© 2003 Expand Beyond Corp. Confidential. Recipient may not forward without permission. 1 Paper 520 Presentation by Ari Kaplan CEO, Expand Beyond Corporation

© 2003 Expand Beyond Corp. Confidential. Recipient may not forward without permission.

1

Paper 520

Presentation by Ari KaplanCEO, Expand Beyond Corporationwww.xb.com

Welcome to Oracle 10g Data Dictionary and Initialization Parameters



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Agenda• Server parameter file• Summary

– New initialization parameters– New static data dictionary views– New dynamic data dictionary views– New columns in existing data dictionary views

• 10g Details– Server Manageability– Database Self-Management– Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning– Database Automatic Statistics– Object Management– Backup and Recovery– High Availability– Security

• Tips– ALTER SYSTEM– Viewing undocumented parameters


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The SPFILE

• “Server Parameter” file

• Stored on server

• Binary, rather than text

• Can maintain dynamic changes to parameter values


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The SPFILE• Example 1:CREATE SPFILE FROM PFILE=‘/u01/oracle/dbs/initPROD.ora’

• Example 2:CREATE SPFILE ‘/u01/oracle/dbs/spfilePROD.ora’ FROM

PFILE=‘/u01/oracle/dbs/initPROD.ora’

• Must have SYSDBA or SYSOPER privileges

SQLPLUS> SHOW PARAMETERS SPFILE/u01/oracle/dbs/spfilePROD.ora


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The SPFILE• 9iR2 RMAN:

BACKUP is used to back-up the SPFILE

- RMAN backs up the SPFILE in the backup set

If the SPFILE is lost / damaged, use RESTORE SPFILE:

- Start the instance without the SPFILE

- Run RESTORE SPFILE in RMAN


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The SPFILE• *SPPARAMETER – contents of the SPFILE

• *RMAN_CONFIGURATION - maintain the persistent configuration parameters for RMAN, the standard Oracle backup and recovery utility


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Initialization Parameter History

• Oracle 10g– 27 new parameters– 10 marked “ISDEPRECATED”– 110 in V$OBSOLETE_PARAMETER

• Oracle 9iR1– 46 new parameters– 16 obsolete– 3 renamed

• Oracle 8.1– 28 new parameters– 62 obsolete

• Oracle 8.0– 75 new parameters– 26 obsolete


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10g Initialization Parameters

• New V$PARAMETER columns– ISDEPRECATED (10 parameters are TRUE)

• buffer_pool_keep buffer_pool_recycle drs_start• fast_start_io_target global_context_pool_sizelog_archive_start

• max_enabled_roles parallel_automatic_tuningparallel_server

• parallel_server_instances plsql_compiler_flags

– ISINSTANCE_MODIFIABLE (144 TRUE, 112 FALSE): for clustered databases such as RAC, this shows if the parameter can be modified on global (TRUE) or local (FALSE)

• Examples of FALSE: spfile, sessions, processes, sessions, dml_locks, utl_file_dir, …

• Examples of TRUE: sga_target, cpu_count, shared_pool_size, log_archive_dest, undo_retention, statistics_level, …

– DISPLAY_VALUE: displays data slightly better in some cases. For example, db_cache_size’s VALUE=25165824 and DISPLAY_VALUE=24M db_recovery_file_dest_size’s VALUE=2147483648 and DISPLAY_VALUE=2G


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10g initialization parameters

In 10g, the init parameters are broken into:– “BASIC”, with 29 parameters that should

be modified for tuning– “ADVANCED” for the fine-tuning of

databases and to keep us all employed. This is a nice reduction in the number of parameters. For example, shared server environments are handled by Oracle (SHARED_SERVERS init parameter, no longer the DISPATCHER init parameter)


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10g initialization parameters

• “Basic” parameters:– CLUSTER_DATABASE– COMPATIBLE– CONTROL_FILES– DB_BLOCK_SIZE– DB_CREATE_FILE_DEST– DB_CREATE_ONLINE_LOG_DES

T_n– DB_DOMAIN– DB_NAME– DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST– DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST_SIZE– DB_UNIQUE_NAME– INSTANCE_NUMBER– JOB_QUEUE_PROCESSES

– LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_n– LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_n– NLS_LANGUAGE, NLS_TERRITORY– OPEN_CURSORS– PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET– PROCESSES– REMOTE_LISTENER– REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE– ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS– SESSIONS– SGA_TARGET– SHARED_SERVERS– STAR_TRANSFORMATION_ENABLE

D– UNDO_MANAGEMENT– UNDO_TABLESPACE


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New 10g initialization parameters

