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Ένα πλήρες βοήθημα για την Οργανική Χημεία. Περιέχει θεωρία, ερωτήσεις κατανόησης, μεθοδολογία, λυμένες ασκήσεις κα ιπρος λύση καθώς και όλα τα θέματα των εξετάσεων στην αντίστοιχη ύλη.
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2
.
3
5
4
.
5
5.1
7
22
26
5.2
36
41
51
5.3
64
69
79
87
88
96
100
104
113
122
124
129
133
142
152
159
161
173
6
. . 179
. . 183
. . 186
. 191
. 193
. 198
. 205
.
209
211
5.4
221
228
. 252
. 255
. . 259
. . 262
. . 265
. . 272
280
323
324
329
.
7
5.1 H
:
.
I
:
(Lewis)
(
)
.
: :
1. ,
.
.
2.
, spin
.
.
3. , (
) .
8
:
( )
, .
.
2:
( * )
1 s 1 s
( )
:
1.
( ).
2.
(* ).
3.
, .
4.
.
( Hund, Pauli)
-
2,
.
.
9
:
.
, .
,
.
.
() ()
: s-s, s-p p-p
.
.
10
.
.
.
.
: p-p (
).
( ).
. .
.
I Y I I Y E
a) F2: F:
E , 2p
F .
F : 1s2 2s2 2p5
.
11
) 2: :
E , 2py 2pz
.
, , , p
, p-p .
.
) 2: N2
:
p .
, ,
, p , p-p
, :
: 1s2 2s2 2p4
: 1s2 2s2 2p3
12
.
) 2S: 2S
:
E
, o 1s H
3pY 3pZ S
.
I Y E
, Pauli
Hund :
C : 1s2 2s2 2p2
.
13
. ,
p .
( )
: ( ) ,
( ). O
.
:
.
CH4 (sp3 - )
L. Pauling CH4
.
C :
: 1s1
2s 2pz. ' ,
, .
4 .
(CH4) 4 (2s , 2p , 2py , 2pz ) 4 (1s)
4 , 4
C : 1s2 2s2 2p2
C : 1s2 2s1 2p3
2p 2s.
14
C : 1s2 sp3 sp3 sp3 sp3
2s 2p.
4 CH4 .
''(2s , 2p , 2py , 2pz
)
( ), .
2s 2p ,
( ) , sp3
( 3 3 p ):
sp3 .
.
, .
sp3
( ).
.
109, 28. sp3 (
).
.
15
. sp3
(1s1), .
(sp3-s)
:
1) 109, 28 .
2) ( ).
3)
,
sp3 .
s-sp3
sp3-sp3
.
.
CH4
16
C2H4 (sp2 - )
,
CH2 = CH2 > C = C
.
17
.
: sp2-s. C
sp2 - sp2 pz - pz.
:
1) 120 .
2) .
3) .
4) .
sp2 .
> C = C < . .
, BF3
:
1s22s22px12py
2pz ( )
F:
1s22s22px22py
22pz1 (
18
B ,
. BF3
2s 2p. , :
1s22s12px12py
1pz .
2s
2p , sp2(
2 2 p ):
5B _ sp2
sp2 B p F
, :
5.8 sp2
B 2p F.
C2H2 (sp - )
,
CH CH C C .
C :
: 1s1
2s 2pz. ' ,
, :
C : 1s2 2s2 2p2
.
19
2s
2p , sp.
2s 2p
sp
.
. .
HC CH, C (
sp-s), C ( sp-
p) ( p-p), .
:
1) 180 .
2) .
3) .
4) .
sp .
C C .
C : 1s2 2s1 2p3
2p 2s.
2py 2pz C : sp sp
sp .
1s2 .
20
(BeF2 )
. :
Be: 1s22s2
F: 1s22s22px22py
22pz1
Be ,
. BeF2
2s 2p. , :
1s22s12px12py2pz
.
21
, Be
BeF2 , s + p p + p.
BeF2 .
. , Be BeF2 s p Be
sp . sp
Be p F ,
:
5.6 sp Be p F BeF
2.
22
:
Ta C ( ) :
6C : 1s2 2s2 2p2
, C , ,
.
C sp3
109, 28o.
C sp2
120o.
C sp
180o.
To () sp2 ( ),
(Be) sp ( ).
.
.
.
, C,
C .
, C,
C .
1. ,
.CH3CH = CHCH3 .CH3CH2OH . CH3CH = .CH2 = CH-C C H
:
sp3 .
.
23
sp2 .
sp .
.
H H
| sp3 sp2 sp2 |sp3
H C C = C C H | | H H . 10 , 10 .
.
11 1 .
.
H H
|sp3 |sp3
H C C O H
| |
H H
8 , 8 .
. H H
|sp3 |sp2
H C C =
|
H
5 , 5 .
.
6 1 .
. H
|sp2 sp2 sp sp
C = C - C C H
| |
H H
5 , 5 .
.
.
7 2.
24
2. (,,, ) :
C
H
H
C
H C CH
H
H
H
H
C CH H
a.
C . C
sp2 C sp3 . a,
120o C sp2 .
109,5 C
sp3.
. C sp . 180.
3. C ;
a. C3C CC3
. C3C2C C
. C3C=C2
a. C
, C. C .
. C
, C.
. C sp2
C 120o. C .
)
)
.
25
1. .
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 2| ||
OH O
N C CH CH CH CH C H C H
2. :
. CO2 . ||
O
H C H . CH3NH2
3. ,
:
. . 2 2
4. / sp2 :
. C2H4 II. C2H6 III. C3H6
a. . . . . . . .
( Chemistry 2001)
5. . H-CN
. .
( Chemistry 2006)
6. .
2 1 .
( Chemistry 2007)
26
1
1. -
. HC CH .
(2004/. 1)
. p-p .
(2005/. 1)
. s p sp .
(2005/. 1)
. , C sp2sp2
.
(2007/. 1)
. CHCCH3 .
(.2008/. 2)
. ,
.
(.2007/. 1)
. ,
.
(2008/. 1)
. ,
.
(.2008/. 1)
. , C
sp2 sp3.
(.2008/. 1)
.
27
. sp2 .
(.2006/. 1)
. ( )
( ).
(.2003/. 2)
. CH3CH2CN .
(.2000/. 1)
. .
(2006/. 6)
. (CH3CHO) ().
( 2008/.1)
. p-p .
( 2009/. 1)
. 2-, 3 3CH - C C - CH , .
( 2011/. 1)
2. CH CH :
. 1, 4 . 3, 2 . 2, 3 . 2, 2.
(.2004/. 3)
3. CH2 = CH2 C :
. sp - s.
. sp2 - sp2.
