1

ေကးဇးတငလႊာ

ဤစာအပျဖစေျမာကေအာင အဓကရပေငြ ေထာကပေပးခေသာ

အနအးဒ (National Endowment for Democracy) ႏင ဒမကေရစ၊

လ႔အခြငအေရးႏင အလပသမားဗရ (Department of State’s Bureau

for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor) အား

အထးေကးဇးတငရပါသည။

ဤစာအပျဖစေျမာကရန အဂၤလပဘာသာမ ျမနမာဘာသာသ႔

ျပနဆ ေပးေသာ ကေအာငမးေဇာ (လ႔ေဘာငသစ ဒမကရကတစပါတ)၊

ကတးေကာလႈင၊ ကစးျမတသ၊ ကဘၾကည (ေအေအပပ) ႏင ကေဇာမး

(ေအေအပပ)၊ ၀ငး၀နး တညးျဖတေပးေသာ ကေအာငမးေကာ

(ေအေအပပ)၊ ကမးေကာ (ေအေအပပ) ႏင မလႈငလႈငျမင (ေအေအပပ)၊

အဖကဖကမ ပါ၀ငကညေဆာငရြကေပးပါေသာ ေအေအပပအဖြ႔သားမား

ကလညး ေကးဇး တငရပါသည။

2

Acknowledgements

This book was made possible with the generous funding

and support of the National Endowment for Democracy and the

United States Department of State’s Bureau for Democracy,

Human Rights and Labor.

Our thanks go to Ko Aung Myo Zaw (Democratic Party for

a New Society), Ko Toe Kyaw Hlaing, Ko Soe Myat Thu, Ko Bo

Kyi (AAPP) and Ko Zaw Moe who translated the Burmese version

of this book. We extend our thanks to the efforts to the AAPP

staffs involved in this book and assisting with editing including Ko

Aung Myo Kyaw, Ko Moe Kyaw and Ma Hlaing Hlaing Myint.

3

အမာစာ

ျမနမာႏငငအတြငး လ႔အခြငအေရးခးေဖာကမႈမားသည ေနရာ

အႏ႔အျပားတြင ေန႔စဥႏငအမ ျဖစေပၚခသညမာ ဆယစႏစေပါငးမားစြာ

ၾကာျမငလာခေပသည။ လလခငးအႏငကင ညႇဥးပနး ႏပစကမႈမားသည

အဆးရြားဆးေသာ လ႔အခြငအေရးခးေဖာကမႈတြင ပါဝငေနပါသည။ ထသ႔

ျဖစေနရျခငးမာ တငးျပညႏငငေရး မတညၿငမမႈ၊ ျပညတြငး ပဋပကၡမားမ

အစျပ၍ ျပညတြငးစစမား ျဖစေနျခငးသည အေျခခအေၾကာငးတရား

မားပင ျဖစသည။

ထညဥးပနးႏပစကမႈမားအား လကနကကငအငအားစမား၊ ဥစၥာဓန

အငအားၾကးသမား၊ အာဏာရသမားမ အမားဆး ကးလြနခၾက ေပသည။

တဆကတညးတြင ကးလြနသမားက ျပစဒဏ ေပးျခငးမ ကငးလြတခြင

ရေစျခငးမာလညး ဆကလကကးလြနရန တြနးအားေပးသလ ျဖစေစခ

ပါသည။ အကးဆကအားျဖင အမနးတရားမား၊ အာဃာတ တရားမား၊

လကတန႔ျပနလမႈမား ပမလာေစ ခပါသည။

ယေန႔အခနကာလသည အမးသားရငၾကားေစေရး၊ ၿငမးခမးေရးအတြက

အဖကဖကမ အားသြနခြနစက ဝငးဝနးၾကးပနး ေဆာငရြကေနေသာ

အခနကာလပငျဖစသည။ ထသ႔ေသာ အေျခအေနတြင ညႇဥးပနး

ႏပစကမႈမားအား ဟန႔တားႏငရန၊ ကာကြယႏငရန အထး အားထတရန

အေရးတၾကး လအပေနေပသည။ သ႔မသာ ကးလြနခရသမား၏

ေဝဒနာမား၊ အမနးမား၊ အၿငးမားက ကစားေပးႏငမညသာ ျဖစသည။

4

ထသ႔ေသာ ညငးပနးႏပစကမႈမားက ကာကြယ၊ ကစားႏငရနအတြက

ကလသမဂၢ ညႇဥးပနးႏပစကမႈဆန႔ကငေရး` သေဘာတစာခပ (United

Nation Convention Against Torture- UNCAT) အား

လကမတေရးထးရန အတြက မျဖစမေနလအပေနေသာ ကာလပင

ျဖစသည။

UNCAT သည အစးရအား ညႇဥးပနးႏပစကမႈက ထေရာကစြာ ပတပင

ႏငရနအတြက အေသးစတျပငဆငခကမား၊ တားဆးျခငးမားက

လပေဆာငႏငရနအတြက မားစြာအေထာကအက ျပမညျဖစသည။

UNCAT အား အစးရမ လကမတေရးထးရနအတြက ၿပးခသည လႊတေတာ

သကတမးတြင အမးသားဒမကေရစအဖြ႔ခပ၊ လႊတေတာ ကယစားလယ

ေဒါကတာေအာငမးည (လကရ မေကြးတငး ေဒသၾကး ဝနၾကးခပ)မ

အဆတငသြငးရာ လႊတေတာမ ေထာကခအတညျပေပးခၿပး သမၼတ

ဥးသနးစန အစးရမလညး လကမတေရးထးမညဟ ထတျပန ေျပာဆခၿပး

ျဖစပါသည။ သ႔ေသာလညး သမၼတ ဥးသနးစနအစးရအေနျဖင အစးရ

သကတမးကနဆးသညအထ လကမတေရးထးချခငး မရပါ။

ထ႔ေၾကာင လကရျမနမာႏငင၏ အစးရအသစအေနျဖင ထစာခပ

လကမတထးႏငေရးအား အေကာငအထညေဖာ ေဆာငရြကသငပါသည။

ဤသေဘာတစာခပတြငပါရေသာ ႏႈနးစမားက လကချခငးသည

အစးရအား လ႔အခြင အေရးက အထးအေလးထားေၾကာငး ယၾကညမႈ

ရရေစျခငးအျပင ျပညသမား၏ ပးေပါငးေဆာငရြကမႈကလညး ရရႏငမည

ျဖစသည။ ေကာငးမြနေသာ အပခပေရးစနစျဖစရနအတြက မားစြာ

5

အေထာကအကျဖစမညျဖစၿပး ဒမကေရစေရး၊ လျခေရးကလညး

ေကာငးစြာ ျဖစထြနး ေစမညျဖစသည။ UNCAT သည ကးလြနသမားအား

ဟန႔တားႏငေရးအတြက ဥပေဒေၾကာငးအရ အေထာကအကမား

ျပငဆငပပးေပးမႈ ပါဝငပါသည။ ထ႔အျပင ကးလြနခရသမားအား

လေလာကမတသည အစားထး ျပငဆငမႈမား၊ ကစားမႈမား ရရလာရန

အတြကလညး အေထာကအက ျပထား ပါသည။ အခပအားျဖင UNCAT

က လကမတထး၊ လကနာျခငးအားျဖင ညႇဥးပနးႏပစကမႈႏင အျခား

ရကစက၍ လမဆနေသာ သ႔မဟတ လ႔ဂဏသကၡာ ကဆငးေစေသာ

ဆကဆျပမမား ဟန႔တားႏငေရးအတြက ထေရာက၍ အေရးပါေသာ

လမးညြနခကမားက အေကာငအထညေဖၚမည ျဖစေပသည။

ထ႔ေၾကာင အစးရအေနျဖင ႏငငသ ႏငငသားမား၏ အကးစးပြားက

ကာကြယေပးႏငရန အလ႔ငာ ကလသမဂၢ ညႇဥးပနးႏပစကမႈဆန႔ကငေရး

သေဘာတစာခပ ( United Nation Convention Against Torture-

UNCAT) အား လကမတေရးထးႏငရနအတြက သကဆငသအားလးအား

အေထာက အကျပႏငရနရညရြယ၍ မမတ႔ ႏငငေရးအကဥးသားမား

ကည ေစာငေရာက ေရးအသငးမ ထစာခပအား ျမနမာဘာသာသ႔

ျပနဆ၍ ထတေဝျဖန႔ခ လကပါသည။

6

ညႇဥးပနးႏပစကမႈႏငအျခားရကစက၍လမဆနေသာ သ႔မဟတ

လ႔ဂဏသကၡာကဆငးေစေသာ ဆကဆမႈ သ႔မဟတ ျပစဒဏေပးမႈ

ဆန႔ကငေရး ႏငငတကာသေဘာတစာခပ

ဤသေဘာတစာခပက ကလသမဂၢ အေထြေထြညလာခ ဆးျဖတခက

အမတ ၃၉/၄၆ ျဖင ၁၉၈၄ ခႏစ ဒဇငဘာလ ၁၀ ရကေန႕တြင

အတညျပခၿပး သေဘာတလကမတေရးထးရန၊ အတညျပခပဆရနႏင

ထပတးအဖြ႔ဝငအျဖစ လကမတ ေရးထးရန ထေန႔မ စတငခြငျပခသည။

အပဒ ၂၇ (၁) အရ ၁၉၈၇ ခႏစ၊ ဇြနလ ၂၆ ရကေန႔တြင စာခပစတင

အသကဝငသည။

ဤသေဘာတစာခပက အတညျပလကမတေရးထးထားေသာ အဖြ႕ဝင

ႏငငမားသည ---

ကလသမဂၢ ပဋညာဥစာတမးတြင ထတျပနေၾကညာထားသည မ၀ါဒ

မားအရ ေသာလညးေကာငး၊ လသားအားလး တြငရ သည ျငငးပယ၍

မရေသာ တညမတသည အခြငအေရးမားက အသအမတျပျခငးသည

ကမၻာတစဝနး လြတလပျခငး၊ တရားမတျခငး ႏင ၿငမးခမးျခငးတ႔၏

အေျခခအတျမစ ျဖစသညဟ ခယ၍ေသာလညးေကာငး၊

ထအခြငအေရးမားသည လသားတစဥး၏ ေမြးရာပါလ႔ဂဏသကၡာမ

ဆငးသကလာသညက အသအမတျပ၍ေသာ လညးေကာငး၊

7

လ႔အခြငအေရးႏင အေျခခလြတလပခြငမားက လသားတငး ေလးစား

လကနာေရးႏင အသအမတျပ ေရးတ႔က ျမငတငေပးရန အစးရမားတြင

တာဝနရသညဆသည ကလသမဂၢ ပဋညာဥစာတမး အပဒ ၅၅ အရ

ေသာလညးေကာငး၊

မညသ႔ကမ ညႇဥးပနးႏပစကမႈႏင အျခားရကစက၍ လမဆနေသာ

သ႔မဟတ လ႔ဂဏသကၡာကဆငးေစေသာ ဆကဆမႈ သ႔မဟတ

ျပစဒဏေပးမႈမရေစရဟ ျပ႒ာနးထားသည အျပညျပညဆငရာ လ႔အခြင

အေရးေၾကညာစာတမး အပဒ ၅ ႏင ႏငငသားႏင ႏငငေရးအခြင

အေရးမားဆငရာ ႏငငတကာသေဘာတစာခပ အပဒ ၇ တ႔က ေလးစား

လကနာ၍ေသာလညးေကာငး၊

၁၉၇၅ ခႏစ၊ ဒဇငဘာလ ၉ရကေန႕တြင ကလသမဂၢအေထြေထြညလာခမ

အတညျပခသည ညႇဥးပနးႏပစကမႈႏင အျခားရကစက၍ လမဆနေသာ

သ႔မဟတ လ႔ဂဏသကၡာကဆငးေစေသာ ဆကဆမႈ သ႔မဟတ ျပစဒဏ

ေပးမႈမ လသားအားလးအား အကာအကြယေပးေရး ေၾကညာခကက

ေလးစားလကနာ၍ေသာလညးေကာငး၊

ကမၻာတစဝနးလးတြင ညႇဥးပနးႏပစကမႈႏင အျခားရကစက၍ လမဆန

ေသာ သ႔မဟတ လ႔ဂဏသကၡာကဆငးေစေသာ ဆကဆမႈ သ႔မဟတ

ျပစဒဏေပးမႈ ဆန႔ကငေရးလႈပရားမႈက ပမထေရာကေစလေသာ ဆႏၵျဖင

ေသာလညးေကာငး၊

ေအာကပါအတငး သေဘာတၾကပါသည။

8

အပငး ၁

အပဒ ၁

၁။ ဤသေဘာတစာခပတြင ရညညႊနးထားေသာ ညဥးပနးႏပစကမႈ

ဆသညမာ

“လတစဥးတစေယာကသ႔မဟတ အျခားသတစဥးထမသတငးရယရန

သ႔မဟတ ေျဖာငခကရယရန သ႔မဟတ လတစဥးတစေယာကသ႔မဟတ

အျခားသမ ကးလြနေသာ သ႔မဟတ ကးလြနသညဟ သသယရေသာ

လပရပအတြက အျပစေပးျခငး၊ထသ သ႔မဟတ အျခားသအား ၿခမးေျခာက

အကပကငျခငး၊ အတငးအကပျပျခငး၊ သ႔မဟတ ခြျခား ဆကဆမႈ

တစရပရပက အေျခခေသာ အေၾကာငးတစစတစရာ ေၾကာင

ျပငးထနေသာ ရပပငး သ႔မဟတ စတပငးဆငရာ နာကငမႈ သ႔မဟတ

ခစားရမႈမားက ႏငငဝနထမး သ႔မဟတ ထသ႔လပပငခြငရသ

ကယတငျဖစေစ၊ ၎၏တကတြနးခက သ႔မဟတ သေဘာတညခက

သ႔မဟတ ခြငျပခကျဖငျဖစေစ ရညရြယခကရရ ျဖငကးလြနျခငးက

ဆလသည။ ၎တ႔တြငေမြးရာပါ သ႔မဟတ ဥပေဒႏငအည အေရးယမႈမား

ေၾကာငျဖစေသာ နာကငမႈ သ႔မဟတ ခစားရမႈမားသာလငအကးမ၀ငပါ။”

