© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

F4/27/12

Suburban Challenges

(Ch. 13.4 – pp. 424-437)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

I. Urban Expansion• A. Annexation

– Process of legally adding land area to a city• Common in late 19th & early 20th C.

– Received better urban services

• Less common today – prefer local services

• B. Defining urban settlements • 1. The city – a legal entity

– Local gov’t system w/ fixed boundaries– Generally population has declined since 1950 – why?– Growth of central cities – city surrounded by suburbs

• 2. Urbanized areas – a continuously built-up area– Difficult to define– City and all contiguous built-up suburbs w/ specific density

(1K ppl./mi.)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Urban Growth & Annexation over

time – Chicago

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

I. Urban Expansion• B. Defining urban settlements (cont.)

• 3. Metropolitan areas – a functional area• Metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs)

– Specific statistical area – cities of 50K or more & includes people in surrounding coutnies that work in city

» Based on counties – census data available» 366 MSAs as of 2009

– Similar to old standard metropolitan stat. area (SMSAs)– Micropolitan statistical areas (mSAs) – cities of 10K-50K

» US has 574– Core based statistical areas (CBSAs) – combo of MSAs &

mSAs– Combined statistical areas (CSAs) – many mSAs are tied to

MSAs – 124 in US– Primary census statistical areas (PCSAs) – CSA + remaining

MSAs & mSAs = PCSAs

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

City, Urbanized Area, and MSA of St. Louis

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

I. Urban Expansion• C. Local government fragmentation

• Little communication & coordination among local gov’t

• Council of government – cooperative agency of several local areas to oversee common planning (roads, etc.)

– Ex.: Consolidations of city and county governments – Indianapolis, Miami

– Ex.: Federations - Toronto

• D. Overlapping Metropolitan Areas• Combination of MSAs among regions

– Area belongs to several MSAs

• megalopolis – “great city” – Boston to Washington corridor (“Boswash”)

– Other ex: midwest – Chicago to Pittsburgh; CA to Tijuana; Ruhr valley (Ger.); Tokaido (Japan)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

II. Peripheral Model• Overview

• Created by Chauncey Harris (multiple nuclei)

• peripheral model – urban area w/ other nodes in surrounding suburban areas tied by beltway

• Edge cities – nodes of consumer or business services on beltway

– A. Density gradient– Number of houses diminish w/ distance from center of city

– B. Cost of suburban sprawl• Spread of development over surrounding area

– Need new roads & utilities, construction– Loss of agricultural land– greenbelts – rings of open space (common in Europe)– Smart growth – preservation of agricultural land w/ growth

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Density Gradient - Cleveland

Figure 13-23

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

III. Suburban Segregation– A. Residential Segregation

• Areas often informally segregated due to costs– socio-economic segregation– zoning ordinances – prevent residential & commercial areas

– B. Suburbanization of Businesses • 1. Suburbanization of Retailing

– Growth of malls & shopping centers

• 2. Suburbanization of Factories & Offices– Attracted to larger spaces, cheaper lands, access to

highways

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Suburban Stress

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

IV. Transportation and Suburbanization– A. Motor Vehicles

• 95+ % of all trips in US by car• Most traveling done during rush hour

– B. Public Transit• 1. Advantages of public transit

– Transit travelers take up less space

– Cheaper, less pollutant, more energy efficient than an automobile

– Suited to move large number of people to small area

• 2. Public transit in the United States– Used primarily for rush-hour workers to/from CBD

– esp. NYC, Bos, SF, DC, Chi, Phi

– Small cities have minimal use

– Most Americans prefer to commute by car

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Subway and Tram Lines in Brussels, Belgium

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

The End.

Up next: Resource Issues