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JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
FU JEN CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY
Volume 5
May 31,2006
Original research paper
A Study on the Relationship between Elementary School Principals’
Transformational Leadership and Physical Education Teachers’ Job Stress in
Hsinchu City………...……………………………..Hsing-hao Tai, Lee-Hua Chou
Professional Growth Situation and Needs of Physical Education Teachers in the
Junior High Schools in Taipei City………..…..…Shu-Ling Lee, Chin-Ken Nyit
A Study of the Current Situation of Professional Capacities of Physical Education
Teachers in Secondary Schools…………………………………………………...
……………………………. ..Lu-Sheng Chen, Yin-Hua Hou, Chien-Chun Wang
The Study of the Satisfaction Inventory of STUT Physical Education Program
…………………………………………………………………….Chun-An Chen
A Study of Participation Motivation and Satisfaction of Golf Players at Taipei Golf
Club……………………….…….Chang-Hung Ayin, Yun-Ycu Lai, Han-Sung Su
A study on Fu-Jen University swimming pool customer’s participating behavior and
satisfaction…………………………………………………………Hsu Fu-Shu
An Investigation On Rugby Players’ Degree Of Satisfaction With Referees’ Work
Attitudes………………………Pao-Yi Chen, Chang-Kuo Lin, Ching-Nan Wang
A Study of Relationships among Work Stress, Work Value and Organizational
Commitment of Sport Coach…………………………..…………..Yu-You Tsai
The Analysis of Business Model in Urban Sports Centre A case of Tai-Mao Shopping
Mall Action Zone ………………………………………………Chia-Hua Mao
Oral Metformin effects blood glucose and stored glycogen on skeletal muscle after
exercise…………Ching-Hung Lin, Wen-Shan Yu, Chi-Yuan Lin, Wen-Chih Lee
The Psychophysiological Effects of Amino Acid Added Beverage to Ultra-marathon
Runner.…………...………..…Meng-Shyan Lin, Fung-chow Kuo, Yi-Jen Huang
An Analysis of the Recent Asian Decathlon Performances………….……Jin-Yun Wu
Relations among Sprint Contestants’ Step length, Step frequency, and Average
Speed.………………………………………………………………Shu-Hua Liu
The Influence of Lower Limb Motion of Long Jumpers on Performance…………..
………………………………………………Cheng-chung Yu, Jian-syun Chen
The Analysis on Plyometric Ability of Female Long Jumpers and Triple Jumpers…..
…………………….……...…Jian-syun Chen, Cheng-Chung You, I -Sung Chiu
The Evaluation of Lower Extremity Injury Predictive Model……….…….Adi Wang
Kinematic Analysis of The Morements of Rowing Crewfor Elite Rowing
Players…….……………………………………………………...Kuan-hsien Li
The Performance Analysis of China Women's Volleyball Team In The Finals Of 2005
Word Grand Prix………………………………………………….Chi-Min Tang
The analysis of the batting ability and the victory or defeat of competitions to the
Athens 2004 Olympic Games in women’s softball……………………………...
………………………………….Show-Tzu Yen, Li-Shu Chiu, Sheng-Jung Lai
Point of view
Discourse on the Strategic Analysis of Taiwan’s Applocation toHost the 2011
Universiade Games……………I-sung Chiu, Cheng-yang Huang, Ying-chia Lo
Initial Investigation on the Participation Motivations for Sport Volunteers………….
……………………………………Heuy-ting Lin, Ming-chung Lin, Yi-song Chiu
To comment on the effectiveness of sponsorship on sports……….Shang-Wen Chen
The psychological response of athletes and the necessary reaction after athletic
injury.……...……………………………………………Ann-Mei Chi, Adi Wang
The Preliminary Analysis of Internet Public Relations in the teams — a Case of the
Brothers Elephant Baseball Team……………………………….... ..Phoenix Hsu
A Comparison of the Professional Baseball Umpire System of America, Japan, and
Taiwan………………………………………………………………..Chieh Hsu
The application of the Tae Kwon Do imagery training……………………………….
………………………….……………….. Wen-Hsiung Chang, Yung-Chang Yu
Application of the Imagery in Rowing……………………………………………..…
………………………………..Hsiao-fang Yang, Mao-sung Hsieh, Kuan-hsien Li
2 1~14 (2006.5)
2001 2001
Hipp, 1997 Bass &
Avolio, 1990
2004
2002 2002 2003 2004
2002 2004
31~14 (2006.5)
Bass & Avolio (1990)
Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, MLQ
1996 2001 2001
28
Cooper
2002 1995
2002 2003 2002
6 42
4 28
t 68.58
4 1~14 (2006.5)
6 24 t
76.33
Cronbach 0.71~0.83
Cronbach 0.73~0.89
Likert
4 3-4 2-3
1-2
10
120 83 69.17
26
15
390 298
76.41
SPSS for Windows 8.0
t one-way
ANOVA Scheffe
51~14 (2006.5)
3.53
3.77 3.58
3.51 3.27
2000 2001
7 26.39 3.65 3.77 1
7 25.06 3.53 3.58 2
7 22.89 3.13 3.27 4
7 24.57 3.37 3.51 3
28 98.91 13.68 3.53
2.83
3.12
2.95 2.83
2.81 2.72 2.55
2003
2003
2003
2004 2002
6 1~14 (2006.5)
2001 2004
7 17.85 2.71 2.55 6
7 19.81 2.95 2.83 3
7 19.04 2.76 2.72 5
7 21.84 3.11 3.12 1
7 20.65 3.03 2.95 2
7 19.67 2.89 2.81 4
42 118.86 17.45 2.83
1-5 6-10
21
2000 2004
1-5 6-10
1992
2000 2001 2004
71~14 (2006.5)
FScheffe
1.1-5
2.6-10
3.11-20
4.21
120
58
97
23
26.92
26.39
25.98
25.33
3.77
3.58
3.43
3.39
4.65* 1>4
2>4
1.1-5
2.6-10
3.11-20
4.21
120
58
97
23
25.39
25.22
24.79
24.08
3.58
3.55
3.37
3.31
4.88* 1>4
2>4
*p<.05
F
Scheffe
1.
2.
3.
4.
28
146
79
45
24.54
24.81
25.98
24.58
3.51
3.41
3.62
3.55
5.37* 3>1
3>2
3>4
1.
2.
3.
4.
28
146
79
45
24.54
24.81
25.98
24.58
3.28
3.41
3.50
3.33
5.58* 3>1
3>2
3>4
*p<.05
1992 1995
2001
8 1~14 (2006.5)
2002
2004
2003
1-5 6-10
21 1-5
11-20 21
2002 2003 2004
FScheffe
1.1-5
2.6-10
3.11-20
4.21
120
58
97
23
21.08
20.91
20.22
19.58
3.21
3.01
2.88
2.87
5.12* 1>4
2>4
1.1-5
2.6-10
3.11-20
4.21
120
58
97
23
20.53
19.77
19.12
19.02
3.11
2.78
2.65
2.73
4.89* 1>3
1>4
*p<.05
91~14 (2006.5)
2002 2003 2004
FScheffe
1.
2.
3.
4.
28
146
79
45
20.15
20.63
21.33
19.83
3.12
2.87
3.11
2.65
5.98* 3>1
3>4
1.
2.
3.
4.
28
146
79
45
20.76
21.73
22.66
21.43
2.89
3.21
2.95
2.86
6.37* 3>1
3>4
*p<.05
2002 2002
2003
10 1~14 (2006.5)
1999 2002 2004
-.25*
-.25*
-.39*
-.36*
-.31*
-.43*
-.37*
-.36*
-.36*
-.55*
-.54*
-.40*
-.63*
-.56*
-.36*
-.34*
-.48*
-.47*
-.35*
-.54*
-.48*
-.38*
-.35*
-.57*
-.55*
-.35*
-.64*
-.56*
-.40*
-.38*
-.58*
-.57*
-.38*
-.68*
-.61*
*p<.05
11 1~14 (2006.5)
2002
1999
12 1~14 (2006.5)
1996
2000
1995
1995
2003
2002
2004
2004
2001
2003
2001
2002
2001 6 3 1-5
2004
2003
1992
131~14 (2006.5)
2001 413 11
10-15
2004
2002
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1990). The implications of transactional and
transformational leadership for individual, team, and organizational
development Research. Organizational Change and Development, 4, 231-272.
Hipp, K. A. (1997). Documenting the effects on transformational leadership
behavior on teacher efficacy. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service NO.
407734)
14 1~14 (2006.5)
A Study on the Relationship between
Elementary School Principals’
Transformational Leadership and Physical
Education Teachers’ Job Stress in Hsinchu City
Hsing-hao Tai, Lee-Hua Chou
Ching Yun University
The purpose of this study was to explore the current situation of elementary
school principals’ transformational leadership and physical education teachers’ job
stress, and analyze the relationship among them. The instruments were “the
questionnaire of the principals’ transformational leadership and physical education
teachers’ job stress in Hsinchu city”. Which sample were 390 physical education
teachers from Hsinchu city. The response rate was 76.41%. The data were analyzed
via SPSS 8.0 of software with Chinese edition and presented as t-test, one-way
ANOVA, Person’s product-moment correlation. The findings from the analysis were
summarized as follows:1. The level of physical education teachers’ perception of
principals’ transformational leadership was above average in Hsinchu city.2. The
level of physical education teachers’ job stress was characterized as lower than
medium in Hsinchu city.3. The conception of transformational leadership of
principals was affected by the years of the teaching of the physical education
teachers, as well as physical education teachers’ duty.4. The job stress of the physical
education teachers was affected by the years of the teaching of the physical education
teachers, as well as physical education teachers’ duty.5. There was a significant
negative relationship between principals’ transformational leadership and physical
education teachers’ job stress.
Key Words PE teachers, Transformational leadership, Job stress
1515~30 (2006.5)
1 2
1 2
177
Pearson
Yarger and Merten 1988
Boggs 1999
0911-769-167 e-mail [email protected]
16 15~30 (2006.5)
1997
1999
2002 1999
1990 1985
1987
1992 1989 1980 Dean,1975
1995
1997 1997
2001 2002 2003
1715~30 (2006.5)
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6. 7.
2003
57
36 240 187 77.92%
177 73.75%
12 36 48
57 84
1997
2001 2001
2002
38 Likert Scale
5 4 3 2 1
18 15~30 (2006.5)
5 4 3 2 1
86 75 3
72
25
critical ratio, Pearson
Principal Components Analysis Varimax
Orthogonal Rotation
0.4
1.0
0.4 3 4 10 18
19 27
1.0
0.4
70.42 74.47
1915~30 (2006.5)
N=72
2.88* 0.51* 8.48* 0.76* 4.87* 0.74* 7.74* 0.82*
4.35* 0.68* 7.97* 0.78* 5.70* 0.79* 8.13* 0.83*
5.14* 0.62* 2.92* 0.54* 5.73* 0.76* 8.13* 0.78*
5.51* 0.79* 4.02* 0.67* 5.31* 0.83* 5.02* 0.68*
3.88* 0.74* 8.33* 0.82* 5.24* 0.62* 9.34* 0.78*
2.74* 0.45* 3.56* 0.54* 6.38* 0.75* 11.01* 0.82*
2.95* 0.59* 10.53* 0.90* 5.17* 0.71* 6.11* 0.77*
2.94* 0.52* 8.06* 0.80* 8.20* 0.84* 3.79* 0.42*
7.18* 0.72* 7.57* 0.84* 6.51* 0.73* 7.71* 0.83*
5.22* 0.68* 3.36* 0.62* 3.66* 0.60* 6.67* 0.75*
2.74* 0.56* 5.88* 0.68* 3.58* 0.57* 9.01* 0.78*
4.32* 0.72* 10.24* 0.87* 4.55* 0.74* 8.53* 0.86*
4.05* 0.69* 13.35* 0.90* 2.96* 0.40* 11.17* 0.89*
4.67* 0.73* 6.89* 0.88* 4.11* 0.59* 10.12* 0.88*
4.06* 0.71* 2.64* 0.60* 4.72* 0.69* 3.05* 0.61*
5.12* 0.72* 15.85* 0.90* 4.35* 0.67* 6.18* 0.77*
3.58* 0.52* 8.89* 0.81* 5.07* 0.69* 6.47* 0.72*
2.13* 0.46* 8.36* 0.75* 3.55* 0.53* 6.57* 0.76*
4.10* 0.60* 2.73* 0.41* 5.25* 0.70* 11.27* 0.85*
*p .05
N=72
.94 .81 .68 .85 .82 .76 .74 4.93 70.42
.86 .87 .90 .80 .90 .91 .80 5.21 74.47
20 15~30 (2006.5)
Cronbach’
N=72
.78 .68 .88 .81 .80 .75 .85 .92
Cronbach’
.80 .83 .94 .90 .79 .88 .87 .96
SPSS For Windows9.0
Cronbach
Pearson Scheffe
.05
2115~30 (2006.5)
4.10
3.64
1. 4 14.70 2.05 3.68 7
2. 4 15.42 2.25 3.86 4
3. 5 20.51 2.52 4.10 1
4. 4 15.93 1.92 3.98 2
5. 5 19.12 2.40 3.82 5
6. 5 19.75 2.48 3.95 3
7. 5 18.88 3.14 3.78 6
8. 32 124.31 12.67 3.89
1. 4 14.44 2.82 3.61 6
2. 4 14.50 3.16 3.63 2
3. 5 18.06 4.74 3.61 5
4. 4 14.56 3.56 3.64 1
5. 5 18.12 3.96 3.62 3
6. 5 18.11 4.16 3.62 4
7. 5 17.90 3.98 3.58 7
8. 32 115.70 23.63 3.62
22 15~30 (2006.5)
p
1. 14.70 14.44 2.05 2.82 1.02 .310
2. 15.42 14.50 2.25 3.16 3.17* .002
3. 20.51 18.06 2.52 4.74 6.35* .000
4. 15.93 14.56 1.92 3.56 4.42* .000
5. 19.12 18.12 2.40 3.96 2.79* .006
6. 19.75 18.11 2.48 4.16 4.66* .000
7. 18.88 17.90 3.14 3.98 2.62* .010
8.124.31 115.70 12.67 23.63 4.30* .000
*p<.05
2002 2003
2002 2003
1994
2002 2003
2315~30 (2006.5)
2002
2003
2002
2002
2003
3.675
3.5
2002 2003
2002 2003
24 15~30 (2006.5)
2002
2002 2003
2002 2003
2002
2003
2002 2003
2001 2002 2003
2002 2003
3.58
3.5
3.64 3.58
2515~30 (2006.5)
1997
1997 2001
26 15~30 (2006.5)
1997
1995
2001
3.5
2715~30 (2006.5)
3.5
3.64 3.58
28 15~30 (2006.5)
2001
1997
2002
2003
1990
1992
1999 51 3 3-8
1994
1989
889-917
2002 104 9-13
1997
1999
10-18
2915~30 (2006.5)
2001
1995
1987 288 18-20
1980
22 189-318
1995
NSC83-0301-H-004-069
2003
1985
Boggs, H. L. 1999 . Teacher professional development in the context of school
change: A qualitative case study of teachers integrating academic and vocational
education. Dissertation Abstracts International, 60 2 , 291.
Dean, J. 1975 . The role of local advisory service in the in-service education of
teachers. In E.Adams Ed , In-Service Education and Teacher’s Centers. New
York: Pergamon press.