• New 10g parameters (to be discussed later):– asm_diskgroups– asm_diskstring– asm_power_limit– create_stored_outlines– db_flashback_retention_target– db_recovery_file_dest– db_recovery_file_dest_size– db_unique_name– ddl_wait_for_locks– fileio_network_adapters– gcs_server_processes– instance_type

– ldap_directory_access– log_archive_config– log_archive_local_first– plsql_code_type– plsql_debug– plsql_optimize_level– plsql_warnings– resumable_timeout– sga_target– skip_unusable_indexes– smtp_out_server– sqltune_category– streams_pool_size


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Static Data Dictionary History• Oracle 10g

– 497 new static tables• 295 SYS• 202 non-SYS

– 127 deprecated static tables

• Oracle 9iR2– 64 new static views

• Oracle 9iR1– 96 new static views– 117 existing views with changed columns

• Oracle 8.1– 166 new static views– 113 existing views with changed columns

• Oracle 8.0– 119 new static views– 72 existing views with changed columns


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10g Static Data Dictionary• Deprecated tables (from Oracle9iR2):

- 46 AQ - 6 Census - 10 CWM2 - 10 LBAC

- 22 ODM - 11 QA - 6 SA

• New tables (from Oracle9iR2):- 295 SYS (OLAP, AQ, Streams, DIR, WRI / WRH, Rule_Set, Scheduler,

…)- 7 SYSTEM- 7 DBSNMP- 15 WMSYS- 15 EXFSYS- 3 ORDSYS- 17 MDSYS- 1 XDB- 73 OLAPSYS- 43 DMSYS- 5 CTXSYS- 12 WKSYS- 12 WK_TEST


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Static Data Dictionary Views

• All following views have USER_, ALL_ and DBA_ versions, unless otherwise noted


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Dynamic Data Dictionary History

• Oracle 10g– 671 new dynamic SYS views– 275 new dynamic non-SYS views (OLAPSYS, ORDSYS, DMSYS, etc.)– 227 deprecated dynamic views

• Oracle 9iR2– 4 new v$views

• Oracle 9iR1– 69 new V$ views– 64 renamed V$ views

• Oracle 8.1– 84 new V$ views– 35 existing views with changed columns

• Oracle 8.0– 180 new V$ views– 20 existing views with changed columns


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10g Dynamic Data Dictionary• Deprecated views in Oracle 10g (from Oracle9iR2):

- 101 EXU7 - 18 DBA_SA_ - 18 ALL_SA_- 13 DBA_LBAC - 30 AQ$

• New SYS views in Oracle 10g (from Oracle9iR2):- 6 ALL_* views - 16 AQ$* views - 2 DATABASE_- 6 DATAPUMP_ - 173 DBA*_ - 27 DBA_ADVISOR_*- 64 DBA_HIST_* - 15 DBA_SCHEDULER*_- 7 DBA_STREAMS*_ - 22 EXU10* - 76 GV_$*- 97 KU$_* - USER_ - 77 V_$*

- New non-SYS Views in Oracle 10g (from Oracle9iR2):- 91 OLAPSYS - 42 WMSYS - 32 EXFSYS- 5 ORDSYS - 9 MDSYS - 6 WK_TEST- 71 DMSYS - 7 CTXSYS - 12 WKSYS


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Dynamic views

• V$ and GV$

• Can extract individual node from GV$ view


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Server Manageability• 10g provides for easier installation, configuration, management (and dropping!) of

databases.• Much improved Oracle Enterprise Manager• Automatically configure RAC clustered environments• Automatic Storage Management (this was part of Oracle 9i, but there are

additional improvements in 10g): new volume manager for Oracle-based files. Oracle attempts to optimally create and distribute datafiles, log files, and controlfiles. Mirroring and available disks are taken into consideration, and Oracle can redistribute the files for balancing if there are I/O bottlenecks.

• Transparent gateway: use SELECT to refer to remote functions in non-Oracle databases.

• 10g Initialization Parameters:

– instance_typeDescription from V$PARAMETER

type of instance to be executed

Default Value rdbms

Notes Two values: RDBMS for a database instance, ASM for an Automatic Storage instance

Example ASM


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Server Manageability• 10g Initialization Parameters:

– asm_diskgroups

– asm_diskstring

Description from V$PARAMETER

disk groups to mount automatically

Default Value {null}

Notes List of disk groups for the ASM to mount at STARTUP or “ALTER_DISKGROUP ALL MOUNT”. Oracle dynamically modifies this parameter when disk groups are mounted/dismounted

Example Group1, Group2Description from V$PARAMETER

disk set locations for discovery


Notes Oracle uses this parameter to perform automatic discoveries for which disks are available. The instance needs read/write access to the directory to be considered.