၂။ ဤအပဒသည ႏငငတကာဥပေဒ သ႔မဟတ ျပညတြငးဥပေဒ

တစရပရပတြင ပါဝငေသာ သ႔မဟတ ပါဝငႏငေသာ ပမကယျပန႔စြာ

ကငသးသည ျပ႒ာနးခကမားအေပၚ လႊမးမး သကေရာကျခငး မရေစရ။

9

အပဒ ၂

၁။ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငတငးသည ၎၏ စရငပငခြငေအာကရ

မညသညေနရာေဒသတြငမဆ ညဥးပနးႏပစကျခငးက ကာကြယ

တားဆးရန ထေရာကသညဥပေဒျပေရး၊ အပခပေရး၊ တရားစရငေရး

သ႔မဟတ အျခားေသာ အစအမမား ထားရေဆာငရြကရမည။

၂။ စစမကျဖစပြားေနျခငးေၾကာငျဖစေစ သ႔မဟတ စစမကျဖစႏင

သည ၿခမးေျခာကမႈေၾကာငျဖစေစ သ႔မဟတ ျပညတြငးႏငငေရး

မတညၿငမမႈေၾကာငျဖစေစ သ႔မဟတ အျခားအေရးေပၚအေျခအေန

တစရပရပတြငျဖစေစ မညသည အေျခအေနမးတြငမ ညဥးပနး

ႏပစကမႈက မကငသးရ။

၃။ အထကအမန႔အရ သ႔မဟတ တာဝနရသတစဥး၏ ညႊနၾကား

ခကဟ အေၾကာငးျပ၍ ညဥးပနး ႏပစကျခငး မျပရ။

အပဒ ၃

၁။ လတစဥးတစေယာကသည အျခားႏငငတစႏငငတြင ညဥးပနး

ႏပစက ခရႏငသည အႏရာယရသညဟ ယၾကညရန ခငလေသာ

အေျခအေနမားရပါက မညသညစာခပအဖြ႔ဝင ႏငငကမ ထသအား

ႏငငမႏငထတျခငး၊ အတငးအကပ ျပနပ႔ျခငး သ႔မဟတ လႊအပျခငး

မျပရ။

10

၂။ ထသ႔ေသာအေျခအေနမား ရမရ သတမတဆးျဖတႏငရနအတြက

အခြငအာဏာရသမား အေနျဖင ျဖစႏငလင သကဆငရာႏငငတြင

အျမတေစ ပသဏၭာနျဖင ဆးဆးရြားရြား၊ ျမငသာထငသာ သ႔မဟတ

ၾကးမားေသာ လ႔အခြငအေရး ခးေဖာကမႈမား ရမရ အပါအဝင

ဆကစပေနသညမား အားလးက ထညသြငးစဥးစားရမည။

အပဒ ၄

၁။ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငတငးသည ညဥးပနးႏပစကသည လပရပမား

အားလးအား ၎၏ရာဇဝတ ဥပေဒအရ ျပစမႈေျမာကေၾကာငး သတမတ

ရမည။ ညဥးပနးႏပစကမႈ ကးလြနရန အားထတျခငးႏင ညဥးပနး

ႏပစကမႈတြင ၾကရာပါျဖစသည သ႔မဟတ ပါဝငသည မညသမဆ၏

လပရပကလညး အလားတ သတမတရမည။

၂။ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငတငးသည ဤျပစမႈမားက ၎တ႔၏ နကရႈငး

ေသာ သေဘာသဘာဝက ထည သြငးစဥးစားၿပး သငေတာေသာ ျပစဒဏ

မားျဖင အျပစေပးႏငေစရန ေဆာငရြကရမည။

11

အပဒ ၅

၁။ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငတငးသည ေအာကပါျဖစရပမားအတြက အပဒ ၄

တြင ရညညႊနးထားသည ျပစဒဏမားအေပၚ ၎၏ စရင ဆးျဖတခြင

ရရႏငရန လအပပါက ထသ႔ေသာအစအမမား ခမတ ေဆာငရြကရမည။

(က) ၎၏ တရားစရငပငခြငေအာကရ မညသညေနရာ တြငမဆ

သ႔မဟတ ထႏငငတြင မတပတငထားေသာ သေဘၤာတစစး သ႕မဟတ

ေလယာဥတစစးေပၚတြင ဤျပစမႈမားက ကးလြနေသာအခါ၊

(ခ) ျပစမႈကးလြနသညဟ စြပစြခရသသည ထႏငင၏ ႏငငသား

တစဥးျဖစေသာအခါ၊

(ဂ) ျပစမႈကးလြနခရသသည ထႏငငသားျဖစၿပး၊ ဤသညက

အေရးယေဆာငရြကသငသညဟ ထႏငငက ယဆလင၊

၂။ ျပစမႈကးလြနသညဟ စြပစြခရသသည ၎၏တရားစရင

ပငခြငေအာကရ ေနရာေဒသတစခခတြင ရေနၿပး၊ အပဒ ၈၊ ပဒခြ (၁) တြင

ေဖာျပထားသညအတငး ထသအား မညသညႏငငကမ မလႊအပ

သညျဖစရပမားတြင ဤသ႔ေသာ ျပစမႈမားအေပၚ ၎၏ တရားစရငပငခြင

ရရႏငရန လအပပါက စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငတငးသည ထသ႔ေသာ

အစအမမား ခမတေဆာငရြကရမည။

၃။ ဤသေဘာတညခကသည ျပညတြငးဥပေဒအရ ကငသးေသာ

မညသညရာဇဝတတရားစရင ပငခြငကမ ပစပယထားျခငး မရပါ။

12

အပဒ ၆

၁။ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငတငးသည မမႏငင၏ တရားစရငခြငပငနက

နယေျမထတြင အပဒ ၄ ၌ ေဖာျပထားေသာ ျပစမႈတစခခက

ကးလြနခသညဟ စြပစြခရသရေနပါက ထအေၾကာငးအရာႏင

ပတသက၍ ရႏငသမ အခကအလက မားက စစေဆးၿပးေနာက

အေျခအေန အကးအေၾကာငး ခငလသညဟ ေကနပယၾကညပါက

ထသအား ထနးသမးရမည သ႔မဟတ ထသ ရေနေစရန အာမခသည

အျခားဥပေဒေၾကာငးဆငရာ အစအမမား ခမတေဆာငရြကရမည။ ထသ႔

ထနးသမးျခငးႏင ဥပေဒေၾကာငးအရ စမမႈမားသည သကဆငရာႏငင၏

ဥပေဒျပ႒ာနးခကအတငး ျဖစရမည။ သ႔ေသာ ၎တ႔က

ရာဇဝတတရားစရငႏငေရး သ႔မဟတ ျပနလညလႊအပႏငေရးအတြက

လအပသည အခနအထသာ ဆကလကျပလပႏငသည။

၂။ ထႏငငသည ဤအခကအလကမားအေပၚကနဥး စစမးစစေဆးမႈ

ခကခငးျပလပရမည။

၃။ ဤအပဒ၏ ပဒခြ ၁ အရ ထနးသမးခရသ မညသ႔ကမဆ

၎ႏငငသားျဖစေသာ ႏငင၏ အနးဆးသငေတာရာ ကယစားလယ

သ႔မဟတ ထသသည ႏငငမသျဖစပါက ၎အၿမေနထငရာ ႏငင၏

ကယစားလယႏင ခကခငး ဆကသြယႏငရန ကညရမည။

13

၄။ ဤအပဒအရ ႏငငတစႏငငသည လပဂၢလတစဥးဥးက ထနးသမး

ၿပးေသာအခါ အပဒ ၅၊ ပဒခြ ၁ တြင ညႊနးဆထားသည ႏငငမားသ႔

ထသအား ထနးသမးထားေၾကာငးႏင မညသညအတြက ထနးသမး

ထားသညဆသည အေျခအေနမားက ခကခငး အေၾကာငးၾကားရမည။

ဤအပဒ၏ ပဒခြ ၂ တြင ေဖာျပထားသညကနဥးစစမးစစေဆးမႈက

ျပလပေသာႏငငသည ၎၏စစေဆးေတြ႔ရခကမားက အဆပါႏငငမားသ႔

ခကခငးအသေပးရမညအျပင ၎၏ တရားစရငပငခြငက ကငသးမည၊

မကငသးမညကလညး ေဖာျပရမည။

အပဒ ၇

၁။ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငတငးသည ၎၏ ပငနကနယေျမတြင အပဒ ၄

၌ ေဖာျပထားေသာ ျပစမႈတစခခက လပဂၢလတစဥးမ ကးလြနခသညဟ

စြပစြခရၿပး ထသအား မရငးႏငငသ႔ ျပနလညလႊေျပာငးေပးအပျခငး

မျပလင အပဒ ၅ ပါျပ႒ာနးခကမားက စဥးစားသးသပ၍ တရားစြဆ

ႏငရနအတြက အခြငအာဏာရသမားထ တငျပရမည။

၂။ ထအခြငအာဏာရသမားသည ဤကသ႔ေသာအမႈမားအား

စရငရာတြင ၎ႏငင၏ ျပညတြငး ဥပေဒအရ ၾကးေလးေသာ သေဘာ

သဘာဝရသည သာမနရာဇဝတျပစမႈမးက ကငတြယသကသ႔ စရင

ဆးျဖတရမည။ ပဒခြ ၅ အပဒ ၂ တြင ရညညႊနးေဖာျပထားေသာ ျပစမႈ

မားက တရားစြဆရနႏင ျပစဒဏခမတစရငရနအတြက လအပေသာ

14

ခငမာသည သကေသအေထာကအထားမားသည ပဒခြ ၅ အပဒ ၁

အတြက လအပသကသ႔ျဖစရမည။

၃။ အပဒ ၄ တြင ရညညႊနးေဖာျပထားေသာ ျပစမႈတစခခႏင

ဆကစပ၍ တရားစြဆခရသည မညသ႔ကမဆ တရားစရငမႈ အဆငတငး

တြင မတေသာျပမဆကဆမႈ ရရေစရန အာမခရမည။

အပဒ ၈

၁။ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏစႏငငၾကား ခပဆထားသည တရားခလႊအပျခငး

ဆငရာ မညသည သေဘာတစာခပတြငမဆ အပဒ ၄ တြင ရညညႊနး

ေဖာျပထားေသာ ျပစမႈမားက ျပနလညလႊေျပာငးေပးရမည ျပစမႈမားအျဖစ

ထညသြငးမတယရမည။ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမားသည ႏစႏငငၾကား