Yarger, S. J., & Mertens, S. K. 1980 . Testing the Waters of School-Based Teacher
Education. In Carigan, D. C. & Howey, K. R. eds. , Concepts to Guide the
Education of Experienced Teachers. Reston, VA: Council for Exceptional
Children.
30 15~30 (2006.5)
Professional Growth Situation and Needs of
Physical Education Teachers in the Junior High
Schools in Taipei City
Shu-Ling Lee1, Chin-Ken Nyit
2
1China Institute of Technology,
2National Taiwan Normal University Department of Physical Education
The objective of this study was to explore the current situation and needs of
professional growth of physical education PE teachers in the junior high schools
in Taipei City. Literature on professional growth was reviewed. A random sampling
of 177 PE teachers completed a survey questionnaire created to collect objective and
relevant information. Frequency, Factor Analysis, Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation, One-way ANOVA, T-test, and Scheffe’ Post-Hoc Comparisons statistical
methods were utilized to analyze the data. The results showed that PE teachers’
levels of professional growth are fairly good, PE teachers’ ambition for professional
growth is prevalent, the situation of the PE teachers’ professional growth is better
than the needs. The theoretical and practical implications of this current study are
offered for PE teachers, normal education organizations, and school administrators.
Finally, the limitations of the study are discussed along with suggestions for future
research.
Key words: physical education teacher, junior high school, professional growth,
professional growth situation, professional growth need.
3131~44 (2006.5)
32 31~44 (2006.5)
2000
3331~44 (2006.5)
34 31~44 (2006.5)
3531~44 (2006.5)
36 31~44 (2006.5)
3731~44 (2006.5)
38 31~44 (2006.5)
3931~44 (2006.5)
40 31~44 (2006.5)
4131~44 (2006.5)
42 31~44 (2006.5)
2001
2002
1992
2004
1997
2001
2003
2004 http://www.kscg.gov.tw/organ/organ.htm/
2000 6
2002
4331~44 (2006.5)
1999
2001
2001
1988
1993
1999
1997
2003
1991
2002
2003
1998
2002
2003
1991
2000
1992
2003
44 31~44 (2006.5)
A Study of the Current Situation of Professional
Capacities of Physical Education Teachers in
Secondary Schools
Lu-Sheng Chen1, Yin-Hua Hou
2, Chien-Chun Wang
3
1Yuan Ze University,
2National Kangshan Agricltural & lndustrial Vocational,
3Fu Jen Catholic University
This research aims to understand the current situation of professional capacities
of physical education teachers in secondary schools in Kaohsiung County and
explore the difference in current situation of professional capacities of physical
education teachers in secondary schools in Kaohsiung County with different
background variables. This research treats the physical education teachers in public
and private secondary schools including comprehensive high schools in
Kaohsiung County as the targets and manages the survey with census. There are
totally 296 questionnaire distributed and 262 valid questionnaires in return return
rate of valid questionnaire is 88% . Based on the data acquired, the researcher uses
statistical methods such as descriptive statistics, factor analysis, t-test, one-way
ANOVA for analysis. The research conclusions are as follows:1. The current
professional competency level of Kaohsiung County middle school P. E. teachers
were, in a descending order, “Affection Cultivation”, ” Teaching and
Knowledgement”, ”Guidance and Evaluation”, ”Competition Management”,
and ”Administration”.2. There were significant differences on professional
competency levels among P. E. teachers with different marital, age, seniority,
position, school-type, or certification status.
Keywords Middle school of Kaohsiung County, professional competency
4545~59 (2006.5)
46 45~59 (2006.5)
4745~59 (2006.5)
48 45~59 (2006.5)
4945~59 (2006.5)
50 45~59 (2006.5)
5145~59 (2006.5)
52 45~59 (2006.5)
5345~59 (2006.5)
54 45~59 (2006.5)
5545~59 (2006.5)
56 45~59 (2006.5)
5745~59 (2006.5)
1999
139-158
1996 6 5
42-48
1997
2000 SPSS
1989 11 67-78
1999
48 1-10
1995
1995
22 32-38
1995 16 1-2
1995
1995 SPSS for Windows
1996 27
126-132
1981 4-5
1996 26 25-35
1997
22 153-164
1998
35 81-89
2002 12
2 127-140
58 45~59 (2006.5)
1991
1998
25 51-60
1997
2000 28 111-122
1998 40
31-39
1997
24 73-84
Chen. & Watson. 1993 . Physical education teaching: What challenges are ahead of
us. Journal of Physical Education, 26 4 , 18-22.
Figley, G. E. 1985 . Determinants of attitudes toward physical education. Journal
of Social Psychology, 10, 563-575.
5945~59 (2006.5)
The Study of the Satisfaction Inventory of
STUT Physical Education Program
Chun-An Chen
South Taiwan University of Technology
The purpose of this study was to develop the satisfaction inventory of
physical education. First applying the draft questionnaire on 173 students with
19.83±2.11 average age 85 male students and 88 female students , and to realize
the satisfaction factors of physical education program from the students. First
applying pre-test measurement table on 421 students, through the steps of
exploratory element analysis and each individual table’s item analysis, then the result
shows learning strategy was composed of six elements including “spot and
equipment”, “teachers’ ability”, “the efficiency of physical education”, “the
development of physical and ability”, “the relationship of peer” and “the teaching
administration of physical education”, 38 questions in total that makes up to the
formal inventory. Based on the formal questionnaire applying the pre-test on 290
students after the interval of three weeks and conducting the examination of the
reliability and validity to construct the reliability and validity of the inventory. The
outcome shows this questionnaire was having good reliability and validity that can
provide to PE teachers to understand the satisfaction of physical education program.
Key words: physical education program, satisfaction inventory
60 60~76 (2006.5)
~ ~
1 2 3
1 2 3
1000
t
51~60 60001~80000
19~28 100
1997 2002
02 82122247 E-mail
6160~76 (2006.5)
1997 65 2002 200 15%
166
112 1998
1994
1999 209 1997
90
70 30 1997
2002
1994
1999
1996
Hampel 1977
62 60~76 (2006.5)
2005 3 15 4 27
1996
Hampel 1977
1000
914 91.4% 88
826
6360~76 (2006.5)
150
150 150 100%
t
Cronbach 1951
Alpha
t t-test one-way ANOVA
.05
64 60~76 (2006.5)
CR CR
01 7.68* 0.66* 01 6.12* 0.68*
02 6.35* 0.67* 02 7.81* 0.73*
03 9.91* 0.74* 03 10.51* 0.80*
04 12.47* 0.76* 04 9.26* 0.75*
05 15.19* 0.79* 05 11.43* 0.80*
06 14.27* 0.70* 06 11.34* 0.79*
07 11.34* 0.70* 07 13.74* 0.82*
08 13.04* 0.77* 08 16.44* 0.78*
09 13.41* 0.80* 09 12.74* 0.79*
10 16.52* 0.85* 10 15.85* 0.75*
11 14.26* 0.79* 11 13.18* 0.78*
12 11.91* 0.76* 12 10.98* 0.73*
13 10.95* 0.75* 13 11.16* 0.72*
14 13.40* 0.77* 14 15.04* 0.74*
15 14.23* 0.78* 15 15.13* 0.76*
16 15.01* 0.81* 16 15.23* 0.77*
17 9.53* 0.63* 17 15.15* 0.79*
18 10.37* 0.69* 18 13.93* 0.80*
19 9.43* 0.71* 19 7.92* 0.65*
20 12.29* 0.75* 20 9.76* 0.68*
21 13.62* 0.80* 21 14.66* 0.75*
22 14.43* 0.77* 22 14.26* 0.72*
23 13.86* 0.79* 23 14.56* 0.73*
24 15.56* 0.69* 24 17.05* 0.72*
25 17.32* 0.71* 25 14.89* 0.74*
26 16.42* 0.64* 26 14.10* 0.72*
27 18.12* 0.74* 27 13.14* 0.76*
28 16.65* 0.76* 28 15.90* 0.77*
29 16.61* 0.82* 29 10.57* 0.72*
30 11.37* 0.71* 30 11.74* 0.77*
31 11.47* 0.73* 31 14.27* 0.78*
32 13.91* 0.73* 32 13.63* 0.75*
33 13.19* 0.76*
34 12.15* 0.76*
35 14.81* 0.77*
* p<.05
6560~76 (2006.5)
13 .79 01 .81
14 .78 02 .81
15 .77 03 .80
11 .74 04 .74
12 .71 05 .67
16 .64 31 .80
09 .64 32 .76
10 .61 29 .71
01 .79 30 .67
02 .77 28 .65
20 .74 11 .64
21 .67 07 .58
18 .62 17 .71
19 .59 13 .71
26 .84 16 .69
24 .74 18 .67
25 .70 19 .65
27 .69 14 .65
28 .64 21 .64
06 .72 26 .77
05 .66 25 .75
04 .64 24 .74
07 .64 23 .71
32 .72
33 .72
31 .66
34 .51
66 60~76 (2006.5)
Cronbach,s Cronbach,s
.95 .93
.92 .92
.91 .94
.89 .91
.91 .98
.98
75.2%
51~60 25.4% 60001~80000 30.5%
19~28 35.6%
1994 89.1 1997
87.6
2001 84.1
1994 2001 41~50
30 9.8 1991 29
5.7 2001 30 8.3
2001 12
120,000
6760~76 (2006.5)
100 72.7
1991 100 73.1 2000 100
72.8
621 75.2 40000 123 14.9
205 24.8 40001~60000 234 28.3
60001~80000 252 30.5
20 17 2.1 80001~100000 104 12.6
21~30 64 7.7 100001~120000 78 9.4
31~40 200 24.2 120001 35 4.2
41~50 196 23.7
51~60 210 25.4 1~9 81 39 4.7
60 139 16.8 10~18 82-90 268 32.4
19~28 91-100 294 35.6
29 101 225 27.2
p<.05 2003
Ryan, Frederick,
Lepes, Rudio, Sheldon 1997
Decision Research 1999 Regina city
68 60~76 (2006.5)
2005
1990
2005
2001
t
4.06±0.61 4.10±0.65 -0.86
4.01±0.62 4.10±0.66 -1.70
3.72±0.79 3.78±0.90 -0.83
3.83±0.77 3.98±0.75 -2.45*
3.97±0.72 4.14±0.68 -2.95*
*p<.05
p<.05 Tukey 41~50
60 2003
Feltz,
Gould Weiss 1985
2001
6960~76 (2006.5)
20 21~30 31~40 41~50 51~60 60 F
4.22±0.83 4.02±0.59 4.10±0.61 4.15±0.60 4.09±0.56 3.90±0.71 3.15* 4>6
4.04±0.91 4.09±0.67 4.03±0.58 4.08±0.64 4.02±0.59 3.96±0.69 0.69
3.82±1.13 3.74±0.73 3.67±0.82 3.69±0.88 3.86±0.76 3.70±0.80 1.40
3.60±1.15 3.86±0.73 3.78±0.77 3.86±0.79 3.96±0.69 3.89±0.79 1.52
4.24±0.78 3.93±0.75 3.95±0.75 4.14±0.70 4.05±0.61 3.89±0.77 3.01* 4>6
*p<.05
p<.05 Tukey
80001~100000
40001~60000 60001~80000 100001~120000
2003
100001~120000
p<.05 Tukey
70 60~76 (2006.5)
40000 40001~
60000
60001~
80000
80001~
100000
100001~
120000
120001F
4.01±0.71 4.04±0.63 4.11±0.56 4.02±0.60 4.12±0.65 4.26±0.61 1.45
3.99±0.75 4.05±0.60 4.05±0.57 3.94±0.63 4.07±0.66 4.15±0.70 0.93
3.65±0.92 3.80±0.74 3.77±0.81 3.49±0.91 3.92±0.67 3.75±0.80 3.43* 2>4 3>4 4<5
3.77±0.87 3.88±0.72 3.87±0.73 3.78±0.82 4.00±0.76 4.07±0.79 1.68
3.94±0.82 4.05±0.75 4.06±0.67 3.92±0.66 3.98±0.65 4.11±0.68 1.06
*p<.05
1~9
81
10~18
82-90
19~28
91-100
29
101F
4.07±0.68 4.12±0.62 4.03±0.61 4.06±0.63 1.01
4.23±0.62 4.09±0.64 3.98±0.62 4.01±0.62 2.96*
4.03±0.67 3.75±0.87 3.70±0.77 3.73±0.82 1.94
3.93±0.85 3.93±0.74 3.78±0.78 3.89±0.75 1.89
4.06±0.71 4.07±0.71 3.97±0.73 3.99±0.70 0.98
*p<.05
p<.05
2003
7160~76 (2006.5)
1997 2003 2001
t
4.21±0.59 4.35±0.61 -2.92*
3.44±0.49 3.52±0.50 -2.10*
3.90±0.67 4.05±0.63 -2.76*
3.70±0.85 3.93±0.75 -3.38*
*p<.05
p<.05 Tukey 41~50
60 51~60
31~40
2001
51~60
p>.05
72 60~76 (2006.5)
20 21~30 31~40 41~50 51~60 60 F
4.27±0.73 4.34±0.53 4.15±0.60 4.30±0.55 4.24±0.57 4.28±0.70 1.82
3.61±0.60 3.47±0.48 3.44±0.49 3.53±0.46 3.47±0.49 3.35±0.53 2.51* 4>6
4.08±0.83 3.98±0.61 3.89±0.67 3.91±0.69 3.97±0.62 3.95±0.68 0.59
3.94±0.99 3.87±0.86 3.64±0.87 3.68±0.88 3.87±0.76 3.80±0.75 2.38* 3<5
*p<.05
40000 40001~
60000
60001~
80000
80001~
100000
100001~
120000
120001F
4.24±0.74 4.24±0.65 4.25±0.49 4.19±0.50 4.26±0.63 4.32±0.61 0.31
3.48±0.58 3.43±0.53 3.46±0.41 3.47±0.40 3.49±0.51 3.55±0.61 0.54
3.97±0.73 3.96±0.66 3.96±0.62 3.83±0.64 3.84±0.70 4.01±0.67 1.12
3.75±0.89 3.75±0.84 3.85±0.80 3.57±0.85 3.73±0.82 3.84±0.82 1.75
*p<.05
p<.05 Tukey 19~28
1~9 10~18 28
2004
90-100
7360~76 (2006.5)
1~9
81
10~18
82-90
19~28
91-100
29
101F
4.30±0.57 4.28±0.59 4.23±0.61 4.22±0.60 0.56
3.51±0.52 3.50± 0.49 3.41±0.48 3.48±0.50 1.95
4.03±0.64 3.96±0.65 3.87±0.69 3.99±0.65 1.97
3.99±0.75 3.92±0.78 3.57±0.86 3.78±0.82 9.78* 1>3 2>3 4>3
*p<.05
51~60 60001~80000
19~28 100
74 60~76 (2006.5)
1999
2002
1999
1997
1994 -
2003 --
1996
2005
2000
1997
1~7
1994 246 102-103
2001
1991
7560~76 (2006.5)
2004 -
2003
Cronbach, L. J. 1951 . Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests.
Phychometrika, 16, 297-334.
Feltz, D., Gould, D., & Weiss, M. 1985 . Motives for participating in competitive
youth swimming. International Journal of sport Psychology, 16, 126–140.
Hampel, D. J. 1977 . Consumer Satisfaction With The Home Buying Process:
Conceptualization and Dissatisfaction, Marketing Science Institute., Cambridge,
Mass., 7.
Ryan, R. M., Frederick, C. M., Lepes, D., Rudio, N., Sheldon, K. 1997 .