Example /dev1, /dev2


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Server Manageability• 10g Initialization Parameters:

– asm_power_limit

– fileio_network_adapters


number of processes for disk rebalancing

Default Value 1

Notes ASM power for automatic disk rebalancing. This is on a scale of 1 to 11. 1 takes longer but consumes fewer CPU and i/o resources. 11 is faster but consumes more CPU and i/o.

Example 5


Network Adapters for File I/O


Notes Lists the addresses of network adapters to access disks. Useful for NAS (network attached storage).

Example otn1.oracle.com, adapt2.ebay.com, …


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Database Self-Management• Automatic Workload Repository: a set of tables that is a

repository of workload statistics, enabling Oracle 10G to self-manage. Querying against this repository is a wealth of information, analogous to the BSTAT/ESTAT and tracing options for tuning in Oracle 9. Stored in a separate repository database with OEM.

• 10g Views: New columns:– V$AW_CALC (SESSION_ID, CURR_DML_COMMAND,

PREV_DML_COMMAND, AGGR_FUNC_LOGICAL_NA, AGGR_FUNC_LOGICAL_NA, AGGR_FUNC_PRECOMPUTE, AGGR_FUNC_CALCS)

– V$AW_SESSION_INFO: new columns (SESSION_ID)

• Automatic Storage Management: (previously described)• Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor: Oracle 10G self-

analyzes its performance, looks for bottlenecks, and can automatically adjust database configuration.


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Database Self-Management• Automatic UNDO RETENTION tuning: Oracle 10G can

dynamically adjust the init parameter UNDO_RETENTION, which looks at the space in the UNDO tablespaces and automatically adjusts as new SQL queries are executed. This helps to avoid the “snapshot too old” errors.

• 10g Views:

– V$UNDOSTAT: new columns• MAXQUERYID• ACTIVEBLKS• UNEXPIREDBLKS• EXPIREDBLKS• TUNED_UNDORETENTION

• Automatic Checkpoint tuning: Oracle 10G self-tunes checkpoint frequencies to optimize recovery time.


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Database Self-Management• Users can now have more than one TEMP tablespace defined with a “tablespace group”, so creating large objects such as

indexes or running large GROUP BY or DISTINCT queries can spill into additional TEMP tablespaces without failing as in Oracle 9 and earlier versions.

• SGA:• 10g Initialization Parameter:

– sga_target

• Cache:

• 10g View: V$DB_CACHE_ADVICE new columns:• ESTD_PHYSICAL_READ_TIME• ESTD_PCT_OF_DB_TIME_FOR_READS


Target size of SGA

Default Value 0

Notes Total size of DB_CACHE_SIZE, SHARED_POOL_SIZE, LARGE_POOL_SIZE, and JAVA_POOL_SIZE. Oracle’s ASM (Automatic Shared Memory) automatically and dynamically adjusts the SGA components during runtime. Additional pools are not affected: log buffer, KEEP/RECYCLE buffer cache, and Oracle Streams pool.

Example 500M


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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning

• SGA:• Fixed SGA Size, Redo Buffers, Buffer Cache Size, Shared Pool Size,

Large Pool Size, Java Pool Size, Granule Size, Maximum SGA Size, Free SGA Memory Available

• 10g Initialization Parameters:– BUFFER_CACHE and SHARED_POOL_SIZE are now self-tuning– JAVA_POOL_SIZE is now dynamic

• 10g Initialization Parameter:– STREAMS_POOL_SIZE


size in bytes of the streams pool

Default Value 0

Notes Size of the Streams pool in the SGA. By default this is 10% of the shared pool.

Example 500M


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• SGA:• 10g Views:

– New V$SGAINFO ; more high-level than V$SGASTAT Name Null? Type

---------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

INST_ID NUMBER

NAME VARCHAR2(25)

BYTES NUMBER

RESIZEABLE VARCHAR2(3)

– V$SGA_DYNAMIC_COMPONENTS: new column:• USER_SPECIFIED_SIZE

– V$SHARED_POOL_ADVICE: new columns:• ESTD_LC_LOAD_TIME• ESTD_LC_LOAD_TIME_FACTOR


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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning• Sessions:• 10g Views: V$SESSION: new columns:

– SQL_ID– SQL_CHILD_NUMBER– PREV_SQL_ID– PREV_CHILD_NUMBER– BLOCKING_SESSION_STATUS– BLOCKING_SESSION– SEQ#– EVENT#– EVENT– P1TEXT– P1– P1RAW– P2TEXT– P2– P2TAW– P3TEXT– P3– P3RAW– WAIT_CLASS_ID– WAIT_CLASS#– WAIT_CLASS– WAIT_TIME– SECONDS_IN_WAIT– STATE– SERVICE_NAME


