1994 .

.

1

11 . ..,

. - , , , . ,

III .,

; . -V . ..

. ,

,

. ,

, - .

, ,

: , ,

- (' 1700 1045 . ..);

, 1045 . .. 256 . ..

l , , , ,

,

,

, ,

.

, , (722--481 . ..) i (481-221 . ..), , . , , ,

1 bl : Water, Earth and Fire - the Symbols of the Dynasty // Nachrichten der Gesellschafr ftir Natur- und Volkerkunde Ostasiens. Hamburg, 1979. Bd. 125. S. 63-68; The Authority of the Emperors of Ch'in and ' // State and Law in East Asia: Festschrift Karl Bunger / Eds. . Eikermeier, . Franke. Wiesbaden, 1981. . 80---111; The ! of Sovereignty // CHCh. . 1. Cambr., 1986. . 726 ff.; Imperial Sovereil\nty: Dong Zhongshu's contribution and his predecessors // Foundations and Limits of State Power in / Eds . Loewe, S.R. Schram. School of Oriental and African Studies and Hong Kong: he Chinese University Press. L. 1987. . 33-57.

3

; ,

, ", ,

.

, , ,

. ,

, , , . 2, 239 . .., , ,

. ,

, O~I . 3, , ,

, ,

.

(221-210 . ..) (202 . .. - 9 . .. 25-220 . ..) .

.

. ,

, , ;

, , , , ,

, , . ,

.

, , ,

: - " , , . ,

11 .., ,

, .

, , ,

.

. , , "

. ,

, .

, , , .

,

. , ,

, ,

. , -

2 (. ) 20.la. 3 , ; //. u//.. . , 1956. . 109.

4

, 221 . .. 220 . .. .

;

- . ,

.

1.

, (

: 221 . ..; 202 . ..; 9 . ..; 25 ..; 220 . ..) , 4 . , , ,

,

.

210 . .. . 187 180 . .. ,

. 91-90 . .. ,

, . 74 . .. , 27 . 8 . . .. , : ( 33 7 . ..). , .

; ,

.

,

, . ,

, 25 220 . .. 18- 5 .

, , ,

202 . .., 9 25 . .. , , ,

- - , .

, , -

,

, .

, , ,

, ,

4 CHCh. . 40 [., 119 [., 223 [., 240 [., 341 [. 5 CHCh. . 81 [., 135 [., 177 [., 183,215,256 [., 279 [.; Loewe. . . 37 [., 75 [.

5

. , , ,

87 74 . .. . , ,

; ,

, , , .

2. cr

, ,

, ,

6 74 . ..7; 8 , 220 . .. 9 , , .

221 . .. - ; , ,

. 74 . ..

.

. , ,

.

, , 220 . .., ,

, .

,

; ,

.

.

3.

,

, , ,

.

. , ,

74 . .., MOHapxa lO, .

6 6. . 235 . 7 68. . 2937 . 8 99 . . 4105 . 9 . (, 2). . 62 . - ,

.

10 68. . 2938 ., 2945 .

6

. 180 . .. ,

, .

, ,

, ,

, ..

, .

. (25 . ..), 11.

, : , .

, . ,

, ,

. 180 . ..,

, , , ,

. 220 . ..,

. , , - , , , , , ,

,

l2 . . ' ( )

,

.

.

,

.

,

1 . , 27- 74 . .., , l4 .

.

, 25 . .. , ,

( )15. ,

. ,

,

l6 . ,

, . ,

, ,

,

-

II 4. . 108; 99 . . 4093 .; 99 . . 4099 .; ( 7). . 3158. 12 4. . 106, 108; (, 2). . 75. 13 68. . 2940. 14 . . 2946. 15 Loewe. . . 185. 16 1 . . 22; ( 7). . 3157.

7

, ? ;. , , , .. , , , . , . ,

, ( 195-188 . ..) ,

. , 74 . .., , 15 , , .

~ . ,

91-90 . .. , , , , - , , ,

,

17.

,

. , , , . ,

, , : . ;

, .

, , , . 180 . .. 220 . .., , , I8. ' I

. , , , ,

. , ,

, . ,

. .

, ,

, . ,

( ) , , . ,

64 - .

, , , , -

8

17 3. . 195 .; 68. . 2939 .; . Loewe. . . 37 ., 75. 18 3. . 107; (, 2). . 75.

,

,

,

.

,

, . ,

.

, . 220 . .., - l9 .

.

,

, 20. , , ,

,

. , ,

, ,

. ,

, , , 700 . .., , - ,

. ,

; , - , : , , .

,

,

11 . .. . 45 . ..21 , 22 . (

; 1911 ., ,

.

(. 179- . 104 . ..) , .. . , , , ,

, . , , - . () ,

, , , .

,

. , - , ( )

, , ,

( ) , 24. ,

,

. ,

. 25, .

, ,

. ,

, , , .

.

(. 1770--0. 1045 . ..) , , ;

, , . ,

.

, , , , ;

, ,

. 123 . .. , , . ,

,

() - , 26 .

, ,

,

24 .: 56. . 2498 ., 2508 ., 2514 . 25 Maspero . Melanges posthumes sur les religions et l'histoire de la Chine: 1. Les religions chinoises. ., 1950.

. 19 f. 26 . Loewe. . . 167 f.

10

. ,

, ,

. , 27 . . 31 . .., . ,

1911 .

.

, , .

219 . .. 110 . .., ,

. , 56 . .., , ,

.

.

,

. , , ,

.

,

.

; - , , - , , . ,

, ,

; ,

.

, 80 . .. . ,

. 27-

74 . ..28 ,

(551-479 . ..) , . , , ,

,

. ,

, ,

,

, ,

, , ,

, , .

-

, ,

27 Ibid. . 160.210.218 etc. 28 : 7. . 223; 8. . 243.

11

, . ,

,

.

.

.

. ,

.

.

.

.

,

.

,

, , , - - .

. , , - - > . ,

, ,

,

. , ,

: ,

, , 29 . ,

,

. , ,

. , ,

, .

. , ( )

.

, .

, ,

,

. , ,

, ,

, , ,

, , , ,

, . , ,

, ,

.

.

29 . CHCh. . 529; .

12

.

,

, ,

.

,

, 3 ,

, ;;

, .

,

.

,

,

.

, , ,

.

;

; , ,

.

, ,

. ,

, ,

. , ;

, ,

;

, .

. ,

,

, .

,

, ,

3 !. ,

,

, - ,

; ,

.

,

, . - . ,

. ,

,

11 . .. (. 90--165) ,

30 49. . 1985. 31 97 . . 3935.

13

,

32 .

, .

ll - ,

. , ..

.

,

, , ,

.

, ? , ,

,

?

. ,

,

, ,

33 , , , .

. (. 5-. 228 . ..) ,

, 34. . ,

, ,

.

,

- , ;

, .

,

:

1 :

221-210 . .. 210---207 . 202-1952

3 3 ( )

( )

32 CHCh. . 634.

195-188 187-184 184-180 180---157 157-141 141-87 87-74 74 ( 27 ) 74-49 49-33

33 .: Loev.'e. The Failure of the Confucian Ethic in Later Times // China Dimensionen der Geschichte. Festschrift fiir Tilemann Grimm anl1isslich seiner Emeritierung / Ed. .. Kuhfus. Tiibingen, 1990. S. 194; : Vavoom !. // of the Cliffs and Caves: the Development of the Chinese Eremitic Tradition to the End of the Dynasty. Hong Kong, 1960.

34 . / . . . 234.

14

33-7 7-1 1 . ..-6 . ..

: 9-23 : 4 25-57

4 57-75 4 75-88 88-106 106 (-) 106---125 125 (-) 125-144 144-145 145-146 146---168 168-189 189 (-) 189-220

1 , .

2 206 . .. 202 . . . . 3 .

4 18 .

(an iao)

.

(wang) ~

(WangMang)

. . .

(Wang ing lun)

(WangFu)

f~ (Wei) " \

, ..... (Wen ) .

~;

't~

(Gaodi)

(Guangwu di)

i.>( ) 1)

(Di) '1'

(Dong Zhongshu)

(de)

.. .. .

15

q (~) / )~Wr (li) !~ ;: ..

/ ~ (ling)

~1I (Liu) ~.\

~ / (Liu Bang) ~'\ 1-, ~t\ ~ (Liu ) '11, ~" I jr~ (Liu Heng) .~, I .,.

~ (Lu) .moU 1. (lii)

Il

(Lii shi chun qiu)

1);:; (xi) ~f\ ---

(Xin)

Il

(Xumi)

16

i J':1 (n Qing) . P.:IJ 1-)1" \

~\~ (Xia) ~

(fang Tai zong)

(fai) t (fai yi) 1;./'

-:;.. (fian) 7 ......