Instinsic79 motivation and exercise adherence. International Journal of Sport
Psychology, 28, 335-354.
76 60~76 (2006.5)
A Study of Participation Motivation and
Satisfaction of Golf Players at Taipei Golf Club
Chang-Hung Ayin-Wen1, Yun-Ycu Lai
2, Han-Sung Su
3
1Jin-Wen Institute of Technology,
2Jin-Wen Institute of Technology,
3Military College of Communication, Electronics and Information
The purpose of this study was to examine the demographic variants, participation
motivation, and satisfaction of golf players at the Taipei Golf Club. The subjects were
1000 golf players of the club. Questionnaire of golf player’s participation motivation
and satisfaction developed by the authors was used as the tool for carrying out the
survey. Descriptive statistics, independent-samples t-test, and one-way ANOVA were
applied to the data derived from the survey. The conclusions were:
1.The golf players at Taipei Golf Club were mainly male, concentrated in the age
bracket of 51-60, with personal average monthly income in the salary bracket of
60001-80000. The average handicap was mostly between 19 and 28.
2.Demographic variants, including gender, age and monthly income, were significantly
different on the participation motivation.
3.Demographic variants, including gender, age, and average handicap, were
significantly different on the level of satisfaction.
KeyWords: participation motivation, satisfaction
7777~93 (2006.5)
78 77~93 (2006.5)
7977~93 (2006.5)
80 77~93 (2006.5)
8177~93 (2006.5)
82 77~93 (2006.5)
8377~93 (2006.5)
84 77~93 (2006.5)
8577~93 (2006.5)
86 77~93 (2006.5)
8777~93 (2006.5)
88 77~93 (2006.5)
8977~93 (2006.5)
90 77~93 (2006.5)
9177~93 (2006.5)
92 77~93 (2006.5)
9377~93 (2006.5)
A study on Fu-Jen University swimming
pool customer’s participating behavior and
satisfaction
Hsu Fu-Shu
Fu-Jen University
The subjects of this study were the customers of Fu-Jen University swimming
pool. Main purpose of this study was investigating the differences between
customers’ participating behavior and satisfaction. First, the difference of
demographic background of customers’ participating behavior was analyzed. Second,
the variable analysis of customers’ satisfaction was employed. Finally, the difference
of participating behavior and satisfaction was compared.
614 customers were surveyed and data were analyzed by descriptive statistics,
one-way ANOVA, and Scheffe' posterior comparisons. Results were:
1. There was a significant difference between the length of membership and the
attitude of pool staff.
2. There was a significant difference between the most used period and the attitude of
pool staff. In addition, the facility and the convenience were significantly different.
3. The weekly frequency of visit was significantly different with the attitude of pool
staff, environmental safety and sanitation, the facility and convenience, and the
whole image and price.
4. There were significant differences among the average length of each customer stay
and environmental safety and sanitation, the facility and convenience, and the
whole image and price.
Key Words: Swimming pool, Participating behavior, Satisfaction
94 94~105 (2006.5)
9594~105 (2006.5)
96 94~105 (2006.5)
9794~105 (2006.5)
98 94~105 (2006.5)
9994~105 (2006.5)
100 94~105 (2006.5)
10194~105 (2006.5)
102 94~105 (2006.5)
10394~105 (2006.5)
104 94~105 (2006.5)
10594~105 (2006.5)
An Investigation On Rugby Players’ Degree Of
Satisfaction With Referees’ Work Attitudes
Pao-Yi Chen1, Chang-Kuo Lin
2, Ching-Nan Wang
3
1Hsing Wu College,
2Chung Hua University,
3Hsing Wu College
This is a study of league A and B rugby players for the College Rugby Cup of
Academic Year 2004, data collected have been subjected tostatistical analysis through
SPSS10.0 for Windows. The purpose of this study is to reach an understanding of rugby
players’ impression of game referees’ work attitude. Four aspects have been isolated
by factor analysis: 1 appropriateness of rule application; 2 fairness of ruling, 3
clarity of ruling, and 4 comprehension of the rules. Statistical analysis exhibit that 1
League B players show higher scores in all four aspects than league A players, reaching
significant level P<.05 . 2 Those players with more than six years of game experience
from both leagues show significant diffrence P<.05 from those players with between
two to four years of game experience with resepect to “comprehension of the rules”.
3 Players from different league do not show significant difference P<.05 in all four
aspects. 4 Cross-referencing with the factors that motivate a rugby player to the sport
from both league A and B, no significant difference P<.05 can be discerned with
respect to any of the four aspects in terms of players' degree of satisfaction with
referees' work.
Key words: Rugby, referee, degree of satisfaction with work
106 106~119 (2006.5)
2004
204 Pearson
1999
2002
20
107106~119 (2006.5)
1994
stress
1999
Dunham,
1981
Moracco & McFadden, 1982 MacNeil 1981
1986
1996
Super, 1980
1994
1995 work values
organizational commitment
Porter, Steers, Mowday, & Boulian, 1974
Steers, 1977
Morris & Sherman, 1981 Ferris
& Aranya, 1983 Alpander 1990
1. 2.
108 106~119 (2006.5)
3. Cho and Lee
2001
2002
1993 1998
1995
2000 2002
1992
1999 Chatman, 1991 1998 1997 1993
1995
2000
2000 Parker and Decotiis
1983
Mowday, Porter, & Steers, 1982
109106~119 (2006.5)
2004
390
56
250 220 88.00%
16 204
92.73%
1985
2000
1985
1998
110 106~119 (2006.5)
Likert Scale
2004 150 101
67.33% 5
96 95.05%
.89 Conbrach .91
.89 .87 .84 53.70
.87 Conbrach .91
.81 .73 63.75
.88 Conbrach .92
.87 .73 .95 .81
.73 73.65
Cronbach’s criterion of
internal consistency Cronbach’s .89
Cronbach’s .91 .90
.87 .84 64.46
Cronbach’s .87 Cronbach’s
.91 .81 .73
61.22 Cronbach’s .88
Cronbach’s .92 .87
111 106~119 (2006.5)
.73 61.23 Cronbach’s
SPSS 11.0 for Window
factor analysis
Pearson
multiple regression analysis
.05
112 106~119 (2006.5)
.38* .57* .06 .53*
.08 -.27* .15* -.03
.29* .06 .13 .25*
-.08 -.32* .17* -.15*
.28* .09 .19* .28*
p< .05
113 106~119 (2006.5)
Pearson
2000 2000 2001 2001 Boyatzis and Skelly 1991
.69* .40* .22* .71*
.05 -.26 .26* -.02
.40* .44* .23* .52*
.55* .23* .32* .56*
*p<.05
F 1.
114 106~119 (2006.5)
2. 3. 4.
ß
ß
.58
58%
50%
R R² R ß
F t
.71 .50 .50 .86 204.16* 14.29
.74 .55 .05 .33 123.33* 4.65
.75 .57 .02 .37 87.32* 5.17
.76 .58 .01 .26 68.96* 2.57
*p< .05
115 106~119 (2006.5)
2004 4 6
http://alpha3.ntcpe.edu.tw/~edu4/index.htm
1986
1995
42 227-243
1997
1993
1994 23 1
71-79
1999
1996
116 106~119 (2006.5)
2001
2002
1998
2000
1999
2000
1999 26 4 4-17
1994
1998
2000
1993
1985
2002 3 68-74
1992
1995
117 106~119 (2006.5)
2001 —
2000
Alpander, G. G. 1990 .Relationship between commitment to hospital goals and job.
Health Care Management Review, 15 4 , 51-62.
Boyatzis, R. E, & Skelly, F. R. 1991 . The impact of changing values on
organizational life. In A. D, Kolb, I. M. Rubin & J. S. Island eds. , The
organizational behavior reader. N.Y.: Prentice Hall.
Chatman, J. 1991 . Improving international organizational research: A model of
person-organization fit. Academy of Management Review, 14, 333-349.
Cho, Kyung-Ho & Lee, Seok-Hwan. 2001 . Another look at public-private
distinction and organizational commitment: A cultural explanation, international
commitment scales. Personnel Psychology, 36, 87-99.
Dunham, J. 1981 . Disruptive pupils and teacher stress. Educational Research, 13,
205-213.
Ferris, K. R., & Aranya, N. 1983 . A comparison of two organizational. Journal of
Organizational Analysis, 9 1 , 84-102.
MacNeil, D. H. 1981 . The relationship of occupational stress to burnout. Illinois:
London House Management Press.
Moracco, J. C., & McFadden, H. 1982 . The counselor's role in reducing teacher
stress. The Personnel and Guidance Journal, 61, 549-552.
Morris, J. H., & Sherman, J. D. 1981 . Teneralizality of an organizational
commitment model. Academy of Management Journal, 24 3 , 512-526.
Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. 1982 . Employee organization
linkages: The absenteeism, and turnover. N.Y. Acaademic Press.
118 106~119 (2006.5)
Nunnally, J. C. 1978 . Psychometric theory. NY: McGraw-Hill.
Parker, D. F., & DeCotiis, T. A. 1983 . Organizational strategies for handling job
stress. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 32 2 , 160-177.
Porter, L., Steers, R., Mowday R., & Boulian N. 1974 . Organizational
commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 603-609.
Steers, R. M. 1977 . Antecedents outcomes of organizational commitment.
Administrative Science Quarterly, 22, 46-56.
Super, D. E. 1980 . A life span, life space approach to career development. Journal
of Vocational Behavior, 16 30 , 282-298.
119 106~119 (2006.5)
A Study of Relationships among Work Stress,
Work Value and Organizational Commitment
of Sport Coach
Yu-You Tsai
Ta Jen University
The purpose of the study was to understand relationship and prediction of work
stress, work values and organizational commitment. Subjects of the study were 2004
participants at the Formosa Sport Coach Association 2004 . The effective 204
coaches were used to collect data. Data were analyzed by factor analysis,
Pearson-moment correlation, and multiple regression analysis. The results indicated
that: 1. there was significant positive correlation for the most part of between work
stress and organizational commitment of sport coach. 2. there was significant
positive correlation for the most part of between work value and of sport coach. 3.
There was significant predictor with work stress and work value of sport coach to
organizational commitment.
Keywords: Sport Coach, Work Stress, Work Value, Organizational
Commitment
120 120~132 (2006.5)
Action Zone
121120~132 (2006.5)
122 120~132 (2006.5)
Go Kart
X-game
3on3
123120~132 (2006.5)
124 120~132 (2006.5)
125120~132 (2006.5)
126 120~132 (2006.5)
127120~132 (2006.5)
128 120~132 (2006.5)
129120~132 (2006.5)
130 120~132 (2006.5)
131120~132 (2006.5)
132 120~132 (2006.5)
The Analysis of Business Model in Urban
Sports Centre A case of Tai-Mao Shopping Mall
Action Zone
Chia-Hua Mao
National Normal Taiwan University
According to the obvious rise in GPD and no work on weekend, people in Taiwan
has a great change in need of recreation and dynamic or motionless entertainments;
emphasizes on the importance on those things. In modern society, humans want to
release the pressure by long-time working; reduce the burden of mind and improve
the harmony with families for the sake of Sedentary Living Style without taking
exercise. They year for leisure time in their life, besides outdoor activities, people
can also choose other sport center to exercise. But in crowded city, it is difficult to
find a good place to exercise because the space is getting smaller; varieties of sports;
small group type and reinforce the concept user’s paying, especially in the urban.
Thus, an excellent sport centre can influence men’s wills to participate in sports and
recreation directly. Finally, we can achieve the best goal of all people in sports. So
that the research takes the Action Zone in Tai-Mao Shopping Mall for instance with
the way of Case Study and Depth Interviewing. The research will analyze the
successful business operation strategy of Action Zone . The result shows that
Tai-Mao increases its business volume and customers after practicing sports
marketing. It can be a paradigm to other public or private sport centre around Taiwan.
To find out some management ways and spirit and realize it well.
Keywords: Recreation, Sports Centre, Urban
133133~143 (2006.5) Metformin
Metformin
134 133~143 (2006.5) Metformin
135133~143 (2006.5) Metformin
136 133~143 (2006.5) Metformin
137133~143 (2006.5) Metformin
138 133~143 (2006.5) Metformin
139133~143 (2006.5) Metformin
*
#
140 133~143 (2006.5) Metformin
141133~143 (2006.5) Metformin
142 133~143 (2006.5) Metformin
143133~143 (2006.5) Metformin
Oral Metformin effects blood glucose and stored
glycogen on skeletal muscle after exercise
Ching-Hung Lin 1, Yu Wen-Shan
1 Chi-Yuan Lin
2, Wen-Chih Lee
3
1 Yaun Ze University,
2National Taiwan Normal University,
3Shih-Hsin University
Exercise and metformin have both been found to enhance insulin sensitivity in vivo.
Therefore, the purpose of the study was to determine the effect of post-exercise metformin
administration on muscle glycogen storage in vivo condition. 30 Sprague-Dawley rats were
evenly divided into 3 groups: control (C), exercise (E), and exercise-metformin (EM).
Metformin was orally provided 500g daily for 5 days. Exercise protocol consists of 3 h X 2
swimming. Under fasted condition, rats were provided 1 g (50% V/W) glucose. Blood
glucose was measured 30 min after oral glucose intubation. 5 h after exercise, muscle
glycogen levels in red and white portion of the quadriceps muscle were measured. We
found blood glucose concentration in EM group was significantly lower than the rest of
groups C 106±4.52 E 92.7±3.95 EM 77.4±4.79 mg/dl, p<.05). Glycogen
supercompensation was only observed in the exercised muscle without metformin treatment.
Furthermore, metformin did not enhance muscle glycogen storage. In soleus, both exercise
and metformin did not cause glycogen supercompensation. In conclusion, post-exercise
metformin treatment did not enhance muscle glycogen storage.
Keywords: metformin, glycogen supercompensation, muscle fiber, glucose uptake
144 144~155 (2006.5)
7 8 6.48 ± 1.77
58.52 ± 16.94 30
2
creatine kinase, CK
9.48 ±1.34 km/h 8.61
±0.89 km/h CK 584.91 mg/dl
438.62 mg/dl
66.7% 85.7%
CK
BCAA
CK
145144~155 (2006.5)
1 2% 3 5
5%-15% 2001
Cori cycle,
- Brooks, G.A., Fahey,
T.B., White, T.P. & Baldwin, K.M., 2000 branch chained amino
acids, BCAA Aspartic acid
1997 BCAA
5- - ( 5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT)
BCAA
2000 C
Amino plus
2-3
6-8
65-100 24
2003
CK
146 144~155 (2006.5)
C
Vaam
190 49 kcal
3000 mg
ultra-marathon 42.195
60
42.195
7 169 ± 3.82 65.42
± 4.72 45.42 ± 5.96 4 24
2 12 6 2/8 2/22
6.48 ± 1.77
58.52 ± 16.94
147144~155 (2006.5)
( )
30 2 190 ml
T paired-T test
CK
Chi-Square
=0.1
n=7
t
6.28 ± 1.88 6.68 ± 1.78 0.10
58.74 ± 16.72 58.31 ± 18.50 -0.85
km/h 9.48 ± 1.34 8.61 ± 0.89 1.56 *
“*” p 0.1
148 144~155 (2006.5)
Cuisinier, C., Ward, R. J., Francaux, M., Sturbois, X., & Witte, P, 2001
Blomstrand & Newsholme., 1992
BCAAs 5-HT
Newsholme & Blomstrand., 1995
Leucine
-A Acetyl-CoA Isoleucine Valine
Succinyl-CoA pyruvate Acetyl- CoA
carbon skeletons
Alanine
Rennie 1981
Powers and
Howley 2001 3-5
5%-15%
*
149144~155 (2006.5)
6-8
2
CK
CK
t
CK 219.37±187.61 175.05±101.59 1.22
CK 804.29±580.19 613.68±549.24 1.08
CK 584.91±525.52 438.62±464.27 0.78
150 144~155 (2006.5)
0
500
1000
1500
crea
tin
e k
inas
e (m
g/d
l)
CK ATP
CK
CK
Buchman 1999
CK
140.9 mg/dl 863.0 mg/dl
CK
CK 175.05 613.68
151144~155 (2006.5)
mg/dl
Buchman 1999
14 10
CK 130.3
738.8 mg/dl
219.3 804.2
mg/dl
BCAA /BCAA
5- - ( 5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT)
5-HT Blomstrand, E.,
Celsing, F., & Newsholme, E.A., 1988
/ Trp/BCAA
1997 2000 BCAA
5-HT
Blomstrand, E., Hassmen, P., Ekblom, B., & Newsholme, E. A. 1991
BCAA Stroop Colour and Word
Test (CWT) 3.05-3.30 14 km/h
BCAA
66.7%
85.7%
Chi-Square
152 144~155 (2006.5)
2003
(2003)
CK
BCAA
153144~155 (2006.5)
7
Vaam
12 24 200
2000
2002
(Powers & Howley, 2001)
(2003) 2003
(1997)
Blomstrand, E., Celsing, F., Newsholme, E.A. (1988). Changes in plasma concentrations
of aromatic and branched-chain amino acids during sustained exercise in man and
their possible role in fatigue. Acta Physiology Scand, May, 133(1), 115-21.