. sp2 - sp2 pz pz.
. sp - s pz pz.
(.2004/. 5)
4. sp2-sp2 :
28
. CH4 . CH3-CH3 . CH2 = CH2 . CH CH.
(.2002/. 5)
5. Z=7. (N2) :
. .
. . .
(.2002/. 5)
6. CH2=CH2 C .............
sp2-s. C .............
............. ............ ............... .
(.2002/. 5)
7. C CH :
. 2 3 . . 4 1 . . 1 4 . . 3 2 .
(..2003/. 5)
8. CH2=CH-Cl, ()
:
. sp3 sp3 . sp sp . sp2 sp . sp2 sp2 .
(.2003/. 2)
9. O () :
. s s . sp3 p . p p . sp2 s.
(.2004/. 5)
10. CH2=CH-CH=CH2 :
. 8 3 . . 9 2 . . 10 1 . . 8 2 .
.
29
(2005/M. 5)
11. CH3CH2CH2CH=O :
.10 3 . . 9 4 . . 13 . . 12 1 .
(E.E.2005/M. 4)
12. ,
.
1. CH3C . 1-
2. CH3CHO .
3. CH3CH2CH2OH .
4. CH3COONa .
5. CH3COOCH2CH3 .
.
(..2005/. 4)
13. ;
. CH2=CHCH=CH2. . CH3CH2CH3. . CH3CH=CH2. . CH CCH3.
(2007/. 5)
14. (CH2=C2) : . sp2s
. sp2 px . pzpz . sp2sp2 .
(.2007/. 5)
15. sp2 ;
. CH3-CH3 . CH2=CH2 . HCCH . CH4
30
(.2005/. 5)
16. CH3-CC-CH3:
. 3, 1 . 8, 1 . 9, 2 . 3, 2.
(2000/. 5)
17. CH CCH=CH2 :
. 6 2 . . 6 3 . . 7 2 . . 7 3 .
(2008/. 5)
18. CH2=C=CH2 :
. 4 4 . 2 6 . 6 2 . 5 3.
(.2008/. 5)
19. CH3CCH :
. 2 2 . . 7 1 .
. 5 2 . . 6 2 .
(.2006/. 5)
20. :
. s-s .
. s-p .
. p-p .
. p-p ( ).
(.2003/. 2)
21. 1 2 3 4 5 3CH C - C = CH - CH .
.
31
2C 3C :
. sp sp3 . . sp sp2 .
. sp3 sp2 . . sp sp .
(2009/. 5)
22. CH2=CH-CH2-Br :
. 9 . 5 4
. 7 2 . 8 1 .
(. 2009/. 5)
23. 3 3CH - C C - CH :
. 3, 1 . 8, 1 . 9, 2 . 3, 2.
(2000/. 5)
24. sp-sp :
. 2 2CH = CH . CH CH . 2CH = CHCl . 3 3CH - CH .
(. 2009/. 5)
25. ;
. CCl4 . C2H4 . CH3CHO . C2H2.
(O 2004/.1)
26. F3 :
. p-sp . p-sp2 . p-sp3 . s-sp2.
: 9F. 5B
( 2008/.4)
27. 2CH = CH - C CH ;
. . . . .
32
(. 2009/. 5)
28. 2 , C
:
. sp2 sp2 sp sp. . sp sp sp3 sp3.
. sp sp sp2 sp2. . sp2 sp2 sp3 sp3.
( 2010/. 5)
29. sp2-sp2 :
. 3 3CH - CH . . 2 2CH = CH . . CH CH . . 4CH .
(. 2010/. 5)
30. :
. sp2 sp2 p p . . sp2 sp3 p p .
. sp sp p p . . sp3 sp3 p p .
(2010/. 5)
31. C H :
. sp-s . . sp-sp .
. sp2-s . . sp3-s .
(. 2010/. 5)
32. 3CH C - CH ;
. 2 6 . . 4 3 . . 6 2 . . 7 1 .
(. 2010/. 5)
33. 2 3 2HC C - CH = CH
:
.
33
. sp3 sp3 . sp sp2 . sp2 sp3 . sp3 sp.
(2011/. 5)
34. sp :
. BeF2 . BF3 . CH4 . C2H4.
(. 2011/. 5)
35. 2 2CH C CH , :
. () p
. () p () 3 2sp sp
. () p () 2 2sp sp
. () p () 2sp sp
( 2012/. 5)
36. 3 3CH C C CH CH CH :
. 9 4 . 5 2 . 13 3 . 11 5
(2012/. 5)
37.
(. 2012/. 3)
2
1. :
. CH3CH2C . CH2 = CH2 . CH CH.
(.2002/. 6)
34
2. 1C2=2C-3C 4C 1
4, .
. () () ;
. ;
. .
(2002/. 3+4+6)
3. 6C 9F.
. ;
.
. Lewis 4CF ,
.
. ( ) 4CF
.
(.2004/. 1+2+3+3)
4. 6C 1H .
.
, .
. 4CH Lewis.
. 4CH ,
.
(.2007/. 2+2+4)
5. 2-, .
.
( 2003/. 5)
6. : 6C, 8O, 19K.
.
35
. 8 82-.
.
. Lewis K2CO3 CO2.
. CO2 ,
.
( 2011/. 0,5+1,5+2+3)
7. :
C .
(. 2012/. 1+2)
36
5.2
.
. : , , .
| | | | | .. C C , C C = O , C C N | | | |
. :
.
| | | .. C = C , C C , C C C | | |
.
. :
.. | | |C C C| | |
, | | |C C C| | |
C|
. : .
C C .. | | C C
, C,
, .
|| C / \
| | C C
| | C C \ / O
.
37
C C | |
. .
..:
(CH4, C2H6, ..).
.
:
. C
.
.
.
( CH2 ).
. () .
. .
(H/C)
C ()
H/C
CH2 + 2
RH 1
H/C
C = C
| |
CH2 2
H/C
C C CH2 - 2 2
H/C CH2 2 3
38
: R CH2+1, . = 0
. ( CH2+1)
(CH2+2) .
.
39
() (.)
|
C OH
|
CH2+1OH CH2+2O 1
ROH
| |
C O C
| |
CH2+1OCH2+1 CH2+2O 1, 1
ROR 2
+ =
C H CH = O CHO
||
O
CH2+1CHO CH2O 0
RCHO 1
| | |
C C C
| || |
CH2+1COCH2+1 CH2O 1, 1
RCOR 3
+ =
C OH COOH
||
O
CH2+1CO CH2O2 0
RCOOH 1
+ 1 =
| |
C O C COOC
|| | |
CH2+1COOCH2+1 CH2O2 0, 1
RCOOR 2
+ + 1=
C N CN
CH2+1CN CH2-1 0
RCN 1
+ 1=
|
C NH2
|
CH2+1NH2 CH2+3N 1
RNH2
X: Cl, Br, I CH2+1X (X=Cl, Br, I) 1
RX
:
) .