(fian ming)

(fian zi)

(wu wei)

(WU di)

(wu di)

i

(wu sing)

., \}

(an) ; ~

~ db 1 11 ....-

.(J

'~

~ ~1

() ~, . '

( an) Xian di) 1,1.J ~ 'i

\~) ~ ,

)~ (RuoGuang) t 7\./ (Zhou)

,~ ~

~X\ (ROu tU) (zhong) iu 1. .(; 1ft

~

'Mandate of ' served to support the idea of continuity anf nn. ian ing povided emperor with the authority that derived fom superhuman power. According to Dong Zhongshu, the empeor acts as cosmik link between , Earth anf , the three interlocking estates of the universe. most significant of e!ements of the empeor's duties, was religious functionary.

In constitutional and administrative terms the existence of emperor was essential to the conduet and structure of government, based as this was hierarchies. It was the emperor who appoindet or 'dismissed the senior offieials of state. However the need for the aetive support of the most powerful of the day imposed limit to his freedom of choice. Just as the emperor eonstituted the head of the official and administrative structure, so too was the head of the socia! hierarehy.

It is only rarely to seen that emperor's personality is of greater importanee than his image, that the is more significant than the position. It was eertainly essential for the eontinuity of government than emperor should seated u the throne, but there wielded litt!e power; his importance lay in his religious duties, perfonned behalf of mankind and, in eonstitutional tenns, ~s the formal souree of remporal power; only exceptionaHy was to show the foree of his personality; only rarely did the destiny of China rest the eharaeter of the Son of .

18

1994 .

I.. l, ..

(::unua1t nm)*

1

, 1, , 2 , , , ,

. ,

, . ?

, ,

, ,

, ,

. ,

(u8llS-) (NauTT]s-) , . UUS-, NauTas- . Mestles, Nastas, . (UaLJl.V)s-), .., - , (Euv0Jl.0S-) , (' Jl.( Jl.axos-) , (UllJl.S-) , (uLJl.llS-) -. ,

- 4 , : (,08(0s-) (' nLUs-) )) (11. 11. 856). , )) - , - - , , )) )).

"-", , ,

,

(.: ).

I uu.. (-- - ). , 1981 ( ); . . - . ., 1993. . 14--42; , ,u, ... . .

2 . ... . 43-91 ( ); . ( ) // . 1990. N~ 1; ,u .. // . . . 1. ., 1984. . 107-110; , ,u. . . . .

Detschew D. Die thrakischen Sprachreste. 2. Aufl. Wien, 1976. S. 296, 300; Thesaurus linguae etruscae. 1. Indice lessicale. PubI. da . Pallotino. Roma, 1978. . 241,256.

4 .. . , 1968. . 119; uu .. . , 1978. . 189.

19

,

.. , , ,

(. 643, KN 206, Xd 207, --, , ~cip~apoS'), VIII-VI . .. ,

.

, , ,

(, ,

), , , ,

, .

,

.

-

,

.

- ,

, . , , , ,

, : ,

, , ,

, . ,

, , (. 11. 802-806). , , , ,

, ,

, ,

, .

,

5 , ,

, (. . IV. 113-116.): , . - ... ... . , , , ,

.

, ,

. ,

lf , >.

, - ~~6WVL , , (. 11. 867-869). , (XIV.2.28), : ,

?

. , ,

, .. ,

, ,

5 Hoekst,.a . The Sub-Epic Stage of the Formulaic Tradition Studies in the Homeric Hymns to , to Aphrodite and to Demeter. Amsterdam, 1969; uu .. // 90- . , 1983.

20

. ,

, ,

.

,

, .. , , .

.. . ,

, ,

, , ,

.

,

. - , , -.

, ,

, , ,

, ,

.

, ,

,

. , -, ,

, - ,

,

, , , ,

.. -

. , 1919 . . , ,

, - , , ,

, ,

6. , .

-8J.aS'/-VS' (, , ..), -llVW/av8poS' , (, , , .) , ,

.

.

, VI. 299; . 283), (VHI. 119) .. , :

, .

, ad , .

7 , . ,

, .

,

6 Macurdy G.. The North-Greek Affiliations ofCertain Groups ofTroian Names 11 JHS. 1919. . 39. 7 Page D.L. History and the Homeric lliad. Berkeley - Los Ange1es, 1959. . 91.

21

. ,

. , . , I ; . , XV-XIX . .. 8 , 9, - . , ,

(. . 415; XI. 166), (. 11. 793), (. 11. 813), .

,

I .

. . . . I l, , , , , , ,

, TKaHbll . ,

(. XXIV. 798) ? ( hesta).

-. ,

- ,

, , , , , . . II. 427 sq., , , . ,

,

,

, (1050-900 . ..). ,

, ,

11 . .., VI-Vlla. , ,

,

, .

,

. , , , -

II (. 77 .), , , : () , ,

, ; ,

8 /gn C.W. Troy and the Troyans. N.Y., 1963. . 142; Page. . cit. . 86. 9 Mellaart J. The End of Ear1y Bronze Age in Anatolia and the Aegean 11 AJA, 1958. . 62 . .N'. 1. . 15. 10 Bittel . Rez.: B1egen C.W. Troy. . : The Sixth Sett1ement 11 m. 1956. N 28; Blegen. . cit.

. 143; .: Wiesner J. Die Thraker. Stuttgart, 1963. S. 205, , , VI, .

11 ll . . ., 1987. . 146 .; .: Otten . Hethitische Totenrituale. ., 1958. S. 67 f.

22

, , . , ... ,

. ,

- . , - , ,

- l2 .

(,

), , , .

. ,

-, ,

.

, ,

. , ,

.

11, , , , 2300 . .. - , - . , , , ,

: .

. ,

11, , . 500 ( II1-, 2300--1800 . .., ), . 111, , , 11, ; IV , ; , V ( . ..) , , (

),

; ,

1 . ,

. , V , ,

, VII4. . , ,

, , .

, 50 , , ,

12 avrjp S" , LU SIG5 , bl , .: .6u . Hetto-Homerica // 1. . ., 1990. . 35 .; uu, 6u. . . . 11.

13 Blegen. . cit. . 94, 102 f., 105 f., 109. 14 Bitlel. . cit. S. 247; Page. . cit. . 84.

23

.

. ( XIV . .. 6 ) cTopoHel5. , .

,

,

l6 . , , . , ,

, , , . -

l7. I . ,

11 . .., , ,

.

, , , ,

- , -.

,

11 . .. 1928 . . ,

, , , ,

1600 . .., : - , ,

-, ,

.. 18 .

, 50- . , ,

- 11, 2200 . .., - ,

I9., - ( ) 111, . - ,

.

, , -V,

, . : 2- ...

-OL < *-soi, - ... -TOL, - ... -VTOL, , 1 ..., -. , ,

20, , , ,

.

15 B/egen. . cit. . 111 f.; Page. . cit. . 53 f. 16 B/egen. . cit. . 113; Page. . cit. . 70. 17 Mellaart. . cit. . 16. 18 Haley 1. . Blegen C.W. The Ciming of the Greeks // AJA. 1928. . 32; Nilsson .. Homer and .

L.,1933. 19 Caskey 1.. he Early Helladic Period in the Argolid // Hesperia. 1960. . 29. 20 .. . ., 1973. . 36.

24

. , - ,

- - , 21.

- (), ! , 22.

( I 11).

! II-! . .., .. 150-200 .

Ire - ,

. , ,

. ,

,

, - 23 . ,

, , , , , ! II! . .. ,

, ,

. . 700 . .., , , , VIII, ,

, - 24 .

. , . I

25 . - - , - ,

2 . 1958 . . , VI27, ,

.

! V ,

, , 11 111, .

, -}} ,

- : , -

(, , .). ,

XIII-XIV , 11, -}} , ,

21 B/egen. . cit. . 145; Page. . cit. . 56. 22 Page. . cit. . 70. 23 B/egen. . cit. . 141. 24 B/egen. . cit. . 172. 25 Goetze . 1einasien. 2. Aufl. Miinchen, 1957. S. 82. 26 Schachemeyr F. Prahistorische Kulturen Griechenlands // RE. 1954 Hbd 44. S. 1468, 1493. 27 Mellaart. . cit.; idem. Anatolia and the Balkans 11 Antiquity. 1960. . XXXIV. NQ 136. . 276.

25

. , ,

11 111 (.. 2300 .), . , , ,

( ).

,

. 11 . .., , .

, VI, , :

- ; , -,

- , 1, ., - 28 .