Blomstrand, E., Hassmen, P., Ekblom, B., Newsholme, E. A. (1991). Administration of
branched-chain amino acids during sustained exercise--effects on performance and
on plasma concentration of some amino acids. European Journal of Applied
Physiological Occupation Physiology, 63(2), 83-8.
Blomstrand, E., Newsholme, E. A. (1992). Effect of branched-chain amino acid
supplementation on the exercise-induced change in aromatic amino acid
concentration in human muscle. Acta Physiology Scand, Nov, 146(3), 293-8.
Brooks, G.A., Fahey, T.B., White, T.P. and Baldwin, K.M., 2000 . Exercise Physiology.
154 144~155 (2006.5)
3rd
. ed. Mayfield Publishing Company, California.
Buchman, A. L., O'Brien, W., Ou, C. N., Rognerud, C., Alvarez, M., Dennis, K., Ahn C.
(1999). The effect of arginine or glycine supplementation on gastrointestinal function,
muscle injury, serum amino acid concentrations and performance during a marathon
run. International Journal of Sports Medicine. Jul, 20(5), 315-21.
Cuisinier, C., Ward, R. J., Francaux, M., Sturbois, X., Witte, P. (2001). Changes in plasma
and urinary taurine and amino acids in runners immediately and 24h after a marathon.
Amino Acids, 20(1), 13-23.
Newsholme, E. A., Blomstrand, E. (1995). Tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine and a
possible explanation for central fatigue. Advanced Experimental Medicine Biology,
384, 315-20.
Rennie, M. J., R. H. T. Edwards, D. Halliday, C.T.M. Davis, E.E. Mathews, and D. J.
Millward. (1981). Protien metabolism during exercise. In Nitrogen Metabolism in
Man, J. C. Waterlow and J. M. L. Atephensen (Eds.). London:Applied Science, pp.
509-523.
155144~155 (2006.5)
The Psychophysiological Effects of Amino Acid
Added Beverage to Ultra-marathon Runner
Lin, Meng-Shyan, Kuo,Fung-chow, Huang,Yi-Jen
Soochow University
To investigate the psychophysiological effects of amino acid added beverage to
an ultra-marathon runner, ten Taiwan male runners anticipated two 8hrs practicing
competition race. Running speed, blood sample and questionnaire were obtained
before and after each event. The members were grouping with cross-balanced
principle, and runners were supplemented amino acid beverage 30 minutes before
race and every 2 hours after beginning with single blind design, and popular sport
beverage was used as placebo. After average 6.48 ±1.77 hours and 58.52 ±16.94 km
ended distance, the results showed that the speed of amino group was larger than
placebo group (amino group 9.48 ±1.34 km/h, placebo 8.61 ±0.89 km/h), the creatine
kinase (CK) difference before and after race was not different significantly (amino
584.91±525.91 mg/dl placebo 438.62±464.27 mg/dl), self-relaxation and
efficiency-identification scores of amino group was significantly higher than placebo.
The conclusion of this research investigated that amino acid added beverage
supplementation might increase ultra-marathon runners’ speed by increasing the
middle-substrates of energy metabolic system like TCA-cycle and Cori-cycle, it also
elevated psychological benefit included self-relaxation and vitality by anti-fatigue
effect from branch chained amino acids (BCAA) and Aspartic acid, but less fatigue
didn’t decreased the muscular damage from overusing in an ultra-long distance
running event.
Key word : amino acid, sport beverage, ultra-marathon, CK, self-relaxation.
157152~170 (2006.5)
158 156~170 (2006.5)
159152~170 (2006.5)
160 156~170 (2006.5)
161152~170 (2006.5)
162 156~170 (2006.5)
163152~170 (2006.5)
164 156~170 (2006.5)
165152~170 (2006.5)
166 156~170 (2006.5)
167152~170 (2006.5)
5500
5750
6000
6250
6500
6750
7000
7250
7500
7750
8000
8250
8500
8750
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
168 156~170 (2006.5)
169152~170 (2006.5)
170 156~170 (2006.5)
An Analysis of the Recent Asian Decathlon
Performances
Jin-Yun Wu
Fu Jen Catholic University
The purposes of this study were (a) to provide with competition information to
better adjust athlete’s training schedules and physical fitness levels, (b) to offer
suggestions to be considered in training by the coaches and athletes, and (c) to put
together results of decathlon from different competitions. It was aimed to come out
with a better understanding of the development and performance advancing status of
decathlon. The study involved five outstanding athletes with two of them from
Taiwan and the other three from China, Kazakhstan and Korea, respectively.
Descriptive analyses were performed on these athletes’ specialties and past records.
Recommendations were then made concerning the future athlete training of the
country.
171 輔仁大學體育學刊 第五期，171~184 頁(2006.5) 短跑選手步幅、步頻與平均速度之相關研究
短跑選手步幅、步頻與平均速度之相關研究 劉淑華
銘傳大學
本研究的目的為瞭解步幅、步頻與平均速度之相關，以參加 92 年全國中等學校
運動會國女組、高女組與國男組、高男組百公尺預賽、複賽及決賽各組前三名選手，
共計 141 人次全程百公尺比賽影片作為研究對象。使用SNOY 攝影機(60Hz)全程拍
攝選手從起跑開始至越過終點線整個百公尺跑的動作過程。以描述統計、獨立樣本
t 考驗和 Pearson 積差相關進行分析。研究結果如下：一、從預賽至決賽的成績表現，
高女組和高男組比國女組和國男組有較快之速度能力，乃由於較大之步幅和較高的
步頻。二、本文國男、國女和高男、高女組的步幅和步頻皆為負相關，並達顯著水
準(p ＜ .05)，顯示出步幅和步頻兩者關係十分密切，此乃因所跑距離均為 100 公尺
所導致，跑時要求步頻快，而步幅過大將也直接影響步頻的快慢。三、男選手的步
頻與平均速度達顯著水準(p ＜ .05)，步頻是影響男選手速度表現的重要因素。而女
選手的步幅與平均速度達顯著水準(p ＜ .05)，步幅則是影響女選手速度表現的重要
因素。四、高女組在步幅和步頻能力表現上均優於國女組，其中，以步頻能力差距
較大，差距 1.84 ％。國男組和高男組的步頻只有些微差距，步幅則由高男組優於國
男組，兩組以步幅能力為主要差距，差距 2.95 ％。
關鍵詞：步幅、步頻、平均速度、短跑
壹、緒論
一、問題背景 田徑比賽中，最為人們樂於談論的徑賽項目就是百公尺競賽，它是田徑比賽
項目中最精彩、最受觀眾注目的項目之一，參加的選手經過預賽、複賽，而後在決
主要聯絡者：劉淑華 桃園縣龜山鄉大同村德明路 5 號 銘傳大學(體育室)
聯絡電話：0933859955 e-mail：[email protected]
172 輔仁大學體育學刊 第五期，171~184 頁(2006.5) 短跑選手步幅、步頻與平均速度之相關研究
賽中定名次，短短十秒鐘決勝負，象徵人類追求速度的本能，總是帶給人們無比的
快感。多年以來，教練和專家就提出了跑步速度是受步幅與步頻所影響之理論，跑
的技術優劣在於步幅和步頻，步幅大、步頻高，速度必然快。國外學者對此有不同
的見解，有的認為百公尺的成績好壞取決於步頻，步頻是提高速度最有效的途徑，
主張採用各種訓練法加快動作頻率，藉以提高成績。另一種認為人體神經傳達有限，
單位時間所能完成的動作次數也有極限，因此，跑速的提高來源自步幅。另外，
Hay(1993)也指出，影響短距離跑的成績與距離及平均速度有關，距離是在規定的範
圍內，平均速度是影響短跑成績的主要因素；對速度而言，步幅和步頻則是構成速
度的兩大關鍵因素，亦是評價優秀短跑運動選手技術是否合理的重要指標。
Kunz and Kaufmann(1981)以生物力學觀點，研究指出世界級優秀短跑選手的優
越性，必須具有最佳化的步幅與步頻組合。因此，刻意縮小步幅，加快步頻，將使
得成績大幅滑落；反之，刻意加大步幅，則導致步頻減慢，使成績表現不佳，每位
運動員皆有其獨特的步幅/步頻比(Donati, 1995)。總而言之，在百公尺跑時，步幅和
步頻是處於一個不斷組合、不斷變化的動態過程，一定的步幅與步頻組合產生相應
的組合效應－一定的速度(郭立亞、譚云平，1997)；跑者速度的增加，是推進力增
加而來的，推進力增加導致步幅的增長，適當步幅和步頻結合是提高速度的最佳途
徑(Hubbard, 1993)。
根據國內外研究結果指出，跑步速度是步幅(stride length)與步頻(stride frequency)的交互作用，當跑步趨近最大時，步頻的變化大於步幅，因此，對其最終速度的決
定，重要性也較大(Mero, Komi, ＆ Gregor 1992, Ozolin 1986a, Ozolin 1986b, Schmolinsky 2000)。另外也有學者認為，短跑運動選手的步幅與百公尺成績的相關
性較低，而步頻的相關程度較高(馮敦壽，1986b)。簡鴻玟(1998)、劉淑華(2002)研究
結果指出若要增進跑的速度，就必須加大步幅及增快步頻，其中又以步頻是造成速
度快慢的重要因素。我國這幾年短跑成績一直徘徊不前，筆者為探討步幅和步頻何
者是影響短跑選手速度的重要因素，瞭解百公尺跑步幅、步頻與平均速度之相關，
因此，藉由 92 年全國中等學校運動會作實況拍攝，希望在比賽情境下，發現一些影
響我國男、女短跑成績的原因，獲得一些新的見解，以作為短跑選材、訓練、教學
以及短跑技術改善的依據。在講求毫秒必爭且以最快速度完成的競賽短距離跑，步
幅和步頻有著密切關係，何者對速度表現較為重要？何者是目前訓練所要重視的技
術表現，這是本文所要探討的。
173 輔仁大學體育學刊 第五期，171~184 頁(2006.5) 短跑選手步幅、步頻與平均速度之相關研究
二、研究目的 本研究的目的是以 92 年全國中等學校運動會百公尺選手為對象，探討步幅、步
頻與平均速度之相關，提供給教練及選手瞭解步幅和步頻何者對速度表現較為重
要，以作為訓練時的參考。
三、研究範圍 本文為顧及成績和速度發揮的落差，期望技術水準能在一定的範圍內，擬以 92
年全國中等學校運動會田徑百公尺國女組、高女組與國男組、高男組之預賽、複賽
及決賽各組前三名選手的步幅、步頻與平均速度為研究的範圍，作統計分析加以探
討。
貳、研究方法與步驟
一、研究對象 本研究主要是以參加 92 年全國中等學校運動會百公尺選手為研究對象。男選
手：78 人次，其平均身高 174.0 ± 2.35 公分、體重 73.63 ± 1.83 公斤；女選手：63
人次，其平均身高 162.0 ± 1.83 公分、體重 51.25 ± 1.35 公斤(實際人數：男選手為
54 人；女選手為 39 人)。
二、研究時間 九十二年四月二十六日~二十七日。
三、研究地點 台南市立體育場。
四、比賽錄影之拍攝 本文為增加研究資料的嚴謹性，數據採集都在比賽現場進行，能真實地反映運
動競賽時的情況。將 SNOY 攝影機(60Hz)一台架設於距離跑道右側五十公尺處的司
令台上，全程拍攝 92 年全國中等學校運動會田徑國女、高女組與國男、高男組百公
尺預賽、複賽和決賽，各組前三名選手百公尺比賽，影像擷取從選手起跑開始至越
過終點線整個跑的動作過程；並於賽後至運動競賽組取得比賽成績記錄，選取每賽
次每組前三名選手的百公尺成績為紀錄，以作為本研究原始成績之依據。
174 輔仁大學體育學刊 第五期，171~184 頁(2006.5) 短跑選手步幅、步頻與平均速度之相關研究
五、比賽實況之記錄 筆者觀看選手比賽錄影帶資料登錄時，都會以慢動作方式重播起跑後的比賽畫
面，仔細審視計算從百公尺鳴槍後起跑第一步到越過終點線最後一步的全程步數，
反覆確認全程步數無誤後，再將此筆資料記錄於紀錄表上，以利計算平均步幅和平
均步頻等數據。
六、資料處理方法 （一） 步數之測定：從起跑第一步開始計算到越過終點線的最後一步，為百公
尺全程步數。
（二） 平均步幅：每跑一步的長度。步幅＝距離/步數(公尺/步)
（三） 平均步頻：每秒鐘跑的步數。步頻＝步數/時間(步/秒)
（四） 平均速度：速度＝距離/時間(公尺/秒)。
本研究以 SPSS 10.0 for Windows 套裝軟體進行資料分析，主要的統計方法為描
述統計、獨立樣本 t 考驗和 Pearson 積差相關。顯著水準定為 α＝ .05
(一)以描述統計(descriptive statistics)分析全國中等學校運動會百公尺選手各組
別之研究變項的基本資料。
(二)本研究先以獨立樣本 t 檢定(t-test)考驗步幅、步數、步頻及平均速度等變項
是否具有明顯的組別差異及性別差異。
(三)以 Pearson 積差相關考驗步幅、步數、步頻與平均速度間的相關程度。
參、結果
步幅和步頻是構成跑速的主要因素，也是短跑選手各個環節及整體技術動作的
