(), .
() :
1
1
0
3
2
2
2
0
111
...1
11
K
K
K
K
ab
dtttPdtt
dtttP
dtttPdtt
. (4)
:
QQQ , (5)
Q - (, ); Q -
. ()
( ) . , ', . - [1]. . , . q () , . q :
1
1
0 0
3
2
0
2
0
11
...1
11
K
K
K
t
t
Kt
t
t
t t
t
dxdtPqdxdtq
dPdtq
dPdtqdxxdtqQ
. (6)
, , . " ( ; ) , , (, , ). () .
, , , :
Q 1
, (7)
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
78
- .
0
1
0 0
0 0
0 0 0
1exp
11exp
11exp
111!
K
K
K
K
K
K
t
K
t r
rKdt
r
dxxPP
dttKPP
dttKPP
PPter
dt
. (8)
(6) - (8) (5) :
1
0
0
1
10
1exp1
11
K
K
K
K
t
t
K
KK
Kt
dxxPPC
dxxdtPqdxdtqQ
. (9)
(),
1
0
0 0
dte
dttttd
t
. (10)
:
tt exp1 , (11)
=1/ . , (10), (11),
(3), (4), (9) :
;11
1
eP
ePn (12)
;n (13)
nn
CqCQ
exp1 . (14)
,
3
- :
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
79
n
v qZZq
ZZ
Z
exp , (15)
nn - (12).
- .
1. .. . .., .. , .. . : , 1991. - 160 .
10.06.12
-
, 15-18 2012 .
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ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
80
.621.532.3
. . , . .
; . , 15, .-, 76019, -mail: [email protected]
, . , .
: , , , , .
, . , .
: , , , , .
The analysis operating expenses for natural gas dehydration
units within departments trunk
pipelines, one of which - dyetylenhlikolyu loss in drying
apparatus. The ways to reduce these losses by using the apparatus
for drying a new tubular tips that work in film mode.
Keywords: Natural gas, dehydration, loss of diethylene glycol,
trubchastaya nozzle, film mode.
. , .
- . (5080 %) (2150 %) [1,2]. , , .
, . , . , , , . , ( (. 1) [3]), , .
, .
2 7 , (. 1).
.
N ,
, :
W
WWN
,
W .
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
81
0,002
0,001
y
0,10 0,2 0,3
,
x,
D
A
C
B
1 () (CD)
1 (N) , (g)
(g g) % .
,
2 3 4 5 6 7
g = 99,5 % .
L
N 1,0
83,13
2,088
58,23
2,053
45,78
2,023
38,31
1,997
33,33
1,973
29,78
1,952
L
N 1,5
55,14
2,113
38,62
2,078
30,37
2,047
25,41
2,020
22,11
1,996
19,75
1,975
L
N 2,0
41,14
2,138
28,82
2,102
22,66
2,071
18,96
2,044
16,50
2,019
14,74
1,998
g = 99,0 % .
L
N 1,0
82,71
2,126
57,93
2,091
45,55
2,060
38,12
2,033
33,16
2,009
29,63
1,988
L
N 1,5
54,86
2,151
38,43
2,115
30,21
2,084
25,28
2,057
22,00
2,032
19,65
2,011
L
N 2,0
40,93
2,176
28,67
2,139
22,54
2,108
18,86
2,080
16,41
2,055
14,66
2,033
g = 98,5 % .
L
N 1,0
82,28
2,164
57,64
2,128
45,32
2,097
37,92
2,069
33,00
2,045
29,47
2,023
L
N 1,5
54,57
2,189
38,23
2,153
30,06
2,121
25,15
2,093
21,88
2,068
19,55
2,046
L
N 2,0
40,72
2,214
28,52
2,177
22,43
2,145
18,77
2,116
16,33
2,091
14,59
2,069
(W-W) 0,844 0,591 0,465 0,389 0,338 0,302 : L ; W
, , ( ) () ; L (W-W) 31000/
.
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
82
, :
WW
WW
WWWWW
ln
,
W . , , :
B
ppW
74910 6 ,
p - :
41465,601,019863,7
01,097304,201,0475,101,06021,0exp
234
t
tttp ;
p , t Co . :
2216,401,000075,2
01,006606,101,03798,001,006058,0exp
234
t
tttB .
:
xWW ,
x g :
12,10602,18
100
02,18100
gg
gx
,
0 Co 30
Co :
2
1
137,01
0245,0
15,273303,2exp
xx
t .
L , , :
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
83
gg
gWWL
.