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• Sessions:• V$SESSION_EVENT: new column:

– EVENT_ID

• V$SESSION_LONGOPS: new column:– SQL_ID

• V$SESSION_WAIT: new columns:– WAIT_CLASS_ID– WAIT_CLASS#– WAIT_CLASS


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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning• WAIT statistics: • 10g now stores historical repository of waits, and includes better analysis

capabilities to see what sessions are waiting for.• 10g Views: new column (HASH) in:

– V$LATCH– V$LATCH_CHILDREN– V$LATCH_PARENT– V$LATCHNAME

• Tablespace:• Rename Tablespace: before Oracle 10G, the DBA would need to create a

new tablespace, copy (or export/import data) into the new tablespace, and drop the original tablespace. Now you can simply RENAME the tablespace extremely quickly.

• 10g Views:– DBA_TABLESPACES: new columns:

• RETENTION• BIGFILE

– V$TABLESPACE: new columns:• BIGFILE• FLASHBACK_ON


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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning• Database: • 10g Views:• V$DATABASE: new columns:

– SWITCHOVER#– PLATFORM_ID– PLATFORM_NAME– RECOVERY_TARGET_INCARNATION– LAST_OPEN_INCARNATION#– CURRENT_SCN– FLASHNACK_ON– SUPPLEMENTAL_LOG_DATA_FK– SUPPLEMENTAL_LOG_DATA_ALL– DB_UNIQUE_NAME– STANDBY_BECAME_PRIMARY_SCN

• V$DATABASE_INCARNATION: new columns:– INCARNATION#– STATUS– RESETLOGS_ID– PRIOR_INCARNATION


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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning• SQL Tuning: • 10g Views:• V$SQL: new columns:

– SQL_FULLTEXT SQL_ID END_OF_FETCH_COUNT– DIRECT_WRITES APPLICATION_WAIT_TIME CONCURRENCY_WAIT_TIME– USER_IO_WAIT_TIME PLSQL_EXEC_TIME JAVA_EXEC_TIME– OPTIMIZER_ENV OPTIMIZER_ENV_HASH_VALUE OLD_HASH_VALUE– SQL_PROFILE PROGRAM_ID PROGRAM_LINE#

• V$SQL_PLAN: new columns:– SQL_ID PLAN_HASH_VALUE OBJECT_ALIAS– OBJECT_TYPE PROJECTION TIME– QBLOCK_NAME REMARKS

• V$SQL_PLAN_STATISTICS: new columns:– SQL_ID PLAN_HASH_VALUE

• V$SQL_PLAN_STATISTICS_ALL: new columns:– SQL_ID PLAN_HASH_VALUE OBJECT_ALIAS– OBJECT_TYPE PROJECTION TIME– QBLOCK_NAME REMARKS

• V$SQL_SHARED_CURSOR: new columns:– SQL_ID CHILD_ADDRESS CHILD_NUMBER– ANYDATA_TRANSFORMATION INCOMPLETE_CURSOR TOP_LEVEL_RPI_CURSOR– DIFFERENT_LONG_LENGTH LOGICAL_STANDBY_APPLY DIFF_CALL_DURN– BIND_UACS_DIFF PLSQL_CMP_SWITCHS_DIFF

• V$SQL_SHARED_MEMORY: new columns:– SQL_FULLTEXT SQL_ID

• V$SQLAREA: new columns:– SQL_ID END_OF_FETCH_COUNT DIRECT_WRITES– APPLICATION_WAIT_TIME CONCURRENCY_WAIT_TIME CLUSTER_WAIT_TIME– USER_IO_WAIT_TIME PLSQL_EXEC_TIME JAVA_EXEC_TIME– OLD_HASH_VALUE PROGRAM_ID


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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning• SQL Tuning:• 10g Initialization Parameter:

– create_stored_outlines

– ddl_wait_for_locks


create stored outlines for DML statements


Notes Tells Oracle if SQL queries automatically create outlines. TRUE creates outlines, FALSE disables the features, and setting to {category_name} stores the outlines linked to the specified category.

Example FALSE Description from V$PARAMETER

Disable NOWAIT DML lock acquisitions

Default Value FALSE

Notes TRUE – DDL statements wait to complete if there are blocking locks on the object. FALSE – DDL statements time-out if there are blocking locks

Example TRUE


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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning• SQL Tuning:• 10g Initialization Parameter:

– resumable_timeout

– sqltune_category


set resumable_timeout

Default Value 0

Notes Time (in seconds) SQL statements are allowed to wait before timing out.