綜合表現。短跑選手想要跑的更快，就要在加大步幅與增快步頻上，兩者適當均衡，
才能產生更快的速度。以 92 年全國中等學校運動會百公尺選手步幅、步頻與平均速
度進行相關分析，以作為教練及選手改進技術之參考。本文係針對本研究所獲得之
各項資料進行統計分析及討論，共分一、各組百公尺預賽、複賽及決賽之平均成績
表。二、國、高中組各變項 t 考驗摘要表。三、男、女生組各變項 t 考驗摘要表。
四、各組別基本資料統計表。五、各組別簡單相關摘要表。其分別說明如下：
175 輔仁大學體育學刊 第五期，171~184 頁(2006.5) 短跑選手步幅、步頻與平均速度之相關研究
表一 各組百公尺預賽、複賽及決賽之平均成績表
組 別 國男組 國女組 高男組 高女組
預 賽 11.50 ± .28 12.91 ± .27 11.13 ± .21 12.49 ± .30 (人次) 24 27 30 12
複 賽 11.24 ± .18 12.66 ± .20 10.97 ± .21 12.39 ± .22 (人次) 9 9 9 9 決 賽 10.95 ± .11 12.28 ± .12 10.85 ± .12 12.15 ± .13 (人次) 3 3 3 3
單位：秒
一、各組百公尺預賽、複賽及決賽之平均成績表 表一國男組百公尺決賽成績為 10.95 ± .11 秒、國女組為 12.28 ± .12 秒、高男組
為 10.85 ± .12 秒、高女組為 12.15 ± .13 秒。從各組百公尺選手預賽、複賽及決賽的
成績來分析，在講求毫秒必爭以最快速度完成比賽的短距離跑，選手們均能在決賽
中全力以赴，將速度表現發揮至淋漓盡致。從預賽國男組百公尺 11.50 ± .28 秒、國
女組 12.91 ± .27 秒、高男組 11.13 ± .21 秒、高女組 12.49 ± .30 秒的成績來分析，國
男組決賽成績比預賽快了 0.55 秒、國女組快 0.63 秒、高男組快 0.28 秒、高女組快
0.34 秒；從預賽至決賽成績的秒差表現來看，高女組和高男組比國女組和國男組有
較快之速度能力，乃由於較大之步幅和較高的步頻。運動能力是隨發育時期而提升
的，技術與體能隨著年齡而提高，因此，愈高年級的學生，運動能力愈成熟，愈為
優越(許樹淵、蔡特龍、陳啟宗、蔡崇濱、廖貴地、蘇雄飛，1981)。因此，高女組
和高男組從預賽至決賽的比賽成績起伏差距較小，在每個賽次的速度發揮較平均，
並能維持一定的速度水準表現，顯示高中組選手技術表現較趨成熟穩定，能在各賽
次環節中將速度作最好的控制與調配，將實力發揮到極限，並維持一定的速度水準
表現。
二、男、女生組各變項 t 考驗摘要表 從表二性別差異 t 考驗分析結果所顯示，在步數、步幅、步頻和平均速度均出
現明顯的性別差異(t ＝14.12、- 13.67、3.80、27.40, p ＜ .05)。從不同性別來看各
176 輔仁大學體育學刊 第五期，171~184 頁(2006.5) 短跑選手步幅、步頻與平均速度之相關研究
組變項的平均數，由於男性選手百公尺全程步數較少，因此，平均步幅較女性選手
大，平均步頻頻率表現也較快。整體速度能力，男性選手比女性選手表現較為優異。
由於本研究所有變項皆出現明顯的性別差異，所以後續的統計分析將分成男、女兩
部份進行討論。
表二 男、女生組各變項 t 考驗摘要表
男 生 組 女 生 組
人次 平均值 標準差 人次 平均值 標準差 t 值 P 值
步幅(公尺/步) 78 2.01 .12 63 1.82 .11 14.12* .05 步數(步) 78 49.67 2.00 63 54.61 2.27 -13.67* .05 步頻(步/秒) 78 4.42 .16 63 4.31 .17 3.80* .05 平均速度(公尺/秒) 78 8.91 .21 63 7.90 .21 27.40* .05
* p＜ .05
表三 各組別基本資料統計表
組 別 個數 最小值 最大值 平均數 標準差 國男 步 幅
步 頻 步 數 平均速度
36 36 36 36
1.81 4.11 47.00 8.43
2.12 9.17 55.00 12.28
1.98 4.42 50.38 8.79
.02 .19 2.07 .20
國女 步 幅 步 頻 步 數 平均速度
39 39 39 39
1.66 4.02 51.00 7.49
1.96 4.60 60.00 8.21
1.82 4.28 54.87 7.80
.01 .17 2.26 .18
高男 步 幅 步 頻 步 數 平均速度
42 42 42 42
1.88 4.09 46.00 8.68
2.17 4.86 54.00 9.27
2.04 4.41 49.07 9.02
.02 .15 1.78 .16
高女 步 幅 步 頻 步 數 平均速度
24 24 24 24
1.69 4.09 51.00 7.70
1.96 4.63 59.00 8.35
1.84 4.36 54.20 8.05
.02 .15 2.28 .17
單位：步幅為公尺/步；步頻為步/秒；平均速度為公尺/秒
三、各組別基本資料統計表
由表三看女子組步幅和步頻的表現，國女組的平均步幅為 1.82 公尺/步，步頻為
177 輔仁大學體育學刊 第五期，171~184 頁(2006.5) 短跑選手步幅、步頻與平均速度之相關研究
4.28 步/秒；高女組的平均步幅為 1.84 公尺/步，步頻為 4.36 步/秒；從以上數據得知，
高女組步幅和步頻能力表現均優於國女組。國女組的步幅均值為高女組的 98.91
﹪，而步頻均值為高女組的 98.16 ﹪，由此可看出國女、高女組的步幅和步頻兩者，
步頻相差 1.84 ﹪較步幅差距大。男子組方面，國男組平均步頻為 4.42 步/秒，高男
組為 4.41 步/秒，兩組只有些微差距；在步幅方面，國男組平均步幅為 1.98 公尺/步，
高男組平均步幅為 2.04 公尺/步，國男組步幅均值為高男組的 97.05 ﹪。
表四 各組別簡單相關摘要表
步 幅 步 頻 平均速度
國男 步 幅 1.000
步 頻 - .84* 1.000
平均速度 .19 .36* .1000 國女 步 幅 1.000
步 頻 - .81* 1.000
平均速度 .34* .26 .1000 高男 步 幅 1.000
步 頻 - .84* 1.000
平均速度 .19 .36* .1000 高女 步 幅 1.000
步 頻 - .85* 1.000
平均速度 .51* .10 .1000
* p ＜ .05
四、各組別簡單相關摘要表 從表四簡單相關摘要表得知，國男組、國女組、高男組和高女組的步幅與步頻
的關係皆呈顯著負相關(r 值分別為-.84, -.81, -.84 ,-.85, p ＜ .05)，若跑時要求步頻
快，而步幅過大將也直接影響步頻的快慢。依相關程度而言，有一個共同的特徵：
也就是說，步幅與步頻之間皆為高相關，代表它們的關係相當密切的，步幅與步頻
組合產生相對應的組合效果，步幅和步頻共同決定跑速。另一方面，就平均速度與
178 輔仁大學體育學刊 第五期，171~184 頁(2006.5) 短跑選手步幅、步頻與平均速度之相關研究
步頻之間呈現了明顯的性別差異；更切確地說，只有國男組和高男組的步頻與平均
速度呈現顯著正相關(r 值皆為 .36, p ＜ .05)，但其相關程度為中低相關。反之，國
女組和高女組的步頻與平均速度的相關不明顯(r 值分別為 .26, .10)。此外，本研究
還發現一項有趣的性別差異，亦即，國女組和高女組的步幅皆與平均速度達顯著正
相關(r 值分別為 .34, .51 p ＜ .05)，其中高女組的步幅與平均速度為中等相關程度，
而國女組的步幅與平均速度則呈中低相關程度。
肆、討論
一、全程技術指標之分析 跑的技術優劣表現在步幅與步頻。步幅大、步頻高，速度必然快。由本研究數
據可看出，國男組和高男組平均步幅和步頻兩者的表現，國、高中男生組的平均步
頻只有些微差距。步幅方面，國男組平均步幅為 1.98 公尺/步，高男組平均步幅為
2.04 公尺/步，國男組步幅均值為高男組的 97.05 ﹪，高男組較大的步幅能力表現較
優於國男組，兩組主要差距為步幅能力，差距為 2.95 ﹪；欲縮小兩組之間的差異，
國男組可從步幅方面來著手。綜合文獻資料，影響步幅的因素很多，步幅與技術的
合理性及力量、柔軟度等素質有關，欲增進步幅的能力，應瞭解影響步幅的因素有
腿長、蹬地的力量、速度和角度、髖關節的靈活性、肌肉柔韌性、擺腿及著地技術
等(潘瑞根，2002)；關節柔軟度也是完成更大幅度運動的重要影響因素(如步幅)，這
對於任何需要快速跑步的運動項目最為重要(林正常，2001)。
此外，步幅可藉由訓練中獲得改善，而且也受與地面接觸時的衝量的影響，
Wood(1987)研究指出影響短跑成績最大的因素是支撐腿的回縮問題，縮短支撐時間
必然會引起水平衝量的減少，關鍵就在於著地點必需要儘量靠近身體重心投影點下
方，才能使著地產生的制動衡量減至最小，在推蹬動作結束後迅速作膝蓋的彎曲，
以求加快步頻，又能產生最大的步幅。陶武訓(2002)研究指出，跑百公尺時，推蹬
腳應儘量加大推蹬力，以充份推蹬完全，進而增大身體重心的拋射水平距離以增大
步幅。因此，本文建議國男選手不能一昧地加大步幅，應在不影響步頻前提下，適
當地增長著地距離，以利提供腿較充分的動作範圍，這樣既有利於蹬地力量的發揮，
亦利於步幅(李誠志、黃宗成，1986)。
179 輔仁大學體育學刊 第五期，171~184 頁(2006.5) 短跑選手步幅、步頻與平均速度之相關研究
國女組的步幅均值為高女組的 98.90﹪，而步頻均值為高女組的 97.94﹪，由此
可看出國女、高女組的步幅和步頻兩者，以步頻相差 2.05﹪差距較大。欲縮小高女、
國女組之間的差距，國女組可藉由發展速度力量；改善無氧功能系統和快肌纖維的
工作能力，進而提高步頻，增快跑速(曾丹平，1999)，以提高速度表現；或提高腿
和手臂的擺動速度，快速擺臂亦能增加步頻的頻率(劉尚金，1993)，亦是增快步頻
的有效途徑。
二、步幅、步頻與平均速度之相關分析 跑步速度是步幅與步頻的交互作用，步幅和步頻是處於一個不斷組合、不斷變
化的動態過程，一定的步幅與步頻組合產生速度的組合效應。本文結果發現，國、
高中男選手和國、高中女選手在步幅、步頻與平均速度的相關產生不同的結果，更
切確地說，步頻和步幅兩者與平均速度存在著明顯的性別差異。我國男子選手所呈
現的是步頻與平均速度有顯著相關，步頻是影響本文男子選手速度表現的重要因
素。劉淑華(2006)及蘇耿賦(1994)研究指出，我國男選手步幅和步頻發展不平衡，與
國外選手作比較後，步頻能力較國外選手優異，步頻能力是影響我國男選手平均速
度的重要指標，但要求步幅能力的增進，亦是不容忽視的一環。 女子選手則是步幅能力與平均速度有顯著相關，步幅是影響本文女子選手平均
速度表現的重要因素。過去研究指出，步幅與身高、腿長有關，有其個人的獨特性
(Mero, Komi, ＆ Gregor 1992, Moravec, Ruzicka, Susanka, Dostal, Kodejs, ＆ Nosek 1988)。由於每一個年齡都有自己的生理和心理特點，訓練水準等因素，或體型、身
高、腿長及柔軟度等。倘若柔軟度也是影響步幅大小的因素之一，年齡與性別影響
青少年時期的柔軟度，且女性運動員的柔軟度優於男性運動員，最佳的柔軟度出現
在 15 或 16 歲(Mitra ＆ Mogos, 1980)。因此，短跑訓練需考慮女性生長發育的生理
特點，特別是年齡較大的女性短跑運動選手，相對步幅能力較好，這主要是身高增
長的因素作用的結果，足以影響步幅能力的表現，使得不同性別的步幅與速度能力
上有著不同相關的呈現(馮敦壽，1986a)。
伍、結論與建議
一、結論 (一)從預賽至決賽的成績表現，高女組和高男組比國女組和國男組有較快之速度能
力，乃由於較大之步幅和較高的步頻。
180 輔仁大學體育學刊 第五期，171~184 頁(2006.5) 短跑選手步幅、步頻與平均速度之相關研究
(二)本文國男、國女和高男、高女組的步幅和步頻皆為負相關，並達顯著水準 p
＜ .05，此乃因所跑距離均為 100 公尺所導致，跑時要求步頻快，而步幅過大將
也直接影響步頻的快慢。
(三)男選手的步頻與平均速度達顯著水準 p ＜ .05，步頻是影響男選手速度表現的
重要因素。而女選手的步幅與平均速度達顯著水準 p ＜ .05，步幅則是影響女
選手速度表現的重要因素。
(四)高女組在步幅和步頻能力表現上均優於國女組，其中，以步頻能力差距較大，
差距 1.84 ％。國男組和高男組的步頻只有些微差距，步幅則由高男組優於國男
組，兩組以步幅能力為主要差距，差距 2.95 ％。
二、建議 為提昇我國百公尺成績表現，步幅和步頻對速度的重要性，在不同性別差異的
訓練工作上通過短跑選材與訓練的篩選，男選手應重視步頻能力的表現，女選手可
著重發展步幅能力訓練，以塑造正確技術指標，取得良好成績表現。
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183 輔仁大學體育學刊 第五期，171~184 頁(2006.5) 短跑選手步幅、步頻與平均速度之相關研究
Relations among Sprint Contestants’ Step length,
Step frequency, and Average Speed Shu-Hua Liu
Ming Chuan University
The study based on the clip of the 2003 National-wide High School’s Track and
Field Competition considers the target groups of 141 athletes, which were divided into
junior high school male group, junior high school female group, senior high school male
group and senior high school female group, form third place to first place in preliminary
contests, semi-finals, and finals. The clip captured the whole movement of sprinters from
the starting line to terminal line in 100 meters race by SONY camcorder (60Hz). On the
other hand, the purpose of this study focuses on the influence among average speed, step
length, and step frequency, and can be used as a supply references for training to coaches
as well as athletes. The main statistical data are analysis of the differences between
description statistics, t test and Pearson’s multiplication. The result shows: First, from
preliminary contests to finals, female and male groups of high school have faster speed
because of longer steps and faster step frequency. Second, in the study, the relationship
between the male and female groups of junior high school and the male and female groups
of senior high school is negative. Due to the same race distance of 100 meter, the value reaches the standard (p＜.05). This shows step length is closely related with step frequency,
presenting the length of step influences the speed of the step frequency. Third, the average speed and step frequency of male athletes reach the standard value of p＜.05, showing the
step frequency is the main factor for speed. Nevertheless, the average speed and step length of female athletes reach the standard value of p＜.05, showing the step length is the main
factor for speed. Forth, in the performance of step length and step frequency, senior high
school female group has superiority over junior high school female group while the
difference is 1.84 % in step frequency ability. The difference in step frequency
performance is slight between junior high school male group and senior high school male
184 輔仁大學體育學刊 第五期，171~184 頁(2006.5) 短跑選手步幅、步頻與平均速度之相關研究
group. However, the senior high school male group is superior to junior high school male
group in step length and the difference is 2.95 %.