.
) , | |C
O
40
,
.
.
41
I.U.P.A.C
, :
1
C.
2
C.
3
.
(1 C) -
(2 C) -
(3 C) -
(4 C) -
(5 C) -
(6 C) -
(7 C)
...
( ) - -
(1 ) - -
(1 ) - -
(2 ) - -
(3 ) - -
()
()
()
()
( )
()
42
1 3 .
:
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
4C
CH2=CH2
2C
CH3 C CH
3C
CH3 CH2 OH
2C
H C OH HCOOH || O
-
1C
:
C, , 2 .
C 2 .
CH3 CH2 CH ||
3C
CH3 C CH3 ||
.
43
3C
CH3 C ()
2C
(R)
CH3
CH3CH2
CH3CH2CH2 n- ( )
CH3CH | CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2 n- ( )
3 2 1 CH3CH2CH | CH3
1--
3 2 1 CH3CHCH2 | CH3
2--
CH3 | CH3C | CH3
-
: CH3 CH (CH2)v
|
CH3
v 0 C.
44
sec (secondary = ) C, C
C.
tert (tertiary = ) C,
C.
(RX)
RX,
.
:
CH3CH2 Cl
CH3Br
, , ( ) ,
, .
:
CH3CH2 Cl
CH3Br
(RNH2)
RNH2 , , :
RNH2 - -
CH3CH2NH2
(ROR )
ROR , ,
.
.
45
:
CH3 O CH2CH2
CH3 O CH3
(RCOOR)
RCOOR,
(RCOO), (R ) .
RCOO R
:
CH3COO CH3 HCOO CH2CH2CH3
(RCOO : Na )
RCOOM ,
.
:
CH3COONa
HCOOK
1. .
C .
46
i. CH3CH2CH CH3 iii. CH3CH2CH CH2CH3 | | CH2CH3 CH2CH2OH
ii. CH3CH2CH2C CH3 iv. CH2CH2CH2CH2C CH3 || | || CH2 OH CH2
2.
,
. ,
.
,
.
,
. ,
.
COOH
COOR
CN
CHO
\ /C C C/ || \
O
OH
NH2
OR
C C
> C = C <
| | C C | |
.
47
X
R
:
1 2 3 4
i. CH2 = CH CH2 CH3
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ii. CH3 CH2 CH = CH CH2 CH2 CH2OH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CH3 CH2 CH = CH CH2 CH2 CH2OH (
) .
CH3 CH3 | | iii. CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH3 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 iv. CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C CH3 | || | || OH O OH O
| | |C C C| || |
O
( ).
3. ( )
. C
C
.
:
1 2 3 4 5
i. CH3 CH = CH CH2 CH3 2 3
4 3 2 1
ii. CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 1
48
1 2 3 4 5 iii. CH3 CH CH2 CH2 CH3 2 | 1 2 3 4
iv. C C CH2 CH3 1
4. , : )
)
, ().
:
4 3 2 1
i. CH3 CH = CH C 2
4 3 2 1
ii. CH3 CH = CH CH2 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1 iii. CH2 = CH CH2 C CH2 CH3 5 3 || 5 4 3 2 1
iv. CH2 = CH CH2 CH2 CHO 4
: COOH, CN, CHO,
, .
5. ,
.
.
:
4 3 2 1
i. CH3 CH CH2 C 3
|
.
49
6 5 4 3 2 1
ii. CH3 CH CH2 CH2 C CH3 5 2
| ||
OH O
5 4 3 2 1 iii. CH2 = CH CH CH2 CH2 OH 3 4 1 | Cl 5 4 3 2 1 iv. CH3 CH CH2 CH CHO 2 4 | | OCH3 OH
6.
C
.
:
5 4 3 2 1
i. CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH2 3 1
|
CH3 CH3 |
ii. CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 COOH 3 5
7 6 | 5 4 3 2 1
CH2CH3
1 2 3 4 5 iii. CH2 = CH CH CH2 CH3 3 1 | C3 6 5 4 3 2 1 iv. CH3 C = CH CH2 C CH3 5 4 2 | || CH3 O
: ,
, ,
. , , .
50
:
4 3 2 1
i. CH3 CH CH2 CH2 1,3 ()
|
OH 1 2 3 4 5
ii. CH2 = CH CH2 CH = CH2 1,4
CH3 4 3| 2 1 iii. CH3 C CH2 CH 3,3 | CH3 CH3 1 2 3| 4 5 iv. OHC CH C CH2 CH O 2,3,3 () | | CH3 CH3
v. HOOC COOH ()
7. .
:
CH3 (CH2)3 CH3 : CH3 CH2
CH2 CH2 CH3 .
(CH3)2CH CH3 :
CH3 CH CH3 2 . | CH3
.
51
: ,
.
: :
i.
ii.
:
.
: :
i.
ii.
iii.
: .
:
i. 4 C :
C C C C , C C C | C ii. 5 C :
C | C C C C C , C C C C , C C C | | C C
:
.
52
:
i. C C C = C , C C = C C
ii. C C C , C C C |
: .
:
.. .. ..
CvH2v-2 C3H4 CH3 C CH
C3H4 CH2 = C = CH2
CvH2v+2O C2H6O CH3 CH2 OH
C2H6O CH3 O CH3
CvH2vO
C3H6O CH3 CH2 CH || O
C3H6O CH3 C CH3 || O
CvH2vO2 C2H4O2 CH3 COOH
C2H4O2 HCOO CH3
:
.
:
1. C5H12;
CvH2v+2. .
5 :
i. C C C C C.
.
53
ii. C C C C. | C C |
iii. C C C. : |
C CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
CH3CHCH2CH3 | CH3 CH3 | CH3CCH3 | CH3
2. C5H10.
: CvH2v. .
5 :
i. C C C C C. i.:
1. C = C C C C 2. C C = C C C
ii. C C C C. ii.: | C 1. C = C C C 2. C C = C C | | C C 3. C C C = C | C
54
C |
iii. C C C. iii. |
C
C5H10 :
CH2 = CHCH2CH2CH3 1
CH3CH = CHCH2CH3 2
CH2 = CCH2CH3 2 1 | CH3 CH3C = CHCH3 2 2 | CH3
CH3CHCH = CH2 3 1 | CH3
3. C5H8;
CvH2v-2. .
5 :
C | . C C C C C . C C C C . C C C | | C C : i. C C C C C, ii. C C C C C.
( i, ii.)
