© 2013 Cengage Learning Chapter 2 Challenges for Managers 1.Describe the factors that affect organizations competing in the global economy. 2.Explain how

© 2013 Cengage Learning

Chapter 2Challenges for Managers

1. Describe the factors that affect organizations competing in the global economy.

2. Explain how cultural differences form the basis of work-related attitudes.

3. Describe the challenges and positive influences diversity brings to today’s business environment.

4. Discuss the role of ethics, character, and personal integrity in the organization.

5. Explain five issues that pose ethical dilemmas for managers.

6. Describe the effects of technological advances on today’s workforce.

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Four Challenges

Globalization

Diversity

Ethics

Technology


Learning OutcomeLearning Outcome

Describe the factors that affect organizations competing in the global economy.


1

Changing Business Perspectives

From International (which implies an individual’s or organization’s held nationality is strongly in consciousness)

To Globalization (which implies the world is freefrom national boundaries andthat it is really a borderless world)


Changing Business Perspectives

From Multinational Organizations (in which the organization was recognized as doing business with other countries)

To Transnational Organizations (in which the global viewpoint supersedes national issues)



GLOBAL MARKETPLACE

• Opening of Chinese market

• Creation of the European Union

• Establishment of NAFTA

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Understanding Cultural Differences


HOFSTEDE’S DIMENSIONS


Explain how cultural differences form

the basis of work-related attitudes.


2

Where the U.S. Stands


ON HOFSTEDE’S DIMENSIONS

INDIVIDUALISM

High power distance

High uncertainty avoidance

MASCULINITY

Long-term orientation

Collectivism

Low power distance

LOW UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE

Femininity

SHORT-TERMM ORIENTATION

Developing Cross-Cultural Sensitivity

• Cultural sensitivity training• Cross-cultural task forces/teams• Global view of human resource

functions• Planning• Recruitment and Selection• Compensation• Training and Development



Describe the challenges and positive influences diversity brings to today’s business environment.


3

Diversityall forms of individual differences,

including culture, gender, age,

ability, personality, religion,

personality, social

status, and sexual orientation


Diversity Statistics for the Workplace


Ethnic

2020 Workforce: 68% white non-Hispanic 14% Hispanic

11% African-American 5% Asian

Gender2020 Workforce: 50% male 50% female

& OBSTACLES AT WORK• Comprise over 46% of the workforce• Earn 49% of all doctorates• Earn 60% of master’s degrees• Earn 58% of undergraduate degrees

BUT• Little increase in number of women CEOs.• Earn 81% of what male counterparts do. • Encounter the glass ceiling in the workplace

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Diversity Statistics Affecting the Workplace


Age

By 2030, people over 65 will comprise 20% of the population.

Ability

An estimated 50 million disabled live in the U.S.; their unemployment rate exceeds 50%.

Diversity’s Benefits & Problems

BENEFITS PROBLEMS

• Resistance to change• Lack of cohesiveness• Communication problems• Interpersonal conflicts• Slower decision making

• Attracts and retains the best talent• Improves marketing efforts• Promotes creativity and innovation• Results in better problem solving• Enhances organizational flexibility



Discuss the role of ethics, character, and personal integrity in the organization.


4

[Consequential Theory]

an ethical theory that emphasizes the consequences or results of behavior

Ethical Theories

[Rule-Based Theory] an ethical theory that emphasizes the character of the actitself rather than its effects

[Character Theory] an ethical theory that emphasizes the character of the individual and the intent of the actor instead of the character of the act itself or its consequences



Explain five issues that pose ethical dilemmas for managers.


5

Employee Rights Issues

Technology and privacy

HIV/AIDS

Confidentiality


Sexual Harassment = Unwanted Sexual Attention

• Gender Harassment – crude comments; behaviors that convey hostility toward a particular gender

• Unwanted Sexual Attention – unwanted touching, unwanted pressure for dates

• Sexual Coercion – demands for sexual favors through job-related threats or promises



Organizational JusticeDistributive Justice – fairness of the outcomes that individuals receive in an organization

Procedural Justice –fairness of the process

by which the outcomes are allocated in an organization

Individual and Organizational Responsibility

Whistle-Blower – an employee who informs authorities of wrongdoing by his or her company or coworkers– Public Hero or Vile Wretch?

Social Responsibility – the obligation of an organization to behave ethically in its social environment


The Four Way Test



Describe the effects of technological advances on today’s workforce.


6

Technological Innovation

Examples Internet Expert System Robotics


Technology

The intellectual and mechanical processes used by an organization to transform inputs into products or services that meet organizational goals.


Alternative Work Arrangements

Telecommuting

Satellite offices

Virtual offices


Alternative Work Arrangements

[Employees] • Gain flexibility• Save the commute to work• Enjoy the comforts of home

[But, they ]• Have distractions• Lack socialization opportunities• Lack interaction with supervisors• Identify less with the organization

Technological Change Requires Managers To:

• Develop technical competence to gain workers’ respect

• Focus on helping workers manage the stress of their work

• Take advantage of the wealth of information available to motivate, coach, and counsel—not to control


Help Employees Adjust by:

• Involving them in decision making regarding technological change

• Selecting technology that increases workers’ skill requirements

• Providing effective training• Establishing support groups• Encouraging reinvention (creative

application of new technology)


Lost in Translation

1. While watching this sequence, pretend you have arrived in Tokyo, and you are experiencing what you are seeing. Do you understand everything you see?

2. Is Charlotte bewildered by her experiences? Is she experiencing some culture shock?

3. What aspects of Japanese culture appear in this sequence? What do you see as important values of Japanese culture? Review the Chapter 2 section, "Cultural Differences," to gain some insights about these questions.


http://www.thomsonedu.com/resource_uploads/static_resources/0324595840/17821/ch04.html

Theo Chocolate

1. What practices at Theo Chocolate illustrate the concept of social responsibility?

2. What does Vice President Debra Music mean when she says that Theo is a “triple bottom line” company? What happens if Theo’s social objectives conflict with the organization’s economic objectives?

3. What does fair trade mean to the leaders at Theo, and how does this relate to workers’ rights and organizational justice?


http://www.cengage.com/management/webtutor/daft_mgt10e/video/ojt/ch05.html

Documents

© 2013 Cengage Learning Chapter 2 Challenges for Managers 1.Describe the factors that affect organizations competing in the global economy. 2.Explain how