60- : >

>. ,

, , - ,

- .

29 . ,

1962 . . 3 11 . .., , - ,

VI, , 1600 . .., , . , .

- , 3 \. ,

32 , , . ,

,

(1958 .): , , ,

, .

11 . .. .

- - . 33 -

28 Mellaart. he End of the Early Bronze Age ... 29 .u . .. . . .

- . . 1-2. , 1984. 30 Palmer L.R. Mycenaeans and Minoans. N.Y., 1962; . Mellaart J. Anatolia . 4000--2300 .. // . Ed.

3. . 1. Pt. 2. 1971. . 406. 3\ Mellaart J. Rez.: Crossland R.A. Immigrants from the North // JHS. 1969. . 89 . 172 f.; idem. Anatolia and

the Indo-Europeans // JIES. 1981. . 9. NQ 1-2. . 145. 32 .. . ., 1967. 33 French D.. Prehistoric Sites in North-West Anatolia 1. he Iznik Area // Anat. St. . 17. . 62 f.; idem.

Migrations and Minyan Pottery in Westem Anatolia and the Aegean // Bronze Age Migrations in tlle Aegean. Proceedings of the First International Colloquim Aegean Prehistory. Ed. R.A. Crossland, . Birchall. Duckworth, 1973.

26

, 111 . .. ,

.

VI , 34 , , , - .

111 . .. 35 . t( ,

i - 36 , VI , , , ,

7 . , , ,

, ,

VI, : ( ), 1958 . (, , - ) (

). ,

3 . - -, - ,

,

,

.

: ,

- .

11 VI, ,

111 . ..

39 . , ,

, ,

. VHI . .. , ,

, . ])0 , , - , - . ... 4 .

, :

. ,

34 Blegen. . eit. . 140; Mellaa1"l. The End ofthe l Bronze Age ... . 17. 35 Flench. Migrations and 'Minyan' Pottery ... . 52. 36 Howell R J. he Origins of the Middle Helladie Culture // Bronze Age Migrations ... 37 Flench. . eit. . 51. 3 .: Schachereyr . Mykene und das Hethiterreich. Wien. 1986. S. 327; . . ... . 30 .;

. .

39 : Powell T.G.E. Migration in Explanation of Culture Change // Bronze Age Migrations ... . 319. 40 Mellaart. Anatolia and Indo-Europeans. . 149.

27

-III . .. , , ,

,

. , . ,

.

. : I

event, so far as is known to , not single Hittite import has recognized from stratified deposit at Troy, and conversely, characteristic Trojan objects have not found in deposits at the principal Hittite centers41.

, .

. -

. XIV . .., , ,

, .

, -

. :

.

11 . .. , , , , ,

.

, , ,

, , ,

.

70- .

,

IV, . . . 2400---2300 . ..

, -, , ., , -,

42. , .

. , - , , , ,

, - 43 . , , , ( 20 ) , :

(, ),

, .

. - ( 10 ),

-, ,

11 (, ), - ,

(). , -

41 B/egen. . cit. . 37. 42 Gimbutas . The Destruction of Aegean and East Mediterranean Urban Civilisation Around 2300 .. //

Bronze Age Migrations .. ; Marinatos Sp. he First Myceneans in Greece // Ibid. 43 Hammond N.G.L. History of Macedonia. . 1. Oxf., 1972. . 272.

28

, , , ,

44.

. , ,

. , , , , .

111 . .. , . vIrov , 45 . , , ,

- . -

, , -, . (1958 .) ,

, ,

46. , 111 - 11 . .. - - .

III

. ,

-, ,

, VI V?

, . ,

, . , ,

't~

, -

. a-re-ka-sa-da-ra (. V 659). - (Apd. 11.8.1.). - 800 . ,

, - , 498-454 . .. IV . ..

- . , , ,

.

,

, :

(Paus. 111.19,6), 'AM~avpos- (Schol. Pind. Nem. IX. 30). , ('~-llVro), . (Paus. 11.11,5-7). d~vs- (1t6IlS-) (Diod. XI.14), ~ - 'AM~-avpos- , ,

, , ..

. - , .. I II,

-.

- . : '

, -

, 47 . - , , , IV . .. .

.

. Kacrcra.vpa , , , Kacrcr- .

, >, ,

, . narti fal1Jsal) ,

Nartifal1Jsal) , . NairjO. sa1Jha < *(~)nei'o k'ansos48 . - ,

. , ,

,

47 .: Hoffman . Die Makedonen, ihre Sprache und ihr Volkstum. Gttig, 1906. S. 119. 48 Heubeck . Weitere Bemerkungen zu den griechischen Personennamen auf den Linear Tafeln // BNF. 1957.

Jg. 8. S. 276, . ; Schitt R. Dichtung und Dichtersprache in indogermanischer Zeit. Wiesbaden, 1967. S. 119; llz .. . ., 1972. . 100.

1

. ,

, : .

ai811p , , .-. i .-. ;dh- , ; . 8ava'tos-, .-. vs- .-. dhvarr;s- . ( 11 = . KEq>aA11, ), , ,

:

, - 49 . , ,

, -,

. ,

: .

?

(VIII. 304 sq.), , . ,

crVt < *k'1Jst;-'dn-j,

crcrv'< *k'1Jsti-'dn-, . ,

, ,: .

, . , ,

, ;

. AicrU/ll1, A't

- -, -- , -,

.

,

-

, ,

11 . .., .

IV

( ) '

, - .

"I.tos- ( "I.tv) = . Wilusa52 ,

,

, 1680-1650 . .. , - 53,

.

.

, ,

, - , . -

.

. , , ('I.u~)

, . Wilusa. , " I.u llll " I.u ,:> 54. , , .

, ,

( ) *Wilu(s)-, "I.u~ < *Wilusa . *Wilu(s)-, , "I.u 'tUIl~O':> (11. XI. 372)55. , , ,

,

, , 56. - , , - , ,

11 . .. , .

. .

52 .: . ... . 158-165; . ... . 28-30; , .u. ... . V.

53 u. ... . 29 ., 184.

32

54 Zgusta L. 1einasiatische Ortsnamen. Heide1berg, 1984. S. 197. 55 Kretschmer . Die Hypacblier 1/ G1otta. 1933. Bd. 21. S. 257 f. 56 Zgusta. . cit. S. 198.

. ,

(Apd. . 6.12); .

(111. 349 .). , .

. , 'llOS' , , - , . 'llS' :" ItOS', , 57. - 'I\.'U S' (Paus. 111. 24.6-8), . .

w>i-li-ja XIV . .. --, : W>i-li-ja Mu-k>a-nu - , Bi-sa-ja - , Di-qa-es - , Mi>-sa-ne - (. e-za-na), ku-ti-ra, .. (. ku-te-ra) - , 58 . W>i-li-ja 'Ii'U OS' .

, -

, ,

-

- . ,

,

, - . , , ('Itv a'i1t'U) , , , .. .alati ... uilusati () (=. (F)\.tS' a\'1tEtV't " ") Suwasuna ( IV, 11, 46)59 - . "ItV . !l *ln60, t- .

, .-. lj;el- 63 . , ,

. . : , - 64. -

, , ( ).

. Ilus, . !,tS', I"-"-OS', . Et,,-0'\)S'65 , -, Wilja66 , -, , Vilia, Viliana67 , Vilu(s): . (I 4543), [ ... ] j.,a Vilus68 , {puJia Vilus .

,

v-.

: KN As 1516, 18 wi-=Wils, KN Du 5234 wi-I'o-jo = Wi-lo-jo, . 69 . (1, 529) , .

MEP~POS', , , , , *uj1lo- , , , . . vylius , , vylus , .-. wze , .-. vel < *~eila 70. ,

. .. :

(IG . 8. 276-277) , , (l"-tS', ~, l"-tOS'), . , - ,

: - - .

,

. , - *{!)-,

'1"-"tOv < *Yilelj;io ' *ljilo- > 'l"-S', - , 'or"-EUS' 'l"-EUS'71. - 'l"-t81lS', .. (01. IX.112), 72 Aivos Vilatas - . ' . , , , *ft,,-tOS',

63 Frisk Hj. Griechisches etymologisches Worterbuch. Bd 1. Heidelberg, 1960. S. 457; Chantraine . Dictionnaire etymologique de ' langue grecque. . 11. ., 1970. . 319 s.