: C C C C | C ( C 5
.)
(
C
5 .)
.
55
: .
( C ,
, 6 .)
C5H8 :
CH CCH2CH2CH3 1
CH3C CCH2CH3 2
CH CCHCH3 | CH3 ( .)
5 :
C |
. C C C C C . C C C C . C C C
| | C C
: i. C = C = C C C, ii. C = C C = C C,
iii. C = C C C = C, iv. C C = C = C C.
( C C = C C = C ii C C C = C = C i.)
: i. C = C = C C, ii. C = C C = C . | | C C ( C = C C C ii.) || C
: .
(
6 .)
C5H8 :
CH2 = C = CH CH2 CH3 1,2
CH2 = CH CH = CH CH3 1,3
CH2 = CH CH2 CH = CH2 1,4
56
CH3 CH = C = CH CH3 2,3
CH2 = C = CCH3
| CH3
1,2
CH2 = CH C = CH2 | CH3
1,3
4. C5H10O;
CH2O , ,
.
.
5 :
C | . C C C C C . C C C C . C C C | | C C || , C , .
|| : C C C C C .
( , .)
: i. C C C C , ii. C C C C .
| || || |
C C ( C C C C i.) | C = C | : C C C | || C ( C .)
.
57
C5H10O :
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH || O
CH3 CH2 CH CH | || CH3 O
2
HCCH2 CHCH3 || | CH3
3
CH3 | CH3 C CH | || CH3 O
.
5 :
. C C C C C . C C C C|C
.
C|
C C C|C
, | |C C C| || |
O
,
.
: i. C C C C C,ii. C C C C C. || || ( 2 4 ).
: C C C C || | C : .
( 5 .)
58
C5H10O :
CH3CCH2CH2CH3 2 ||
CH3CH2CCH2CH3 3 || CH3 C C - CH3 || | CH3
;
:
1| 2| . C C | | 2 .
. 1
2 .
. 1
2 .
. ,
1 2.
. i. ,
1 2. ii.
, 1
2.
5. C5H12O;
CH2+2O.
.
.
59
.
5 :
. C C C C C, . C C C C|C
, .
C|
C C C|C
:
i. C C C C C , ii. C C C C C|
OH
, iii. C C C C C|
OH
.
:
| | i. C C C C , ii. C C C C ,iii. C C C C , iv. C C C C | | | | C C C C
( , i. iv.) C | : C C C . | C C512 : CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH 1 CH3CH2CH2CHCH3 2 | CH3CH2CHCH2CH3 3 | CH3CH2CHCH2H 2 1 | CH3 | CH3CH2CCH3 2 2 | CH3
60
| CH3CHCHCH3 3 2 | CH3 HCH2CH2CHCH3 3 1 | CH3 CH3 | CH3CCH2H | CH3
. 1. C O C C C C 1. C C C C C 2. C O C C C 2. C C C C | | C C 3. C O C C C ( C C C C C 1.) | C C | 4. C C C | C C5H12O : CH3OCH2CH2CH2CH3 1 CH3CH CH2CH3 2 1 | CH3 CH3CH2CHCH3 12 2 | CH3 CH3 | CH3CCH3 11,1- | CH3
.
61
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 1 CH3CH2CHCH3 2 | CH3 6.
C5H10O2;
CH2O2 , ,
,
.
.
5 :
C | . C C C C C, . C C C C, . C C C | | C C
: C C C C C . || ( - C
.)
: i. C C C C , ii. HO C C C C. | || || | C O C C | : i. C C C , | || C C5102 :
CH3CH2CH2CH2C || CH3 CH2 CH C 2 | || CH3
62
CH3CHCH2C 3 | || CH3 CH3 | CH3 C C | || CH3
1 2
||
O
C C O C 1C C 2C
. 1C 2C
. C
1C C 2C.
1C.
2 2 2 3||
O
H C O CH CH CH CH
2 3|| |
3O CH
H C O CH CH CH 2-
2 3|| |
3O CH
H C O CH CH CH 1-
3 2 2 3||
O
CH C O CH CH CH
3 3|| |
3O CH
CH C O CH CH
3 2 2 3||
O
CH CH C O CH CH
3 2 2 3||
O
CH CH CH C O CH
3|
3 3||
CH
O
CH CH C O CH
7. C5H11Cl;
.
63
: CH2+1Cl. 5 C.
, :
CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 | Cl
1-
CH3CHCH2CH2CH3 | Cl
2-
CH3CH2CHCH2CH3 | Cl
3
CH2CHCH2CH3 | | Cl CH3
12-
Cl | CH3CCH2CH3 | CH3
2-2-
CH3CH CHCH3 | | CH3 Cl
23
CH3CHCH2CH2 Cl | CH3
13
CH3 | CH3 C CH2 Cl | CH3
64
5.3
:
, , , , -
- .
.
: (-C=C-),
(-C C-), ( C=O , ), (-C N).
..
( < 0).
1.
: A B
C = C + AB - C C -
,
C .
. .
CH3CH=CH2 + H2 Ni / Pd/ Pt CH3CH2 CH3
. 2: Cl2 , Br2 , I2 CCl4 CH3CH=CH2 + Br2 CH3CH CH2 Br Br
T Br2 CCl4 .
Br2 , . Br2
. , Br2
, Br2
.
.
65
. : HI , HBr, HCl CH3CH=CH2 + HCl CH3CH-CH3 ( arkovnikov) Cl
H arkovnikov:
( +)
. C
( C ).
CH3CH2CH2Cl.
: HI > HBr > HCl
. H2O: + -
H2SO4
CH3CH=CH2 + H2O CH3CHCH3 OH
H H2O arkovnikov. :
+
, :
CH2=CH2 + H2O CH3CH2OH
2.
: +AB -C C - + AB - C = C - - C C
: 2,r2,Cl2,HCl,HBr,HI
.
. ( ,, ,
a) 1 .
Markovnikov.
66
a. .
Ni, Pt, Pd + H2 CH3C CH + H2 CH3CH=CH2 CH3CH2CH3 Ni, Pt, Pd
Lindlar ( d / CaCO3 ) 1 .
. 2: Cl2 , Br2 , I2 CCl4 + Br2
CH3C CH + Br2 CH3C Br =CHBr CH3CBr -CHBr CCl4 Br Br
( ) Br2 ,CCl4.
. : HI , HBr, HCl
H arkovnikov.
Cl
+ HCl CH3C CH + HCl CH3C CH2 CH3CCH3 Cl Cl
( arkovnikov)
. .
g,HgSO4 CH3C CH + 2 CH3C= CH2 CH3CCH3 H2SO4 OH O
,
.
( )
. H H2O arkovnikov OH
. :
+
:
CH CH + H2O CH3CH=O
.
