© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Public Speaking AN AUDIENCE-CENTERED APPROACH CHATER EDITION 9 Steven A. Beebe Texas State

© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Public SpeakingAN AUDIENCE-CENTERED APPROACH

CHATER

9

Steven A. Beebe Texas State University – San Marcos

Susan J. Beebe Texas State University – San Marcos

Presentation Prepared by:Gary Iman

Missouri State University



CHATER

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CHATER

9






CHATER

9







Chapter 3

Speaking Freely and Ethically

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:• any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network• preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images• any rental, lease, or lending of the program

Art director: Maria Lange; Cover illustrator: Greg Betza


We’re the free speech wing of the free speech party.

-Dick Costolo(Twitter CEO)

William H. Johnson (1901–1970), Lift Up Thy Voice and Sing. c. 1942–44. Oil on paperboard, 64.9 x 54.0 cm. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C./Art Resource, N.Y.


Learning Objectives

This chapter will help you to: LO 1 – Explain how free speech has been

both challenged and defended throughout U.S. history.

LO 2 – List and explain the five criteria for ethical public speaking.

LO 3 – Explain the relationship between ethics and credibility.


Speaking FreelyLO 1

Free Speech and the U.S. Constitution• The first amendment

guarantees that “Congress shall make no law … abridging the freedom of speech.”

Since the 1700s, court rulings and laws have been shaping our interpretation of the First Amendment.

Photo: STAN HONDA/AFP/Getty Images/Newscom


Speaking FreelyLO 1

Free Speech in the Twentieth Century• During WW I, Supreme Court ruled it was

legal to restrict speech that presented “a clear and present danger” to the nation.

• 1964 – Supreme Court narrowed the definition of slander, false speech harms someone.

• 1989 – Supreme Court defended the burning of the flag as a “speech act.”


Speaking FreelyLO 1

Ten Draft Principles for Global Free Speech

Published on Free Speech Debate (www.freespeechdebate.com). These principles were drafted as part of an Oxford University research project led by Timothy Garton Ash and published on Free Speech Debate www.freespeechdebate.com where they can also be debated online.


Speaking EthicallyLO 2

Have a Clear, Responsible Goal

• The goal of your speech should be clear to the listeners.

• Do not have a hidden agenda – violates listeners’ rights.

• Be socially responsible – means conveying respect and offering the audience choices.



Use Sound Evidence and Reasoning• Ethical speakers use critical

thinking.

• Unethical speakers substitute false claims, emotional manipulation, and fears.

Sen. Joseph McCarthy manipulated emotions and fears about Communism.

Photo: National Archives and Records Administration



Be Sensitive to and Tolerant of Differences• Accommodation or sensitivity does not mean

speakers must abandon their own convictions.

• Accommodation or sensitivity directs the speaker to be audience-centered.

• Speaker needs to be willing to hear opposing views.



Be Honest• Dishonesty is costly to public speakers.

• Hypothetical examples – or examples that are not real – can be used by remembering:o Always let audience know if it is hypothetical.o Begin the example with something like – “Imagine

that …”

• Give credit for ideas and information that is not your own.



Do NOT Plagiarize • Understand what constitutes plagiarism:

o Presenting someone else’s words or ideas as though they were your own.

o Less obvious form of plagiarizing – patchwriting.o Patchwriting is failing to give credit for compelling

phrases taken from another source.

• Understand that plagiarism may have significant consequences.



Do NOT Plagiarize (cont.)

• Understand that plagiarism may have significant consequences.o College students – 75 to 98% admit to having

cheated at least once.o What are the significant consequences for cheating

or plagiarizing at your school?o Consequences on the job could include loss of a

job or a promising career.




• Do your own work and editing of final work.o Many people find interesting things on the web that

can be made into a speech.o This shortcut is often detected and shortchanges

you in the process of learning how to create a speech.

o Having someone else – anyone else – write or edit your speech is also plagiarizing.




• Acknowledge your sources.o Give credit for all direct quotations.o Give credit for the opinions, assertions, or ideas of

others even if paraphrased.o Give credit for statistics.o Give credit for any nonoriginal visual materials.



Oral Citations• Avoid holding up fingers to “quote” a citation.

• The publication date, title, source and author are to be included in the oral citation.

• Pause before and after you give an oral citation.



Written Citations• You may be asked by your instructor to

provide a written citation page detailing your sources.

• Your instructor will specify which format to use – APA or MLA.


Speaking CrediblyLO 3

Credibility Defined • Credibility is an audience’s perception of a

speaker as competent, knowledgeable, dynamic, and trustworthy.

Greek Rhetorician Aristotle Said• Ethos or ethics is connected to speaker’s

credibility. Roman Teacher Quintilian Said

• An effective public speaker is a “good person speaking well.”


End of theLesson

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© 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Public Speaking AN AUDIENCE-CENTERED APPROACH CHATER EDITION 9 Steven A. Beebe Texas State