© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1. ANCESTRAL LIZARD (with limbs) Eastern glass lizard Monitor lizard Snakes Geckos No limbs Iguanas No limbs 2

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

ANCESTRALLIZARD(with limbs)

Eastern glass lizard

Monitor lizard

Snakes

Geckos

No limbs

Iguanas

No limbs

2


Species: Panthera pardus

Kingdom: Animalia Domain:

Archaea

Domain:Bacteria

Domain:Eukarya

Genus: Panthera

Order: Carnivora

Family: Felidae

Class: Mammalia

Phylum: Chordata

3


Pantherapardus(leopard)

SpeciesOrder Family Genus

Taxideataxus(Americanbadger)

Canislatrans(coyote)

Lutra lutra(Europeanotter)

Canislupus(gray wolf)

Pan

thera

Taxid

eaC

anis

Lu

tra

Felid

aeM

ustelid

ae

Carn

ivora

Can

idae

1

2

4


1

2

3

4

5

Branch point:where lineages diverge

This branch pointrepresents the commonancestor of taxa A−G.

This branch point forms apolytomy: an unresolvedpattern of divergence.

ANCESTRALLINEAGE

Sistertaxa

Basaltaxon

Taxon A

Taxon B

Taxon C

Taxon D

Taxon E

Taxon F

Taxon G

5


Minke(Southern Hemisphere)

Unknowns 10,11, 12, 13

Unknown 1b

Unknown 9

Minke(North Atlantic)

Unknowns 1a,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Humpback

Blue

Fin

Results

6



C C A T C A G A G T C C




G T A

Deletion

Insertion

C C A T C A A G T C C

G T AC C A T C A A G T C CG

C C A T C A A G T C C

G T A GC C A T C A A G T C C

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

2

8


G A T C C AA C G A G T C T A G G C A C T A

C C G G G TT C A A C A C T T T G A C T A G

9


B

C

A

D

E

F

G

Group I

(a) Monophyletic group(clade)

1 1B

C

A

D

E

F

G

Group II

(b) Paraphyletic group (c) Polyphyletic group

B

C

A

D

E

F

G

Group III

22

10


Leopard

Turtle

Frog

Bass

Lamprey

Lancelet(outgroup)

Hair

Amnion

Four walking legs

Hinged jaws

Vertebralcolumn

Leo

par

d

Tu

rtle

Fro

g

Bas

s

Lam

pre

y

Lan

cele

t(o

utg

rou

p)

Hair

Amnion

Fourwalking legs

Hinged jaws

Vertebralcolumn

(backbone)

CH

AR

AC

TE

RS

TAXA

(b) Phylogenetic tree(a) Character table

0 10

1

0

1

0

1

0

10 1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

10

10 1

0 10

1

11


Mouse

Human

Chicken

Frog

Zebrafish

Lancelet

Drosophila

12


Mouse

Human

Chicken

Frog

Zebrafish

Lancelet

Drosophila

Millions of years ago65.5 Present542

PALEOZOIC

251

MESOZOIC CENOZOIC

13


Species I Species II Species III

Three phylogenetic hypotheses:I I

I

II II

IIIII

III

III

Species I

Species II

Species III

Ancestral sequence

Site

Technique

Results

6 events 7 events 7 events

1 2 3 4

A G T T

C T A T

C T T C

A G A C

I I

I

II II

IIIII

III

III

3/A 4/C

I I

I

II II

IIIII

III

III

2/T 4/C 2/T 3/A

4/C

2/T 3/A3/A

4/C 2/T

3/A2/T 4/C

I I

I

II II

IIIII

III

III1/C1/C

1/C

1/C

1/C

14


Ornithischiandinosaurs

Birds

Crocodilians

Lizardsand snakes

Saurischiandinosaurs

Commonancestor ofcrocodilians,dinosaurs,and birds

15



Hindlimb

Frontlimb

(a) Fossil remains of Oviraptorand eggs

(b) Artist’s reconstruction of thedinosaur’s posture based onthe fossil findings

Eggs

17


Divergence time (millions of years)

Nu

mb

er o

f m

uta

tio

ns

1209060300

90

60

30

0

18


Year

Ind

ex o

f b

ase

chan

ges

bet

wee

nH

IV g

ene

seq

uen

ces

19401920 196019000

0.15

0.10

0.05

1980 2000

HIV

Range

Adjusted best-fitline (accounts foruncertain dates ofHIV sequences

19


Forams

Ciliates

Euglenozoans

Diatoms

COMMONANCESTOR OF ALL LIFE

Land plants

Animals

Amoebas

Fungi

Red algae

Chlamydias

Green algae

(Mitochondria)*

Methanogens

Proteobacteria

Nanoarchaeotes

Thermophiles

Do

ma

in E

uk

arya

Gram-positivebacteria

(Chloroplasts)*

Spirochetes

Cyanobacteria

Do

ma

in B

acteria

Do

ma

inA

rch

aea

20


Cyanobacteria

Proteobacteria

Thermophiles

Do

main

Eu

karyaD

om

ain B

acteriaD

om

ainA

rchaea

Fungi

Plantae

Ch

loro

plasts

Mito

cho

nd

ria

MethanogensAncestral cellpopulations

21

Documents

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1. ANCESTRAL LIZARD (with limbs) Eastern glass lizard Monitor lizard Snakes Geckos No limbs Iguanas No limbs 2