Key words: step length, step frequency, average speed, sprint
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1.75±0.04 7.40±0.20 1.67±0.06
6.08±0.31 Canon ZR-60
(1.0×1.0 )
1.2 1.1
20
Dempster(1955) 14 21
Kwon3D
Performance (Low Pass
Butterworth Fourth-order Zero lag Digital Filter)
(Cut off Frequency)
Media Studio Pro6.5 Kwon3D
(Pearson) t
=.05
188 185~200 (2006.5)
(leg stiffness knee angular stiffness)
( )
( )
0.175±0.04
0.174±0.04
( / )
5142.1±1225.6
4121.2±1195.9
0.445
0.727
P<.05 N=8
( )
883.7±228.3
725.5±147.3
( )
31.04±4.21
22.66±3.74
( / )
30.61±6.91
32.39±6.26
0.426
0.218
P<.05 N=8
(Mitsuru
189185~200 (2006.5)
Mitsugi, 2004; Seyfarth et al.,1999)
(Coh, 2000) 725.5±137.8
883.7±213.6 4121.2±1195.6 5142.1±1225.6 /
Seyfarth et al.(1999) (16.2±3.8KN/m)
32.39±6.26 30.61±6.91 /
(r=0.727, p .05)
( ) ( ) ( )
68.85
3.06
65.82
3.71
45.34
3.87
-0.578 0.882 -0.388
0.399 0.532 -0.824
P<.05 N=8
( ) ( ) ( )
71.95
2.20
68.14
3.85
39.91
3.95
-0.010 -0.356 0.353
-0.154 0.070 0.017
P<.05 N=8
190 185~200 (2006.5)
( 2004)
39.91±3.95 45.34±3.87 (
)
(r=0.882,r=-0.824,p .05)
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) 71.95±2.20 68.14±3.85 39.91±3.95
Coh ,et al. (1997) 53±8.20 77±4.40 50±4.28
Muller
Bruggemann
(1997)
53±3.9 75±2.9 52±3.22
(1998) 63±4.0 74±2.5 43.33±4.5
( ) 68.85±3.06 65.82±3.71 45.34±3.87
(1999)
63.13±2.0 71.7±3.1 45.13±4.2
Bruggemann(1990) 64.5±1.33 74.4±2.7 41.1±4.03
191185~200 (2006.5)
151.01±7.18 162.79±9.00 192.69±4.08
156.37±6.00 138.12±4.65 158.55±6.21
117.04±4.24 110.54±3.98 142.79±5.75
-0.413 -0.206 0.261
-0.314 -0.194 -0.202
-0.043 0.513 0.514
P<.05 N=8
141.51±7.74 155.20±7.47 192.27±5.04
150.60±4.63 130.24±3.76 160.14±7.59
115.41±3.26 109.86±2.40 140.90±6.72
0.652 0.455 -0.192
0.316 0.287 -0.175
-0.244 -0.073 -0.476
P<.05 N=8
151.01±7.18 141.51±7.74
Lees et al.(1993)(146.9~149.3 ) (2001)(158±3.18 )
(2003) (157±6 )
50.76 41.68
192 185~200 (2006.5)
( 2004)
Hay(1999)
( 18.26±3.89
20.36±2.78 ) 7~10
(Bruggemann, 1990 Seyfarth et al. (1999) 2004)
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
156.37±6.00 138.12±4.65 158.55±6.21 18.26±3.89
( )
150.60±4.63 130.24±3.76 160.14±7.59 20.36±2.78
Lees et al .
(1993)
165.9±3.19 144.1±5.14 N/S 21.8±1.24
(1996)
166.34 144.59 171.55 21.75
Muller
Bruggemann
(1997)
168.25±4.52 140.25±6.53 171.63±4.15 28±5.72
Shiga Ogata
(2004)
169.62±6.66 132.23±7.48 167.42±4.29 37.39±5.21
(2004)
167.4 132.2 149.6 35.2
(2004)
170±3.9 143±2.9 172±4.0 27±3.4
193185~200 (2006.5)
( 2003)
( 2004)
(r=0.675
r=0.636 P .05)
(2003) (r=0.978, p .01)
P<.05 N=8
( / )
679.59±44.88 453.33 ±58.70
740.07±47.23 478.92±101.21
0.675 0.285
0.220 -0.246
0.636 0.215
0.406 -0.148
194 185~200 (2006.5)
( 2003
2003) 21.52±3.84
26.21±4.43 66.06±9.25 66.06±9.75
(r=0.730,r=0.722, P .05)
( )
21.52 ± 3.84 66.06 ± 9.75
27.36 ±5.87 74.67±10.94
0.730 -0.291
0.554 -0.136
-0.362 0.254
-0.844 -0.017
( )
172.51± 3.90 112.01± 7.96 60.51 ±9.75
168.76±11.66 95.45±4.9 73.23±12.64
0.271 -0.281 0.556
0.699 0.072 0.677
-0.009 -0.531 0.430
-0.616 -0.368 -0.429
P<.05 N=8
195185~200 (2006.5)
( 2004 2004)
60.51±9.75 73.23±12.64
(r=0.556, r=0.677, p .05)
(2004) (r=0.6765,p
.05)
:
(r=0.727, p .05)
(r=0.882,r=-0.824,p .05)
(r=0.636, p .05)
(r=0.730, p .05)
(2004)
19(4) 78-80
196 185~200 (2006.5)
(2004)
35 5 15-16
(2003)
27 4 46-49,58
(2003)
(1992)
(1996)
( ) 16 (2) 38-42
(2000)
36(9) 34-36
(2004)
23 2 120-122
(1991)
(1999)
16(2) 56-59
(2000)
(1998)
(2003)
17(4) 9-11
(1998) 22
23-25
(2003)
25(1) 61-65
(2004)
38(2) 95-97
(2001)
27 3 81-84
197185~200 (2006.5)
(2004)
38(2) 107-108 134
(2001)
(2004) 26(1)
34-36
Bruggemann, G. P.(1990). Biomechanical analysis of the triple jump An
approach towards a biomechanical profile of the world’s best triple
jumpers. International Athletic Foundation / International Amateur
Athletic Federation Scientific Research Project at the Game of the
XXIV Olympic Seoul 1988 Final Report (Edited by
G.P.Bruggemann B.Glad), 306-362.
Coh, M. (2000) Kinematic and dynamic model of the long jump. Track Coach, 153,
4789-4795.
Hay (1999). Changes in muscle-tendon length during the take-off a
running long jump. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17, 159-172.
Koh Hay, J.G. (1990) Landing leg motion and performance in the
horizontal jumps II:The triple jump. International Journal of Sport
Biomechanics, 6, 361-373.
Lees, A. Fowler. N. and Derby, D. (1993) A biomechanical analysis of the
last stride, touch-down and take-off characterics of the women’s
long jump. Journal of Sport Sciences, 11, 303-314.
Mitsuru, S. Mitsugi, O. (2004) Relationship among muscle strength of lower
limbs, kinematic and kinetic during take off in the long jump-focus on the knee
joint and hip joint. Journal of Sports Science in Japanese, 53, 157-166.
Muller Bruggemann(1997). Biomechanical research project at the th
World
Championships in Athletics, Athens 1997. Preliminary report; IAAF New
studies in Athletics 1997, 2-3, 59-66.
Seyfarth et al. (1999). Dynamics of the long jump. Journal of
Biomechanics, 32, 1259-1267.
198 185~200 (2006.5)
Yu, B. Andrew, J.G. (1998). The relationship between free limb motions
and performance in the triple jump. Journay of Applied
Biomechanics, 14, 223-237.
199185~200 (2006.5)
The Influence of Lower Limb Motion of Long
Jumpers on Performance
Cheng-chung Yu1, Jian-syun Chen
2
1Kao Yuan Institute of Technology,
2Wenzao Ursuline College of Languages
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze male and female long
jumpers’ approach, take-off and flight motion. Method: This study used three
cameras with a speed of 60 frames per second (Sony) to record the jumpers
performance in the 2005 International Track and Field Competition. According the
Dempster model(1955) to record 14-segments and 21-joint points on the jumper’s
performance through the Kwon3D analysis software to analyze the dates.
Results and Conclusions: First, the leg stiffness of takeoff corrected
significantly with the performance on female. That is to say the bigger
vertical strength would promote performance. Second, the takeoff angle
and vertical velocity and fan angle were reached to the significantly
corrected with the result in men’s player. Third, during support phase , the
angle of knee and ankle was main buffer joint. Fourth, the angle of the
moving leg during the support phase was bigger than that during the
push-off phase, and, during the buffer phase, the angle of the moving leg
correlated significantly with the performance for female(r=0.675 r=0.636, p
.05). That is to say the fast-moving motions of the moving leg during the
buffer phase would influence performance. Fifth, changes in the angle of the
take-off leg and the moving leg were significantly correlated with the vertical
velocity during the support phase for female (r=0.730, p .05), which means a
bigger angle of the two legs contributed to the increase of vertical velocity. Sixth ,
the moving degree of the moving leg achieved high-intermediate correlation with the
hip-joint of the take-off leg, which indicates that the greater the moving degree is, the
better the hip-stretching motion of the take-off leg is. It has positive meaning on the
elevation of the take-of effect.
200 185~200 (2006.5)
Suggestion: To strengthen the training of the leg swing motion will adventage
to acquire vertical velocity to promote performance.
Keywords Limb motion, Leg stiffness, Angular stiffness, Free leg.
201201~218 (2006.5)
202 201~218 (2006.5)
203201~218 (2006.5)
204 201~218 (2006.5)
205201~218 (2006.5)
1
2
3
1 Media Studio Pro6.5
2 Kwon3D
206 201~218 (2006.5)
207201~218 (2006.5)
208 201~218 (2006.5)
209201~218 (2006.5)
210 201~218 (2006.5)
211 201~218 (2006.5)
212 201~218 (2006.5)
213201~218 (2006.5)
214 201~218 (2006.5)
215201~218 (2006.5)
Anderson Pandy. (1993). Storage and utilization of elastic strain energy
during jumping. Journal of Biomechanics, 26, 1413-1427.
Bruggemann, G. P. (1990). Biomechanical analysis of the triple jump An
approach towards a biomechanical profile of the world’s best triple
jumpers. International Athletic Foundation / International Amateur
Athletic Federation Scientific Research Project at the Game of the XXIV
Olympic Seoul 1988 Final Report (Edited byBruggemann , G. P. Glad,
B.), 306-362.
Coh,M. (2000). Kinematic and dynamic model of the long jump. Track Coach, 153,
4789-4795.
216 201~218 (2006.5)
Hay, J.G. (1992). The biomechanics of the triple jump A review. Journal of
Sports Sciences, 10, 343-378.
Hay, J.G. (1999). Changes in muscle-tendon length during the take-off a
running long jump. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17, 159-172.
Koh Hay, J.G. (1990). Landing leg motion and performance in the horizontal
jumps II:The triple jump. International Journal of Sport Biomechanics,
6, 361-373.
Perttunen J. Kyrolainen; H. Komi, P.V. Heinonen, A. (2000). Biomechanical loading in
the triple jump. Journal of Sports, 18, 363-370.
Ramey, M. and Willians, K.R. (1985). Ground reaction forces in the triple
jump. International Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 1, 233-239.
Seyfarth, A;Friedrichs, A;Wank,V. Blickhan, R. (1999). Dynamics of the long jump.
Journal of Biomechanics, 32, 1259-1267.
Shiga Ogata . (2004). Relationship among muscle strength of lower limbs, kinematic
and kinetic during take off in the long jump-focus on the knee joint and hip joint.
Journal of Sports Science in Japanese, 53, 157-166.
217201~218 (2006.5)
The Analysis on Plyometric Ability of Female
Long Jumpers and Triple Jumpers
Jian-syun Chen 1, Cheng-Chung You
2, I -SUNG Chiu
2
1Wenzao Ursuline College of Languages,
2Kao Yuan University
Purpose The purpose of this study is to assess plyometric ability of female long and
triple jumpers, and the study’s result will serve as a reference for coaches or for training
and coaching materials. Method The study used five cameras with a speed of 60 frames
per second (Canon ZR-60) to film the finalists in the woman’s long jump and triple jump at
the 2003 National Games. The two-dimensional film analysis based on a 14-segment and
21-point body model was conducted.
Result and Conclusion The study’s results were as follows. 1. The response
coefficients reflected by the muscle during the support phase reached 17.18±12.86 and
63.47±14.43 in the woman’s long and triple final respectively. The response coefficient
in the woman’s long jump final had significant main effect on performance (r=0.687, P
0.05). 2. The hip joint alignment from landing to muscular preload did not decrease
gradually, indicating that hip joint was not the main impact-alleviation joint in long and
triple jumps. 3. The angle of knee joint during muscular preload reached 17.12±3.430 for
long jump and 17.28±4.630 for triple jump. The muscular preload was not significantly
correlated with the horizontal and vertical velocity at landing and takeoff. 4. The angle of
ankle joint at muscular preload was 16.13±4.750, and ranged around 32.16±9.23
0 at leg
drive. Both figures revealed no significant correlation with the horizontal and vertical
velocity at landing and take-off. 5. During the support phase, a negative significant
correlation was found between muscular preload and performance (r=-0.694) in the long
jump. 6. The coupling angle between the ankle and knee joints was positive, revealing
that both ankle-and knee joints shortened and stretched at the same time during muscular
preload and the leg drive; the coupling angle between the knee and hip joints was found
negative during muscular preload, which means that both joints were not saving energy for
218 201~218 (2006.5)
the next step simultaneously.
Keywords: Plyometric contraction; Coupling angle; Range of muscular preload;
Response coefficient
219219~230 (2006.5)
220 219~230 (2006.5)
221219~230 (2006.5)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
Absolute Time (s)
Norm
alized (Norm
)
Force
222 219~230 (2006.5)
223219~230 (2006.5)
+0
+
+
224 219~230 (2006.5)
225219~230 (2006.5)
3.01.7
3.8
01.6
37
1.7
61
2.9
26
0
-7.2
48
13.25
2
3.19
7
+
0 01.8
53
3.7
34
5.2
66
-0.92
7
0.30
4
0.97
9
0
226 219~230 (2006.5)
227219~230 (2006.5)
Atkin, D. M., Fithian, D. C., Margngi, K. S., Stone, M. L., Dobson, B. E., &
Mendelsohon, C. (2000). Characteristics of patients with primary acute lateral
patellar dislocation and their recovery within the first 6 months of injury.
American Journal of Sports Medicine, 28(4): 472-479.
Becker, H. P., Rosenbaun, D., Kriese, T., Gerngross, H., & Claes, L. (1995). Gait
asymmetry following successful surgical treatment of ankle fractures in young
adults. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research, 3(11): 262-269.
Bhave, A., Paley, D., & Herzenberg, J. E. (1999). Improvement in Gait Parameters After
Lengthening for the Treatment of Limb-Length Discrepancy. The Journal of Bone
and Joint Surgery, 81-A(4): 529-534.
Coulthard, P., Pleuvry, B. J., Brewster, M., Wilson, K. L., & Macfarlane, T. V. (2002). Gait
analysis as an objective measure in a chronic pain model. Journal of Neuroscience
Methods, 116(2): 197-213.
Croisier, J. L., Forthomme, B., Namurois, M. H., Vanderthommen, M., & Crielard, J. M.
(2002). Hamstring muscle strain recurrence and strength performance disorders.
American Journal of Sports Medicine, 30(2): 199-203.
Draper, E. R., Cable, J. M., Sanchez-Ballester, J., Hunt, N., Robinson, J. R., & Strachan,R.
K. (2000). Improvement in function after valgus bracing of the knee: A analysis of
gait symmetry. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery- British Volume, 82(7):
1001-1005.