,
98,5 99,5 % . , 1,952 2,214. 7 2 2,79 , . 1 .
. , , .
[4] , , , , .
, [5], , , . .. [6], 0,5 1 2/ 10% . , .
, , Sulzer,
. 5,2 20 Co , 0,394 /.
.. [7] () (.2), . , (~ 74 %) , , . , , .
2
-
, ,
.
73,7
7,7
8,4
8,9
1,0
0,3
: 100
3 .. 2 7 . ..
: 20 Co ,
98,5 % ., 0,12 ,
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
84
97 Co , 154 Co ,
0,6 0,15 , .
3 -
, 31000
,
2 3 4 5 6 7
-
2,8 1,9 1,5 1,1 0,95 0,9
3,3 3,3 3,3 3,3 3,3 3,3
0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2
, ,
0,07 0,07 0,07 0,07 0,07 0,07
: 6,37 5,47 5,07 4,67 4,52 4,47
.
. ( ) 7 2
4,47 31000 6,37 31000 , 2 31000 .
, .
, , , 19 20
31000 . , . 1,
[4], ,
20 (128)31000 .
.., .. [8] - , . 0,0305 30 40
(110 145) h = 0,3 0,55 .
[9] [8], , 0,025 15 % . ,
, 4,0h .
H hNH 11,05
2 , 98,5 % 2 %.
, . 11,05 . , 2,4 24,68 ( 821.00.00.000) 30 2 35 .3/ 5 5,2 .
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
85
, Sulzer , , [4] .
1. .. / .. // . 1992. 2. . 47-49.
2. .. / .. , .. // . 1978. 6. .1-17.
3. .. . / .. , .. : .: , 1983. 224 .
4. . 30278 , 6 F 28D 1/04. / .. , .. 98020798. . 17.02.1998; .
15.11.2000, . 6-.
5. .. / .., .. : 6- . .-. . [ 2000]. -: . 2000. 3. .60-62.
6. .. / .. .: , 1970. 412 .
7. .. / .. // . 1979. 10. .10-15.
8. .. / .., .. . // . 1993. 1. . 43-46.
9. .. . / .. // - . -2002. - 2 (3). . 61-66.
10.06.12
- ,
15-18 2012 .
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
86
622.692.4
-
. .
, 76019, . -, ., 15, . (03422) 49358,
e-mail: [email protected] -
. , , , , , . , . - . - .
: - , , . -
. , , , , , . , . - . - .
: - , , .
This research is dedicated to the exploration of the complex
basic processability requirements to
construction of block-ganged equipment. Total, structural,
specific, comparative, relative processability
index are described in this research. In this research are
explored basic formulas for definition of labor
coefficient, consumption of materials, cost of price to every
processability index. Major subjects of this
research are surface facilities of main gaspipelines in
block-ganged implementation. This research's aim
is to examine peculiarities of tasks of optimal designing of
block-ganged equipment. Keywords: block-ganged equipment, surface
facility , main gaspipelines. - '
, , .
- () - , ' . - , .
- , . :
- , ;
, ; ; -; - . . -
(, ), , .
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
87
: ; ()
; ,
; , . .
- - , - - , , , . ., .., ., B.. [1-4].
( )
, - . , . , , , , , . , ( ) , .
- () , :
( ); ( ,
, ); , (
). , ,
. ,
, . , , ( ) .
, . , - , , ( 1).
, . , , . , . () .
- . , (, ) . , - , , . . , , , , . , .
, ' - , -
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
88
.
1
- , - ,
-
,
, -
,
( )
- ,
,
. , () (). ( n- , ). , , . . , , . , . , , , , , .
, , . , (, ) . , , , . - .
, , . , : (), , , (, ) ( 2).
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
89
. , , .
2
k
i
ik tttT1
1 ...
n
i
in mmmM1
1 ... () , ,, , , , .
() , , , .
(, ) ()
, , , , .
t
Mm
SS
t
M
Mm
S
SS
tt i
M
mm i
S
SS i
:
, , ;
Smt ,, , , ;
Smt ,, , , ;
Smt ,, , , ;
ktt ...1 , , ;
k , ;
nmm ...1 ;
n ;
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
90
S ,, , , , ;
, ;
iii Smt ,, , , - .
, ' ( 1).
1 '
' ,
, " ' ".
- ' : ; - ,
- ; . , ,
, , , ' :
, , , ;
- , -, , , , , , ; () , ', , .;
() , (, , , ), ;
() , , , (), ();
, , , , ;
, ' , , ;
, ' - , (), .