တရားခလႊအပျခငးဆငရာ သေဘာတစာခပတငးတြင အထကပါ

ျပစမႈမားက သကဆငရာႏငငသ႔ ျပနလညလႊေျပာငးေပးအပႏငေသာ

ျပစမႈမားအျဖစ ထညသြငးေရးဆြရမည။

၂။ အကယ၍ တရားခလႊအပျခငးက သးျခားသေဘာတညခက

ျဖငသာ ေဆာငရြကမညဟ ျခြငးခကထားရသည စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငင

တစႏငငအေနျဖင ၎ႏင ထသ႔သေဘာတညခက မရေသာ ႏငငတစ

ႏငငမ တရားခအားလႊအပ ေပးရန ေမတာရပခလာပါက ထသ႔ေသာ

ျပစမႈမားႏငစပလဥး၍ ဤသေဘာတစာခပက ဥပေဒေရးရာ အေျခခ

အျဖစ ထညသြငးစဥးစားႏငပါသည။ တရားခလႊအပျခငးက ေတာငးခ

15

လာေသာ ႏငင၏ ဥပေဒပါ အျခားေသာ အေျခအေန မားႏငအည

လပေဆာငရပါမည။

၃။ တရားခလႊအပျခငးက သးျခားသေဘာတညခက ျဖငသာ

ေဆာငရြကမညဟ ျခြငးခကမထားသည စာခပအဖြ႔ဝင ႏငငမားအေနျဖင

ထသ႔ေသာျပစမႈမားအား တရားခလႊအပျခငးက ေတာငးခလာေသာ

ႏငင၏ ဥပေဒပါ အျခားေသာ အေျခအေနမားႏငအည ၎တ႔ အခငးခငး

ၾကား လႊအပေပးႏငေသာ ျပစမႈမားအျဖစ သတမတရမည။

၄။ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏစႏငငအၾကား တရားခလႊေျပာငး ေပးအပႏငရန

အလ႔ငာ ဤကသ႔ေသာ ျပစမႈမားက ကးလြနရာ ေနရာတြငသာမက၊

အပဒ ၅၊ ပဒခြ ၁ ႏငအည စရငဆးျဖတပငခြငလအပေသာ ႏငငမား၏

တရားစရငပငခြင နယေျမတြငလညး ကးလြနခသကသ႔မတယရမည။

အပဒ ၉

၁။ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမားသည အပဒ ၄ တြင ရညညြနးထားေသာ

ျပစမႈမားႏငစပလဥးသည ရာဇဝတ တရားစရငေရးအတြက လအပေသာ

သကေသအေထာကအထား အားလးက ေပးအပျခငးအပါအဝင

အတတႏငဆး အျပနအလန ကညေပးရမည။

16

၂။ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမားသည ဤအပဒ၏ ပဒခြ(၁)ပါ ၎တ႔၏

တာဝနမားက ႏစႏငငၾကားရႏငသည တရားစရင ေရးဆငရာ အျပန

အလန အကအညေပးေရး သေဘာတညခကမားႏင လကေလာညေထြ

ေဆာငရြကရမည။

အပဒ ၁၀

၁။ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငတငးသည တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးဝနထမးမား၊

အရပဘက သ႔မဟတ စစဘကဆငရာမား၊ ေဆးဘကဆငရာဝနထမးမား၊

ႏငငဝနထမးမားႏင ဖမးဆး၊ ထနးသမး သ႔မဟတ အကဥးခခရသ

မညသမဆအား ထနးသမး၊ စစေၾကာေမးျမနး သ႔မဟတ ဆကဆရာ

တြငပါဝငသည အျခားသမားအား သငတနးေပးရာတြင ညဥးပနး

ႏပစကမႈတားဆးေရး ႏင စပလဥးသည ပညာေရးႏင သတငးအခက

အလကမားက အျပညအဝ ထညသြငး ရမည။

၂။ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငတငးသည အဆပါလပဂၢလမညသမဆ၏

တာဝနႏင ဝတရားမားဆငရာ စညးမဥးစညးကမး သ႔မဟတ ညႊနၾကား

ခကမားထတျပနရာတြင ဤတားျမစခကက ထညသြငးရမည။

17

အပဒ ၁၁

စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငတငးသည မမ၏ တရားစရငပငခြငနယေျမအတြငး

မညသညေနရာ၌မဆ ညဥးပနးႏပစကမႈ မနသမအား ကာကြယ

တားဆးရနအလ႔ငာ ဖမးဆး၊ ထနးသမး သ႔မဟတ အကဥးခခရသ

မညသမဆအား ထနးသမး၊ စစေၾကာေမးျမနး သ႔မဟတ ဆကဆေရး

ဆငရာ အစအမမား၊ စစေၾကာေမးျမနးမႈ စညးမဥးမား၊ ညႊနၾကားခကမား၊

နညးစနစမား၊ လပနညးလပဟနမားအား စနစတက ျပနလည

သးသပႏငေစရမည။

အပဒ ၁၂

စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငတငးအေနျဖင ၎၏ တရားစရငပငခြငနယေျမအတြငး

မညသညေနရာ၌မဆ ညဥးပနးႏပစကမႈ ကးလြနခသညဟ ယၾကညရန

အေၾကာငးရလင အခြငအာဏာရသမ ဘကလကမႈကငးေသာ စစမး

စစေဆးမႈက ခကခငးလပေဆာငႏငေစရန ေဆာငရြကေပးရမည။

အပဒ ၁၃

စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငတငးသည ၎၏တရားစရငပငခြငနယေျမအတြငး

မညသညေနရာ၌မဆ ညဥးပနးႏပစကခရသညဟ ႁမြကဟသမညသမဆမ

အခြငအာဏာရသမားထ တငတနးႏငေစရနႏင ၎၏အမႈက

ဘကလကမႈ ကငးကငးျဖင ခကခငးစစမးစစေဆးႏငေစရန ေဆာငရြက

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ထားရမည။ ၎တ႔၏ တငတနးခကႏင သကေသ ထြကဆျခငးေၾကာင

တငတနးသႏင သကေသမားအား ညႇဥးပနးႏပစကခရျခငး သ႔မဟတ

ၿခမးေျခာကခရျခငးတ႔မ ကာကြယေပးႏငရန အဆငဆငစမ ေဆာငရြက

ထားရမည။

အပဒ ၁၄

၁။ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငတငးသည ညႇဥးပနးႏပစကခရသအတြက

တရားမတမႈရရေစရနႏင ျဖစႏငသမ ျပညဝစြာ ျပနလညထေထာငႏငေရး

နညးလမးမားအပါအဝင မတ၍လေလာကေသာ ေလာေၾကးေငြ ရရခစား

ႏငေရးတ႔အတြက ၎၏တရားေရးစနစတြင မျဖစမေန ထညသြငး ေရးဆြ

ထားရမည။ ညႇဥးပနးႏပစကမႈေၾကာင ထသေသဆးခလင ၎၏

မသားစဝငမားအား ေလာေၾကးခစားခြငေပးရမည။

၂။ ဤအပဒသည ျပညတြငးဥပေဒတြငရႏငသည ညႇဥးပနး

ႏပစကခရသ သ႔မဟတ အျခားသမား၏ ေလာေၾကးခစားခြင တစစတရာ

အေပၚ သကေရာကျခငး မရေစရ။

19

အပဒ ၁၅

စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငတငးသည ညႇဥးပနးႏပစကမႈ၏ရလဒအျဖစ ေဖာျပထား

သည မညသည ထတျပနခကကမဆ ၎ထတျပနခကအရ ညႇဥးပနး

ႏပစကသဟ စြပစြခရသအား တရားစရငရာတြင သကေသအျဖစမလြ၍

အျခားမညသည တရားစရငေရးတြငမ သကေသအျဖစ ကးကားသးစြျခငး

မရေစရ။

အပဒ ၁၆

၁။ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငတငးသည ၎၏ တရားစရငပငခြငနယေျမ

အတြငး မညသညေနရာ၌မဆ အပဒ ၁ တြငဖြငဆ ထားေသာ

ညႇဥးပနးႏပစကမႈအဓပၸါယမေျမာကသည အျခားေသာ ရကစက၍

လမဆနေသာ သ႔မဟတ လ႔ဂဏသကၡာ ကဆငးေစေသာ ဆကဆမႈ

သ႔မဟတ အျပစေပးမႈမားႏင ထသ႔ေသာလပရပမားက ႏငငဝနထမး

တစဥးဥး သ႔မဟတ အျခား တာဝနရသတစဥးဥး၏ တကတြနးခက

သ႔မဟတ ခြငျပခက သ႔မဟတ သေဘာတညခကျဖင သ႔မဟတ

၎ကယတင ကးလြနေသာအခါတြင ကာကြယတားဆးေရး လပေဆာင

ရမည။ အထးသျဖင အပဒ ၁၀၊ ၁၁၊ ၁၂ ႏင ၁၃ တ႔တြင ပါရသည

ျပ႒ာနးခကမားသည အျခားေသာ ပသဏၭာနမားျဖင ရကစက၍

လမဆနေသာ သ႔မဟတ လ႔ဂဏသကၡာကဆငးေစေသာ ဆကဆမႈ

သ႔မဟတ အျပစေပးမႈ ရညညႊနးခကမားအား ညႇဥးပနးႏပစကမႈ ရညညႊနး

ခကမားျဖင အစားထး သကေရာကေစရမည။

20

၂။ ဤသေဘာတစာခပပါ ျပ႒ာနးခကမားသည အျခားေသာ

မညသညႏငငတကာ ဥပေဒ သ႔မဟတ ျပညတြငး ဥပေဒတြင ျပ႒ာနး

ထားသည ရကစက၍လမဆနေသာ သ႔မဟတ လ႔ဂဏသကၡာ

ကဆငးေစေသာ ဆကဆမႈ သ႔မဟတ အျပစေပးမႈမားအား တားျမစခက

သ႔မဟတ တရားခလႊအပျခငး သ႔မဟတ ႏငငမႏငထတျခငးဆငရာ

ျပ႒ာနးခကမား အေပၚ လႊမးမးသကေရာကျခငး မရေစရ။

အပငး ၂

အပဒ ၁၇

၁။ ေအာကတြငေဖာျပထားေသာတာဝနမားက ထမးေဆာငမည

ညႇဥးပနးနပစကမႈ ဆန႔ကငေရးေကာမတတစရပ (ယခမစ၍ေကာမတဟ

ရညညႊနးမည) က ဖြ႔စညးရမည။ ထေကာမတတြင ကယကငတရား

ေကာငးမြနျမငမာၿပး လ႔အခြငအေရးနယပယတြင အသအမတျပခရသည

အရညအခငးရေသာ၊ ၎တ႔၏တစဥးခငးစြမးရညျဖင တာဝနထမးေဆာင

မည ကၽြမးကငသ ၁၀ ဥးပါဝငရမည။ ထကၽြမးကငသမားက စာခပ

အဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမားက ပထဝေဒသအရ မတစြာ အခးကပါဝငမႈ ႏင ဥပေဒ

ပငးဆငရာ အေတြ႕အၾကရသအခ႕ ပါဝငျခငး၏အသးဝငမႈတ႔က စဥးစား

သးသပေ႐ြးခယရမည။

21

၂။ ေကာမတအဖြ႔ဝငမားက စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမားက တငသြငးေသာ

အမညစာရငးပါ ပဂၢလမားထမ လ႕ဝကမျဖင ေရြးေကာကတငေျမာက

ရမည။ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငတစႏငငသည ၎၏ ႏငငသားမား အနကမ

တစဥးက အမညစာရငးတငသြငးႏငသည။ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမားသည

ႏငငသားႏငႏငငေရး အခြငအေရးမားဆငရာ အျပညျပညဆငရာ

သေဘာတစာခပအရ ဖြ႔စညးထားေသာ လ႔အခြငအေရးေကာမတ အဖြ႔ဝင

မားလညး ျဖစၿပး၊ ညႇဥးပနးႏပစကမႈဆန႔ကငေရးေကာမတတြင တာဝန

ထမးေဆာငလေသာ လပဂၢလမားက အမညစာရငးတငသြငးျခငး၏

အသးဝငမႈက ထညသြငး စဥးစားရမည။

၃။ ေကာမတဝငမား ေ႐ြးခယတငေျမႇာကျခငးက ကလသမဂၢ

အေထြေထြအတြငးေရးမႉးခပဥးေဆာငသည စာခပအဖြ႔ဝင ႏငငမား၏

ႏစႏစတစၾကမ အစညးအေဝးမား၌ ေဆာငရြကရမည။ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝင

