© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Dimetrodon

Coccosteus cuspidatus

Stromatolites

Tappania

Tiktaalik

Hallucigenia

Dickinsoniacostata

3,500

1,500

600

560

510500

400375

300270

200175

100mya

0.5 m

4.5 cm

1 cm

1 m

2.5

cm

Rhomaleosaurusvictor

2

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

½

¼⅛

Time (half-lives)

Fra

ctio

n o

f p

aren

tis

oto

pe

rem

ain

ing

Remaining“parent”isotope

Accumulating“daughter”

isotope

1 2 4

1 16

3

3

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

OTHERTETRA-PODS

Synapsid (300 mya)

Reptiles(includingdinosaurs and birds)

†Very late (non-mammalian)cynodonts

†Dimetrodon

Mammals

Syn

apsid

s

Th

erapsid

s

Cyn

od

on

ts

Key to skull bones

Articular Dentary

Quadrate Squamosal

Early cynodont (260 mya)

Temporalfenestra(partial view)

Hinge

Temporalfenestra

Hinge

Temporalfenestra

Hinge Hinge

Therapsid (280 mya)New hinge

Very late cynodont (195 mya)

Original hinge

Later cynodont (220 mya)

4

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Commonancestor oflineages Aand B

Millions of years ago

Lin

eage B

Lin

eage A

†

†

†

†

†

†

4 3 2 1 0

5

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Crust

Mantle

Outercore

Innercore

6

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Eurasian Plate

PhilippinePlate

AustralianPlate

IndianPlate

ArabianPlate

AfricanPlate

AntarcticPlate

ScotiaPlate

NazcaPlate

SouthAmericanPlate

PacificPlate

CaribbeanPlate

NorthAmericanPlateJuan

de FucaPlate

Cocos Plate

7

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Collision ofIndia withEurasia

Present-daycontinents

Laurasia andGondwanalandmasses

The supercontinentPangaeaPangaea

Gondwana

Laurasia

Antarctica

Eurasia

AfricaIndia

Australia

North Americ

a

SouthAmerica Madagascar

Cen

ozo

icM

eso

zoic

Pal

eozo

ic

251 mya

135 mya

65.5 mya

45 mya

Present

8

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Millions of years ago (mya)

Mantellinae(Madagascar only):100 species

Rhacophorinae(India/southeastAsia): 310 species

India

Madagascar

56 mya88 mya

1

1

2

280 60 40 20 0

9

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Time (mya)

Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic

542 488 444 416 359 299 251 200 145 65.5 0

E O S D C P Tr J PC N Q

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

1,100

EraPeriod

T

ota

l ex

tin

ctio

n r

ate

(fam

ilie

s p

er m

illi

on

yea

rs):

Nu

mb

er o

f fa

mil

ies:

0

5

10

15

20

25

10

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

NORTHAMERICA

YucatánPeninsula

Chicxulubcrater

11

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mass extinctions

Cooler WarmerRelative temperature

0 1 2−2 −1−3−2

−1

0

1

2

3R

elat

ive

exti

nct

ion

rat

e o

fm

arin

e an

imal

gen

era

3 4

12

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Time (mya)

Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic

542 488 444 416 359 299 251 200 145 65.5 0

E O S D C P Tr J PC N

Q

EraPeriod

0

10

20

30

40

50

Pre

dat

or

gen

era

(%)

Permian massextinction

Cretaceousmass extinction

13

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ancestralmammal

ANCESTRALCYNODONT

Time (millions of years ago)250 200 150 100 50 0

Eutherians(5,010species)

Marsupials(324species)

Monotremes(5 species)

14

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Close North Americanrelative, the tarweedCarlquistia muirii

Argyroxiphiumsandwicense

Dubautia linearisDubautia scabra

Dubautia waialealae

Dubautia laxa KAUAI5.1

millionyears

OAHU3.7

millionyears

HAWAII0.4

millionyears

1.3millionyearsMAUI

MOLOKAI

LANAI

N

15

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chimpanzee infant Chimpanzee adult

Chimpanzee adultChimpanzee fetus

Human adultHuman fetus16

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hand andfinger bones

17

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Gills

18

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hox gene 6 Hox gene 7 Hox gene 8

About 400 mya

Drosophila Artemia

Ubx

19

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hypothesis A: Differences insequence

Hypothesis B: Differences inexpression

Results

Marine stickleback embryo:expression in ventral spine andmouth regions

Lake stickleback embryo:expression only in mouthregions

Result: NoThe 283 amino acids of the Pitx1protein are identical.

Result: Yes

Red arrows indicate regions of Pitx1expression.

20

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

(a) Patch of pigmented cells

Pigmented cells(photoreceptors)

Nervefibers

Epithelium

Example: Patella, a limpet

(b) Eyecup

Nerve fibers

Pigmentedcells

Example: Pleurotomaria, aslit shell mollusc

(c) Pinhole camera-type eye

EpitheliumFluid-filledcavity

Opticnerve

Pigmentedlayer (retina)

Example: Nautilus

(d) Eye with primitive lens

Cellularmass(lens)

Cornea

Optic nerve

Example: Murex, a marinesnail

Cornea

Lens

RetinaOpticnerve

(e) Complex camera lens-type eye

Example: Loligo, a squid

21