67
3. (C N)
2 2.
CH3C N + 2H2 Ni,Pt,Pd CH3CH2NH2 (1o )
+
CH3C N + 2 2 CH3COOH + NH3
OH-
4. /
:
R1 R1 : 2, CN, RMgX ( Grignard)
C+ = O- + A+B- R2C+ O-A+
R2 B-
C+ = O- . +
-
. [H+ CN- , R-(MgX)+ ]
arkovnikov
.
C sp2 sp3.
, , .
R C=O
.
R CH2=O > RCH=O > R2C=O > PhCH=O > PhC=O > Ph2C=O
R : Ph : -C6H5
68
a. 2
CH3CH=O + H2 CH3CH2OH
: + 2 i,Pt,Pd
CH3CCH3 + H2 CH3CHCH3
O OH : + 2
i,Pt,Pd
M .
. HCN ( )
CH3 C+=O- + H+ CN- CH3CHCN H2SO4 CH3-CH-COOH + NH3
OH +2 H2O OH
2 2
( )
. Grignard .
Franois Grignard RMgX
Grignard .
(> C = O) :
R1 R1 R1
C+ = O- + R-(MgX)+ R2C
+ O- MgX R2C+ OH + Mg(OH)X
+ H2O R2 R
- R
-
( ).
. ,
() RMgX .
+ H2O
CH2=O + RMgX RCH2OMgX R-CH2OH + Mg(OH)X
(RCH=O) . + H2O
.
69
CH3CH=O + CH3MgX CH3CHOgX CH3CHOH + Mg(OH)X CH3 CH3
.
CH3 + H2O CH3
CH3CCH3 + CH3CH2MgX CH3CCH2CH3 CH3CCH2CH3 + Mg(OH)X O OMgX OH
CH3OH Grignard.
Grignard
Grignard Mg RX
() .
RX + Mg RMgX
RMgX .
RMgX + H2O RH + Mg(OH)X
1. 2 ;
;
. . 2-
. C3C=C2 + 2 CH3CHCH3 2- ( )
OH
C3C=C2 + 2 CH3CH2CH2 1- ( )
Markovnikov 2- .
. C3C=CC3 + 2 CH3CHCH2CH3 2-
OH
2-, , .
70
2. Grignard
:
a. 2--2- . 1- . 2-
Grignard , :
i. (-OH).
ii. 0 ,
.
. C3
C3-C2 CC3 OH
-OH, (-C3,
C3C2-). . H
.
i. R R RCOR -C3 Grignard
CH3CH2MgX :
CH3 + H2O CH3
CH3CCH3 + CH3CH2MgX CH3CCH2CH3 CH3CCH2CH3 + Mg(OH)X O OMgX OH
ii. R R RCOR, R -C3 R
C3C2- Grignard CH3MgX :
CH3 + H2O CH3
CH3CCH2CH3+ CH3MgX CH3C CH2CH3 CH3C CH2CH3 + Mg(OH)X O OMgX OH
.
71
. CH3CH2CH2
H 1- ,
-OH. .
CH2=O + CH3CH2MgX CH3CH2CH2OMgX + H2O CH3CH2CH2OH + Mg(OH)X
. CH3CHCH2CH3 2- OH
-OH, (-C3,
C3C2-). . 2-
, , RCO (
).
i. R RCO -C3 Grignard
CH3CH2MgX :
+ H2O
CH3CH=O + CH3CH2MgX CH3CHOgX CH3CHCH2CH3 + Mg(OH)X
CH3CH2 OH
ii. R RCO CH3CH2- Grignard
C3MgX :
+ H2O CH3CH2CH=O + CH3MgX CH3CH2CHOgX CH3CHCH2CH3 + Mg(OH)X
CH3 OH
3. a r=58.
a. Na .
. a :
i) 2 ;
ii) i ; C=12, O=16, H=1.
. CH2O :
Mr =12+2+ 16=58 =3
72
: C36 :
CH3CH2CH=O
CH3CCH3 O
. C36 C 2
C, CH3C CH arkovnikov :
g, Hg2SO4
CH3C CH + 2 CH3C= CH2 CH3CCH3 H2SO4 OH O
2 .
ii) .
.
CH3CH2CH=O + 2 CH3CH2CH2
4. =2,5 g/L .
a. .
. :
i) 2 ;
ii) HCl ; C=12, O=16,
H=1.
. .
V
4,22mM
4,22
V
M
m
4,22
V
M
mn r
rr
Mr= 22,4 Mr=56
C2 :
r=12 +2=56 14=56 =4
: C48 :
CH2 = CHCH2CH3 1
CH3CH = CHCH3 2
.
73
CH2 = CCH3 | CH3
. i) To 2 Markovnikov
.
CH2 = CCH3 + 2 CH3CCH3 | | CH3 CH3 ii) 2- . Cl
C . 2- HCl
2-.
CH3CH = CHCH3 + HCl CH3CHCH2CH3 Cl
1.
.
. . . . . . . . . + H2 CH2=CH2
. CH3CH2CH=CH2 + HCl . . . . . . . . ( )
. CH3CH=CH2 + Cl2 . . . . . .
. CH3CH(CH3)CH=CH2 + 2 . . . . . . . . . . ( )
. CH3CCH + . . . . . . . CH3COCH3
. . . . . . . . + Cl2 CH3CH2C=CCH3 Cl Cl . HCCH + . . . . . CH3CH3
. HCCH + 2 . . . . . . .
. CH2=CH2+H2
. CH3CCH +2r2 . . . . . . . . . . .
74
. CH3CH2CCH +2HCl . . . . . . . . . . .
. CH3CH(CH3)CH=CH2 + Br2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + HCl CH3CH CH2CH3 ( ) Cl +H2O . . . . . . . . + HCHO . . . . . . > CH3CH2CH2OH -Mg(OH)Br
+H2O . CH3CHMgCl + CH3CHO . . . . . . . > . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . CH3
+H2O
. CH3CH2gCl + CH3CH2CHO . . . . . . . . . . .> . . . . . . . + . . . . . . .
CH3 CH3 CH3
+H2O
. CH3C-MgCl + . . . . . . CH3-C C-CH3 > . . . . . . . . + . . . . . CH3 Cl MgO CH3
. CH3CH2CHO + H2 > . . . . . .
. CH3CCH3 + H2 . . . . . . O + 2H2O . CH3CH2CHO + HCN . . . . . . . > . . . . . . + . . . . . . .
2. :
. H2 Cl2 :
i.
ii. -2.
. 2 Cl2 :
i.
ii. -2.
. HBr :
i.
ii. .
.
75
. 2 :
i.
ii.2- 2SO4.