ႏငငမား၏ သးပႏစပတကေရာကလင အထေျမာကသည ထအစညး

အေဝးမား၌ ေကာမတဝငအျဖစ ေ႐ြးခယခရသမားသည မအမားဆး

ရသမားျဖစၿပး၊ တကေရာကမေပးေသာ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငနငငမားမ

ကယစားလယ မား၏ ေထာကခမထကဝကေကာ ရသမားျဖစရမည။

၄။ ကနဥးေ႐ြးေကာကပြက ဤသေဘာတစာခပ စတငအသကဝင

သညေန႔မ ၆ လထက ေနာကမကေစဘ ကငးပရမည။ ေ႐ြးေကာကပြ

မတငမအနညးဆး ေလးလအလတြင ကလသမဂၢအေထြေထြ

အတြငးေရးမႉးခပသည စာခပ အဖြ႔ဝင ႏငငမားအား သးလအတြငး

22

၎တ႔၏အမညစာရငးမား တငသြငးရန ကမးလမးသညစာက ေပးပ႔

ရမည။ အေထြေထြအတြငးေရးမႉးခပသည ထသ႔အမညစာရငး တငသြငး

ခရသအားလးက အကၡရာစဥအလက စာရငးျပစၿပး ၎တ႔ႏင

အမညစာရငးတငသြငးေသာႏငငမားက ယဥတြေဖာျပလကစာခပအဖြ႔ဝင

ႏငငမားသ႔တငျပရမည။

၅။ ေကာမတဝငမားက ေလးႏစသကတမးအတြက ေ႐ြးေကာက

တငေျမာကရမည။ ျပနလညအမညစာရငး တငသြငး ခရပါက ၎တ႔သည

ျပနလညေရြးေကာကတငေျမာကခပငခြင ရသည။ သ႔ရာတြင ပထမအၾကမ

ေ႐ြးေကာကပြတြငေ႐ြးခယခရေသာ ေကာမတဝင ၅ ဥး၏ သကတမး

သည ႏစႏစျပညလင ကနဆးမညျဖစၿပး၊ ပထမအၾကမ ေ႐ြးေကာကပြၿပး

ၿပးျခငး အဆပါေကာမတဝင ၅ ဥး၏ အမညမားက ဤအပဒ၏ ပဒခြ ၃

တြငရညညႊနးထားသညအတငး အစညးအေဝး၏သဘာပတက မျဖင

ေ႐ြးခယရမည။

၆။ ေကာမတဝငတစဥး ကြယလြန သ႔မဟတ ႏတထြကလင

သ႔မဟတ အျခားအေၾကာငး တစစတရာေၾကာင ၎၏ေကာမတတာဝန

မားက ဆကလက ထမးေဆာငႏငျခငး မရလင ၎အား အမညစာရငး

တငသြငးေသာ ႏငငသည ထသ၏ ကနရေသာသကတမးအတြက ၎၏

ႏငငသားမား အနကမ အျခားကၽြမးကငသတစဥးက စာခပအဖြ႔ဝင

ႏငငအမားစ၏ အတညျပခကျဖင ခန႔အပရမည။ အဆျပခန႔အပလႊာႏင

စပလဥး၍ ကလသမဂၢ အေထြေထြအတြငးေရးမႉး ခပထမ အေၾကာငး

ၾကားစာ ရရၿပး ရကသတ ၆ ပတအတြငး တစဝက သ႔မဟတ တစဝက

23

ထကပေသာ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမားက ျငငးဆျခငးမျပလင အတညျပ

သညဟ မတယရမည။

၇။ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမားသည ေကာမတဝငမား ေကာမတ

တာဝနထမးေဆာငစဥ ကနကစရတမားက တာဝနယရမည။

အပဒ ၁၈

၁။ ေကာမတသည ၎၏အရာရမားက ႏစႏစသကတမးအတြက

ေ႐ြးေကာကတငေျမာကရမည။ ၎တ႔သည ျပနလည ေ႐ြးေကာကခ

ႏငသည။

၂။ ေကာမတသည ၎၏ ကယပငလပထးလပနညးမားက ေရးဆြ

ျပဌာနးရမည၊ သ႔ရာတြင ထလပထးလပနညးမား၌ အျခားအရာမားအျပင

ေအာကပါတ႔ ပါဝငရမည-

(က) ေကာမတဝင ၆ ဥး တကေရာကလင အစညးအေဝး

အထေျမာကသည။

(ခ) ေကာမတ၏ဆးျဖတခကမားက တကေရာကေသာ ေကာမတဝင

အမားစ၏ မျဖင ဆးျဖတရမည။

24

၃။ ကလသမဂၢ အေထြေထြအတြငးေရးမႉးခပသည ဤသေဘာတ

စာခပအရ ေကာမတ၏ လပငနးတာဝနမားထေရာကစြာ ထမးေဆာင

ႏငရန လအပေသာဝနထမးႏငအေထာကအပမား ေပးရမည။

၄။ ကလသမဂၢ အေထြေထြအတြငးေရးမႉးခပသည ေကာမတ၏

ကနဥး အစညးအေဝးက ဥးေဆာငကငးပေပးရမည။ ထကနဥး အစညး

အေဝးၿပးေနာက ေကာမတသည ၎၏ လပထးလပနညး မားတြင

သတမတထားသည အခနမားအတငး ေတြ႕ဆစညးေဝးရမည။

၅။ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမားသည ဤအပဒ ပဒခြ ၃ အရ ကလသမဂၢမ

စကထတသးစြထားသည ဝနထမးႏင အေထာကအပအသးစရတ ကသ႔

ေသာ မညသညကနကစရတမားက မဆ ကလသမဂၢသ႔ ျပနလည

ေပးေချခငး အပါအဝင စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမားအခငးခငးႏင ေကာမတ၏

အစညးအေဝးမားကငးပသည ကနကစရတမားကတာဝနယရမည။

အပဒ ၁၉

၁။ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမားသည ေကာမတသ႔ ကလသမဂၢအေထြေထြ

အတြငးေရးမႉးခပမတစဆင ဤသေဘာတစာခပအရ ၎တ႔၏ကတ

ကဝတမားအား ထေရာကေစမည လပငနးေဆာင႐ြကထားရမႈ အစရငခစာ

မားက သကဆငရာ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငအတြက ဤသေဘာတစာခပ

စတငအသကဝငၿပးတစႏစအတြငး တငသြငးရမည။ ထ႔ေနာက စာခပ

အဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမားသည လပငနးေဆာငရြကခက အသစတစခခ အတြက

25

ေနာကဆကတြအစရငခစာက ေလးႏစတစၾကမႏင ေကာမတက

ေတာငးဆႏငသညအလားတ အျခားအစရငခစာမားက တငသြငးရမည။

၂။ ကလသမဂၢ အေထြေထြအတြငးေရးမႉးခပသည ထအစရငခစာ

မားက စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမား အားလးသ႔ ျပနလည ျဖန႔ေဝေပးရမည။

၃။ အစရငခစာတငးက ေကာမတကစဥးစားသးသပၿပး အစရငခစာ

အေပၚ သငေတာသညဟ ယဆသည ေယဘယ သးသပခကမားေပး၍

သကဆငရာစာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငသ႔ေပးပ႔ရမည။ ထစာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငသည

၎ေရြးခယသည မတခကမားျဖင ေကာမတသ႔ အေၾကာငးျပနႏငသည။

၄။ ေကာမတသည ၎၏ တာဝနယမႈျဖင ဤအပဒ ပဒခြ ၃

ႏငအညျပလပေသာ မညသညသးသပခကကမဆ သကဆငရာစာခပ

အဖြ႔ဝင ႏငငမ ရရေသာ မတခကမားႏငအတ အပဒ ၂၄ ႏငအည

ေရးသားသည ၎၏ ႏစပတလညအစရငခစာတြင ထညသြငးရန ဆးျဖတ

ႏငသည။ သကဆငရာစာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငက ေတာငးဆပါက ေကာမတ

သည ဤအပဒ၏ပဒခြ ၁ အရ တငသြငးေသာ အစရငခစာမတ

တစေစာငကလညး ထညသြငးႏငသည။

26

အပဒ ၂၀

၁။ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငတစႏငင၏ ပငနကနယေျမအတြငး ညႇဥးပနး

ႏပစကမႈက စနစတကကငသးေနသညဟ ခငလသည အေထာက

အထားမား ပါဝငသညဟယဆေသာ ယၾကညႏငေလာကသည သတငး

အခကအလကမားက ေကာမတမရရလင ထသတငးအခကအလက

မားအား စစမးစစေဆးရာတြင ပးေပါငးေဆာင႐ြကရနႏင ထသတငး

အခကအလကႏငစပလဥးသည ေလလာေတြ႕ရခကမားက တငျပရန

ေကာမတက ထစာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငအား ကမးလမးရမည။

၂။ သကဆငရာစာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငက တငသြငးေသာ ေလလာေတြ႔ရ

ခကမားႏင အျခားရရႏငသည ဆကစပသတငး အခကအလကမားက

ထညသြငးစဥးစားၿပး၊ ေကာမတအေနျဖင ကးေၾကာငးခငလသညဟ

ဆးျဖတလင လ႕ဝက စစမးစစေဆးရနႏင ေကာမတသ႔ ခကခငး

အစရငခတငျပရန ၎၏အဖြ႔ဝငတစဥး သ႔မဟတ တစဥးထကပ၍ ခန႔အပ

တာဝနေပးႏငသည။

၃။ ဤအပဒ၏ ပဒခြ၂ ႏငအည စစမးစစေဆးမႈကျပလပလင

ေကာမတသည သကဆငရာ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငင၏ ပးေပါငး ေဆာင႐ြကမႈ

က ေတာငးခရမည။ ထသ႔ စစမးစစေဆးမႈတြင ထစာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငင၏

သေဘာတညခကျဖင ၎၏ႏငင နယနမတအတြငး သြားေရာကေလလာ

ႏငသည။

၄။ ဤအပဒ၏ပဒခြ ၂ ႏငအညတငသြငးေသာ ၎၏အဖြ႕ဝင

သ႔မဟတ အဖြ႔ဝငမား၏ ေတြ႕ရခကမားက စစေဆးၿပးေနာက

27

ထေကာမရငသည အဆပါေတြ႕ရခကမားအား အေျခအေနႏင ကကည

ႏငသည သေဘာထားမတခကမား သ႔မဟတ အၾကျပခက မားႏငအတ

သကဆငရာစာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငသ႔ လႊေျပာငးေပးရမည။

၅။ ဤအပဒ၏ပဒခြ ၁ မ ၄ အထတြငေဖာျပထားေသာ ေကာမတ၏

လပငနးစဥအားလးသည လ႕ဝကလျခမႈရရမညျဖစၿပး၊ လပငနးစဥအဆင

အားလးတြင စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငင၏ပးေပါငးေဆာင႐ြကမႈက ေတာငးခ

ရမည။ ပဒခြ ၂ ႏငအညျပလပေသာ စစမးစစေဆးမႈႏင စပလဥး၍

အဆပါလပငနးစဥမား ၿပးေျမာကသညအခါ ေကာမတသည သကဆငရာ

စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငႏင ေဆြးေႏြးညႇႏႈငးၿပးေနာက အပဒ ၂၄ ႏငအည

ေရးသားသည ၎၏ႏစပတလညအစရငခစာတြင လပငနးစဥမား၏

ရလဒမားအႏစခပက ထညသြငးရနဆးျဖတႏငသည။

အပဒ ၂၁

၁။ ဤသေဘာတစာခပ၏ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငတစႏငငမ အျခား

စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငတစႏငငသည ဤသေဘာတစာခပပါ တာဝန ဝတရား

မားအား ျဖညဆညးေဆာငရြကျခငးမရဟ အဓပၸါယသကေရာကေစေသာ

တငၾကားမႈမားက လကခရနႏငထညသြငးစဥးစားရန ေကာမတ၏ အခြင

အာဏာရမႈက အသအမတျပေၾကာငး ဤအပဒအရ မညသည

အခနတြငမဆ ထတျပနေၾကညာႏငသည။ အဆပါတငၾကားမႈမားအား

ေကာမတ၏ အခြငအာဏာရမႈက အသအမတျပေၾကာငး ထတျပန

28

ေၾကညာထားသည စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငတစႏငငက တငျပလာမသာ

