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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
BIOL 2401
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology
Mrs. Willie Grant
(210) 643-8968
Chapter 17:The Special Senses
Chapter 18:The Endocrine System
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Introduction to the Special Senses
Learning Outcomes
17-1 Describe the sensory organs of smell, trace the olfactory pathways to their destinations in the brain, and explain the physiological basis of olfactory discrimination.
17-2 Describe the sensory organs of taste, trace the gustatory pathways to their destinations in the brain, and explain the physiological basis of gustatory discrimination.
17-3 Identify the internal and accessory structures of the eye, and explain the functions of each.
17-4 Explain color and depth perception, describe how light stimulates the production of nerve impulses, and trace the visual pathways to their destinations in the brain.
17-5 Describe the structures of the external, middle, and internal ear, explain their roles in equilibrium and hearing, and trace the pathways for equilibrium and hearing to their destinations in the brain.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Introduction to the Endocrine System
Learning Outcomes
18-1 Explain the importance of intercellular communication, describe the mechanisms involved, and compare the modes of intercellular communication that occur in the endocrine and nervous systems.
18-2 Compare the cellular components of the endocrine system with those of other systems, contrast the major structural classes of hormones, and explain the general mechanisms of hormonal action on target organs.
18-3 Describe the location, hormones, and functions of the pituitary gland, and discuss the effects of abnormal pituitary hormone production.
18-4 Describe the location, hormones, and functions of the thyroid gland, and discuss the effects of abnormal thyroid hormone production.
18-5 Describe the location, hormone, and functions of the parathyroid glands, and discuss the effects of abnormal parathyroid hormone production.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Introduction to the Special Senses
Five Special Senses
1. Olfaction
2. Gustation
3. Vision
4. Equilibrium
5. Hearing
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 17-1a The Olfactory Organs
Olfactoryepithelium
Olfactory Pathway to the Cerebrum
Olfactorynervefibers (N I)
Olfactorybulb
Olfactorytract
Centralnervoussystem
Superiornasal
concha
Cribriformplate
The olfactory organ onthe left side of the nasal septum
Smell (Olfaction)Olfaction Organs provide sense of smell. They are located in nasal cavity.
1 What is the life-span of an olfactory receptor?
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Taste Buds—associated with epithelial projections (lingual papillae) on superior surface of the tongueThree Types of Lingual Papillae Filiform papillae Fungiform papillae Circumvallate papillae
17-2 Taste (Gustation)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 17-4a External Features and Accessory Structures of the Eye
Gross and superficialanatomy of the accessory structures
Sclera
Lateral canthus
Eyelashes
Pupil
Palpebra
Palpebral fissure
Medial canthus
Lacrimal caruncle
Corneal limbus
(Vision)
Accessory Structures of the Eye (provide protection, lubrication and support)
Include: The palpebrae (eyelids) and the lacrimal apparatus
The palpebrae (eyelids)
The lacrimal apparatus
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Muscles of the Eye
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
17-3 The Eye
Eyeball
Is hollow and divided into two cavities
1. Large posterior cavity
2. Smaller anterior cavity
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
17-3 The Eye
Three Layers of the Eye
1. Outer fibrous layer
2. Intermediate vascular layer
3. Deep inner layer
2 What are the components of the fibrous tunic and vascular tunic?
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
17-3 The Eye
The Inner Layer
Outer layer called pigmented part Inner called neural part (retina)
Contains visual receptors and associated neurons
Rods and cones are types of photoreceptors
Rods—Do not discriminate light colors/Highly sensitive to light
Cones—Provide color vision
Densely clustered in fovea, at center of macula
3 What the two types of photoreceptors, and how do their functions differ?
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Chambers of the Eye
Aqueous Humor
Vitreous boody
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Eye
Accommodation (shape of lens changes to focus image on retina)
Astigmatism
Condition where light passing through cornea and lens is not refracted properly
Visual image is distorted
Visual acuity
Clarity of vision
“Normal” rating is 20/20
Light Refraction (bending of light by retina and lens)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4 What is presbyopia?