64 / . .. . . 12. ., 1981. 334. 65 Zgusta L. leinasiatische Personennamen. Prag, 1964. S. 154, 157. 66 Laroche . Les noms des ittites. ., 1966. . 207. 67 Rix . Das etuskische Cognomen. Wiesbaden, 1963. S. 113, 124. 61! Lattes . Correzioni, giunte, postile aJ Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum. 1. Firenze, 1904. . 275. 69 Ventris ., Chadwick J. Documents in Greek. 2-nd Ed. Cambr., 1973. . 592; Chadwick J.,

Baubach L. The Greek Vocabulary // Glotta. 1963. Bd 41. t 3/4. . 295. 70 PokornyJ. Indogemanisches etymologisches Worterbuch. Bd 1. - Mtinchen, 1959. S. 1121. 71 Kretscher . Die Hypachaer // Glotta. 1933. Bd 21. S. 257; . . ...

163 . 72 Bethe . Homer. Dichtung und Sage. Bd 3. Die Sage m troisch Kriege. B.-Lpz., 1927. S. 139.

34

73. ."I,tos- , .

- ('8] 'I'lds-) , .. . -

, ,

-

.

074 , VHI. , , ,

-.

. , ,

.

, , ,

,

. ,

.

, ,

-,

, (. Lycophr. Alex. 1146 sq., ). , ,

, , . IV . .. (31.24) , . 345 . .., , , - , (Apd. . 6.20). ! . .. ,

:

(Ael. de prov., fr. 87). , , 250 . .. , , ,

75 , 76

77 , , .

, ,

, ,

, .. ! . .. (Strabo. VHI, 1,40).

VIH . .., (Pol., , 5), , VHI. , .

, ,

, , ,

73 Ibid: S. 138 f. 74 Ibid. 126 f. 75 Robert . Die griechische Heldensage. Buch 3. Abt. 2. ., 1923. S. 1272. 76 Bethe. . cit. S. 127. 77 Wilamowitz-Moe/lendorj . Die Ilias und Homer. ., 191,6. S. 380 ff.

2* 35

. ,

, . , .. , - . , 0- w- (. F)78, , . , *o-wilos, , o-1t

, , , .. ,

- -. '

,

6 , VHI, . .., VIII, VI, , , , ,

. -

, : ( 20 ) ("It.s- I",) - , .

, ,

, ,

,

. ,

(TEU1Cpo{). : ; - (TE1J1CPOS-), " (St. . s.v.), , (St. . S.v. 'Apt(J~ll). ' , (TEU1Cpts-, -tos-) (St. . S.V.v. TEU1Cpot, Tpota), (St. . s.v.), 'Apt(J~ll (Et. . 143.55). (v, 20) , , ,

, ,

. (. 1341 .), - , ,

, , (

, . ), .

;i, , ,

, .

-

-, ,

( VI) , .

, II! - . .. , (. ). - ,

. ,

, , , , , , ,

. ,

, . ,

, ,

, - .

,

37

85 , . , *J!il- , , ,

(

, ) ,

. - ,

(. ),

, . , ,

, . ,

, ,

,

.

: -

. , , , , , . -,

,

1958 ., I . .. , -

( ). , (), ,

- 86 . , - ?

"-".

PROTO-GREEKS IN TROY

L.A: Gindin, V.L. Tsyburski

In the !ate 50s - ! 60s of our century I was generally regarded as ! Greek city. However, the crucia! argument in favour of the idea of 'Greek ro', i.e. the famous Grey Minyan Ware linking ro I with the Midd!e Helladic Greece, has refuted the scho!ars disc!aiming the identity of the respective kinds of pottery at wide!y separated points of the Aegean (e.g., . French). ro the 60s onwards the conceptions regarding ro in the IInd millenium .. as Luwian (L. Palmer, J. Mellaart) hracian (L. Gindin) city have e!aborated.

In the present the authors revise the idea of the Proto-Greeks' stay in ro from the ! IInd mil. .. ( from the !ate IIIrd millenium ..), temporarily fallen into the background. The simi!arity, not to say the identity, of Greek and Trojan pottery in the Midd!e Helladic Period finds its direct continuation in the Trojan import of artic!es from the beginning of the epoch !ong before the Achaean co!onization of Anatolia. Therefore c!ose contacts between these regions in the Midd!e Helladic Period seem fair!y , which fact distinguishes among the contemporaneous Anatolian sett!ements.

Among the names that the !egend attributes to the Trojan ru!ers encountres the Greek forms not present in Homeric, Archaic and C!assica! Greek yet attested in the wor!d as well as amid the Macedonians who splitted off the Proto-Greeks admitted!y in the !ate IIIrd - ! IInd millenium ..

The of Ilios-Wilusa from *Wilus/*Wilos, 'sinuous', secondary meaning 'steep' (cf. " I.tos- at7tEtV", 'the !ofty llios', or alati uilusati, from 'the !ofty Wi!usa'in Luwian ritua!) shows paralle!s ll over the

85 Oldfather. Ibid. 86 u.u.. ... . 167 ., 206 - ; 011. . -.

..

// . 1992 . .N'. 6. . 57 ., .

38

region where in the ear1y IInd millenium .. the varieties of pottery of the Grey Minyan type. were

widespread: cf. "l.tS" in Bithynia, Thessa1y and Macedonia, "I.'l)~ < *Wilusa in Lydia (in the same area a1so " I . '1) l\poS" :I.'l) :lll1); 'I.f'l) l\poS" in Pe10ponnese, as well as Wilija the Egyptian list of the cities of the XIVth .. . Bethe a1ready brought into confrontation the of mythica1 king of the Locrians, Oileus (cf. . o-wi-ro- = Owilos, *S'J:l-Wilus, *S,!,-Wilos, 'connected-with-ilios') and the fragment of Hesiod about the birth of Oileus at the very day of the Building of the waI1s of Ilios. famous embassies sent in the 1st mi1. .. the Locrians of the Oileus' tribe to the temp1e of Athena in Ilios go back to the practice of the IInd mil. .. when this 1 probably revered their hero as originating from the Trojan capita1.

tradition (Hdt , 20; Lycophr. 1341 ff.) mentioning the campaign of the tribes from the Troad is worth noting. Even before the bui1ding of the Laomedon's Troy (Troy VI) they marched under the command of Ilus through Thrace, Macedonia and Thessa1y as far as the lonian Sea. This legend mytho10gized reminiscence of the process of the late IIIrd millenium .., the time of the 'Kurgan wave IV' and the coming of Proto-Greeks to the Thessa10-Macedonian area in the toponymy of which the

"l.tS" encountered. Thus, the hypothesis of the passage of certain group of Greek tribes via Troy still remains fairly attractive idea.

39

1994 .

..

- !. 212 -

2 - ,

, .

.

.

11 . ,

(Aur.Vict.Caes.16.12). 1-11 . : ,

.

.

.

,

.

,

(Gai.lnst.l.9.). , , (

) .

! .

( . ) . .

, ,

.

, , .

,

.

,

. , (52.19.6) (26.36;61) .

2 .. ' , , - (m. .. III // . . 1. ., 1988. . 634).

40

11 . , .

I .

,

' . . .

,

, .

- , 111 . , - (

) ,

- .

,

III-IV ., .

, .

3 . - locatio-conductio. ,

.

, .

. (

) :

, , ,

, , ,

, cultores lege Manciana .4 , 5 . ,

.

II-I .

. -,

,

.

3 .: ux.ll .. - , ? ( .-. ) 11 . 1991. N 1. . 27-45.

4 . : .ll .. 11 . 1969. N 4. . 47. , . , . , . ,

. , . , .. (., : ..

1-111 ./! . 1970. 1. . 121-141; .ll .. - /! . 1971. N 4. . 226-240), .. ,

, .. . . : .ll .. : . ., 1978. . 14-48.

5 Weber . Rmish Agrargeschichte. Stuttgart, 1891. S. 61, 294; Schulten . Die rmish Grudhrshft. Weimar 1896. S. 93 f.; Rostowzew . Studi zur Geschichte des rmish Kolonates. Lpz, 1910. S. 350 ff.

41

. 7 . .-. , 8 .

,

. , .. .

, 9 . , .

.

sui iuris, , , II! . , . -! .

.

.

10 . , ,

. .

. ,

, , .. , ,

,

.

. ,

-,

, , .

.

.

- (origO)ll. , , , - .

12,

6 .: Flach D. Inschriftenuntersuchungen zum rDmischen Kolonat in Nordafrika // Chiron. 1978.8. S. 441-492; idem. Die Pachtbedingungen der Kolonen und die Verwaltung der kaiserlichen Giiter in Nordafrika // ANRW. . 10.2. S. 427-473.

7 .: : Karayannopoulos J. Die Bindung der Agrarbevlkerung die SchoBe und ihre Ursachen // From Late Antiquity to Early Byzantium / Hrsg. . Vavrinek. Praha, 1985. S. 95 f.