ဤအပဒတြင ခမတထားေသာ လပငနးစဥမားႏငအည လကခစဥးစား

သးသပႏငသည။ ထသ႔ထတျပနေၾကညာထားျခငး မရသည စာခပ

အဖြ႔ဝငႏငငျဖစပါက ဤအပဒအရ ေကာမတမ တငၾကားမႈက လကခ

စဥးစားမည မဟတပါ။ ဤအပဒအရ လကခရရေသာ တငၾကားမႈမားအား

ေအာကပါလပငနးစဥမားအတငး ကငတြယေျဖရငးရမည။

(က) အကယ၍စာခပအဖြ႕၀ငႏငငတစႏငငမ အျခားစာခပအဖြ႕၀င

ႏငငတစႏငငသည ဤသေဘာတညခကပါ ျပ႒ာနးခကမားက

အသကဝငေစျခငး မရဟယဆပါက ၎သည ထကစၥက အဆပါႏငင

သရေစရန စာျဖင႔အေၾကာငးၾကားႏငသည။ ထအေၾကာငးၾကားခက က

ရရၿပးေနာက (၃) လအတြငး လကခရရသညႏငငသည အေၾကာငး

ၾကားစာ ေပးပ႔သညႏငငအား ထကစၥႏငစပလဥး၍ ျဖစႏင သမႏင

သကဆငသမ အတငးအတာအားျဖင ျပညတြငးလပထး လပနညး မားႏင

ေဆာငရြကလကရသည၊ မၿပးျပတေသးသည သ႔မဟတ ျဖစႏငသည

ကစားမႈမားအပါအဝင ေျဖရငးခက သ႔မဟတ ထကစၥအေပၚ ရငးလငး

သည အျခား ထတျပနေၾကညာခကက ေပးပ႔ရမည။

(ခ) ကနဥးအေၾကာငးၾကားမႈက လကခရရသညႏငငက လကခရရၿပး

ေနာက (၆)လအတြငး သကဆငရာ ႏငငႏစႏငင စလးသည ထကစၥ

အေပၚ စတေကနပသညအထ ညႏႈငး၍မရပါက ၎တ႔အနက တစႏင

ႏငငမ ေကာမတထသ႔ လညးေကာငး၊ အျခားႏငငသ႔လညးေကာငး

အေၾကာငးၾကားစာေပးပ႔ၿပး ယငးကစၥအား ေကာမတထသ႔ လႊေျပာငး

ပငခြင႔ ရရမည။

29

(ဂ) ေကာမတသည ၎ထသ႔ လႊေျပာငးေပးလာေသာ ကစၥရပ

တစခအား ႏငငတြငး ကစားေဆာငရြကမႈအားလးက ဥပေဒအရ ကနစင

ေအာငေဆာငရြကၿပးေၾကာငး ခငလမသာလင ေယဘယ အသအမတ

ျပလကခထားေသာ အျပညျပညဆငရာဥပေဒ၏ အေျခခမမားႏငအည

ဤအပဒအရ ေျဖရငးေဆာငရြကရမည။ ဤကသ႔ေဆာငရြကျခငးသည

ကစားေပးရန ေလာကထားျခငးက ကးေၾကာငးမခငလဘ အခနဆြ

ထားချခငး သ႔မဟတ ဤသေဘာတစာခပအား ခးေဖာက၍ ကးလြန

ခရသလပဂၢလအတြက ထေရာကေသာကစားမႈ မရႏငျခငး တ႔အတြက

အသးခသည စညးမဥး မျဖစေစရ။

(ဃ) ဤအပဒအရ တငၾကားမႈမားက စစမးစစေဆးေနစဥအတြငး

ေကာမတသည တခါးပတ အစညးအေဝးမား ျပလပရမည။

(င) ေကာမတသည အပဒခြ (င) ပါျပ႒ာနးခကမားႏငအည

သကဆငရာ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမားအား ဤသေဘာတ စာခပပါ

တာဝနဝတရားမားကေလးစားလကနာသည အေျခချဖင ထကစၥရပအေပၚ

ႏစဥးႏစဖက အကးရေစေသာ အေျဖရရေရးက ေရးရႈ၍ ၾကားဝင

ညႏႈငးေပးရန အခြငအလမးက ရရေစရမည။ ထသ႔ေဆာငရြကႏငေရး

အတြက ေကာမတသည သင႔ေလာမညအခနတြင သးျခားေစ႔စပ

ညႏႈငးေရး ေကာမရငတစရပက ဖြ႔စညးရမည။

(စ) ေကာမတသည ဤအပဒအရ ၎ထသ႔လႊေျပာငးေပးေသာ

မညသညကစၥရပအတြကမဆ အပဒခြ (ခ) တြင ေဖာျပထားသည

30

သကဆငရာစာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမားထမ စပဆငသည မညသည

သတငးအခကအလကကမဆ ေတာငးခႏငသည။

(ဆ) ေကာမတက ထကစၥရပအား ၾကားနာခနတြင အပဒခြ (ခ)

တြငေဖာျပထားသည သကဆငရာ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငင မားအေနျဖင႔

တကေရာကခြင႔ရရမညျဖစၿပး ႏႈတအားျဖင႔ သ႔မဟတ စာအားျဖင႔ တငျပ

ခြင႔ရရမည။

(ဇ) ေကာမတသည အပဒခြ(ခ) အရ ေပးပ႔ေသာ အေၾကာငး

ၾကားစာအား လကခရရသညေန႔မစ၍ (၁၂)လအတြငး အစရငခစာ

တစေစာငက တငသြငးရမည။

(၁) အပဒခြ (င) ပါ သတမတခကမားအတြငး အေျဖတစရပ

ရရပါက ေကာမတသည ၎၏အစရငခစာတြင အခကအလက

ႏင ေျဖရငးခက အကဥးခပတ႔ကသာ ေဖာျပရမည။

(၂)အပဒခြ (င) ပါ သတမတခကမားအတြငး အေျဖတစရပ

မရရပါက ေကာမတသည အခကအလက အကဥးခပအား

အစရငခစာတြင ေဖၚျပရမညျဖစၿပး၊ သကဆငရာစာခပ အဖြ႔ဝင

ႏငငမားက ေရးသားတငသြငး ခကမားႏင ႏႈတျဖင႔ တငသြငး

ခက အသသြငးမတတမးမားအား ၎အစရငခစာႏင အတ

ပးတြ၍ တငသြငးရမည။

ကစၥရပတငးတြင အစရငခစာအား သကဆငရာစာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမားသ႔

ေပးပ႔ရမည။

31

၂။ ဤအပဒပါ ျပ႒ာနးခကမားသည ဤသေဘာတစာခပက

လကမတေရးထးေသာႏငင (၅) ႏငငက ဤအပဒ၏ ပဒခြ (၁) အရ

ထတျပနေၾကညာၿပးေနာကတြင စတငအသက၀ငရမည။ အဆပါ

ထတျပနေၾကညာခကမားက စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမားက ကလသမဂၢ

အေထြေထြအတြငးေရးမႉးခပထ ေပးပ႔အပႏရမညျဖစၿပး၊ ၎က

ယငးထတျပန ေၾကညာခကမတမားအား အျခားစာခပအဖြ႔ဝင ႏငင

မားထသ႔ ေပးပ႔ရမည။ အေထြေထြအတြငးေရးမႉးခပထအေၾကာငးၾကား

စာေပးပ႔ၿပး ထတျပနေၾကညာခကအား မညသည အခနတြငမဆ

ျပနလညရပသမးႏငသည။ ထသ႔ရပသမးမႈသည ဤအပဒအရ

လႊေျပာငးေပးထားၿပးျဖစေသာ တငၾကားမႈတစခခအေပၚ စဥးစားသးသပ

ေနမႈအား လႊမးမးသကေရာကမႈ မရေစရ။ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငအေနျဖင႔

ေနာကတစဖနထတျပနေၾကညာခက မရလင အေထြေထြအတြငးေရးမႉး

ခပသည ထတျပနေၾကညာခကအား ရပသမးေၾကာငး အေၾကာငးၾကားစာ

က လကခရရၿပးေနာကတြင ဤအပဒအရ မညသည စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငင၏

ထပမတငၾကားမႈကမ လကချခငးမျပရ။

32

အပဒ ၂၂

၁။ ဤသေဘာတစာခပ၏ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငတစႏငငသည ဤ

သေဘာတစာခပပါ ျပ႒ာနးခကမားအား စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငင၏

ခးေဖာကျခငးက ခေနရသမားျဖစပါသညဟ ၎၏စရငပငခြငအရ

တငၾကားလာသည တစဥးခငး စထမ သ႔မဟတ ကယစား တငၾကားမႈမား

အား ေကာမတက လကခရနႏငၾကားနာရန ေကာမတတြင အခြငအာဏာ

ရသညဟ အသအမတျပေၾကာငး မညသညအခနတြငမဆ ထတျပန

ေၾကညာႏငသည။ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝင ႏငငက ထကသ႔ ထတျပန ေၾကညာ

မထားလင ေကာမတအေနျဖင႔တငၾကားမႈကလကချခငးမျပရ။

၂။ ဤစာခပအရ အမညေဖာျပထားျခငးမရေသာ သ႔မဟတ ထသ႔

တငၾကားပငခြငက အလြသးစားျပထားသညဟ ယဆေသာ သ႔မဟတ

ဤသေဘာတစာခပပါ ျပ႒ာနးခကမားႏင ကကညမႈမရေသာ မညသည

တငၾကားမႈကမဆ ေကာမတက လကမခေၾကာငး သးသပ ဆးျဖတ

ႏငသည။

၃။ အပဒ (၂) ပါ ျပ႒ာနးခကမားအရ၊ ေကာမတသည ဤအပဒအရ

၄ငးထသ႔တငျပသည မညသညတငၾကားမႈကမဆ ပဒခြ (၁) အရ

ထတျပနေၾကညာထားၿပး၊ စာခပပါျပ႒ာနးခက တစစတရာအား ခးေဖာက

ေနသညဟ စြပစြခရသည စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမားအား အသေပး

အေၾကာငးၾကားရမည။ ထအေၾကာငးၾကားစာက လကခရရေသာ

ႏငငသည ထကစၥရပႏင စပလဥးသည ေျဖရငးခက သ႔မဟတ

ရငးလငးခကႏင အဆပါႏငငအေနျဖင ကစားေဆာငရြကမႈ တစစ

33

တရာရခလင ထကစားမႈတ႔က ေကာမတထသ႔ ေျခာကလအတြငး စာျဖင

ေရးသားတငျပရမည။

၄။ ေကာမတသည ဤအပဒအရ လကခရရေသာ တငၾကားမႈ

မားအား တစဥးခငးစကယတင သ႔မဟတ ကယစားႏင သကဆငရာ

စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမ ေပးသညသတငးအခကအလကမား အားလးအေပၚ

မတည၍ စဥးစားသးသပရမည။

၅။ ေကာမတသည ေအာကပါအခကမားအား ခငလသညဟ

အတညမျပႏငလင တစဥး တစေယာကထမ မညသညတငၾကားမႈကမဆ

ဤစာခပအရ ထညသြငးစဥးစားျခငးမျပရ။

(က) အဆပါကစၥရပအား အျခား ႏငငတကာစစမးစစေဆးေရး သ႔မဟတ

ေျဖရငးေရး လပထးလပနညးမားျဖင စစေဆးချခငး သ႔မဟတ စစေဆး

ေနျခငး မရေၾကာငး၊

(ခ) ကစားေပးရန ေလာကထားျခငးက ကးေၾကာငးမခငလဘ

အခနဆြထားချခငး သ႔မဟတ ဤသေဘာတစာခပအား ခးေဖာက၍

ကးလြနခရသ လပဂၢလအတြက ထေရာကေသာကစားမႈ မရႏငျခငး

စသညတ႔အတြက အသးခသည စညးမဥး မျဖစေစပ၊ အဆပါပဂၢလသည

ႏငငတြငး ရႏငသည ကစားမႈမားအားလး ဥပေဒအရကနစငေအာင

ေဆာငရြကၿပး ျဖစေၾကာငး၊

၆။ ဤအပဒအရ တငၾကားမႈမားက စစမးစစေဆးေနစဥအတြငး

ေကာမတသည တခါးပတအစညးအေဝးမား ျပလပရမည။

34

၇။ ေကာမတသည ၎၏ ထငျမငယဆခကမားက သကဆငရာ

စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငသ႔လညးေကာငး၊ အဆပါ လပဂၢလထသ႔ လညးေကာငး