. 2 :
i. C2H2
ii. H2SO4 HgSO4.
. r .
. 2 i 1-.
. r 2-.
. , 1-.
. Mg 2-- .
. HCN :
i. ,
ii. ,
iii. ().
. CH3MgX :
i. ,
ii. .
3. HCl .
.
, .
, .
[: CH2=CH2]
4. 2 , :
. .
. .
. , HCCH .
. .
76
5. 2 1- :
. 1- . . 2-. . . . .
6. :
. .
. .
. .
. .
7. H2SO4 HgSO4 .
2 HBr
. Mg . 2.
:
. . . 1-. . . . 2-.
8. 2
;
. CH3CH=CH2 . HCCH . CH3CN . CH2=CH2
9. Grignard 2
2- ;
. CH3CH2CH2MgCl
. CH3CHCH2MgCl CH3
. CH3MgCl
. CH3CH2MgCl
10. Grignard .
+2
: + > . 2,3 2 .
+ ;
. 3- .
.
77
. .
. .
. .
11. :
Ni +HCl +Mg
+ 2 > > > H2SO4 + 2 > Hg/HgSO4 +2 + > 2
;
. . . . . 1-. . 2-.
12. H Mg
(). 3 2 . :
. . . . . . . 2- .
13. 10 g :
3 3 2 2 2 2CH CH, CH C CH, CH CH C CH, CH CHCH CH CH .
2 ;
. HC CH . 3CH C C . 3 2CH CH C CH . 2 2 2CH CHCH CH CH .
.
(. )
14. 2
;
. 3 2CH CH CH . 3CH C CH . 3CH CN . 2 2CH CH . HC CH
78
15. Grignard; Grignard
, .
.
79
1
1. -
. Grignard HCH= ,
.
(.2001/. 1)
. Grignard (RMgX) (HCHO)
(RCH2OH) Mg(OH)X.
(..2003/. 1 . . 2010/ 2)
. Grignard
.
(.2004/. 2)
. CHCH CH2=CHOH.
(.2003/. 2)
. Markovnikov:
,
( +) .
(.2005/. 2)
. .
(..2005/. 2)
. HCl, 1,2
.
(2007/. 1-2011/. 1)
. Grignard .
(..2007/. 2)
. Grignard .
(.2008/. 2)
80
. (CHO) Grignard
(CH3OH).
(2008/. 1)
. Grignard (HCH=O)
.
(..2008/. 2-. 2009/. 1)
. .
(. 2011/. 1)
. .
(. 2012/. 2)
2. -
. 2 3 3CH - C - CH 1-.
(..2005/. 2- .2007/. 2)
. HCl CH3-CH=CH2 3 3CH - CH - CH .
Cl
(..2001/. 1)
. Grignard .
(.2000/. 1)
. (HCH=O) Grignard
.
(. 2007/ 1)
. 2 .
(. . 2009/. 2)
. .
(O 2005/.1)
.
81
. 2 .
(O 2005/.1)
. RC N .
(. 2009/. 1)
. 2-.
(. 2008/.2)
.
.
(. 2007/. 2)
. .
( 2005/. 1)
. 3CH CHO (HCHO) .
( 2010/. 1)
. Grignard
.
(. 2010/. 2)
. Grignard (RMgX)
.
(. 2010/. 2)
3. HC 1-, :
. 1,2- . 1,1- . 2,2-
. 2,3- .
(2001/. 6)
4. ,
.
+ CH3CH2OH
(.2001/. 4)
82
5. HCN C3H6O .
,
.
(.2001/. 8)
6. Grignard (RMg) (CHO)
:
. . . . . .
. , , Grignard
(RMgX) .
(..2003/. 5)
7. CH3CHBr2 HBr :
. CH2=CH2 . CH2=CH - C . Br - CH = CH Br . CHCH.
(.2003/. 5)
8. :
HC CH + H2O ( )
CH3- C-CH3 +HCN B
O
(.2005/. 4)
9. ,
.
( Grignard) +( )
CH3
( ) 2( )g OH X
H3C-C-CH3
OH
(.2008/. 6)
.
83
10. Grignard (RMgX) (CH3COCH3)
:
. . . . . . . .
(2000/. 5)
11. Grignard (R-Mg-X) :
. (, HCH=O)
....................... .
. ....................... .
(..2001/. 4)
12. 2
:
. 3 2CH CH C N . 3 2CH CH = CH . 3CH C CH . 3 2 2CH CH CH MgX .
(.2006/. 5)
13.
.
( )
( )
1. HCl . 2
2. Cl2 .
3. H2O . 1,2
4. H2 . 2
.
, .
. .
(.2006/. 4+2)
84
14. Grignard CH3-CH2-MgX
CH3-CO-CH3 :
CH3
. 3 3CH - C - CH . 3 2 2 3CH - CH - CH - CH - CH
OH OH
CH3 CH3
. 3 3CH - CH - CH - CH . 3 2 3CH - C - CH - CH
OH OH
(2009/. 5)
15. :
Grignard , ,
..................... .
(..2009/. 3)
16. , , : 2+ RMgCl()
2() + () 2 - + g()Cl
(. 2007/.6)
17. :
. CH3CH=O .C6H5COCH3 .CH3COCH2CH3 . HCH=O.
( 2007/. 4)
18. :
2 2
2 4 4
H O H ORMgCl
5 12H SO /HgSO (C )H O
, .
(. 2010/. 6)
19. Hg, HgSO4,
H2SO4;
.
85
. . . . . . . .
(. 2010/. 5)
20. :
. . . 2- .
(. 2011/. 5)
21. ;
2, H2SO4 HgSO4, .
.
(. 2012/. 1+2)
23. Grignard (RMgX) .
;
. . . .
(. 2012/. 5)
2
1. :
() () CH3CH=CH2 + HCl ( )
() + Mg CH3-CH-MgCl ()
CH3
() + () ()
() + H2O CH3-CH-CH2OH () +Mg(OH)Cl
CH3
(2000/. 9)
2. CH3MgCl CH3CH2CH2CH=O
. :
86
. CH3MgCl CH3-C-CH2-CH3 .
. CH3CH2CH2CH2MgCl CH2= .
. (CH3)3 C MgCl CH2= .
. CH3CH2CH2MgCl CH3CH=O .
.
.
(O 2006/.5)
3. HCN ,
2 . .
(2011/. 2)
.
87
:
,
:
C C - C=C + AB : 2,Cl2,Br2,I2,H2O A B
( ) .
( sp3 sp2) .