8 Carri! J.-M. Un rom des origines: les g!lgis du colonat du Bas-Empire //Opus. 1983. . 2. Fasc. 1. .230.

9 . 19.1.49; 19.2.13.11; 19.2.14; 19.2.25.6; 19.2.60.1; 20.1.32; 26.7.46 pr.; 33.1.21; 41.1.1.44; 41.2.40.1. 10 Gai. Inst. . 7: Sed in provinciali solo ... dominium populi Romani est l Caesaris, nos autem possessionem

tantum l usumfructum habere videmur; ... 26 : In provinciis ro modo praedium nullum possessorum proprium, sed quidem uBa libera civitas est.

11 N D. Origo // RE. Suppli)d. 10. 1965. Sp. 449 f. 12 . Giess. 40. 1. 8-9: I!EVOVtO~ 1taVto~ Jivo~ 1t.tt'lJl!tOJV; .: saJvo iure gentis (tabula Banasitana).

42

l3 . , (Ulp. frag. . 14), .

, , , (Aug. Enarr. in Ps. LV1l1. 1.21) (Dio Cass. 54.34)14.

.

. , , - , .

, , .

. , , - . l5 , ,

l6 . . .

(Dio Cass. 77.9). 111 ., , 17.

. I- . , ,

, , 18. , , , [] , [] 19. 11 . , - , (dok:iliu suu contulit) - ; . , , , ,

(agru habent) , [] (quasi in aliqua sede - D. 50.16.239.2>20. , , , 21 . , (incolae qui cives Roani Latinive cives erunt)

13 .. (Tabu1a sita) // . 1980. H~ 1. . 171.

14 m. .. dediticii // . 1946. 2. . 86-87. 15 Schaefer . Paroikoi // RE. d 18. 1949. Sp. 1695-1707; Kreif3ig . d und Abhiingigkeit irn Orient in

.der hellenistischen Epoche // JWG. 1975.2. S. 101-116. 16 u .. OII // . 1959. H~ 2.

. 152. 17 .. . ., 1972. . 108. 18 Rodriguez Neila J.F. La situaci6n socio-po1ftica los incolae l rnundo rornano // Colonato otras

forrnas dependencia esclavistas. Oviedo, 1980. . 147-170. 19 Frontin. (h. 45, 12): ut inco1ae, etiarnsi essent alienigenae, qui intra territoriurn colerent 20 Cf.: 1 Urson. . III: D'Ors . Epigraffa jurfdica la Espaila rornana. Madrid, 1953.

. 152. . 21 . 50.1.29; . . 39(38).1; . . 40(39).1; 5.

43

22 . , (CIL .532).

. I .

origo 23 . -, - , , . , , ,

(D.50.1.). -,

, . ,

. , , , , : , , (D. 50.1.35). (. 40 (39). 3) , ... , , . ,

, , , (velut ils) , ;

, I . ingenuitas, , . , .

ingenui , , ,

. , ,

, .

- . , , status ingenuitatis. (status civitatis), 24 .

. ,

[],

in orbe Romano (D. 1.5.17). , - originales - , . , ,

. coloni originales IV . ,

22 Lex Malac. . LIII; Rodriguez Neila. . cit. . 166. Not. 64. 23 (50.1), ,

, (.39 (38). 4) : , (origine) . : [] (origo), , , , , (domicilium). , , , , , [] ,

, , (. . 40(39).7). .

24 Levi . LibeI1as und civitas // ZSS (RA). 1961. Bd 78. S. 154,170.

44

(origo). condicio lri, 111 . status ingenuitatis. ingenui coloni originales ingenui libertini. , , .. 25 . origo. status ingenuitatis status originalium. ( ) origo, 111 . , , ..26 11 .

' .

: , 27. 111 . , 28 . 029. , , - vici, pagi , , gentilitates, , ,

-. agri limitati (D. 41.1.16). .

30 . , ,

, . (D. 41.2.52), . ,

. ,

-

31 . -

25 frtu media . . (Ist. 1. 26), ... - , ; , , .

: , ,

, , []

(Ulp. fragm. II. 2); ... , , , ... , , ,

- ,

(ibid. . 14). 26 N6,.r. . cit. Sp. 469. 27 u .. II . // .

., 1988. . 170 . 28 .. // . 1955 . .N'g 3. . 72. 29 m .. // m .., .., ...

.. I-III . ., 1977. . 17 .: . . . 43.

30 u .. // . 1973 . .N'g 3. . 41 .

31 .. . ., 1880. . 74; Mommsen Th. Dekret des Commodus ftir Saltus uruitaus // Hermes. 1880. d 15. S. 406'; Webe. . cit. S. 243-250; Schulten. . cit. S. 98; Gascou J. Les grandes domaines, 1 cite et I'etat Egypte byzantine. Recherches d'histoire agraire, fiscale et administrative // Travaux et memoires. Etudes anciennes. Nancy, 1985. . 9. . 1-90.

45

. .

. 111 . origo . ,

2. , , . , - origo , . ,

,

. , .. , , ,

34. origo

, . .

. , (origo ), -.

.

,

.

. .

, .

- , (D. 50.15.4.8). . IV . , . , , .

,

. , ,

. ,

. , 5.

32 , , , , (. 50.1.38.1). III . , [] , (. 50.6.6(5).11).

33 (originales coloni) honores et munera, (. XI.68(67). 1-325 .; 2 - 313/337 .). , , (CI.XII.l.33 - 342 .).

34 ma. .. . ., 1957. . 186 .

35 - .

46

,

, 332 .: , , , (origo), . , ,

, , ,

(..17.1 - 332 .). , .

, .

, , , ,

332 . 3 . .

,

, , , 7 332 . , ' . (XI.51; 52; 53) IV ., , , ,

.

332 . . , ,

,

(.9.1). 438 506 ., , , . , , ,

438 . , . origo , .

. , 332 . , , ,

,

3!!. (. 6.3 ~ 409 .), , .

, 332 . , - -

IV . , ,

. IV ., , . . .: Hortkotte H.-J. Die Theorie m sp!itromischen Zwangstaat und das Problem der Steuerhaftung. Konnigstein, 1984. S. 13 ff.

36 . , , . .: Eibach D. Untersuchungen zum sp!itantiken Kolonat in der kaiserlichen Gesetzgebung unter besondere Beriicksichtigung der Terminologie. KOIn, 1977. S. 50 f.

37 Goffart W. Caput and Colonate. Towards History of Late Roman Taxation 11 Phoenix. Suppl. . 11. 1974. . 70 f.

38 .: Brockmeier . Der Gro~e Friede 332 . Chr.: Zur Au~enpo1itik Konstantins des Gro~en 11 BJ. 1987. Bd 187. S. 79-100. .

47

39. -, , , origo . ius originis 4

, , , ,

, , :

- ,

.

, ,

, , , ,

(CTh. XIII. 10.=.I. 48.2 - 357 .). . , origo. origo ,

.

,

I .

, I-IV . ,

. ,

,

. - ,

. origo, .. , ,

. (originales) IV . . (

)

, ,

.

1, , ,

,

, , 365-366 .41

39 332 . , , (XI. 7.2. - 319 .; IV. 13.3 - 321 .; IX. 21.2 - 321 .; IV. 22.1 - 326 .) , . (XI. 63.1 - 319 .; IX. 24.\ - 321 .; XI. 68.1 - 325 .; . 38.11 - 325 .; XI. 50.1 - 325 .; V. 5.1 - 326 .; XI. 48.1 - 328 .; XI. 68.2 - 313/337 .; . 26.7 - 313/337 .) (XI. 68.2) , . - . , ,

. (.

. 32). (ius colonatus) IV . (Cl. . 1.33 - 342 .), , . , IV ., (CTh. XIV. 18.1 = . XI. 26.1 - 382 .). 342 . , 382 . (colonatu perpetuo). .: Johne .-. Zum Begriff Kolonats in der Spiitantike // From Late Antiquity to Early Byzantium. . 98 f.

40 . (. cit. S. 250 f.), . (Sauagne Ch. Du rl de I'origo et du census dans la formation du colonat romain // Byzantion. 1937.9. . 508-510).

41 , , : ,

,

, , , , ,

48

364 ., ,

(. XI. 68(67).3). , , : ,

,

, ,

. ,

. ,

, origo . , ,

: ,

(dominium) , ,

( his colonis originalibus), , , . , ,

-,

(in suis locis) : , ,

(CTh. XI. 1.14=C.XI.48.4-366,372 374 .?). , , , , coloni originales --,

. Origo

42 365 . :

, ,

, , - [],

[] (CTh. . 19.1). , - , , . ,

.

, , .