Example 20000


Category qualifier for applying hintsets

Default Value DEFAULT

Notes Used with the DBMS_SQLTUNE package to connect SQL profiles for SQL statements with tuning categories

Example


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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning• PL/SQL Tuning:• 10g Initialization Parameter:

– plsql_code_type

– plsql_debug


PL/SQL code-type

Default Value INTERPRETED

Notes Tells Oracle how PL/SQL is compiled within the database. Two values:INTERPRETED: compiles PL/SQL into bytecodeNATIVE: compiles PL/SQL into native (machine) code

Example NATIVE Description from V$PARAMETER

PL/SQL debug

Default Value FALSE

Notes Tells Oracle if PL/SQL can be compiled for debugging purposes. Two values:TRUE: PL/SQL will be compiled in debugging mode. Note that this overrides the plsql_code_type parameter to always be INTERPRETEDFALSE: PL/SQL is compiled without debugging

Example TRUE


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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning• PL/SQL Tuning:• 10g Initialization Parameter:

– plsql_optimize_level

– plsql_warnings


PL/SQL optimize level

Default Value 0

Notes PL/SQL optimization levels during compilation. This can result in improved compiled code. Three values:0: compile similar to Oracle9i’s compilation1: applies several optimization algorithms for PL/SQL compilation2: applies the most advanced optimization

Example 2 Description from V$PARAMETER

PL/SQL compiler warnings settings

Default Value DISABLE:ALL

Notes Tells Oracle how much detail, if any, to display with warning messages during PL/SQL compilation.Qualifier values:

Example ERROR SEVERE


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Database Automatic Statistics• Automatic Optimizer Statistics Collection: collects statistics for objects that are either stale or don’t have them at all.• 10g Initialization Parameter:

– Statistics_level: default is TYPICAL, and the other option is BASIC. The SMON process wakes up every 2-3 hours, reviews the number of rows affected by INSERT / UPDATE / DELETE commands since the last statistics gathering. This process replaces the old DBMS_STATS built-in package.

• 10g Views:– *_TAB_MODIFICATIONS: determines which tables have stale statistics and which should be updated via the SMON

background process.

• Database Advisors: – Oracle tracks usage more than Tivo. The DBA can collect data on what Oracle functions are being used (Parallel Queries, IOTs,

etc) for information and tracking.– Segment Advisor: Stores data on object growth trends and helps make DBAs with capacity planning. The Segment Advisor

also looks within tables to see if any should be defragmented. This new online defragmentation includes reducing the highwater mark from empty blocks, or if data is out of whack with PCTUSED / PCTFREE, tables can be rebuilt online to compact data.

– Redo Log Sizing Advisor: self-explanatory– SQL Tuning Advisor, SQL Access Advisor: makes suggestions for improving the syntax of SQL statements, the way some

3rd-party vendors did prior to Oracle 10G. Also recommends adding indexes, materialized views, etc.– Transaction Rollback and Recovery Monitoring: predict how long a rollback will take, monitor long-running transactions

being recovered for performance.


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Object Management• Tablespaces: New SYSAUX tablespace is for system auxiliary objects. Now you do not need to put

everything into the SYSTEM tablespace.• Object Types:New “Sorted Hash Cluster” object type. Useful to retrieve data in the exact order it was

INSERTed• Tables:

– DBA_TABLES:• MAXTRANS deprecated.• New columns COMPRESSION (DISABLED, ENABLED, null) and DROPPED (YES, NO)

– DBA_TAB_COLS: new columns (HISTOGRAM, QUALIFIED_COL_NAME)– DBA_TAB_COLUMNS: new column (HISTOGRAM)– DBA_TAB_COL_STATISTICS: new column (HISTOGRAM)– DBA_TAB_MODIFICATIONS: new column (DROP_SEGMENTS)

• Indexes:– DBA_INDEXES new columns (IOT_REDUNDANT_PKEY_ELIM, DROPPED)

• 10g Initialization Parameter:

– skip_unusable_indexes


skip unusable indexes if set to TRUE

Default Value TRUE

Notes Two values:TRUE: skips error reporting on indexes and index partitions and allows for DML on base tables with UNUSABLE indexes.FALSE: tells Oracle to return an error when DML on base tables with UNUSABLE indexes occurs.