ေပးပ႔ရမည။

၈။ ဤအပဒပါ ျပ႒ာနးခကမားသည ဤသေဘာတစာခပက

လကမတေရးထးေသာႏငင (၅) ႏငငက ဤအပဒ၏ ပဒခြ (၁) အရ

ထတျပနေၾကညာၿပးေနာကတြင စတငအသက၀ငရမည။ အဆပါ

ထတျပနေၾကညာခကမားက စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမားက ကလသမဂၢ

အေထြေထြအတြငးေရးမႉးခပထ ေပးပ႔အပႏၿပးေနာက ၎က ယငးထတ

ျပန ေၾကညာခကမတမားအား အျခားစာခပအဖြ႔ဝင ႏငငမား ထသ႔

ေပးပ႔ရမည။ အေထြေထြအတြငးေရးမႉးခပထ အေၾကာငး ၾကားစာေပးပ႔ၿပး

ထတျပနေၾကညာခကအား မညသညအခနတြငမဆ ျပနလညရပသမး

ႏငသည။ ထသ႔ ရပသမးမႈသည ဤအပဒအရ လႊေျပာငးေပးထား

ၿပးျဖစေသာ တငၾကားမႈ တစခခအေပၚ စဥးစားသးသပေနမႈအား လႊမးမး

သကေရာကမႈမရေစရ။ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငအေနျဖင႔ ေနာကတစဖန

ထတျပနေၾကညာခက မရလင အေထြေထြ အတြငးေရးမႉးခပသည

ထတျပနေၾကညာခကအား ရပသမးေၾကာငး အေၾကာငးၾကားစာက

လကခရရၿပးေနာကတြင ဤအပဒအရ မညသညစာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငင၏

ထပမတငၾကားမႈကမ လကချခငးမျပရ။

35

အပဒ ၂၃

ေကာမတ၀ငမားႏင အပဒ ၂၁၊ ပဒခြ ၁(င) အရ ခန႔အပတာ၀န

ေပးႏငသည သးျခားေစ႔စပညႏႈငးေရး ေကာမရငမား၏ အဖြ႔ဝငမားသည

ကလသမဂၢ အခြငအေရးႏင ကငးလြတခြငမားဆငရာ သေဘာတစာခပ၏

သကဆငရာ အခနးက႑မားတြင ေဖာျပထားသည ကလသမဂၢအတြက

တာဝနထမးေဆာငေနစဥအတြငး ကၽြမးကငသမား၏ အေဆာငအေယာင၊

အထးခစားခြငႏင ကငးလြတခြငမားက ခစားခြင႔ရေစရမည။

အပဒ ၂၄

ေကာမတသည ဤသေဘာတစာခပႏငအည ၎၏လပေဆာငခကမား

ႏင စပလဥးသည ႏစစဥအစရငခစာက စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမား ထသ႔

လညးေကာငး၊ ကလသမဂၢ အေထြေထြညလာခသ႔လညးေကာငး တငသြငး

ရမည။

36

အပငး ၃

အပဒ ၂၅

၁။ ဤသေဘာတစာခပတြင ႏငငအားလး လကမတေရးထးရန

လမးဖြငေပးထားသည။

၂။ ဤသေဘာတစာခပက အတညျပခပဆရသည။ အတညျပ

ခပဆထားသည စာခပမားက ကလသမဂၢ အေထြေထြ အတြငးေရးမႉးခပ

ထအပႏရမည။

အပဒ ၂၆

ဤသေဘာတစာခပက ႏငငအားလးထပတးအဖြ႔ဝငအျဖစ ပါ၀ငလကမတ

ေရးထးခပဆရန လမးဖြငေပးထားသည။ ထပတးအဖြ႔ဝငအျဖစ

လကမတေရးထးျခငးဆငရာ တရားဝငစာခပက ကလသမဂၢအေထြေထြ

အတြငးေရးမႉးခပထ အပႏျခငးျဖငထပတးအဖြ႔ဝငအျဖစ သကေရာက

ေစရမည။

37

အပဒ ၂၇

၁။ အခ (၂၀) ေျမာကအတညျပလကမတေရးထးသည စာခပ

သ႔မဟတ ထပတးအဖြ႔ဝငအျဖစပါဝငလကမတေရးထး သည စာခပက

ကလသမဂၢအေထြေထြအတြငးေရးမႉးခပထ ေပးပ႔အပႏသည ေန႔မစ၍

ရကေပါငး (၃၀) ျပညသည ေန႔တြင ဤသေဘာတစာခပ စတငအသက

ဝငမည။

၂။ အခ (၂၀) ေျမာက အတညျပလကမတေရးထးသညစာခပ

သ႔မဟတ ထပတးအဖြ႔ဝင အျဖစပါဝငလကမတ ေရးထးသညစာခပက

ေပးပ႔အပႏၿပးသညေနာက၊ ဤသေဘာတစာခပက အတညျပ လကမတ

ေရးထးသည သ႔မဟတ ထပတးအဖြ႔ဝငအျဖစ လကမတေရးထးသည

ႏငငတစႏငငခငးစအတြက မမတ႔၏ အတညျပ လကမတေရးထးသည

စာခပ သ႔မဟတ ထပတးအဖြ႔ဝငအျဖစ လကမတေရးထးသညစာခပက

ေပးပ႔အပႏသညေန႔မစ၍ ရကေပါငး (၃၀) ျပညသညေန႔တြင

ဤသေဘာတစာခပ စတငအသကဝငေစရမည။

အပဒ ၂၈

၁။ ႏငငတစႏငငခငးစသည ဤသေဘာတစာခပက လကမတ

ေရးထးေသာအခါ သ႔မဟတ အတညျပေသာအခါ သ႔မဟတ ထပတး

အဖြ႔ဝငျဖစရန သေဘာတေသာအခါ ထႏငငတစႏငငခငးသည အပဒ ၂၀

တြင ျပ႒ာနးထားေသာ ေကာမတ၏ လပပငခြငက အသအမတ

မျပေၾကာငး ေၾကညာႏငသည။

38

၂။ ဤအပဒ၏ ပဒခြ ၁ အရ ျခြငးခကတစခ ျပလပထားေသာ

စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမားသည ကလသမဂၢ အေထြေထြအတြငးေရးမႉးခပထ

အေၾကာငးၾကားျခငးအားျဖင မညသညအခနတြငမဆ ၎ျခြငးခကက

ရပသမးႏငသည။

အပဒ ၂၉

၁။ ဤသေဘာတစာခပေရးထးထားေသာ မညသညႏငငမဆသည

စာခပက ျပငဆငျဖညစြကရန အဆျပႏငၿပး ၎ကကလသမဂၢ

အေထြေထြအတြငးေရးမႈးခပထသ႔ တငသြငးႏငသည။ ထအခါ

ကလသမဂၢအေထြေထြအတြငးေရးမႈးခပသည အဆပါျပငဆင ျဖညစြက

ခကအေပၚ စဥးစားရနႏင မခြရန ဤသေဘာတစာခပ အဖြ႔ဝငႏငင

မားအေနျဖင ညလာခတစရပ ကငးပလျခငးရမရ ၎ထသ႔ျပနၾကားရန

ေမတာရပခခကျဖင ဤစာခပလကမတေရးထးထားေသာ ႏငငမားသ႔

ေပးပ႔ရမည။ ထသ႔စာေပးပ႔ေသာေန႔မစ၍ ေလးလအတြငး စာခပအဖြ႔ဝင

ႏငငမား၏ အနညးဆး ၃ ပ ၁ ပက ညလာခကငးပလသညဟဆလင

ကလသမဂၢ၏ ကမကထျပမႈျဖင အေထြေထြအတြငးေရးမႉးခပသည

ညလာခက ကငးပေပးရမည။ ညလာခတကေရာကေသာ စာခပအဖြ႔၀င

ႏငငအမားစ၏ မခြဆးျဖတခကျဖင အတညျပထားေသာ ျပငဆင

ျဖညစြကခကက အေထြေထြအတြငးေရးမႉးခပသည စာခပအဖြ႔၀ငႏငင

မားအားလး သရလကခႏငရန ျဖန႔ေဝေပးရမည။

39

၂။ ဤအပဒ၏ ပဒခြ ၁ ႏငအည အတညျပခေသာ ျပငဆင

ျဖညစြကခကတစခသည စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမား၏ ၃ ပ ၂ ပ မ ၎တ႔၏

သကဆငရာဖြ႔စညးပအေျခခဥပေဒ လပငနးစဥမားႏင ကကညသျဖင

လကခသညဟ အေထြေထြ အတြငးေရးမႉးခပထသ႔ အေၾကာငးၾကားစာ

ေပးပ႔ေသာအခါတြင ျပငဆငျဖညစြကခကသည အသကဝငသည။

၃။ ျပငဆငျဖညစြကခက အသကဝငၿပးေသာအခါ ျပငဆငျဖညစြက

ခကက လကခသည စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမား အေနျဖင ၎က လကနာရန

တာ၀နရၿပး၊ အျခားေသာ စာခပအဖြ႕၀င ႏငငမားအေနျဖငလညး ၎တ႔

ယခင သေဘာတလကခထားခေသာ မညသည ျပငဆငျဖညစြကခက

မားမဆ ႏင ဤစာခပပါျပ႒ာနးခကမားက လကနာရန တာ၀နရသည။

အပဒ ၃၀

၁။ ဤသေဘာတညခကက အဓပၸါယဖြငဆျခငး သ႔မဟတ ကငသး

ျခငးႏငပတသက၍ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝင ႏစႏငင သ႔မဟတ ထ႔ထက

ပေသာႏငငမားအၾကား ေစစပညႇႏႈငးမႈျဖင ေျဖရငး၍မရေသာ မညသည

အျငငးပြားမႈကမဆ ၎တ႔ တစဥးဥး၏ ေမတာရပခခကျဖင ခသမာဓ

စရငဆးျဖတမႈသ႔ တငသြငးရမည။ ခသမာဓစရငဆးျဖတမႈ ေတာငးခေသာ

ေန႔ရကမ ၆ လအတြငး ခသမာဓဖြ႔စညးျခငးႏငပတသက၍ စာခပ

အဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမား သေဘာတညမႈမရလင၊ ထစာခပ အဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမား

အနကမညသညႏငငမဆ အျငငးပြားမႈကႏငငတကာတရားရးသ႔ တရားရး

၏ ျပ႒ာနးဥပေဒႏငအညေတာငးဆျခငးျဖင လႊေျပာငးေပးႏငသည။

40

၂။ ႏငငတစႏငငခငးသည ဤသေဘာတညခကက လကမတ

ေရးထးခန သ႔မဟတ အတညျပခန သ႔မဟတ ထပတး အဖြ႔ဝငအျဖစ

လကမတေရးထးခနတြင ၎သည ဤအပဒ၏ ပဒခြ ၁ က လကနာရန

လသညဟ ၎ကယ၎ မယဆ ေၾကာငး ေၾကညာႏငသည။ ဤကသ႔

ႁခြငးခကျပလပေသာ ႏငငမားႏင စပလဥး၍ အျခားစာခပ အဖြ႔ဝငႏငင

မားသည ဤအပဒ၏ ပဒခြ ၁ ကလကနာရနမလ။

၃။ ဤအပဒ၏ ပဒခြ ၂ ႏငအည ႁခြငးခကျပလပေသာ မညသည

စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမဆ ဤႁခြငးခကက ကလသမဂၢအေထြေထြ

အတြငးေရးမႉးခပထ အေၾကာငးၾကားျခငးျဖင မညသည အခနတြငမဆ

ရပသမးႏငသည။

အပဒ ၃၁

၁။ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝင ႏငငတစႏငငသည ကလသမဂၢ အေထြေထြ

အတြငးေရးမႉးခပထသ႕ အေၾကာငးၾကားစာေပးပ႔ၿပး ဤစာခပမ ႏတထြက

ႏငသည။ ထအေၾကာငးၾကားစာအား အေထြေထြ အတြငးေရးမႉးခပ

လကခရရသညေန႔မစ၍ တစႏစေျမာကသညေန႔တြင ႏတထြကျခငး

စတငအသက၀ငသည။

41

၂။ ႏတထြကျခငးစတငအသကဝငသညေန႔ မတငမအထ အကးဝင

ေသာလပရပမား သ႔မဟတ ပကကြကမႈမားႏင စပလဥး၍ ဤစာခပပါ

တာဝနႏငဝတရားမားမ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငအား ထသ႔ ႏတထြကျခငး

