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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Echinoderms
Sponges
Cnidarians
Chordates
Brachiopods
Annelids
Molluscs
Ediacaran
Arthropods
635
CambrianPALEOZOICPROTEROZOIC
605Time (millions of years age)
575 545 515 485 0
2
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Waterflow
Pores
Choanocyte
Flagellum
Food particlesin mucus
CollarChoanocyte
Phagocytosis offood particles
Amoebocyte
Amoebocytes
Azure vase sponge(Callyspongia plicifera)
Spicules
3
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
15 m
(a) Valeria (800 mya):roughly spherical, nostructural defenses,soft-bodied
(b) Spiny acritarch(575 mya): about fivetimes larger thanValeria and covered inhard spines
75 m
5
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Digestive tract(from endoderm)
Body covering(from ectoderm)
Tissue layerlining body cavityand suspendinginternal organs(from mesoderm)
Body cavity
7
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
ANCESTRALPROTIST
770 millionyears ago
680 millionyears ago
670 millionyears ago
Arthropoda
Nematoda
Annelida
Mollusca
Brachiopoda
Ectoprocta
Rotifera
Platyhelminthes
Chordata
Echinodermata
Metazo
a
Hemichordata
Cnidaria
Ctenophora
Porifera
Ecd
ysozo
aL
op
ho
troch
ozo
a
Bilateria
Deu
terosto
mia
Eu
metazo
a
8
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Musclesegments
Notochord
Post-anal tail
Anus
Mouth
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Pharyngeal slits or clefts
10
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chondrichthyes ActinistiaActinopterygii
Myxini
Tetrapoda
Petromyzontida
Dipnoi
Chondrichthyes(sharks, rays, chimaeras)
Actinistia(coelacanths)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Myxini(hagfishes)
Tetrapoda(amphibians,reptiles,mammals)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Dipnoi(lungfishes)
Limbs with digits
Lobedfins
Lungsor lung derivatives
Jaws,mineralized
skeleton
Vertebralcolumn
Commonancestor ofvertebrates
Tetrap
od
s
Lo
be
-fins
Oste
ich
thy
an
s
Gn
ath
os
tom
es
Verte
bra
tes
12
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
GREEN ALGA MARINE CRUSTACEAN AQUATIC LOBE-FIN
Derived (roots) N/A N/A
LAND PLANTS INSECTSTERRESTRIALVERTEBRATES
N/A
Derived (lignin/stems)
Derived (vascular system)
Derived (cuticle)
Derived (stomata) Derived (tracheal system)
Ancestral
Ancestral
Ancestral
Ancestral
Derived(amniotic egg/scales)
Ancestral
Ancestral
Ancestral (skeletal system)Derived (limbs)
Ancestral
Anchoringstructure
Supportstructure
Internaltransport
Muscle/nerve cells
Protectionagainst
desiccation
Gas exchange
TE
RR
ES
TR
IAL
OR
GA
NIS
MC
HA
RA
CT
ER
AQ
UA
TIC
AN
CE
ST
OR
14
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cephalothorax
Swimming appen-dages (one pair perabdominal segment)
Abdomen
Antennae(sensoryreception)
ThoraxHead
Pincer(defense)
Mouthparts(feeding)
Walking legs
15
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
FishCharacters
Neck Shoulder bones
Head
Fin
Ulna Flat skull
Eyes on top of skull
Humerus
Ribs Scales
Fin skeleton
Elbow
Radius
“Wrist”
TetrapodCharacters
ScalesFinsGills and lungs
NeckRibsFin skeletonFlat skullEyes on top of skull
18
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Lungfishes
Eusthenopteron
Panderichthys
Tiktaalik
Acanthostega
Tulerpeton
Amphibians
Amniotes
Limbswith digits
Silurian Permian Carboniferous Devonian
PALEOZOIC
Key tolimb bones
Time (millions of years ago) 415 340 355 370 385 400 325 280 295 310 265 0
UlnaRadiusHumerus
19
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Salamandersretain their tailsas adults.
Caecilians haveno legs and aremainly burrowinganimals.
Frogs and toadslack tails as adults.
20
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Amnioticcavity withamniotic fluid Yolk
(nutrients)
Albumen
Yolk sac
Shell
ChorionAllantoisAmnion
Embryo
Extraembryonic membranes
21
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Tuataras
Squamates
Birds
Crocodilians
Turtles
†Plesiosaurs
†Pterosaurs
†Ornithischiandinosaurs†Saurischiandinosaurs otherthan birds
Crocodilians
Birds
Turtles
Tuataras
Squamates
Commonancestorof dinosaurs
Commonancestorof reptiles
22
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New World monkeys
Old World monkeys
Humans
Chimpanzeesand bonobos
Gorillas
Orangutans
Gibbons
“Ap
es” 24
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
(b) Changes to ocean conditions by 530 mya
(a) Ocean conditions before 600 mya
Murky, poorly-mixedLow oxygenCyanobacteria
Clear, well-mixedHigh oxygenEukaryotic algae
25
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000Year
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
Ag
e at
mat
uri
ty (
year
s)
27