, ', ;
, ', (,
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
91
, .);
' , ;
' , , , "" ;
, , , , ' ;
, ' ;
- , ;
' .
- : (
); ; (
); ' , - (), (
-), - ;
' ( - -).
-
- .
, ' - , (), .
1. B.. -
/ .., B.. // . 1984. 5. . 48-51.
2. .. - / .. .: , 1977. 304 .
3. .. - : / .., .., ... .: , 1986. 576 .
4. .. - / ..// - . -1985. . 4. 44 .
10.06.12
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, 15-18 2012 .
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ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
92
622.691.4
. . 1, . . 2
1 ; . , 15, . -, 76019.
-mail: [email protected] 2 -: . , -,
- . -mail: [email protected]
. - . . .
: , , , .
. - . . .
: , , , .
In the calculations of thermal regimes of gas pipelines into
account the effect of the environment is
used the term overall heat transfer coefficient from the gas in
the ground. The calculation this coefficient for a specific
pipeline is almost impossible because of the great length of the
pipeline with
different thermal properties of soils. In practice, the heat
transfer coefficient is given by an average
value, or determined from the solution of inverse problems.
Therefore there is the problem of assessing
the effect of errors in the determination of heat transfer
coefficient on the accuracy of thermal-hydraulic
calculation
Key words: Gas pipelines, thermal regime, the term transfer
coefficient, mistake.
: , . . , , , . , .
.
.
. [1]:
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
93
dQ dU dL , (1)
d ; dU ; dL , . , :
dQ dQ dQ , (2)
dQ ,
; dQ , .
dL :
dL pdv . (3)
( )d pv pdv vdp . (4)
( ) ( ) ( )p dp
dL d pv d pv vdp d
, (5)
1
v
(, ).
:
2 21 1 2 2
1 22 2
P PU U q L
, (6)
2
02
dPdU d dq dL
, (7)
2
02
dPd dL
. (8)
dU dq, .
2
2d
:
dPdL
.
(1)
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
94
( )P
dQ dQ dU d dL
. (9)
,
dQ dL , (10)
( )P
dQ dU d
. (11)
:
( )Q kF t t t , (12)
F d dx - ,
0( )k D
dQ T T dxM
, (13)
M . :
( )P P
dU d d U di
. (14)
0( )k D
T T dx diM
.[2]
( ) ( , )i i P T . , :
P T
i idi dT dP
T P
. (15)
P
i
T
T
i
P
.
, PP
i
T
.
T
i
P
0di .
0P T
i idT dP
T P
.
:
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
95
T P i
i i dT
P T dP
,
P P iT i
i dTc D
P dP
, (16)
Di -.
0( ) p p ik D
T T dx dT D dPM
. (17)
p
k Da
M
, :
0( )idT dP
D a T Tdx dx
. (18)
, dP
dx. ,
[3]:
2 22 2 2
2 2 2
1( ( ) )
2( )
dP d x P PP P P
dx dx L L xP P P
L
. (19)
2 2
02 2 2
( )2
( )
iDdT P P a T Tdx L x
P P PL
. (20)
dP
dx , 0 T T1 T,
:
0
1 0
1ln
i
i
dPa T T D
dx xdPa
a T T Ddx
, (21)
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ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
96
0
1 0
ia x
i
dPa T T D
dx edP
a T T Ddx
, (22)
1 - , .
2 21 2
2 cp
dP P P
dx P l
,
-
2 2
1 20 1 0 1
2
a x a xx i
cp
P PT T T T e D e
a P x
. (23)
Di =0 (23) ..
0 1 0a x
xT T T T e . (24)
(23) (24) , ,
2 2
1 2 12
a x i
cp
P PT D e
a P x
.
,
. ,
(3...5) .
2 2
1 20 1 0
1 11 1
2
a la l
icp
e P PT T T T D e
a l a P l a l
. (25)
, . ,
1 2
1 2
3 3cpT T T , (26)
T2 - , K. k = 1,5...2,0 /(2K).
. . , ,
.
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
97
140020 100 . 90 . 3 T1 = 300
P1 = 7,39 . 0 =273 . = 0,56.
1 /(2). = 1, = 1. [4]
3 6
3
0,11,696 1,838 10 1,96 10
cpp cp
cp
PC T
T
.
- [4]
6
2
1 0,98 101,5i
p cp
DC T
.
610 1,293
24 3600
QM
.
.
3Re 17,75 10Q
D
,
D , ; , .