(.. , )

, , (. . 25), . 368-370 .

(CTh. . 12.2-368(?) ., 370 (?) ., 383 (?) .). ' , , ,

(gignuntur) , , (CTh. III. 1.3 - 361 .). , IlI.

,

.

42 IY- . , ,

, -

( ) ,

(nu .. -

: 1/ - . ., 1989. . 71).

, - ,

origo .

49

, .

: 43 , , ,

, , (. XI. 48.6-366 .). ,

origo. , , ,

60- . IV .44 coloni originales, ( ). , ,

(. I. 48.13--400 .). , , , , ,

, IV . origo , . , , .

, , , , ,

. origo . ,

, . ,

- origo .

l!. , ,

. - . (Orat. VI. 113), , I . origo , , , .

45 , , , ,

, ,

.

,

: ,

, , ,

, , ,

, ,

43 , , . .: Eibach. . cit. S. 148 f.

44 . 366 . (Saumagne. . cit . 507 suiv., 527-529). mo, , r , .

4 60- . IV . defensor civitatis patrocinia vicorum. , origo , , , (, , ) . - , . .: Krause J.-U. Siitatik trtsf im Westen des Romischen Reiches. Miinchen, 1987, S. 284 f.

50

, , . , (. XI. 51.1-386 .). , (quoddam aeternitatis ius) , , , . , ,

, , . ,

, , , (Gai. Inst. I. 14). I-H . . IV ., , : . , ,

? ,

, (Aug. . in Ps .. L VHI. 1.21). , , 386 . ius'Tevocandi . -

, -, (exsultare) . ,

. ius originis ius revocandi -. , ,

,

. -, . ,

,

.

( - ) -

. , -, - ,

, , 366 . . . ,

46 . , , , 386 .

, : ,

,

.

, ,

, , ... (. XI. 53.1-371 .). . (originis agnationisque) origo . - .

( ,

), (inserviant tis ... nomine et titulo colonorum).

46 Gascou. . cit. . 20 suiv.

51

Origo }}.

: ,

, ,

, 47 , , , [] , , ,

, ... }} (. XI. 52.1-393 (?) .).

. ,

, ,

, .

. - originario iure tributariae sortis - 48 . ,

, , , . origo (ius originarium). , ( -) , , , , ,

. , ,

[], ,

(tributa), , , ... }} (. XI. 50.2-396 .). }} (inserviant tis) }}49.

IV . , , . 60--90- , 50.

, .

400---419 . ,

51. ,

( ) ( ). -

~ : }, -

47 licet condicione videantur ingenui. , , .. , (condicio = status ingenuitatis = civitati~) , .

48 .: Eibach. . cit. S. 108 f. 49 Servi tamen ( ipsius cui nati sunt - .: , [] . 50 300 360 . - 12 , 364 400 . - 38, 401 438 . - 13,

440 518 . - 12. 300 360 . - 10, 361 400 . - 30, 401 438 . - 15 .

51 CTh. . 19.2 = . XI. 66.6 - 400 .; CTh. . 18.1-419 . - .

V . . , .

52

, , 52. 53.

.

V . . 20--- , ,

,

54. , , - , 55. 56. ,

, ,

.

, , , , .. -, .

.

( - , - , - .). -

V . - - . origo , - adscribtio . - , -, . origo , -

52 : - - ().

.

, , - - .

, .

. , ( ,

), .

. b -,

.

. ,

.

53 .. , - - , ( .

// . ., 1987. . 13).

54 () (, , ). ., , . 50. 16.239.2: [] - , - ; [ ] ... 4. [] - , [ ].

55 , 30- (Eibach. . cit. S. 158 f.).

56 ., : . // . . 3. ., 1980. . 11.

53

. (originales) ()

. ,

- . - tota, origo. ,

,

.

(adscribtio), censibus adscribti adscripticii. adscribtio . ;

, , ,

. Ius revocandi, 386 ., . , ,

, , -. Adscribtio/adscriptio, , , , , 57. , , , , ,

. , 30-

, origo. , , .

origo, , (. . 39 (38).4). 30- ,

. , ,

(. XI. 48.19). -

.

111 , , - , , ingenuitas, .. 5 . , origo , 30-

-,

57 Ch. XI. 1.26-399 .: , . , ,

, , ,

(in quibus haec retinendae plebis ratio adscribtioque servatur). , , ; ,

, (cui certus plebis numerus fuerit adscribtus), , [], , ,

[], ( plebem constet tam in omnibus praediis adscribendam neque auferendam , cui semel posthac deputata fuerit).

58 ... [], , ,

, -

, (consortium) : , ,

(Nov. Val.31.5--451 .).

54

, .

, }}

. .

, , }

, status iguittis, ( ) , , (. . 25). :

,

... , , , , [] ,

. , , }} (Salv. De gub. Dei . 8.38-39).

, IV . }} .

- . ,

( , ), V . ,

59. , , -

. origo ,

Q- .

60 . , ,

61 , }, -

59 bl bl ius originarium bl bl , ius civile bl (. XI. 48.13 - 400 ., Ch. . 18.1-419 .; CTh.X. 20.17 = C.XI.8.l5. - 427 .; Nov.Val. 27 - 449 .; 31-451 .; 35-452 .; Nov. Maior. 7-458 .; . XI.69.1). bl , bI V . .

60 .: Saumagne. . cit. . 571-576. bI . (domini potestas) (. XI.52.l-393 (?) .).

61 V . , , , 31- III (5; .. 58), bl ( gub. Dei.V.9.43-45): , ! , , ,

(domicilia atque agellos) - , , , , bl

. , bl, bl ,

bl - ,

[], ,

, , bl bl, ,

bl, !

, , bI bl , ,

, . , bl , bl bl , bl - . ,

. , [],

,

, , , bl, [], bl

, , . , bl

, bl: , , llbI,

.

55

,

,

. ,

62 . , , V .

,

, . ,

, .

fortuna media, (D.l.l.4). , -

ingenui. . - . IV . , , ... . V . - . ,

530---531 . - , (. .5.1-530 .; .15.2-530 .;

. 6.1- 531 .). , , IV-V . ( ingenuitas). status libertatis,

(D.l.3). - (), ingenuitas, . , .

-

63 .

. ,

2 III -, (Nov.Val. 27.~9 .; 35.6--452 .).

63 \l civitas . Ordo senatorius ordo decurionum, ordo equester , honestiores, - humiliores. - . ' .

, ,

. , (.fones ... The Caste System in the Later Roman Empire 11 Jones .. The Roman m. Studies in Ancient Economic and Administrative History / Ed. .. Brunt. Oxf., 1974. . 396-418). , . ,

, .

,

. ,

. (

), . ,

,

, - . -

: .

,

. -! . , , -.

56

. , , . ,

(c.xI.48.21. - 530 .). IV . V , ,

4 . : , , ,

,

?. .

I : , , , ... 65. -:

- f!

66 , . , (

) .

67 . : , .

,. (quod htus in liberis tantum et servis observabatur)>>. .

- tertium genus hominum. ,

, . - , ,

. , , .

,

, .

, .

530 . . - . .

, .

, - , .

.

64 .: Eibach. . cit. S. 164-168; ux.lt .. (-) 1/ ~eBHeM . ., 1984. . 197 .

5 Eibach. . cit. S. 167. m. 405. 66 -

- . 419 . (CTh. .18.1), - ,

.

(. XI.48.16). , . . , 419 . , - , ,

.

V .' . 67 Eibach. . cit. S. 167 f.

57

condicio adscripticii , .

, 531 ., , (C.XI.48.22). , : 30- 40-

, ,

, ,

, , ,

, ,

, '

, , , - , , . ,

, , , ,

, , .

, , (peregrinari), . ' , , , ,

. -

.

, , ,

.

, IV . .

.

, .

'F : ... , , , ... ( ... inhumanum est terram, quae initio adscripticios habebat, suis quodammodo membris defraudari ... - C.XI.48. 23 pr. - 531/4 .)>>. .

V .

(C.XI.48.23 pr.; 1-53114 .). .

, -,

sui iuris. 30- , .

531 . , , .

: ,

,

, -

, :

, , ,

... (C.VII.24.1.l). ,

58

.

,

. 68. (Nov.lust.22.J7-535 .; Nov. Iust. - 54 pr. - 537 .). , , , 69 156-

, 7 , , .

.

.

(h.. 25.1-325 .). , (.I.38.11). , , 156-

71 . 157- , ,

,

72. , . , , -

68 , , 534 . (c.xI.48.24). 530 .