228 219~230 (2006.5)
Drolet, M., Noreau, L., Vachon, J., & Moffet, H. (1999). Muscle strength changes as
measured by dynamometry following functional rehabilitation in individuals
with spinal cord injury. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation.
80(7):791-800.
Frost, G., Bar-Or, O., Dowling, J., & White, C. (1995). Habituation of children to
treadmill walking and running: Metabolic and kinematic criteria. Pediatric
Exercise Science, 7: 162-175.
Giakas, G., Baltzopoulos, V., Dangerfield, P. H., Dorgan, J. C., & Dalmira, S. (1996).
Comparison of gait patterns between healthy and scoliotic patients using time
and frequency domain analysis of ground reaction forces. Spine,
21:2235-2242.
Gill, H. S. & O’Connor, J.J. (2003). Heelstrike and the pathomechanics of osteoarthrosis: a
pilot gait study. Journal of Biomechanics, 36(11): 1625-1631.
Holder-Powell, H. M., Di Matteo, G.., & Rutherford, O. M. (2001). Do knee injuries
have long-term consequences for isometric and dynamic muscle strength?
European Journal of Applied Physiology, 85(3-4): 310-316.
Hurley, M. V., Jones, D. W., & Newham, D. J. (1994). Arthrogenic quadriceps inhibition
and rehabilitation of patients with extensive traumatic knee injuries. Clinical
Science, 86(3): 305-310.
Kistler Instrument Corporation: Gaitway Operating Instructions (1996). Amherst, NY
Sadeghi, H., Allard, P., Prince, F., & Labelle, H. (2000). Symmetry and limb
dominance in able-bodied gait: a review. Gait & Posture, 12(1): 34-45.
Scott, S. H., Yack., H. J., Tucker, C.A., & Lin, H. Y. (1998). Comparison of vertical
ground reaction forces during over ground and treadmill walking. Medicine &
Science in Sports & Exercise, 30(10): 1537-1542.
Wall, J.C. & Charteris, J. (1981). A kinematic study of long-term habituation to
treadmill walking at different velocities. Ergonomics, 24: 531-542.
White, S. C., Gilchrist, L. A., & Cristina, K. A. (2002). Within-day accommodation
effects on vertical reaction forces for treadmill running. Journal of Applied
Biomechanics, 18:74-82.
229 輔仁大學體育學刊 第五期，219~230 頁(2006.5) 下肢運動傷害的預測模式評估
White, S. C., Gilchrist, L. A., & Wilk, B. E. (2004). Asymmetric limb loading with true or
simulated leg-length differences. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research, (421):
287-292.
230 219~230 (2006.5)
The Evaluation of Lower Extremity Injury
Predictive Model
Adi Wang
Fu-Jen Catholic University
Muscle strength, endurance were often used for the evaluation of the rehabilitation
program in lower extremity injury. However, the symmetry index (SI) is as one of the
methods to evaluate gait pattern in lower extremities, helps to determine symmetry in the
kinetic data between injured and un-injured lower extremities. In this study, we proposed
two injury models using gait parameters. Gait data were then used to test these two models.
These data were collected from 42 injured subjects and 19 un-injured subjects using
treadmill that equipped with two force plates. In the models, we assumed that the
symmetry value would shift to un-injured side for the first peak value, second peak value,
weight acceptance rate and single limb stance time, and would stay at injured side for
contact time. However, our data failed to prove this assumption and concluded that gait
symmetry for injured lower extremity is unpredictable. From this study, we suggested that
more data from normal subjects is needed in order to develop a norm data for gait pattern,
and injured region of lower extremity might be a fact that influenced our data analysis, so
as dominant leg which may affect gait symmetry, all of these need to be studied in future
investigation. Furthermore, longer data acquisition may be also needed, so that the method
of time domain analysis or frequency domain analysis may be applied to find out gait
pattern for injured and un-injured subjects.
Key words: gait, weight acceptance rate, first peak value, sports injury.
231231~242 (2006.5)
232 231~242 (2006.5)
233231~242 (2006.5)
234 231~242 (2006.5)
70
235231~242 (2006.5)
236 231~242 (2006.5)
237231~242 (2006.5)
238 231~242 (2006.5)
239231~242 (2006.5)
240 231~242 (2006.5)
241231~242 (2006.5)
Nowicky, A. V. Burdett, R Horne, S 2005 . The impact of ergometer design on hip
and trunk muscle activity patterns in elite rowers: an electromyographic assessment.
Journal of Sports Science and Medicine , 4, 18-28.
Nelson,W. N, Widule, C. J. 1983 .Kinematic analysis and efficiency estimate of
intercollegiate female rowers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 15 6 ,
535-541.
242 231~242 (2006.5)
Kinematic Analysis of The Morements of Rowing
Crewfor Elite Rowing Players
Kuan-hsien Li
Fu Jen Catholic University
The purpose of this study was to analyze the range of joint motion of 500 meters in
Concept 2 rowing ergometer on Kinematics , during the phase of enter and surface water ,
one male and one female elite rower were used to be the subjects . JVC video camera
60Hz was the major equipment to collect the data from sagittal plane of subjects. The
ankle joint , knee joint , hip joint , shoulder joint , elbow joint angle of the 10th oar , the
20th oar , the 30th oar , the 30th oar , the 40th oar , and the 50th oar while entering and
surfacing water were be analyzed to decide the range of motion for male and female
rowing players , according to the displacement of the center of mass. After data calculating
and data analyzing , the following conclusions of this study have been reached : 1. The
joint angle for men player to enter water were 63.49±3.61 degrees of ankle joints,
59.67±3.65 degrees of knee joints, 20.47±5.03 degrees of hip joints, 94.461.27degrees of
shoulder joints and 157.60±4.21 degrees of elbow joints. 2. The joint angle for men player
to surface water were 100.62±1.73 degrees of ankle joints, 157.01±3.68 degrees of knee
joints, 124.76±4.65 degrees of hip joints, 41.43±4.20 degrees of shoulder joints
and53.79±4.28degrees of elbow joints. 3.The joint angle for women player to enter water
were 45.62±2.65 degrees of ankle joints, 44.19±2.36 degrees of knee joints, 30.21±1.34
degrees of hip joints, 93.13±4.23 degrees of shoulder joints and 165.31±3.44 degrees of
elbow joints. 4.The joint angle for women player to surface water were 111.15±2.80
degrees of ankle joints, 166.58±1.28 degrees of knee joints, 140.96±3.31 degrees of hip
joints, 44.50±4.62 degrees of shoulder joints and51.69±3.71 degrees of elbow joints. The
conclusion of this study were following : 1. At surface at stage, the ankle joint should be
more extended in order to prevent the excessive backward of trunk. 2. It was necessary to
maintain the stable joint angles in high oar frequency to improve rowing performance.
Key words rowing rowing ergometer joint angle
244 243~256 (2006.5) 2
245243~256 (2006.5)
246 243~256 (2006.5) 2
247243~256 (2006.5)
248 243~256 (2006.5) 2
249243~256 (2006.5)
250 243~256 (2006.5) 2
251243~256 (2006.5)
252 243~256 (2006.5) 2
253243~256 (2006.5)
254 243~256 (2006.5) 2
255243~256 (2006.5)
FIVB(2005) from http://www.fivb.org/EN/Volleyball/Competitions/Worldgrandprix/
2005/index.asp
Miroslav, E.(2001). Brief technical evaluation of the 27th
Olympiad in Sydney. The
official FIVB Magazine for Volleyball Coaches, 1, 6-12.
256 243~256 (2006.5) 2
The Performance Analysis of China Women's
Volleyball Team In The Finals Of 2005 Word
Grand Prix
Chi-Min TANG
Tatung University
The subject of this research were through making statistics on technical data of
Chinese team's five matches in final match of 13th world woman grand prix match in
2005, Japan. Result of study finds Chinese Women's Volleyball Team behavior of
match this and not as good as expectancy, whether is it display through competition
course and analysis result of income of data good factor to sum up. 1) Oneself fall
too much, each average fault is it account for rival score 25.14% rate to divide. 2)
The psychological factor is influenced and behaved, can't capture for a long time in
addition, lost and divided repeatedly, it is not good that the approach psychology is
adjusted rightly. 3) The high advantage is unable to represent, though Chinese
Women's Volleyball Team this have fine height terms very, High player storm and is
it shows abnormally to be so that unable to represent high advantage that should have
to block. 4) Available substitute sportsman too little, young player steady degree and
maturity is not good, so that rely mainly on the fact that old sportsmen appear on the
stage, player dispatchers are limited. Fifth, skill and tactics do not change much, it is
too inflexible and unable to attack and defend effectively that tactics is used. Result
analyze is it improve defect of technology, give rookie appear on the stage chance,
notice psychology adjust right, upgrade and changeable tactics suggestion more to
propose to income the above.
Key words: volleyball, word grand prix, analysis, China, Brazil, Italy, Cuba
258 257~262 (2006.5)
259257~262 (2006.5)
260 257~262 (2006.5)
261257~262 (2006.5)
262 257~262 (2006.5)
The analysis of the batting ability and the
victory or defeat of competitions to the Athens
2004 Olympic Games in women’s softball
Show-Tzu Yen1, Li-Shu Chiu
2, Sheng-Jung Lai
3
1Fu Jen Catholic University,
2National College of Physical Education and Sports,
3Taipei Physical Education College
The purpose of this research was to discuss the relationship between the batting
ability of softball and the result of competitions under the new rule and regulation.I
expect it would be able to provide coaches and players a training reference in the future.
The so-called batting ability in the research including one-base hits (single),
two-braggers (double), three-braggers(triples), home runs, total of base hits and runs.
The method of the research analyzed the contest records in every preliminary to each
women’s softball team of the Athens 2004 Olympic Games.The consequence of
analysis discovered that the four teams entered the finals were also the top four with
more superior batting ability. Therefore, it revealed that the batting ability was a key to
decide if the team was able to enter the finals from the preliminaries, that is, it
sufficiently affected the victory or defeat of competitions.
Keywords: the Athens Olympic Games, softball, hitting ability
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Discourse on the Strategic Analysis of Taiwan’s
Applocation toHost the 2011 Universiade
Games
I-sung Chiu1, Cheng-yang Huang
2, Ying-chia Lo
3
1Kao Yuan University,
2Fu Jen Catholic University,
3China Institute of Technology
To apply to host international comprehensive sports games is a major
national athletics policy of Taiwan. The 2009 World Games to be held in
Kaohsiung and The 2009 Deaflympic Games to be held in Tapei are important
indices to Tsiwan’s effort to break through diplomatic isolation. In this thesis,
the reasons why Kaohsiung failed to win the right to host Universiade Games
are examined and revised, and the strategy that Taiwan should apply when it
bids to host Universiade Games in the futtre is put forth, with the hope of
winning the right to host the 2011 Universiade Games so as to establish
Taiwan’s positive image in the international community and to achieve the
positive meaning of marketing Taiwan.
Keywords: Universiade Games strategic analysis
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(02)29095876 1503 e-mail
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2 C
3 1 4
A
B
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Farrell, J.M., Johnston, M.E., & Twynam, G.D. 1998 . Volunteer motivation,
satisfaction, and management at an elite sporting competition. Journal of
Sport Management, 12 2 , 288-300.
Robbins, S. P. 1998 . Organizational Behavior: Concepts,Controversies, and
Applications, 8th ed. NJ: Prentice Hall.
Strigas, A. 2001 . The assessment of motives and the development of a typology of
motivational factors for volunteers in marathon running events. Unpublished
doctoral dissertation, Florida State University.
Parker,S. 1997 .Volunteering-altruism, markers, causes and leisure. World leisure
and Recreation, 39 3 ,4-5.
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Initial Investigation on the Participation Motivations for Sport Volunteers
Lin, Heuy-ting1 Lin, Ming-chung
2 Chiu, Yi-song
3
1FuJen Catholic University
2Lee Ming Institute of Technology
3Kao Yuan University
Following the progress of the society, more and more people, with the sincerity
of devotion, sentiment of benefit others, heart of helping and enthusiasm of serving
people, are willing to join voluntary service. The 21st Hearing Impaired Olympic and
the 8th
World Athletic Games will be held in 2009 in Taiwan, the scope of finance,
resource and man power will, following the trend of expansion for international
games, be greatly in demand. Every game authority would hope to organize a service
team of high quality and efficiency, combining people power and passion, so as to let
game activities progress smoothly. To comprehend and grasp the participation
motivations of the voluntary service personnel completely, take the related factors
into consideration, give them what they would like, let sport volunteers gain their
sense of achievement while giving full scope of their talents to serve public, would
be a too important issue to ignore. Deeply understand the participation motivation of
sport volunteers, apart from helping them to teach the organizational goal during
their service period, would also make them contribute their talents entirely, let their
humanity shine and realize their self esteem, and create a positive and proactive
genuine sense towards sport.
Key words: Voluntary Service, Sport Volunteer, Participation Motivation
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To comment on the effectiveness of sponsorship
on sports Shang-Wen Chen
Fu Jen Catholic University
Corporate sponsorship, not only a philanthropic behavior but a marketing
communications vehicle, has been increasingly popular for past 10 years. A
considerable amount of research has shown that that two of the most common
reasons why firms enter into sponsorship arrangements are to increase brand
awareness and to establish, strengthen, or change brand Image. Many scholars also
have verified that companies can build brand equity by sponsoring. However, little
research investigated how sponsorship participation is beneficial to a firm and its
brand from consumers’ perspectives. This study was to find out the successful factors
of sports sponsorship and measure the effects of sports sponsorship from consumers’
perspectives.
according to the theory and domestic and international positive research, we can
understand that to assess the benefit main ways in which enterprises will support the
sport match are Recall and Recognition the rate of the support manufacturer , and the
change of comment quantity supporting and supporting benefit in terms of the
movement consumers, to enterprise's brand or products image since the patronage
behaviors of enterprises (Image), Purchase intention and Purchase behavior ,etc..
While engaged in supporting in sporting, sponsoring enterprise and the activity
which is supported should report the policy - ' the equality and mutual benefit ' ,
setting up correct patronage idea, understand one's own patronage purposes and the
goal of organize, after all, we could create win-win chance for each other .
Keywords: Consumers, Purchase intention, Purchase behavior
300 299~310 (2006.5)
99 1988
2000
2000
1700
Durso-Cupal
1998
1996
1997 Ievleva and Orlick
1991
Wiese and Weiss 1987
1983
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Deny
Angry Bargain Frustrate Accept
Prentice,1994
1997 Anderson and Williams 1988
1998
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1998
1998
1986 Weiss and Troxel 1986
Brewer 1994
stage models
Pederson 1986 Kelley 1990
303299~310 (2006.5)
cognitive models
1997
1 2 3
4 Gordon 1992
Smith, et al. 1993
POMS
1996
AC
/
Rotella and Heyman
1986
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/
/
2001
Greenspan and Feltz 1989
305299~310 (2006.5)
Durso-Cupal 1998
May and Brown 1989 18
Nicol 1993
Kerr and Goss 1996 24
Wiese and Weiss 1987
Brewer, Raalte
and Linder 1991
Levitt, Deisinger, Wall, Ford, and Cassisi 1995 51
1994 1996
306 299~310 (2006.5)
Lynch 1988 Wiese and Weiss 1987 Williams and Roepke 1993
307299~310 (2006.5)
2000 31 9 766-772
2001
53 72-77
1997 123-140
1998
12 3 94-100
1996
27 78-82
2000 49 181-188
1997
11 1 112-119
1994
8 1 40-46
1983
1986
Anderson, M. B., & Williams, J. M. 1988 . A model of stress and athletic injury:
Prediction and prevention. Journal of Sport Exercise Psychology, 10, 294-306.