:
0,22158
0,067Re
ek
D
,
ke , ke=0,03 . [4]:
2 2 51 2 00
0
P P DQ k Q k c
z T l
, (27)
, ; 1 2
; ; z ; ; l .
(23) (25) , .
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
98
22
11 2
2
3
P
.
.
Excel.. 1... 6.
0,000
0,005
0,010
0,015
0,020
0,025
0,030
0,035
0,040
0,045
0,050
1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0
, /(2*)
1
0
0,002
0,004
0,006
0,008
0,01
0,012
0,014
1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0
, /(2*)
2
0,000
0,005
0,010
0,015
0,020
0,025
0,030
0,035
1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0
, /(2*)
3
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
99
0,0000
0,0010
0,0020
0,0030
0,0040
0,0050
0,0060
1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0
, /(2*)
4
0,800
0,900
1,000
1,100
1,200
1,300
1,400
1,500
1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0
, /(2*)
,
5
0,0030
0,0035
0,0040
0,0045
0,0050
0,0055
0,0060
1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0
, /(2*)
,
6
3 %, 0,4 %.
1,5...2,5 /(2) [5] 0,4 % 0,07 % .
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
100
, . , , DN 1020 : 0,3 %, 0,06 %. .
, 1,5...2,5 /(2) .
1 / [.., .., .. .]: . ... .: , 2002. 600 .
2 .. // .., .. . . ., 1980. .20.
3 .., // .. , .. , .. // . . . 1975. 1. .122-130.
4 . , 1, : 51-1-85, [ 1986-01-01]. .: . 221 .
5 . . / .. , .. , .. . .: , 1971. 216 .
10.06.12
- ,
15-18 2012 .
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ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
101
622.691
. .
, 76019, . -, . , 15, .(03422)42157
e-mail:[email protected]
, .
: , ,
, .
: , ,
Methodology of construction descriptions elements gascompressor
unit is offered in the conditions of
the compressor stations on the basis of that the estimation of
energy and efficiency of work GCU is
conducted.
Keywords: gas compressor unit, compressor station,
description
.
, .
- , - . , , . , , , , . , ( ) . .
, - , , , , .
, . [ 1 ]:
54
3
*
21
aa
aanaA
, (1)
54
321
bGb
bnbGbB
. (2)
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
102
.
. . .
. : , , ; . , , ...
. .n ,
. . .n . .n
. ,
. .n , ... ,
:
B
A. .
. ..., .
.A .A , . . 3%,
- , , . , 3%, .
1 520-12-2
. 2 3.
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
103
, , . 0,758 0,804. . , .
2 - -10
3 - 520-12-2
520-12-2 , . 0,8201 0,8567. ( ).
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
104
, .
, , , , . , , .
1. .. / .. , .., .. // .- 1(38).- 2011.- . 88-90
2. .. . /.. , .. , .. // .- 1(27). - 2011.- .53-56.
10.06.12
- ,
15-18 2012 .
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
105
622.692.4
. . , . .
, 76019, . -, . , 15, . (03422)42157, e-mail:
[email protected]
, .
: , .
, .
: , .
Exploring the transient processes in pipeline pressure
fluctuations caused by changes in gas
consumption, the new method estimates the amount of gas in the
pipeline.
Keywords: non-stationary gas consumption, material balance.
. , . 500 /, 10 /. , .
2,,0 mtLmtm , (1)
,,0 tm tLm , - , 2m - .
, ,,0 tm tLm , .
.
RTz
VPm 2 , (2)
V - , R - , TP , -
, z - .
2
2
2
MdF
zRT
x
P
, xF
Mc
t
P
22
. (3)
-
ISSN 19939965. . 2012. 2(32)
106
2
222
x
P
t
P
, (4)
W
d
2c , W - , kRTc 2 - .
, ,
L
xPPPxP )(0,
2222 . (5)
, ,
, tM . (4),
PtP ,0 , tMxP
Lx
22
, (6)
- , R - , T - , F - , z - .
, ,
tML
xM
L
xPPPtxP
22
0
2222 1)(,
1
21cos
2
112 222
n
L
tnn
eL
nx
(7)
L
c dxtxPL
P0
22 ,1
. (8)
(7)
5
1
2
22
0
22 2
22
2
1121,
n
L
tnn
c eL
tML
xMPtxP
. (9)
. , 20 .
(9) 076,6
56,5 , .
, ,
.43,0 20 . ,
, . , , ,
, , .
1. .. / .., .., .. . - , 2002.
10.06.12
-