Example FALSE


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Object Management• LOBs:

– DBA_LOG_GROUPS: new columns (TABLESPACE_NAME, FORMAT, PARTITIONED)

– V$TEMPORARY_LOBS: new column (ABSTRACT_LOBS)

• Log Groups:– DBA_LOG_GROUPS: new columns (LOG_GROUP_TYPE, GENERATED)

• Materialized Views:– DBA_MVIEWS: new columns (UNKNOWN_TRUSTED_FD, STALE_SINCE)

• Online Segment Shrink: This new online defragmentation includes reducing the highwater mark from empty blocks, or if data is out of whack with PCTUSED / PCTFREE, tables can be rebuilt online to compact data. This is possible with tables, indexes, and materialized views.


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Backup and Recovery• 10g has new automated disk-based backup & recovery features.• New / improved commands:

– DROP DATABASE command: physically deletes all datafiles, spfiles, controlfiles, redo logs– ALTER DATABASE OPEN RESETLOGS: no longer need to backup the database instance following this

command– ALTER DATABASE BEGIN BACKUP: No longer need to cycle through each tablespace to put into hot backup

mode. Can now do the entire database– Automatic TSPITR (tablespace point-in-time recovery)

• 10g Views:– V$ARCHIVE_DEST: new columns (VALID_NOW, VALID_TYPE, VALID_ROLE, DB_UNIQUE_NAME, VERIFY,

EXPEDITE)– V$ARCHIVE_DEST_STATUS: new columns (DB_UNIQUE_NAME)– V$ARCHIVED_LOG (RESETLOGS_ID, IS_RECOVERY_DEST_FILE, FAL)– V$FAST_START_SERVERS: new column (XID)– V$FAST_START_TRANSACTIONS: new columns (XIS, PXID, RCVSERVERS)– V$INSTANCE_RECOVERY: new columns (OPTIMAL_LOGFILE_SIZE, ESTD_CLUSTER_AVAILABLE_TIME,

WRITES_MTTR, WRITES_LOGFILE_SIZE, WRITES_LOG_CHECKPOINT_SETTINGS, WRITES_OTHER_SETTINGS, WRITES_AUTOTUNE, WRITES_FULL_THREAD_CKPT)


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Backup and Recovery• 10g Initialization Parameters:

– db_flashback_retention_target

– db_recovery_file_dest


Maximum Flashback Database log retention time in minutes.

Default Value 1440

Notes The upper limit for time (in minutes) that the database should retain data for flashing back information.

Example 2000


default database recovery file location

Default Value /usr/db/flash_recovery_area

Notes This is the “flash recovery” directory or disk group. The “flash recovery” directory contains copies of controlfiles, redo logs, archived redo logs, flashback logs, and RMAN backup files.

Example /u01/oracle/recov


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Backup and Recovery

• 10g Initialization Parameters:

– db_recovery_file_dest_size


database recovery files size limit

Default Value 2G

Notes The upper limit in size for the “flash recovery” directory.

Example 4G


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Backup and Recovery• RMAN:• 10g can automatically create and recover datafiles that have never been backed up. Also when

RMAN detects a corrupt backup it can automatically go one backup into the past to recover.• The DURATION clause of the BACKUP command sets the seconds that a backup is allowed to

run, at which point RMAN can pause and/or resume.• Can alert the DBA when the backup is about to run out of space.• 10g Views:

– V$DATAFILE_COPY: new columns (IS_RECOVERY_DEST_FILE, RMAN_STATUS_RECID, RMAN_STATUS_STAMP)

– V$BACKUP_PIECE: new columns (BYTES, IS_RECOVERY_DEST_FILE, RMAN_STATUS_RECID, RMAN_STATUS_STAMP, COMPRESSED)

– V$BACKUP_SINC_ID: new columns (RMAN_STATUS_RECID, RMAN_STATUS_STAMP)– V$DATAFILE_COPY: new columns (IS_RECOVERY_DEST_FILE, RMAN_STATUS_RECID,

RMAN_STATUS_STAMP)– V$PROXY_ARCHIVELOG: new columns (TAG, RMAN_STATUS_RECID, RMAN_STATUS_STAMP)– V$PROXY_DATAFILE: new columns (RMAN_STATUS_RECID, RMAN_STATUS_STAMP)


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Backup and Recovery• Flashback Query Improvements:• Can recover an entire database to an earlier point-in-time, reducing or removing the need to use the

traditional tape backup and recovery methods.

• FLASHBACK DATABASE: entire database restored to a point-in-time• FLASHBACK TABLE command: entire table restored to a point-in-time. Oracle now puts dropped tables

into the “recycle bin” for quick and easy recovery. In SQL*Plus you can type “SHOW RECYCLEBIN bin_name”

• Flashback drop: restore a table that was dropped entirely• Flashback version query: view data at the row-level and the history of changes• Flashback transaction query: view data and changes on a transaction-level for more finely-grained

auditing and investigating.