Brewer, B.,Raalte, V. J. & Linder, D. 1991 , Role of the sport psychologist in
treating injury athleres: Survey of sports mesicine providers. Journal of Applied
Sport Psycholog, 3, 183-190.
Brewer, B. 1994 . Review and critique of models of psychological adjustment to
athletic injury. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 6, 87-100.
Durso-Cupal, D. 1998 . Psychological intervene-tions in sport injury prevention
and rehabilita-tion. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 10 1 , 103-123.
Greenspan, M. J., & Feltz, D. L. 1989 . Psychological intercentions winth athletes
in competitive situations : Sport Psychology, 3 2 , 19-36.
Gordon, N. F. 1992 . Reassessment Of The Guidelines For Exercise Testing: What
308 299~310 (2006.5)
Alterations To Current . Sports Medicine, 13, pp. 293-302 .
Ievleva , L. & Orlick, T. 1991 . Mental links to enhanced healing: an exploratory
atudy. Sport Psychologist, 5, 25-40.
Kerr, G.., & Goss, J. 1996 .The effects of a stress management program on injuries
and stress levels. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 8, 109-117.
Kelley, M. J. 1990 Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 30, pp.
202-219 .
Levitt, R., Deisinger, J. A., Remondet Wall, J., Ford, L., & Cassisi, J. E 1995 .EMG
feedback-assisted postoperative rehabilitation of minor arthroscopic knee
surgeries. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 35 3 , 218-230.
Lynch, G. P. 1988 . Athletic injuries and the practicing sport psychologist:
Practicalguidelines fot assisting athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 2, 161-167.
May, J. R., & Brown, L. 1989 . Delicery of psy-chologican services to the
U.S,alpine ski teamprior to and during the Olympics in Calgary. The Sport
Psychologist, 3, 320-329.
Nicol, M. 1993 . Hypnosis in the treatment of repetitive strain injury.Australian.
Journalof Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 21, 121-126.
Pederson, P. 1986 . The grief response and injury: A special challenge for athletes
and athletic trainers. Athletic Training, 21, 312-314.
Prentice, W. E. 1994 . Rehabilitation Techniques in Sport Medicine.
Morsby-yearbook,Inc.
Rotella, R. J., & Heyman, S. R. 1986 . Stress, injury, and the psychological
rehabilitation of athletes. In J. M. Williams Ed. , Applied sport psychology:
personal growth to peak performance pp. 343-364 .
Smith, A. M., Stuart, M. J., Wiese-Bjornstal, D. M., Milliner, E. K., O'Fallon, W. J.,
& Crowson, C. S. 1993 . Competitive athletes: Preinjury and post injury mood
state and self-esteem. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 68, 939-947.
Weiss, M. R.,& Troxel, R. K. 1986 . Psychology of the injured athlete. Athletic
Training, 21 2 , 104-109,154.
309299~310 (2006.5)
Wagman, D., & Khelifa, M. 1996 . Psychological issues in sport injury
rehabilitation:current knowlesge and practice. Athletic. Training, 31, 257-261.
Wiese, D. M., & Weiss, M. R. 1987 . Psychological rehabilitation and physincal
injury:Implications for the sports medicine team. The Sport Psychologist, 1,
318-330.
Williams, J. M.,& Roepke, N. 1993 . Psychology of injury and injury
rehabilitation.In R. N. Singer, M. Murphey, & L. K.Tennate Eds. . Handbook
of research on sport psychology PP.815-839 .New York: Macmaillam.
310 299~310 (2006.5)
The psychological response of athletes and the
necessary reaction after athletic injury
Ann-Mei Chi1, Adi Wang
2
1Fu Jen Catholic University,
2Fu Jen Catholic University
The moment that Chen Shi Xin and Zhu Mu Yan won the gold medals for
Taekwondo at the 2004 Olympic game in Anthem, is certainly the moment that
will be remembered for a lifetime to many of us. However, at competitive sporting
events, all of the athletes will have similar skills and physical conditions. So the
factor that will ultimately determine the victory is therefore depended on the
athletes’ psychological superiority. For many years, psychological training has
been employed to enhance the performance of the athletes, such as the Canadian
team during the 1984 Olympic game in Los Angeles. Almost 99% of the Canadian
athletes were involved in imagery practicing, which is part of the psychological skill
training, to prepare for the Olympic game, and the find result was the winning of a
total of 44 medals compare to 11 medals from the 1976 game in Montreal .
However, nothing can be more frightening to athletes than the occurrence of athletic
injury when the athletes are at the peak of their physical condition.
This article discusses the psychological impact on athletes after athletic injury
from psychological point of view and the athletes’ psychological response. The
athletes’ psychological wellbeing can be improved by: 1 having constructive
discussions; 2 comprising clear and defined goals; 3 changing negative thoughts;
4 employing psychological skills; and 5 increasing the support from the society.
Keywords: Sports injury, Athlete, Psychological rehabilitation, Psychological
skill training
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The Preliminary Analysis of Internet Public
Relations in the teams —a Case of the Brothers
Elephant Baseball Team
Phoenix Hsu
National Taiwan Normal University
In the recently years, because the Internet is popular, it has become the fifth
media besides four traditional medias—newspaper, magazine, broadcast and
television (Morris & Ogan, 1996). The rise of Internet breaks past traditional
convention, and business can be active to communicate with consumers immediately
and symmetrically. It can also collect opinions of public and promote the benefit of
public relations. Brothers Elephant baseball team uses the website to construct the
communication of public relations on the Internet by relying on the interaction,
integration, sharing the information and shorting time and distance of Internet. This
study is discussed about public relations performed on the Internet with the methods
of case study and documental analysis. The inference is that the team ignored the
significance of image establishing and crisis handling, but pay more attention on
delivering massages and interactive feedback, on the whole it still conform to the
communicative model of two-way symmetric. If they can strengthen on image
establishing and crisis handling, the benefit of Internet public relations can be
maximum.
Keywords: internet public relations, team website
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A Comparison of the Professional Baseball
Umpire System of America, Japan, and Taiwan. Chieh Hsu
Fu Jen Catholic University
For more than ten decades, baseball has been drawing people’s attention.
Nowadays, with the excitement of the competition, more situations happen in the
games. The thirteen regulations that were made in the beginning couldn’t fit into
the current competitions any more, so more specific regulations were added.
However, with the increase of the complicated regulations, more professional
baseball umpires are needed for the job. So far, the great development of the
professional baseball has made an impact on higher requirements for umpires. The
job as the professional baseball umpire has been professionalized and systemized.
Therefore, this current research was to compare the umpire systems among America,
Japan, and Taiwan.
With comparison, this research found the following methods to improve the
baseball umpire systems in Taiwan: First, giving good basic training to the baseball
umpires; second, specifying the promotion system; third, establishing a minor league;
fourth, offering good pay; fifth, getting appropriate rest; and, sixth, preventing from
over-interference from people outside the umpire group.
As an old saying goes, “The stones of those hills may be used to polish gems”.
Although the situations in Taiwan differ from those in America and Japan, all of us
may encounter similar difficulties in the process of development. Besides taking
experience for reference from America and Japan, we should add on our own culture
to develop a set of our own baseball umpire systems. Then we will be able to
promote the baseball environment in Taiwan, enrich the baseball culture in Taiwan,
and keep our baseball in the world’s top 5.
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1 2
1 2
1993
303
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Nicklaus 1976
50
40 10
1993
2002
2001
Martens 1987
Weinberg 1988 Aroused
sensation
Orlick 1986 image
1989 1994
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Kinesthetic
imagrey
Hale 1982
Feltz and landers 1983
360
337334~342 (2006.5)
Murphy 1994
Hall,mack,pavio and hausenblas 1997
Weinberg, Seabourne
Jackson 1981 1
2
2002
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1
1
2
2
1
2
Nideffer 1985
1986
5 10 5 30
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10
1
1995
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1
2
3
4
5
Ievleva Orlick 1991
2001
1987 25 1 116-123
1995 19 4-8
1993
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2001
52 25-32
1994
88 1 77-82
2003 2
209-221
1993 7 1
100-106
2002 Robert.S. Weinberg ,
Daniel Gould; :Foundations of sport and exerc ise psychology, 2nd ed.
Filtz,D., Landers,D. 1983 The effects of mental practice Motor skill
learning and performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport
Psychology,5,25-27.
Hale,B.D. 1982 .The effects of internal and external imagery on muscular and
ocular concomitants. Journal of sport Psycholoy,4,379-387.
Hall, C. R., Mack, D., Pavio, A., Hausenblas, H. A 1997 . Imagery use by
athletes:Development of the sport Imagery Questionnaire. International
of sport Psychology, 28, 1-17.
Ievleva, L., Orlick, T. 1991 .Mental links to enhanced healing The sport
Psychologist, 5 1 ,25-40.
Martens, R. 1987 .Scince,Knowledge and sport psychology.sportr
psychologist, 1,29-55.
Muphy,S 1994 .Imagery interventions in sport.Medicine and science in sport
and exercise, 26,486-494.
Nicklaus, J. 1976 . Paly better golf. New York: King Features.
Nideffer,R.M. 1985 .Athlete’s guide to mental training.Champaign,IL:
Human Kinetics.
Orlick,T 1986 .Psyching for athletes.champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Wenberg,R.S. 1981 .The relationship between mental preparation Strategies
and motor performance:A review and critique. Quest, 42,195-213.
Weinberg, R. S. 1988 .The mental advantage: Developing your psychological
skill in tennis.Champaign,IL: Human Kinetics.
Weinberg, R.S., Seabourne,T,G., Jackson,A.(1981)Effects of visuo-moter
behavior rehearsal,relaxation,and imagery on karete performance.Journa
of sport psychology, 9,228-238.
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The application of the Tae Kwon Do imagery
training
Wen hsiung Chang , Yu-Yung-Chang
NationalShaLu IndustrialVocation Senior High School,
Cardinal Tien College of Nursing
The Tae Kwon Do is a kind of contact sports with highly tecnical skill that
is exposed to there are lot of high dangerous factors. Vigorous competition
match regular cause sport injure.The injury will engneder the training stops. In
that time, We can help athlete to repeat the skill-simulation before injured by
through the imagery training. It would increase the experience of unable actual
exercise by injured. Combining the imagery training with the body exercise
would be the important factor of Tae Kwon Do skill learning.
“Imagery training”, It means that does not do the body exercise, but to
consider the images of training technical skill situation and emotion model in
your brain. Making the Tae Kwon Do player uses various kinds of sense organ
olfaction, hearing, touching, vision to experienced and imagined the process
of situation in exercise, Imagery training is a learning method of cognition
which strengthens exercise skill performance.
The Imagery training must be operating through the systematic way in a
long-term project to produce the maximum effect. We use it in pre-training
game season, private time ,etc. In this article, we are mainly talking about the
concept and perceive of imagery training which the Tae Kwon Do player should
have.
Keywords imagery training Tae Kwon Do
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Ahsen, A. 1984 . The triple code model for imagery and psychophysiology. J ournal of
Mental Imagery, 8, 15-42.
Betts, G. H. 1909 . The distributions and functions of mental imagery. New York Teacher’s
College, Columbia University.
Carpenter, W. B. 1894 . Principles of mental physiology. New York Appleton.
Feltz, D. L., Landers, D. M. 1983 . The effects of mental practice on motor skill learning
and performance A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport Psychology, 5, 25-27.
Hale, B. D. 1982 . The effects of internal and external imagery on muscular and ocular
concomitants. Journal of Sport Psychology, 4, 379-387.
Hall, C. R., Mack,D., Pavios, A., Hausenblas, H. A. 1997 . Imagery use by athletes
Development of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire. International Journal of Sport
Psychology, 28, 1-17.
Ievleva, L., Orlick, T. 1991 . Mental links to enhanced healing . The Sport Psychologist,
5 1 , 25-40.
lssace, A., Marks,D., Russell, D. 1986 . An instrument for assessing imagery of
movement The vividness of movement imagery questionnaire. Journal of Mental
Imagery, 10 , 23-30.
Lang, P. J. 1977 . Imagery in therapy An information-processing analysis of fear. Behavior
Therapy, 8, 862-886.
Lang, P. J. 1979 . A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery . Psychophysoiology,
17, 495-512.
Mahoney, M. J., Avener, M. 1977 . Psychology of the elite athlete An exploratory study.
Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1, 135-141.
Marks, D. F. 1997 . Imagery and consciousness A theoretical review from an individual
differences perspective. Journal of Mental Imagery, 2, 275-290.
351343~352 (2006.5)
Moritz, S. E., Hall,C. R., Martin, K. A., Vadocz, E. 1996 . What are confident athletes
imaging An examination of image content. The Sport Psychology, 10, 171-179.
Nideffer, R. M. 1985 . Athlete ’s guide to mental training. Champaign, IL Human Kinetics.
Weinberg, R. S. Gould, D. 2002 . Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology.
Second Edition.
Sackett, R. S. 1934 . The influences of symbolic rehearsal upon the retention of a maze
habit. Journal of General Psychology, 13, 113-128.
Vadocz, E. A., Hall, C. R., Moritz, S. E. 1997 . The relationship between competitive
anxiety and imagery use. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 9, 241-253.
Weinberg, R. S., Seabourne, T. G., Jackson, A. 1981 . Effects of visuo-motor behavior
rehearsal, relaxation, and imagery on karate performance. Journal of Sport
Psychology, 3, 228-238.
352 343~352 (2006.5)
Application of the Imagery in Rowing
Hsiao-fang Yang, Mao-sung Hsieh, Kuan-hsien Li
Fu Jen Catholic University
Rowing, this sport, except basic technology and physical vigor needing to possess, the
most important thing is consistency of movement of the oars. How to train the consistency
of movement of the oar? We can let the oars bring the mature technology of rowing and
physical vigor fully into full play by the way of mental training , reaching the body and
mind to unify. It’s because that the domestic literatures of rowing are too few, above all,
there are almost zero in the aspect of mental training. The author of this article hopes to
supply the mental training which the domestic coaches of rowing lack by collecting foreign
scholars’literatures. The mental training playing quite important status in mental training,
so the author will confer with “the application of the mental training in rowing” in this text.
If the mental training can be incorporated with the training school timetable, collocating
technology and physical vigor, we can finish the consistency of rowing movement. And we
certainly believe that it can improve the performances of the domestic player rowing.
Key words rowing imagery mental training
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5 Key words
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JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION FU JEN CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY
Volume 5
Publisher Hung-Liang Chang
Chief Editor Hung-Yan Chen
Vice Editor Ching-Yu Tseng
Editorial Board Adi Wang Chin-Shan Lin Tai-Cheng Chen
Hung-yan Chen Hung-Liang Chang Chih-Hsien Yang
Executive Secretary Ya-Ting Miao
Editors Ya-Ting Miao Tsai-Yin Teng Chia-Hao Hsu
Liang-Wu Kuo Kai-Chien Chen Chi-Lun Chen
Tzu-Hsuan Lin
Cover Designer Mike Malin Company
Published by Department of Physical Education, Fu Jen Catholic University
510
(02)29053282
(02)29052380
E-mail [email protected]
Manufacturer Mike Malin Company
(02)29740276
Date of Publication: May 31, 2006
ISSN 1684-1018
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