ေၾကာင ကငးလြတခြငမရေစရ။ ႏတထြကျခငး စတငအသကဝငသညေန႔

မတငမအထ ေကာမတက စဥးစားသးသပေနဆ မညသညကစၥရပကမဆ

ဆကလကစဥးစားသးသပျခငးအေပၚ ထသ႔ႏတထြကျခငးက မညသ႔မ

သကေရာကျခငးမရေစရ။

၃။ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝင ႏငငအျဖစမ ႏတထြကျခငး စတငအသကဝငသည

ေန႔မစ၍ ထႏငငႏင စပလဥးသည ေနာကထပ မညသညကစၥရပကမဆ

ေကာမတက လကခစဥးစားျခငး မျပရ။

အပဒ ၃၂

ကလသမဂၢ အေထြေထြအတြငးေရးမႉးခပသည ကလသမဂၢအဖြ႕ဝငႏငင

မားအားလးႏင ဤသေဘာတစာခပက လကမတေရးထးထားေသာ

သ႔မဟတထပတးအဖြ႔ဝငအျဖစ လကမတေရးထးထားေသာ ႏငငမား

အားလးသ႔ ေအာကပါတ႔က အေၾကာငးၾကားရမည။

(က) အပဒ ၂၅ ႏင ၂၆ အရ လကမတေရးထးျခငး၊ အတညျပျခငးႏင

ထပတးအဖြ႔ဝငအျဖစ လကမတေရးထးျခငး၊

42

(ခ) အပဒ ၂၇ အရ ဤသေဘာတစာခပ စတငအသကဝငေသာ

ရကစြႏင အပဒ ၂၉ အရ မညသည ျပငဆငခကမားမဆ စတင

အသကဝငေသာရကစြ၊

(ဂ) အပဒ ၃၁ အရ စာခပအဖြ႔ဝငႏငငအျဖစမ ႏတထြကျခငး။

အပဒ ၃၃

၁။ အာေရဗ၊ တရတ၊ အဂၤလပ၊ ျပငသစ၊ ရရား ႏင

စပနဘာသာမားျဖင တညေသာ မရငးမန မားအျဖစ ေရးသားထားသည

ဤသေဘာတစာခပက ကလသမဂၢ အေထြေထြအတြငးေရးမႉးခပထ

ေပးပ႔အပႏရမည။

၂။ ကလသမဂၢအေထြေထြအတြငးေရးမႉးခပသည

ဤသေဘာတစာခပ၏ မတမနမားက ႏငငအားလးသ႔ ျဖန႔ေဝေပး

ရမည။

43

Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or

Degrading Treatment or Punishment

Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by

General Assembly resolution 39/46 of 10 December 1984

entry into force 26 June 1987, in accordance with article 27 (1)

The States Parties to this Convention,

Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in

the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the equal and

inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the

foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

Recognizing that those rights derive from the inherent dignity of

the human person,

Considering the obligation of States under the Charter, in

particular Article 55, to promote universal respect for, and

observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms,

Having regard to article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human

Rights and article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and

Political Rights, both of which provide that no one shall be

44

subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment

or punishment,

Having regard also to the Declaration on the Protection of All

Persons from Being Subjected to Torture and Other Cruel,

Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, adopted by the

General Assembly on 9 December 1975,

Desiring to make more effective the struggle against torture and

other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment

throughout the world,

Have agreed as follows:

PART I

Article 1

1. For the purposes of this Convention, the term "torture" means

any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or

mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as

obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession,

punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is

suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him

or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of

any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the

45

instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public

official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not

include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or

incidental to lawful sanctions.

2. This article is without prejudice to any international instrument

or national legislation which does or may contain provisions of

wider application.

Article 2

1. Each State Party shall take effective legislative, administrative,

judicial or other measures to prevent acts of torture in any

territory under its jurisdiction.

2. No exceptional circumstances whatsoever, whether a state of

war or a threat of war, internal political instability or any other

public emergency, may be invoked as a justification of torture.

3. An order from a superior officer or a public authority may not

be invoked as a justification of torture.

Article 3

1. No State Party shall expel, return ("refouler") or extradite a

person to another State where there are substantial grounds for

46

believing that he would be in danger of being subjected to

torture.

2. For the purpose of determining whether there are such

grounds, the competent authorities shall take into account all

relevant considerations including, where applicable, the existence

in the State concerned of a consistent pattern of gross, flagrant

or mass violations of human rights.

Article 4

1. Each State Party shall ensure that all acts of torture are

offences under its criminal law. The same shall apply to an

attempt to commit torture and to an act by any person which

constitutes complicity or participation in torture.

2. Each State Party shall make these offences punishable by

appropriate penalties which take into account their grave nature.

Article 5

1. Each State Party shall take such measures as may be

necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offences referred

to in article 4 in the following cases:

(a) When the offences are committed in any territory under its

jurisdiction or on board a ship or aircraft registered in that State;

47

(b) When the alleged offender is a national of that State;

(c) When the victim is a national of that State if that State

considers it appropriate.

2. Each State Party shall likewise take such measures as may be

necessary to establish its jurisdiction over such offences in cases

where the alleged offender is present in any territory under its

jurisdiction and it does not extradite him pursuant to article 8 to

any of the States mentioned in paragraph I of this article.

3. This Convention does not exclude any criminal jurisdiction

exercised in accordance with internal law.

Article 6

1. Upon being satisfied, after an examination of information

available to it, that the circumstances so warrant, any State Party

in whose territory a person alleged to have committed any

offence referred to in article 4 is present shall take him into

custody or take other legal measures to ensure his presence. The

custody and other legal measures shall be as provided in the law

of that State but may be continued only for such time as is

necessary to enable any criminal or extradition proceedings to be

instituted.

48

2. Such State shall immediately make a preliminary inquiry into

the facts.

3. Any person in custody pursuant to paragraph I of this article

shall be assisted in communicating immediately with the nearest

appropriate representative of the State of which he is a national,

or, if he is a stateless person, with the representative of the

State where he usually resides.

4. When a State, pursuant to this article, has taken a person into

custody, it shall immediately notify the States referred to in

article 5, paragraph 1, of the fact that such person is in custody

and of the circumstances which warrant his detention. The State

which makes the preliminary inquiry contemplated in paragraph

2 of this article shall promptly report its findings to the said

States and shall indicate whether it intends to exercise

jurisdiction.

Article 7

1. The State Party in the territory under whose jurisdiction a

person alleged to have committed any offence referred to in

article 4 is found shall in the cases contemplated in article 5, if it

does not extradite him, submit the case to its competent

authorities for the purpose of prosecution.

49

2. These authorities shall take their decision in the same manner

as in the case of any ordinary offence of a serious nature under

the law of that State. In the cases referred to in article 5,

paragraph 2, the standards of evidence required for prosecution

and conviction shall in no way be less stringent than those which

apply in the cases referred to in article 5, paragraph 1.

3. Any person regarding whom proceedings are brought in

connection with any of the offences referred to in article 4 shall

be guaranteed fair treatment at all stages of the proceedings.

Article 8

1. The offences referred to in article 4 shall be deemed to be

included as extraditable offences in any extradition treaty

existing between States Parties. States Parties undertake to

include such offences as extraditable offences in every

extradition treaty to be concluded between them.

2. If a State Party which makes extradition conditional on the

existence of a treaty receives a request for extradition from

another State Party with which it has no extradition treaty, it

may consider this Convention as the legal basis for extradition in

respect of such offences. Extradition shall be subject to the other

conditions provided by the law of the requested State.

50

3. States Parties which do not make extradition conditional on

the existence of a treaty shall recognize such offences as

extraditable offences between themselves subject to the

conditions provided by the law of the requested State.

4. Such offences shall be treated, for the purpose of extradition

between States Parties, as if they had been committed not only

in the place in which they occurred but also in the territories of

the States required to establish their jurisdiction in accordance

with article 5, paragraph 1.

Article 9

1. States Parties shall afford one another the greatest measure of

assistance in connection with criminal proceedings brought in

respect of any of the offences referred to in article 4, including

the supply of all evidence at their disposal necessary for the

proceedings.

2. States Parties shall carry out their obligations under paragraph

I of this article in conformity with any treaties on mutual judicial

assistance that may exist between them.

51

Article 10

1. Each State Party shall ensure that education and information

regarding the prohibition against torture are fully included in the

training of law enforcement personnel, civil or military, medical

personnel, public officials and other persons who may be

involved in the custody, interrogation or treatment of any

individual subjected to any form of arrest, detention or

imprisonment.

2. Each State Party shall include this prohibition in the rules or

instructions issued in regard to the duties and functions of any

such person.

Article 11

Each State Party shall keep under systematic review interrogation

rules, instructions, methods and practices as well as

arrangements for the custody and treatment of persons

subjected to any form of arrest, detention or imprisonment in

any territory under its jurisdiction, with a view to preventing any

cases of torture.

52

Article 12

Each State Party shall ensure that its competent authorities

proceed to a prompt and impartial investigation, wherever there

is reasonable ground to believe that an act of torture has been

committed in any territory under its jurisdiction.

Article 13

Each State Party shall ensure that any individual who alleges he

has been subjected to torture in any territory under its

jurisdiction has the right to complain to, and to have his case

promptly and impartially examined by, its competent authorities.

Steps shall be taken to ensure that the complainant and

witnesses are protected against all ill-treatment or intimidation as

a consequence of his complaint or any evidence given.

Article 14

1. Each State Party shall ensure in its legal system that the victim

of an act of torture obtains redress and has an enforceable right

to fair and adequate compensation, including the means for as

full rehabilitation as possible. In the event of the death of the

victim as a result of an act of torture, his dependants shall be

entitled to compensation.

53

2. Nothing in this article shall affect any right of the victim or

other persons to compensation which may exist under national

law.

Article 15

Each State Party shall ensure that any statement which is

established to have been made as a result of torture shall not be

invoked as evidence in any proceedings, except against a person

accused of torture as evidence that the statement was made.

Article 16

1. Each State Party shall undertake to prevent in any territory

under its jurisdiction other acts of cruel, inhuman or degrading

treatment or punishment which do not amount to torture as

defined in article I, when such acts are committed by or at the

instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public

official or other person acting in an official capacity. In particular,

the obligations contained in articles 10, 11, 12 and 13 shall apply

with the substitution for references to torture of references to

other forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or

punishment.

54

2. The provisions of this Convention are without prejudice to the

provisions of any other international instrument or national law

which prohibits cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or

punishment or which relates to extradition or expulsion.

PART II

Article 17

1. There shall be established a Committee against Torture

(hereinafter referred to as the Committee) which shall carry out

the functions hereinafter provided. The Committee shall consist

of ten experts of high moral standing and recognized

competence in the field of human rights, who shall serve in their

personal capacity. The experts shall be elected by the States

Parties, consideration being given to equitable geographical

distribution and to the usefulness of the participation of some

persons having legal experience.

2. The members of the Committee shall be elected by secret

ballot from a list of persons nominated by States Parties. Each

State Party may nominate one person from among its own

nationals. States Parties shall bear in mind the usefulness of

nominating persons who are also members of the Human Rights

55

Committee established under the International Covenant on Civil

and Political Rights and who are willing to serve on the

Committee against Torture.

3. Elections of the members of the Committee shall be held at

biennial meetings of States Parties convened by the Secretary-

General of the United Nations. At those meetings, for which two

thirds of the States Parties shall constitute a quorum, the

persons elected to the Committee shall be those who obtain the

largest number of votes and an absolute majority of the votes of

the representatives of States Parties present and voting.

4. The initial election shall be held no later than six months after

the date of the entry into force of this Convention. At. Ieast four

months before the date of each election, the Secretary-General

of the United Nations shall address a letter to the States Parties

inviting them to submit their nominations within three months.

The Secretary-General shall prepare a list in alphabetical order of

all persons thus nominated, indicating the States Parties which

have nominated them, and shall submit it to the States Parties.

5. The members of the Committee shall be elected for a term of

four years. They shall be eligible for re-election if renominated.

However, the term of five of the members elected at the first

56

election shall expire at the end of two years; immediately after

the first election the names of these five members shall be

chosen by lot by the chairman of the meeting referred to in

paragraph 3 of this article.

6. If a member of the Committee dies or resigns or for any other

cause can no longer perform his Committee duties, the State

Party which nominated him shall appoint another expert from

among its nationals to serve for the remainder of his term,

subject to the approval of the majority of the States Parties. The

approval shall be considered given unless half or more of the

States Parties respond negatively within six weeks after having

been informed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations of

the proposed appointment.