• 10g Views: New FLASHBACK_TRANSACTION_QUERY: view database transaction-level changes• 10g Initialization Parameters: db_flashback_retention_target, db_recovery_file_dest,

db_recovery_file_dest_size (previously explained)


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Backup and Recovery

• LogMiner Improvements:• 10g’s log miner now supports index-organized tables, LONG datatypes,

multibyte data• 10g Views:

– V$LOGMNR_CONTENTS: new columns (TABLE_NAME, DATA_OBJV#, SAFE_RESUME_SCN, XID, PXID, AUDIT_SESSIONID)

– V$LOGMNR_DICTIONARY: new columns (DB_CREATED, DB_VERSION_TIME, DB_CHARACTER_SET, DB_VERSION, DB_STATUS, DB_TXN_SCN)

– V$LOGMNR_LOGS: new columns (TYPE, BLOCKSIZE, FILESIZE)– V$LOGMNR_PARAMETERS: new columns (REQUIRED_START_DATE,

REQUIRED_START_SCN, OPTIONS)


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High Availability• Data Guard: 10g Initialization Parameters:

– db_unique_name

– log_archive_config


Database Unique Name

Default Value {ORACLE_SID}

Notes Helpful for Data Guard, DB_UNIQUE_NAME is the global unique database name. This differentiates different databases with the same DB_NAME and the same DB_DOMAIN

Example ORAPROD Description from V$PARAMETER

log archive config parameter

Default Value ‘SEND, RECEIVE, NODG_CONFIG’

Notes Tells Oracle information on how to send redo logs to remote destinations in Data Guard environments.SEND/NOSEND (send the redo logs to remote destinations or not)RECEIVE/NORECEIVE (receive redo logs from remote destinations or not)DG-CONFIG/NODG_CONFIG (list of unique database names in the Data Guard configuration. 0-9 unique names are allowed)

Example NOSEND NORECEIVE DG_CONFIG=ORA_PROD


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High Availability

• Data Guard:• 10g Initialization Parameters:

– log_archive_local_first


Establish EXPEDITE attribute default value

Default Value TRUE

Notes For Data Guard configurations:TRUE: uses the ARC background processes to send redo logs to remote destinations once an online log is archived. Good for slow WAN networks.FALSE: uses the ARC background processes to send logs to remote destinations simultaneously to the local archive copying. Good for fast LAN environments.

Example FALSE


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High Availability• RAC (Real Application Clusters):• As part of the new Enterprise Manager, Oracle now provides clusterware management

software similar to the 3rd-party software available prior to Oracle 10G. It provides a nice dashboard of overall node statuses with drilldown capabilities.

• Automatic Workload Management: DBAs create workloads and then manage CPU resources for each process.

• Zero Downtime Patching: by using RAC, you can apply patches (database or server) to one node at a time to avoid downtime.

• Upgrade Oracle versions “online” with the Rolling Upgrade. Uses logical standby databases and SQL apply technology

• New RAC 10g Views:– DB_UNIQUE_NAME: can dynamically add a standby database without shutting down the primary

database.

• 10g Initialization Parameter: gcs_server_processes


Default Value 0 (if CLUSTER_DATABASE=FALSE)2 (if CLUSTER_DATABASE=TRUE)

Notes For RAC, specifies the initial number of server processes. This is part of the Global Cache Services (cache fusion)

Example 20


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Security• Kerberos: SASL in addition to PKI. Supports Simple Authentication and Security Layer in addition to Public Key

Infrastructure. Used while communicating among databases. Can also use Kerberos-enabled database links to protect data as it is transmitted.

• Fine-grained auditing:• Fine-grained auditing now includes UPDATE, INSERT, DELETE• 10g Views: New columns in:

– DBA_FGA_AUDIT_TRAIL (STATEMENT_TYPE, EXTENDED_TIMESTAMP, PROXY_SESSIONID, GLOBAL_UID, INSTANCE_NUMBER)

• Auditing:• 10g Views: New columns in:

– DBA_AUDIT_EXISTS, DBA_AUDIT_OBJECT, DBA_AUDIT_STATEMENT, DBA_AUDIT_TRAIL (EXTENDED_TIMESTAMP, PROXY_SESSIONID, GLOBAL_UID, INSTANCE_NUMBER, OS_PROCESS, TRANSACTIONID, SCN, SQL_BIND, SQL_TEXT)

– DBA_AUDIT_POLICIES (SEL, INS, UPD, DEL, AUDIT_TRAIL, POLICY_COLUMN_OPTIONS)– DBA_AUDIT_SESSION (EXTENDED_TIMESTAMP, PROXY_SESSIONID, GLOBAL_UID, INSTANCE_NUMBER, OS_PROCESS)

• EUS: Enterprise User Security. Single sign-on capabilities. A central OID/LDAP repository. Can manage Oracle Label Security policies and user label authorities.