. , , ,

. , ,

534 . 69 , , , -

, - , , , [] ,

(Nov.lust. 38.6). 70 , -

, , , , , . , , -,

. -

, , , []

. , ,

, . ,

, , ,

. , ,

, , - , , . , , ,

, (Nov. Iust 156). 71 156- ,

. ., , Ed. Theodor. 67: , , - r.

72 Nov. Iust. 157-535 .: ... , . , , ,

. ,

, , , ,

. 1. : , , , . , , , [ ] , , ... .

59

! . ,

.

(Nov. Iust.54.4.3-538 .). , , ..

. 73 .

162-

. , .. , .

(Nov.lust. 162.2-539 .). , origo . 162- . 156- ,

. V . ,

.

. , 157- , ! .

.

, ! .

.

.

.

,

74 . ! ., ~ (Nov. Iust. 7 pr. - 535 .), ,

. , ! .

75 . .

. .

76. ! . , ,

73 , . .

origo. 534 . : , ; ,

,

,

,

(Nov'!ust. 128.14-545 .). 74 .: n . . 11 . 1989. . 50.

. 3-13. 75 .: uu .. 11 . 1991. . 52. . 3-12. 76 ., : Cassiod. Var. (. 19.2; 11.24.4; III.31.4-9; (. 2.4; lsid. Etym. . 13.9; 15.5; Vict. Vitens.

Hist. persecut. Afric. rvii 3.20; Jahn W. Felicitas est secuta Italiam: mrkug zur Lage der rmish vOlkrug im 6. Jahrhudrt i Itali 11 lio. 1989. Bd 71. Ht.2. S. 410-413.

60

77 . ,

: . -

(Lex Burgund. 38.10; Gregor. Magn. Epist. IV.21), , .

- VI-VII . 7R , .

,

. - , . - .

. ,

, potestas dominium, .. condicio servilis. , . V - I . fortuna media, .

.

(mores, consuetudines). . ,

,

, .

,

.

.

, ,

. I - II . ,

.

,

, .

,

,

.

(),

77 31- III (. . 58). , . , ,

, (,'

. ,

(Ed. Theodor. 64). , , ,

, .

. .

origo . , (), ' (C.XI. 48.7-371 .), (Ed. Theodor. 142).

78 .: m // . . ., 1908 . 153 .; J. Der Bedeutungwandel colonus in FrUh- und Hochfeudalismus // Das Altetum. 1966. Bd. 12 S. 162-164.

61

.

, ,

. ,

, , ,

. ,

- - . -

lex Aquilia de damno ,

,

- .

,

.

. IV . V . , .

-

, , .

.

, .

, ,

.

.

.

79 .

.

,

. , ,

80. , , .

,

- .

(

) - ,

, (

-),

- .

79 .: . . // / . 3.. . . 1. . 1985. . 98-118; . . - . . 1991.

80 . .. .. // . . , 1985. . 51----65.

62

DEVELOPMENT OF SERFDOM IN LATER ROMAN EMPIRE

.. Koptev

The Roman attached colonate stems from Caracalla's edict granting Roman citizenship to the inhabitants of the provinces. The spread of Roman citizenship in the provinces changed property relations, the structure of society and the political system. It was the beginning of new in the development of Roman civil society which took final shape under Diocletian. The status of Roman citizen was dual: in addition to the citizenship of the Empire it provided [ municipal citizenship determined the o,.igo of citizen. of those Iiving in the provinces did not have the municipal o,.igo. They were either incolae paeg,.ini depending whether they resided city state (emperor's) lands. Those of them who were ! landowners, but tenants were regarded as coloni. The civil ig of the emperor's and fiscal coloni was in their fundi or vici pagi, since they were ! from municipal jurisdiction. Constantin's constitution of 332 AD concerned coloni iginls Iiving the lands of the emperor fiscus. The acquisition of the status of the municipa! o,.igo !arge estates of private landowners began in the 60s of the IV . AD under Valentinian 1. The coloni and inquilini were ! under administrative and juridical contro! of their landlords and attached to the estates and land. From 365 to 400 their socia! status deteriorated. The citizens different from the l population whose citizenship existed only [ the sake of appearances. They were called o,.igina/ii adsaipticii and their status was !ike that of dediticii. Neither dediticii, o,.igina,.ii were citizens of municipal community. Their property rights were limited. They remained in the position of tetium genus hominum along with libei and sevi til the reign of lustinian. lustinian's !egal reform equated the status of adsc,.ipticii with the condicio sevilis and thus the evolution was comp\eted. The position of attached peasant coincided with that of serf. lustinian's Codex and Novellae !ega!ized Roman serfdom.

63

JIA

1994 .

.

HAKCOCEl

, , ,

,{ . II-I .

.., - , ,

, .

2 , ,

I . .. . ( 530 . ..), , ,

, . , ,

, - ,

-Q . - , ,

, , 8 600 . .. 10 , . , , , ,

540-530 . .., .

. , ,

, ( , ) 650 . .. : I .

.. , , . .. , , , .

,

.

.

1 , . .. 24 1989 .

2 . : Gruben G. Die ml der Griechen. 1986. S. 340---347; Lambrinoudakis W. Die Physiognomie der spatarchaischen und friihklassischen naxischen Plastik // Archiiische und 1assische Griechische Plastik. DAI. Akten des Intemationalen Kolloquiums vom 22-25. April 1985 in Athen. 1986. S. 107-116; ASAthene. 1983.61. .II6-118.

64

I

2 I

km I

. 1. -

( ) .

,

(. 1). . , ,

,

.

1930 . . . . 1982 . ; 1986 . , 1988 . . 1989 ., , , .

, -,

. ,

3 Labl'inoudakis V., Gruben G. // . 1987. S. 569-621; Archaiognosia. 1987-1989. . 89-147. 1988-1989 . . 1991.

3 , ,N'Q 4 65

, , ,

.

(,

) , , .. . . -, , , - 3 ; -, , ; , , , , ,

, . ,

. ,

. , ,

4 . 41 . .. . , . ,

. :

(. 2) - , , ;

, , . ,

, , , . ,

, ,

,

, , . in situ 30

(. 3). , ,

, .

, 1,4924,23 ,

. , , 28,33 (. 4). .

, , (

) .

, 1,25 , ( 0,85 ). , (1,20 ) . (. 5). 4 , in situ (. 3), 5,50 . . (. ).

, , , 4,35 , .

, . ,

, .

4 Lambrinoudakis V., Gt'uben G. 11 . 1987. S. 608-614; Lambrinoudakis V. Neues zur Ikonographie der Dirke 11 Festschrift. N. Himmelmann. S. 341-350.

66'

. 2.

. 3.

3* 67

35,5-; 1-- ! 1----_..1 ~ ____ J

--" [20

-.9';_

l' '1

. 4.

j 1

'1 5-5,5?1

. , (. 7), , , - , , . : . , ( 28 32 ). ; 2,5 . , - , - . .

. , , , , , . , in situ, , . , , , . , , , . , 24 , , (1,78 ). , , , , , -

68

(Z Z!

....

~I 1 ;:: :

I r ;;) ,

I ;;; ... ...

+

\~ ;

~

~t i . '.~ \~. ~ ,' .. CD ~ ..., ..< .. ... ..;

~:r

. 6 .

. 7.

70

. 8. ,

570 . .. , , , ,

. , ,

(. 8). . , 15 , (8,80 ). - , , , , , .

(0,80 ) , , ;(,

-- , . ,

, ,

, . in situ , . , 29 . 2,90 1 ,80 , . , , ,

700 . .. , , ,

. (5,80 ) , , . ,

. ,

. ,

, -

71

. ,

,

.

, ,

,

,

, . , ,

, , ,

,

.

- . , , ,

700 . .. ! . .. 570 . .. . ,

, - , , :

, , , .

- . - ( ), .

700 . .. 8,80 . 11 . ,

5,50 4,70 5 . , .

, ,

, , ,

. -

u ,

. ,

, ,

. ,

, , , ,

. ' , , ,

(

) , , ,

,

,

. :; ,

, ,

, . . .. ? , , . -

72

5 Kalpaxis . Friiharchaische Baukunst in Griechenland und 1einasien. 1976. S. 17-26,47-50. 6 Du . Griechische Baukunst in Geometrischer Zeit // Archaeologia Homerica. 1969. . 111. . 91. 7 Kalpaxis. . cit. S. 72-73.

cTpaHcTBoMR. , , ( ),

, 9 . V . .. 1 ; , , - VI . .. , . .. 11 . .

.. .

,

,

.

580 . .., , .

l2 . VI . .. ( 15,46 , )13, , ,

, l4 . ,

,

, l5 . , , , , (

) ( )l. ,

. ,

l7 ; , . .., ( ,

), VI . .. , 1R , , l9.