1. RX
a ( )
(Cl,Br,I) :
RCHCH2 + KOH RCH=CH2 + KX + H2O
H X : CH3CH2Br + KOH
CH2=CH2 + KBr + H2O
CH2=CHCH2CH3 + KBr + H2O
CH3CHCH2CH3 + KOH ( 20%)
Br CH3CH=CHCH3 + KBr + H2O
( 80%)
, ,
Saytzeff : ,
,
.
2. RX2
a ( )
(Cl,Br,I)
.
Saytzeff.
88
()
, :
CH3CH2CHCl2 + 2KOH CH3C CH + 2KCl + 2H2O
CH3CHCH2Cl + 2KOH CH3C CH + 2KCl + 2H2O
Cl
() ,
:
Cl CH2CH2CH2CH2Cl + 2KOH CH2=CHCH=CH2 + 2KCl + 2H2O
3. ROH ( )
H2SO4 1700C .
. H2SO4, 170
0C
CH3CH2CH2OH CH3CH=CH2 + H2O
Saytzeff. H2SO4 1700C
CH3CHCH2CH3 CH3CH=CHCH3 CH2=CHCH2CH3.
A 1400C :
. H2SO4, 1400C
2 CH3OH CH3OCH3 + H2O
.
1. 2 ,
. ;
, C
( Saytzeff).
.
89
( C C ,
C C
C.)
, 2 :
CH2CHCH2CH3 + KOH CH2 = CHCH2CH3 + KCl + H2O
| |
Cl 1
CH3CHCHCH3 + KOH CH3CH = CHCH3 + KCl + H2O
| |
Cl H 2 ( )
2. 3 2 H2SO4 1700C
. ;
C3 |
CH3CHCHCH2CH3 H2SO4 1700C,
|
, Saytzeff, :
CH3 CH3 | |
CH3 CHCHCH2CH3 0
2 4.H SO , 170 C CH2 = CHCHCH2CH3 + H2O | OH 3 1
CH3 CH3 | |
CH3CH CHCH2CH3 0
2 4.H SO , 170 C CH3CH = C CH2CH3 + H2O | OH 3 2
90
3. . .
,
, ,
(, ). :
Cl | CH3C CH3 + 2KOH C3C CH + 2KCl + 2H2O | Cl Cl | CH3CH2CH + 2KOH C3C CH + 2KCl + 2H2O | Cl
CH3CH CH2 + 2KOH C3C CH + 2KCl + 2H2O | | Cl Cl
4. :
. 1 2
. 1 2
. CH3CH2CH2OH 0
2 4.H SO , 170 C CH3CH = CH2 + H2O 1
CH3CH = CH2 + 42SOH CH3CHCH3 (2
| (Markovnikov)
. CH2 = CHCH2CH3 + H X CH3CHCH2CH3 ( Markovnikov)
|
X
|
CH3CHCH2CH3 + KOH CH3C = CHCH3 + KX + H2O
2 ( Saytzeff)
.
91
5. :
. 1 1,2
. 1 2
.
. CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl + KOH CH3CH2CH = CH2 + KCl + H2O
CH3CH2CH = CH2 + Br2 4CCl CH3CH2CHCH2
| |
Br Br
. CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl + KOH CH3CH2CH = CH2 + KCl + H2O
CH3CH2CH = CH2 + H OH 42SOH CH3CH2CHCH3 (Markovnikov)
|
OH
. CH2 = CH2+ Cl2 2CCl CH2 CH2
| | Cl Cl
CH2 CH2 + 2NaOH CH CH + 2NaCl + 2H2O
| |
Cl Cl
1. :
1700C, H2SO4 . CH3CH2CH2OH > . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . .
1700C, H2SO4 . CH3CHCH2CH3 > . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . OH . . . . . . . . . + KOH > CH2=CH2 + . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . CH3CH2CHCH3 + KOH >. . . . . . . . . + KCl + H2O
Cl
. . . . . . . + . . . . . . CH3CCH + 2KCl + 2H2O
92
. . . . . .
. CH3CH(Cl)CH(Cl)CH3 + . . . . . > . . . . . . + 2NaCl + 2H2O
. CH3CHBrCH2CH2CH2r + 2KOH > . . . . . . + . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . + g +C + 2 170
0C, 2S4 + 2
. CH3CH2CHCH3 > B> > > E> Z
Cl
2. :
a :
. 1,1
. 1,1 .
. 2,3-.
.
. .
. 2-
. 2--3 .
3. :
. H2SO4 ( 1700C) 1-.
2.
. a 1 .
Cl.
. Cl 1 .
a.
. Cl2 .
a.
. H2SO4 ( 1700C) 2 .
Cl2 .
. a 2 .
r2 .
.
93
. a 1,2 .
2.
. .
2.
. H2SO4 ( 1700C) 1 .
r2 . .
. a 1 .
r2 . 2.
4. .
.
C3H 7Cl , .
5. Br2 C3H6 (A)
NaOH, .
, .
6. NaOH 2 ,
:
. 2,3 . . . .
7. :
.
. 1
. 2
. .
8. 2 :
. 1 , . 2 . , . .
94
9. : 3,3 2 :
. 3,3
. 3,3 2
. 3,3 1
. 3,3 3 .
10. : CH3CH=C CH3 :
|
CH3 . CH3 CH CH CH3
| |
Cl CH3 . CH2 CH2 CH CH3
| |
Cl CH3
. CH3 CH2 CH CH3
|
CH3 Cl
|
. CH3 CH2 C CH3
|
Cl
11. 2. .H2SO4
1700C .
;
. . .1,3- . . 1-. . .
12.
Br2 .
H2SO4 HgSO4 .
:
. . . . . .
13. , ,
.
.
95
. 2-. .1-. . -2- . . 2-.
14. NaOH 3- 2-
:
. -2-. . 3--1-. . . . .
15. Mg
1700C
2 Ni ;
. . . -2- . . 2- . . 2- .
16. K 2,2 ,
:
. 1 . 2 . . 1.
17. :
2 4 2o
2 4
.H SO H O
3 2 H SO170 CCH CH OH X
:
. . . . .
(. )
18. HBr /1
19. :
. 3- 2--2 . 2- 2- . 2,2- 1-
. 2-
(. )
20. 1- 2-;
96
1
1.-
. Saytseff, ,
.
(.2004/. 2)
. 2 2.
(.2004/. 2)
. , 2SO4 1700C, (-C C-H).
(..2002/. 1)
. 3 2 3CH - CH - CH - CH 1-.
(..2001/. 1)
. Cl 1,1 .
(.2006/. 2)
. HBr 2- 2- 2- 1-
.
(. O 2006/.1)
2. :
. CH3-CH-CH3 + a .+.. + 2
Cl
. NH3 + H2O +
. CH3C =CHCH3 + HBr ( )
CH3
(..2003/. 5)
.