• 10g Views: New columns in:– DBA_POLICIES: (IDX, POLICY_TYPE, LONG_PREDICATE)


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Security• VPD (Virtual Private Database): supports parallel query operations.• 10g Views: New columns in:

– V$VPD_POLICY (SQL_ID)

• 10g Initialization Parameter:

– ldap_directory_access Description from V$PARAMETER

RDBMS's LDAP access option

Default Value NONE

Notes Three values that determines if / how Oracle authenticates to the Internet Directory: This is for enterprise security.NONE: Oracle doesn’t authenticate at allPASSWORD: connect with the password stored in the database “wallet”SSL: connect with SSL

Example SSL


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Tips


50

The ALTER SYSTEM command can improve uptime

SELECT NAME, VALUE

FROM v$parameter

WHERE issys_modifiable IN (’DEFERRED’, ‘IMMEDIATE’);

ALTER SYSTEM SET max_dump_file_size = 100000;

• Oracle9/8i updates for this command

• Change the initSID.ora file (unless using SPFile)

ALTER SYSTEM


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SELECT NAME, VALUE

FFROM v$parameter

WHERE issys_modifiable IN (’DEFERRED’,‘IMMEDIATE); NAME VALUE ISSAYS MODTimed_statistics False IMMEDIATELog_checkpoint_interval 5000000 IMMEDIATELog_checkpoint_timeout 21600 IMMEDIATEObject_cache_optimal_size 102400 DEFERREDBackground_dump_dest /u02/oracle/PHIS/bdump IMMEDIATESort_area_size 5096000 DEFERRED

ALTER SYSTEM


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• Each undocumented parameter begins with an underscore

• Examples:– _offline_rollback_segments

– _corrupted_rollback_segments

– _allow_reset_logs_corruption

• They should only be used under the direction of a senior DBA or Oracle support.

Undocumented Parameters


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“Hidden” INIT.ORA: X$KSPPI and X$KSPPSVX$KSPPI X$KSPPSV

Name Type Name Type----------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------

ADDR RAW(4) ADDR RAW(4)

INDX NUMBER INDX NUMBER

INST_ID NUMBER INST_ID NUMBER

KSPPINM VARCHAR2(64) KSPPSTVL VARCHAR2(512)

KSPPITY NUMBER KSPPSTDF VARCHAR2(9)

KSPPDESC VARCHAR2(64) KSPPSTVF NUMBER

KSPPIFLG NUMBER



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To see the hidden init.ora parameters and session/instance values:

SELECT a.ksppinm "Parameter", a.ksppdesc "Description", b.ksppstvl "Session Value", c.ksppstvl "Instance Value"FROM x$ksppi a, x$ksppcv b, x$ksppsv cWHERE a.indx = b.indx AND a.indx = c.indx AND a.ksppinm LIKE '/_%' escape '/'



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To see all init.ora parameters, “regular” and “hidden”, that have been modified directly or indirectly, issue:

SQL> SELECT nam.ksppinm || '=' || val.ksppstvl2 FROM x$ksppi nam, x$ksppsv val

3 WHERE nam.indx = val.indx AND

4 val.ksppstdf ='FALSE’ ORDER BY 1;

NAM.KSPPINM||’=’||VAL.KSPPSTVL------------------------- -------------------------

---------partition_view_enabled=FALSE

_affinity_on=FALSE

_wait_for_sync=TRUE

compatible=8.0.0



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Database ResourcesOracle Discussion Newsgroups:

comp.databases.oracle.server

comp.databases.oracle.tools

comp.databases.oracle.misc

These can be accessed through a newsgroupprogram or “www.deja.com”

Subscribe to LazyDBA:

email to [email protected]

Subscribe to ORACLE-L:

email to [email protected], in body enter “SUBSCRIBE ORACLE-L your_name_here”


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Other good Oracle sites with links:

www.arikaplan.com : 400 tips ; this presentation

www.ioug.org

www.orafaq.org

www.orafans.com

www.orasearch.com

www.revealnet.com

www.lazydba.com

www.dbdomain.com

Database Resources


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Paper 520

Presentation by Ari KaplanCEO, Expand Beyond Corporationwww.xb.com

Questions and Answers:Welcome to Oracle 10g Data Dictionary and Initialization Parameters


Documents

© 2003 Expand Beyond Corp. Confidential. Recipient may not forward without permission. 1 Paper 520 Presentation by Ari Kaplan CEO, Expand Beyond Corporation