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
17-4 Visual Physiology
The Visual Pathways
Begin at photoreceptors and ends at visual cortex of cerebral hemispheres
Message crosses two synapses before it heads toward brain
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
17-5 The Ear
The External Ear
Auricle—surrounds entrance to external acoustic meatus and protects
opening of canal as well as provides directional sensitivity.
External acoustic meatus—ends at tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Tympanic membrane—is a thin, semitransparent sheet that separates
external ear from middle ear
Ceruminous glands—Integumentary glands along external acoustic
meatus that secretes waxy material (cerumen wich keeps foreign
objects out of tympanic membrane and slows growth of microorganisms
in external acoustic meatus.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
17-5 The Ear
The Middle Ear
Also called tympanic cavity
Communicates with nasopharynx via auditory tube
Permits equalization of pressures on either side of tympanic
membrane
Encloses and protects three auditory ossicles
1. Malleus (hammer)
2. Incus (anvil)
3. Stapes (stirrup)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
17-5 The Ear
The Internal Ear
Contains fluid called endolymph
Bony labyrinth surrounds and protects membranous labyrinth
Subdivided into:
Vestibule
Semicircular canals
Cochlea
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 17-21 The Anatomy of the Ear
External Ear
Elastic cartilages
Auricle
External acousticmeatus
Tympanicmembrane
Tympaniccavity
Middle Ear
Auditory ossicles
Ovalwindow
Semicircular canals
Petrous part oftemporal bone
Facial nerve (N VII)
Cochlea
Vestibulocochlearnerve (N VIII)
Bony labyrinthof internal ear
Auditory tube
Tonasopharynx
VestibuleRoundwindow
Internal Ear
5 What structures separate the middle ear from the internal ear?
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared byJason LaPresLone Star College—North Harris
18The Endocrine System
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Introduction to the Endocrine System
The Endocrine System
Regulates long-term processes
Growth
Development
Reproduction
Uses chemical messengers to relay information and instructions between
cells
6 What is the basic difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands?
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
18-2 Hormones
Classes of Hormones
Hormones can be divided into three groups
1. Amino acid derivatives
2. Peptide hormones
3. Lipid derivatives
Secretion and Distribution of Hormones
Hormones circulate freely or travel bound to special carrier proteins
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
18-2 Structural Classification of Hormones
http://resources.mhs.vic.edu.au/science/resources/hormones.htm
http://resources.mhs.vic.edu.au/science/resources/hormones.htm
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
18-9 Endocrine Tissues of Other Systems
Many Organs of Other Body Systems Have Secondary Endocrine Functions
Intestines (digestive system)
Kidneys (urinary system)
Heart (cardiovascular system)
Thymus (lymphatic system and immunity)
Gonads (reproductive system)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
18-10 Hormone Interactions
Hormones Interact to Produce Coordinated Physiological Responses
When a cell receives instructions from two hormones at the same time, four outcomes are possible
1. Antagonistic effects - opposing
2. Synergistic effects - additive
3. Permissive effects - one hormone is necessary for another to produce effect
4. Integrative effects - hormones produce different and complementary results
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
18-10 Hormone Interactions
Hormones Important to Growth
Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid hormones
Insulin
PTH and calcitriol
Reproductive hormones
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
18-10 Hormone Interactions
The Hormonal Responses to Stress
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Also called stress response
How body responds to stress-causing factors
Is divided into three phases
1. Alarm phase
2. Resistance phase
3. Exhaustion phase
9 What is the basic difference between the stress response and homeostasis?
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
18-10 Hormone Interactions
The Effects of Hormones on Behavior
Hormone changes
Can alter intellectual capabilities, memory, learning, and emotional
states
Affect behavior when endocrine glands are over-secreting or under-
secreting
Aging and Hormone Production
Causes few functional changes
Decline in concentration of:
Growth hormone
Reproductive hormones