97
3. ,
() , () ().
CH3-CH=CH-CH3 2 4/r CCl (A) 2 a , , () 2 , ()
(.2003/. 6)
4. NaOH:
. CH3CH2CH3 . CH3CH2OH . CH C-CH3 . CH3CH2CH2Cl.
(2004/. 5)
5. :
CH3CH2CH=CH2 + HBr ( )
CH3CH2CH2CHBr2+2aOH + 2 + 22
(..2007/. 2+2)
6. .
. (CH2=CH2) . (CH3CH2OH).
(..2008/. 2)
. (ROH) ................
(..2004/. 2)
3CH
7. 3 2 3CH CH CH CH CH
Cl
NaOH :
98
3CH 3CH
. 2 2 3CH = CH - CH - CH - CH . 3 3CH - CH = CH - CH - CH
2CH 3CH
. 3 2 2 3CH - CH - CH - C - CH . 3 2 3CH - CH - CH = C - CH .
(. 2009/. 5)
8. : 2H O+RMgClHCH = O () +Mg(OH)Cl
2 4
0
H SO
3 2 2170 C() CH CH = CH +H O
N (RMgCl), (B), ().
(. 2009/. 6)
9. 2- 2SO4;
. 2- . . 1- . 2-
(. 2011/. 5)
10. : 3 2 3 ( ) 3 3 2|
Cl
CH CH C HCH NaOH CH CH CHCH NaCl H O
:
. Markovnikov . Saytzev
. .
(2012/. 5)
2
1. 2- ( CH3-CH2-CH-CH3),
Br
NaOH.
.
99
.
.
.
.
(..2003/. 4+4)
2. :
2 4.H SO ,
2 3 2 CH = CH - CH + H O
2 4 4
||H SO /Hg/HgSO
2 3 2 3
O
+ H O CH - C- CH - CH
.
(.2007/. 8)
3. :
NaOH 2-
2-.
(. 2010/. 2)
4. ,
, , .
2 4 2 2
2 4
4
Br / CCl H O H / Ni2KOH
v 2v Hg,H SO HgSO
( )
C H (B) ( ) ( )
(. 2012/. 8)
100
()
.
C A + B C B + A
1. X RX
O C+- X-
. RX
:
Na, RCN, ROR, RNH2, RCOOR , RC CNa
H : RI > RBr > RCl >> RF
:
a. a
NaOH
:
H2O RX + NaOH ROH + NaX
: H2O CH3CH2Cl + NaOH CH3CH2OH + NaCl
NaOH HCl
:
CH3CH2Cl + NaOH CH3=CH2 + aCl + H2O
. (KCN)
(KCN) (RCN),
:
R+ - X- + - : R Y + X-
.
101
RX + KCN RC N + KX
H+ RC N + 2H2O
RCOOH + NH3
:
CH3Cl + KCN CH3CN + KCl
H+ CH3CN +2H2O CH3COOH + NH3
. (RONa)
(RONa)
RX ROa , .
RX + RONa ROR + NaX
:
2CH3I + CH3ONa CH3OCH3 + NaI
( )
CH3I + CH3CH2ONa CH3CH2OCH3 + NaI
()
(RONa) :
ROH + Na RONa + 1/2H2
. 3
3 . :
1 RX + NH3 RNH3X
2 (KOH NaOH) .
RNH3X + KOH RNH2 + KX + H2O
:
+KOH
CH3I + NH3 CH3NH3I CH3NH2 + KI + H2O .
:
CH3 + NH2 CH3NH2 + H
102
.
:
RX + RCOONa RCOOR + NaX
:
CH3I + CH3COONa CH3COOCH3 + NaX
CH3CHCH3 + CH3COONa CH3COOCHCH3 + NaX
I CH3
T (RCOONa )
:
RCOOH + NaOH RCOONa + H2O
RCOOH + Na RCOONa + H2
. (RC Ca)
(RC Ca) .
RX + RC CNa RC CR + NaX
:
CH3CHCH3 + CH3C CNa CH3C CCHCH3 + NaI
I CH3
T (RC CNa) :
RC CH + Na RC CNa + H2
2. ROH
a. (SOCl2)
SOCl2 Cl:
ROH + SOCl2 RCl + SO2 + HCl
:
CH3CH2OH + SOCl2 CH3CH2Cl + SO2(g) + HCl(g)
! SO2 HCl RX
.
.
103
.
H2SO4
RCOOH + ROH RCOOR + H2O
:
H2SO4
CH3COOH + CH3CHCH3 CH3COOCH CH3 + H2O CH3 ( H2SO4).
.
3. RO
:
H2SO4
RCOOR + H-OH RCOOH + ROH
( NaH )
:
RCOOR + NaOH RCOONa + ROH.
:
CH3CH2COOCH3 + NaOH CH3CH2COONa + CH3OH
4. CVH2V+2
-C-H- C-C- , .
.
(
).
+ 2 RX + HX 2 : Cl2 Br2
.
.
:
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl
CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl
104
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCl3 +HCl
CHCl3 + Cl2 CCl4 + HCl
5. .
1-, ,
a.
2RC CH Na RC CNa 1/ 2H
.. 3 3 2CH C CH Na CH C CNa 1/ 2H
CH CH a.
2CH CH Na NaC CNa H
2ROH Na RONa 1/ 2H
.. 3 2 3 2 2CH CH OH Na CH CH ONa 1/ 2H
2RCOOH Na RCOONa 1/ 2H
.. 3 3 2CH COOH Na CH COONa 1/ 2H
6 5 6 5 2C H OH Na C H ONa 1/ 2H
a, a a
,
.
RC CNa X R' RC CR' NaX
RONa X R' ROR' NaX
RCOONa X R' RCOOR' NaX
1. KCN ,
. HCl .
NaOH .
,
r=130.
A, B, , .
C=12, O=16, H=1.
.
105
CH2+1Cl .
CH2+1Cl + KCN CH2+1CN + KCl
H+ CH2+1CN +2H2O CH2+1COOH + NH3 (B)
.
: CH2 2.
NaOH :
CH2+1Cl + NaOH CH2+1OH + NaCl
()
:
CH2+1COOH + CH2+1OH CH2+1COOCH2+1 + H2O
()
rE= 130 = 28 + 46 = 130 28 = 84 = 3.
C36, :
C3C=C2. :
C3C=C2 + HCl > CH3CHCH3 () 2-
Cl
: To A Markovnikov.
CH3CHCH3 + KCN CH3CHCN + KCl Cl CH3
H+ CH3CH CN + 2H2O CH3CHCOOH + NH3 CH3 CH3
(B)
CH3CHCH3 + NaOH CH3CHCH3 + NaCl