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© 2008 Eskom. All rights reserved. 2
Overview
Recap on current situation Options available to alleviate energy crises Using smart meters to alleviate energy crises Prepayment road map Remarks & conclusion
© 2008 Eskom. All rights reserved. 3
Current Situation
- The reserve margin is currently 8–10%, against an aspiration of 15%
- Increased probability of power interruptions and load shedding
© 2008 Eskom. All rights reserved. 4
Demand Profile to be reduced 3000MW
20000
22000
24000
26000
28000
30000
32000
34000
36000
38000
4000007-J
an
21-J
an
04-F
eb
18-F
eb
03-M
ar
17-M
ar
31-M
ar
14-A
pr
28-A
pr
12-M
ay
26-M
ay
09-J
un
23-J
un
07-J
ul
21-J
ul
04-A
ug
18-A
ug
01-S
ep
15-S
ep
29-S
ep
13-O
ct
27-O
ct
10-N
ov
24-N
ov
08-D
ec
22-D
ec
Moderate Forecast
Lower bound
Upper bound
3000 MW load shedding20 TWh
Total Energy required to be taken out of the demand
profile in 2008 – 3000MW at 0.75 load factor
Eskom’s system is tight and the requirements are to reduce demand by 10% to
achieve 3 000MW load reduction. This will continue for the next 5 to 8 years.
© 2008 Eskom. All rights reserved. 5
Demand Reduction Options
2 DPE Minister – Cabinet Lekgotla National Electricity Emergency Programme, 25 January 2008
GAPSUPPLY
? Build Plan ? Mitigation Plan• RTS - Co- generation• Medupi - Imports• Ingula - Self generation• OCGT - Standby generation• CCGT - Independent Power
Producers (IPPs)
DEMAND
? Mitigation Plan• DSM• DMP
Various Scenariosfor growth and supply capacity
DEMAND REDUCTION OPTIONS Load shedding Rolling blackouts Prioritisation of new load Intensified Demand Side Management Power rationing Dramatically increase Notified Maximum Demand penalties
If Demand + Reserve Margin > Supply(Demand includes capacity & energy)
GAPGAPSUPPLY
? Build Plan ? Mitigation Plan• RTS - Co- generation• Medupi - Imports• Ingula - Self generation• OCGT - Standby generation• CCGT - Independent Power
Producers (IPPs)
DEMAND
? Mitigation Plan• DSM• DMP
DEMAND
? Mitigation Plan• DSM• DMP
Various Scenariosfor growth and supply capacity
DEMAND REDUCTION OPTIONS Load shedding Rolling blackouts Prioritisation of new load Intensified Demand Side Management Power rationing Dramatically increase Notified Maximum Demand penalties
DEMAND REDUCTION OPTIONS Load shedding Rolling blackouts Prioritisation of new load Intensified Demand Side Management Power rationing Dramatically increase Notified Maximum Demand penalties
If Demand + Reserve Margin > Supply(Demand includes capacity & energy)
If Demand + Reserve Margin > Supply(Demand includes capacity & energy)
© 2008 Eskom. All rights reserved. 6
Energy efficiency
Increased awareness and drive on DSM programmes– Solar water heating subsides– Energy efficient lighting handout/exchange– Residential geyser management– Energy efficient motor programmes
Partnering with consumers– Encourage, assist and incentivise efficient use of electricity
Targeted savings– 3 000 MW – 8 000 MW by 2025
© 2008 Eskom. All rights reserved. 8
Requirements for Smart Meters
Real-time, two-way communications - Automated meter readings Remoter load management of various appliances in the customers’ home when required). Remote connect and disconnect Load limiting (limit output power) Under frequency load limiting option as last resort Tamper, Outage detection, Fault detection & Restoration Revenue protection, Credit & Device Management Modular Communications module (future flexibility) and accommodates
multiple communication mediums. Separate in house display unit. (wireless (RF) or PLC communication) Reasonable costs of the meter and operations to yield a sound business
case. Provision of ancillary services, e.g. VOIP, Internet, IPTV, Water & gas
© 2008 Eskom. All rights reserved. 10
Communication Technology
Identified Communicatios Options: Eskom Telecoms – AMI not viable on existing network
GSM – low-speed dial-up service. Not viable for AMI
GPRS/EDGE – low to medium speed service. Suitable for AMI in all areas but VOIP/internet access area limited to EDGE areas
3G/HSDPA – high speed service. Suitable for AMI and VOIP/internet access but coverage very limited
RF (e.g. ZigBee) – low to medium speed service. Suitable for AMI only. Relatively new mesh-based, to be researched for use in South Africa
PLC – low speed service. Suitable for AMI only for comms between concentrators, meters and CIU.
BPL – high speed service. Suitable for AMI and VOIP/internet access. Research project to be finalised to confirm suitability
© 2008 Eskom. All rights reserved. 11
Impact of Smart Meters on the System
*Based on residential demand contribution of 12,269MW in 2006
Execute system constraint through emergency load reducing functionality Approx. 4000MW of total SA suburban consumption can be reduced
by smart metering ability to reduce/limit customer’s supply capacity e.g. from 60A to 20A via single wireless broadcast to smart meter.
Customer has electricity for a few essential appliances (lights, TV, microwave, security), but will not be completely load shed.
Emergency or scheduled load shift: Total SA residential market potential is approx. 3200MW
– 2161MW* of uncontrolled hot water peak demand load (currently not controlled by ripple control), plus 1,104MW of other non-essential appliance peak demand.
© 2008 Eskom. All rights reserved. 12
Prepayment Metering Future
Challenge: Most prepayment AMI Systems are not STS based
Way Forward• Use of split meters in Eskom
• Enhancement and standardisation of communication port for prepayment meters
• Use of one communication device to support multiple meters in the same enclosure
• Remote controlled disconnect & connect mechanism at feeder or transformer level for DSM & Load Shedding
• Integration with Online Vending Server & sending of STS tokens to meters from central locations
• Prepayment TOU as defined by STS2 specification
• Third party services like Voice-Over-IP (VOIP) or broadband internet can be introduced
© 2008 Eskom. All rights reserved. 13
Remarks
•The national minimum standard should guide the smart meter initiatives in South Africa & will assist meter manufacturers to develop suitable meters. [ NRS049 Draft Spec ]
•International market drivers for smart meters include: North America – compliance with regulatory directives, Europe – improved energy efficiency, Australia – improved market efficiency and customer service, and South Africa – reduction of peak demand and revenue protection.
•The drivers determine minimum smart meter functionality required.
•Countries such as the UK, the EU countries, Australia and North America have all legislated the implementation of smart meters in response to specific market drivers. South Africa should do the same.
© 2008 Eskom. All rights reserved. 14
Conclusion
Smart Metering: A solution to alleviate the country’s growing energy crises?
Smart Metering together with other DSM interventions will alleviate the country’s growing energy crises.
Smart Meters will get us there quicker, but a combination of all interventions is sustainable long term option
–involves change in consumers behavior