7. States Parties shall be responsible for the expenses of the

members of the Committee while they are in performance of

Committee duties.

57

Article 18

1. The Committee shall elect its officers for a term of two years.

They may be re-elected.

2. The Committee shall establish its own rules of procedure, but

these rules shall provide, inter alia, that:

(a) Six members shall constitute a quorum;

(b) Decisions of the Committee shall be made by a majority vote

of the members present.

3. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall provide the

necessary staff and facilities for the effective performance of the

functions of the Committee under this Convention.

4. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall convene the

initial meeting of the Committee. After its initial meeting, the

Committee shall meet at such times as shall be provided in its

rules of procedure.

5. The States Parties shall be responsible for expenses incurred

in connection with the holding of meetings of the States Parties

and of the Committee, including reimbursement to the United

Nations for any expenses, such as the cost of staff and facilities,

58

incurred by the United Nations pursuant to paragraph 3 of this

article.

Article 19

1. The States Parties shall submit to the Committee, through the

Secretary-General of the United Nations, reports on the

measures they have taken to give effect to their undertakings

under this Convention, within one year after the entry into force

of the Convention for the State Party concerned. Thereafter the

States Parties shall submit supplementary reports every four

years on any new measures taken and such other reports as the

Committee may request.

2. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall transmit the

reports to all States Parties.

3. Each report shall be considered by the Committee which may

make such general comments on the report as it may consider

appropriate and shall forward these to the State Party

concerned. That State Party may respond with any observations

it chooses to the Committee.

59

4. The Committee may, at its discretion, decide to include any

comments made by it in accordance with paragraph 3 of this

article, together with the observations thereon received from the

State Party concerned, in its annual report made in accordance

with article 24. If so requested by the State Party concerned, the

Committee may also include a copy of the report submitted

under paragraph I of this article.

Article 20

1. If the Committee receives reliable information which appears

to it to contain well-founded indications that torture is being

systematically practised in the territory of a State Party, the

Committee shall invite that State Party to co-operate in the

examination of the information and to this end to submit

observations with regard to the information concerned.

2. Taking into account any observations which may have been

submitted by the State Party concerned, as well as any other

relevant information available to it, the Committee may, if it

decides that this is warranted, designate one or more of its

members to make a confidential inquiry and to report to the

Committee urgently.

60

3. If an inquiry is made in accordance with paragraph 2 of this

article, the Committee shall seek the co-operation of the State

Party concerned. In agreement with that State Party, such an

inquiry may include a visit to its territory.

4. After examining the findings of its member or members

submitted in accordance with paragraph 2 of this article, the

Commission shall transmit these findings to the State Party

concerned together with any comments or suggestions which

seem appropriate in view of the situation.

5. All the proceedings of the Committee referred to in paragraphs

I to 4 of th is article s hall be con fidential , and at all stages of

the proceedings the co-operation of the State Party shall be

sought. After such proceedings have been completed with regard

to an inquiry made in accordance with paragraph 2, the

Committee may, after consultations with the State Party

concerned, decide to include a summary account of the results of

the proceedings in its annual report made in accordance with

article 24.

61

Article 21

1. A State Party to this Convention may at any time declare

under this article that it recognizes the competence of the

Committee to receive and consider communications to the effect

that a State Party claims that another State Party is not fulfilling

its obligations under this Convention. Such communications may

be received and considered according to the procedures laid

down in this article only if submitted by a State Party which has

made a declaration recognizing in regard to itself the

competence of the Committee. No communication shall be dealt

with by the Committee under this article if it concerns a State

Party which has not made such a declaration. Communications

received under this article shall be dealt with in accordance with

the following procedure;

(a) If a State Party considers that another State Party is not

giving effect to the provisions ofthis Convention, it may, by

written communication, bring the matter to the attention of that

State Party. Within three months after the receipt of the

communication the receiving State shall afford the State which

sent the communication an explanation or any other statement in

writing clarifying the matter, which should include, to the extent

62

possible and pertinent, reference to domestic procedures and

remedies taken, pending or available in the matter;

(b) If the matter is not adjusted to the satisfaction of both States

Parties concerned within six months after the receipt by the

receiving State of the initial communication, either State shall

have the right to refer the matter to the Committee, by notice

given to the Committee and to the other State;

(c) The Committee shall deal with a matter referred to it under

this article only after it has ascertained that all domestic

remedies have been invoked and exhausted in the matter, in

conformity with the generally recognized principles of

international law. This shall not be the rule where the application

of the remedies is unreasonably prolonged or is unlikely to bring

effective relief to the person who is the victim of the violation of

this Convention;

(d) The Committee shall hold closed meetings when examining

communications under this article;

(e) Subject to the provisions of subparagraph (e), the Committee

shall make available its good offices to the States Parties

concerned with a view to a friendly solution of the matter on the

basis of respect for the obligations provided for in this

63

Convention. For this purpose, the Committee may, when

appropriate, set up an ad hoc conciliation commission;

(f) In any matter referred to it under this article, the Committee

may call upon the States Parties concerned, referred to in

subparagraph (b), to supply any relevant information;

(g) The States Parties concerned, referred to in subparagraph

(b), shall have the right to be represented when the matter is

being considered by the Committee and to make submissions

orally and/or in writing;

(h) The Committee shall, within twelve months after the date of

receipt of notice under subparagraph (b), submit a report:

(i) If a solution within the terms of subparagraph (e) is reached,

the Committee shall confine its report to a brief statement of the

facts and of the solution reached;

(ii) If a solution within the terms of subparagraph (e) is not

reached, the Committee shall confine its report to a brief

statement of the facts; the written submissions and record of the

oral submissions made by the States Parties concerned shall be

attached to the report.

64

In every matter, the report shall be communicated to the States

Parties concerned.

2. The provisions of this article shall come into force when five

States Parties to this Convention have made declarations under

paragraph 1 of this article. Such declarations shall be deposited

by the States Parties with the Secretary-General of the United

Nations, who shall transmit copies thereof to the other States

Parties. A declaration may be withdrawn at any time by

notification to the Secretary-General. Such a withdrawal shall not

prejudice the consideration of any matter which is the subject of

a communication already transmitted under this article; no

further communication by any State Party shall be received

under this article after the notification of withdrawal of the

declaration has been received by the Secretary-General, unless

the State Party concerned has made a new declaration.

Article 22

1. A State Party to this Convention may at any time declare

under this article that it recognizes the competence of the

Committee to receive and consider communications from or on

behalf of individuals subject to its jurisdiction who claim to be

victims of a violation by a State Party of the provisions of the

65

Convention. No communication shall be received by the

Committee if it concerns a State Party which has not made such

a declaration.

2. The Committee shall consider inadmissible any communication

under this article which is anonymous or which it considers to be

an abuse of the right of submission of such communications or to

be incompatible with the provisions of this Convention.

3. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 2, the Committee shall

bring any communications submitted to it under this article to the

attention of the State Party to this Convention which has made a

declaration under paragraph I and is alleged to be violating any

provisions of the Convention. Within six months, the receiving

State shall submit to the Committee written explanations or

statements clarifying the matter and the remedy, if any, that

may have been taken by that State.

4. The Committee shall consider communications received under

this article in the light of all information made available to it by or

on behalf of the individual and by the State Party concerned. 5.

The Committee shall not consider any communications from an

individual under this article unless it has ascertained that:

66

(a) The same matter has not been, and is not being, examined

under another procedure of international investigation or

settlement;

(b) The individual has exhausted all available domestic remedies;

this shall not be the rule where the application of the remedies is

unreasonably prolonged or is unlikely to bring effective reliefto

the person who is the victim of the violation of this Convention.

6. The Committee shall hold closed meetings when examining

communications under this article.

7. The Committee shall forward its views to the State Party

concerned and to the individual.

8. The provisions of this article shall come into force when five

States Parties to this Convention have made declarations under

paragraph 1 of this article. Such declarations shall be deposited

by the States Parties with the Secretary-General of the United

Nations, who shall transmit copies thereof to the other States

Parties. A declaration may be withdrawn at any time by

notification to the Secretary-General. Such a withdrawal shall not

prejudice the consideration of any matter which is the subject of

a communication already transmitted under this article; no

further communication by or on behalf of an individual shall be

67

received under this article after the notification of withdrawal of

the declaration has been received by the SecretaryGeneral,

unless the State Party has made a new declaration.

Article 23

The members of the Committee and of the ad hoc conciliation

commissions which may be appointed under article 21,

paragraph I (e), shall be entitled to the facilities, privileges and

immunities of experts on mission for the United Nations as laid

down in the relevant sections of the Convention on the Privileges

and Immunities of the United Nations.

Article 24

The Committee shall submit an annual report on its activities

under this Convention to the States Parties and to the General

Assembly of the United Nations.

68

PART III

Article 25

1. This Convention is open for signature by all States. 2. This

Convention is subject to ratification. Instruments of ratification

shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United

Nations.

Article 26

This Convention is open to accession by all States. Accession

shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument of accession

with the SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations.

Article 27

1. This Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after

the date of the deposit with the Secretary-General of the United

Nations of the twentieth instrument of ratification or accession.

2. For each State ratifying this Convention or acceding to it after

the deposit of the twentieth instrument of ratification or

accession, the Convention shall enter into force onthe thirtieth

day after the date of the deposit of its own instrument of

ratification or accession.

69

Article 28

1. Each State may, at the time of signature or ratification of this

Convention or accession thereto, declare that it does not

recognize the competence of the Committee provided for in

article 20.

2. Any State Party having made a reservation in accordance with

paragraph I of this article may, at any time, withdraw this

reservation by notification to the Secretary-General of the United

Nations.

Article 29

1 . Any State Party to this Convention may propose an

amendment and file it with the Secretary-General of the United

Nations. The SecretaryGeneral shall thereupon communicate the

proposed amendment to the States Parties with a request that

they notify him whether they favour a conference of States

Parties for the purpose of considering an d voting upon the

proposal. In the event that within four months from the date of

such communication at least one third of the States Parties

favours such a conference, the SecretaryGeneral shall convene

the conference under the auspices of the United Nations. Any

amendment adopted by a majority of the States Parties present

70

and voting at the conference shall be submitted by the

Secretary-General to all the States Parties for acceptance.

2. An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph I of this

article shall enter into force when two thirds of the States Parties

to this Convention have notified the Secretary-General of the

United Nations that they have accepted it in accordance with

their respective constitutional processes.

3. When amendments enter into force, they shall be binding on

those States Parties which have accepted them, other States

Parties still being bound by the provisions of this Convention and

any earlier amendments which they have accepted.

Article 30

1. Any dispute between two or more States Parties concerning

the interpretation or application of this Convention which cannot

be settled through negotiation shall, at the request of one of

them, be submitted to arbitration. If within six months from thc

date of the request for arbitration the Parties are unable to agree

on the organization of the arbitration, any one of those Parties

may refer the dispute to the International Court of Justice by

request in conformity with the Statute of the Court.

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2. Each State may, at the time of signature or ratification of this

Con vention or accession thereto, declare that it does not

consider itself bound by paragraph I of this article. The other

States Parties shall not be bound by paragraph I of this article

with respect to any State Party having made such a reservation.

3. Any State Party having made a reservation in accordance with

paragraph 2 of this article may at any time withdraw this

reservation by notification to the Secretary-General of the United

Nations.

Article 31

1. A State Party may denounce this Convention by written

notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Denunciation becomes effective one year after the date of

receipt of- the notification by the Secretary-General .

2. Such a denunciation shall not have the effect of releasing the

State Party from its obligations under this Convention in regard

to any act or omission which occurs prior to the date at which

the denunciation becomes effective, nor shall denunciation

prejudice in any way the continued consideration of any matter

which is already under consideration by the Committee prior to

the date at which the denunciation becomes effective.

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3. Following the date at which the denunciation of a State Party

becomes effective, the Committee shall not commence

consideration of any new matter regarding that State.

Article 32

The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall inform all

States Members of the United Nations and all States which have

signed this Convention or acceded to it of the following:

(a) Signatures, ratifications and accessions under articles 25 and

26;

(b) The date of entry into force of this Convention under article

27 and the date of the entry into force of any amendments under

article 29;

(c) Denunciations under article 31.

Article 33

1. This Convention, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English,

French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be

deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

2. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall transmit

certified copies of this Convention to all States.