.

, , , ,

2 . , , , ,

8 Ibid. S. 79.

9 Ibid. S. 75, 80. 10 Gallet de Sllt . /1 Delos. 1959. XXIV; l"Ull Ph . Ducat.l. Guide de Delos. 1983. . 169-170;

Cn~bell. . cit. S. 340-341. . 11 Ka/paxis. . cit. S. 76-77; l"Ull. Ducat. . cit. . 155-156. 12 II . // Delos. 1980. l. 42, 4-5; 68-{j9; 70-71; idem // . 1987. . . 63-78. Fig. 3,

6-12; ll. Ducat. . cit. . 119-123; ll. . cit. S. 341. 13 . 1970. S. 146; 1972. S. 366-369; 1982. S. 197-229. Fig. 1,15.16. 14 ll. Ducat. . cit. . 128; ll. . cit. S. 340. Fig. 283. 4; . 1982. S. 222-223. 15 .: Dl"U. . cit. . 90-92. 16 I"Ull. . cit. S. 342-344; Schu/e . // Jdl. 1985. 100. . 368-371; Fig. 52,2. .

: Schu/a. . cit. S. 348-349, 358-361. 17 DillsmoO/" w.. The Architecture of Ancient Greece. 4th ed. 1976. . 61-{j2; . 1987. S. 14-19. Fig. 3. 18 S/l'lldllel" E.L. Die Altere Porostempel der Aphaia auf Aigina. 1985. S. 102-111, 128-129. 19 Ibid.

20 . 1970. S. 135-143; 1972. S. 319-360. Fig. 12-\3; 1982. S. 160-164,222-223; ll. . cit. S.344-348.

73

. , TeKType21 .

, , , ,

,

- , , - , 22. , ,

, ,

, , 23 . V . .., ( , , ) ,

24. , , , '

.

, . , , .

, ,

, V . .. ,

. , ,

. , ,

,

, .

, ,

, . , V . .., '.

TEMPLE IN IRIA ON NAXOS

V. Lambrinoudakis

The article outlines the results of the excavations of the ancient temple of Dionysos in Irea the Naxos undertaken in the 80ies. The Naxos excavations make it possible to more clearLy determine the evolution which led to the birth of Greek monumental architecture.

21 . 1982. S. 222-223; Gruben G. // Miincher Jahrbiicher der bildenden Kunst. 1972.23. S. 15-16,28-29. 22 Drerup. . cit. S. 90-91; Ka/paxis. . cit S. 103-104; Gruben. Die m1 der Griechen. S. 318. 23 . (Gruben. Die m1 der Griechen. S. 224--

225. Fig. 181) . , .

24 Gruben. Die ml derGriechen. S. 123, 151, 171, 170f., 191f. * .. .

74

1994 .

. .

, ,

,

. -

, ,! :

(, , ..) .

..

(. ), 1972 . ( )\

( 7,5, 10,2 1,2 ). 1t, ,

(.). ,

,

. .

' ,

- . ,

:

.

.

. ,

-.

, .

:

, ,

, 2 , , -

\ .: . ( 1973-'1987 .) // . ., 1989. . 8.

2 m .. ( IV . ..) 11 . , 1989. . 90; . I . .. 11 . 1962.89. . 51-53; Treistel' M.Ju. Matrik from tiu 11 The Joumal of the Walters Art Gallery. 1990. 48. .29-35.

3 Robinson D.M. State Seal-Matrik from Panticapaeum 11 Classical Studies Presented to Edward Capps. Princenton, 1936. . 306-313; Williams E.R. Bronze Matrik for Cuirass Pteryx 11 J. 1977. . 81. NQ 2. . 233-235.

75

4 . , . - .

, ,

, ,

,

. ;

: , 5 . , .

.

, , , ;

. ,

6 . , , - .

: ,

, , , -; . , , ,

4 m. . . 95. 5 . . .: U/i/i ..

- // . 1990.30. . 67-76.

6 k-lhn J. Greif 11 Reallexicon der Assyriologie. 1971. Bd. 3. Lief. 8. S. 633-639.

76

7 , , }}

.

,

,

.

. , , ; ,

- 8 . 9 . -.

, (

lO, !!).

, l2. , ,

IV . .., - !3.

RI WIH GRIFFIN FROM NYMPHAEUM

N.F. Fedoseev

he artic!e publishes matrix with representation of griffin from private collection. It is tablet of !! grey mar! found accidentally in 1972 in the Bosporan city of Nymphaeum. The fronta! representation of [! griffin fragmentarily preserved is cut the obverse surface. The matrix was used as mou!d for taking wax impressions from which ! forms were executed designed for casting p!aques. Judging the character of the representation and ana!ogies the matrix shou!d dated to the second ha!f of the IVth .. Describing various types of representations of griffins the author touches upon the reasons for the wide spread of this mytho!ogica! image the territory of the Bosporan kingdom and its religious and politica! significance .

. 7 z .. // . 1948.22. .67.

8 .., . . , 1988. . 126. . 142. 9 lj .. . ., 1987. . 88. . 61. 10 .. // . 1956. 6. . 62 . !! .. 11

. 1950.34. . 62---69. !2 .. . ., 1972. . . \3 m. . . . 89-101.

77

: bI

: *

- , ( ,

) q

,

, .

,

- .. ()

. - , ,

(

) , , .

.

( , )

Holocene paleoenvironmental evolution and ancient settlement pattems in the Merv oasisl. , .

. MbI ;

,

, , ,

.

, , .

,

TbIc. .. .. , , ,

,

- , .. , , 1 .

* : > ( 93.06.10594).

I (), ()

(, ) 3J>. .

78

, . , ..

, :

, , -, , , ,

, . , .. , ,

-,

2 . , ..

- ,

, ,

.

, ,

(

- ).

, . , , .. ,

,

, ,

. ,

.

.

,

. ,

-,

,

. , , ,

. ,

, .

, ,

,

,

.

, '

, -

(. I-VIII).

2 . .. . , 1990; . - // . 1976. NQ 1; . // . 1980. NQ 2.; . // . ., 1982; . 11 . .. /1 . 1986. NQ 2; . // . 1984. . 7. idem. argi i the roz Age // The Bronze Age Civilization of Central Asia. N.Y., 1981; idem. Margiana in the ancient Orient // Intemational Association for the study of the cultures of Central Asia. Information Bulletin. Issu 19. 1993; .. // . , 1986; . // . 1979. NQ 1; idem The Study of Bronze Age Sites in the Lower Murgab // The Bronze Age Civilization of Central Asia. N.Y., 1981.

3 . .. .. (, 1990): Mesopotamia. 1992. . II. . 258-265.

79

00

-',

(

(~ " ..

'--,~

! 150 10~"". ~

\ \

\ ~ \ .'jj-'"

\ \ ) ',-,,:

"

! S 10. ----..

~o' '

20' 20'

\ 10' \ i \ ("---~""\ " __ ', (~"! '~ \:\ n .... ! " __ ) \ ,'\\

I '''_ , I

10'

,\ '~

: 00'

\I'.'.~\:"I\!

\""\, -..: "00'

40' ~O .'110' 10' 20'

1, . 1 - , 2 - -

50'

100'

.. ~ :'

40'

~O' :' .... ' 10' to' 11_ _ 1- , 2 - - , 3 - - , 4 - , 5 -

! s 10AoI! ~

(~~-\,'

00

! 5 10,,-.. "'-"--'

--~------_. "'''''''-, - ~ "

~ \(/ \\ '~ "i \ \ ~~!

40' 50' tI'ICI' 10' !'

IV,

10'

10'

10'

11-00'

w

40'

! 5 "01('" --..........

40' 50'

'\,

\,f "'.:.1.. ~ ... ,

f "',

.," ~i 2.,'"'''' 1/ ' ......... ....

"

.00' '\'

30'

20'

10'

11"00'

~

4

20'

, . J - -, 2 - ,

! $ 10 --...........

-40' 50'

:JA .. i

\(~ \~\ \. CI~i

\ ,/ , .......... __ .. -....

Il"11O' 10' 20'

VI. . J - -

~O'

20'

10'

'.00'

'

40'

r 5 10ICM ~

4Q' ~'

lI~~~-&~

t i ~ , .1 1,/ ~ " "

'(, \" ' . \ \ ~! i . , , ,

\ ' ......... '.

"' 10'

30'

20'

10'

I8'l10'

50'

40'

10'

. . 1 - -, 2 - ,

30'

20'

10'

"800'

/~) 50' /'~\ "'\ '\ ~o \ 40'

\ ' " .. 40' ,' .'00' 10' 20'

III. (

). 1 - -

, , , .

, :

1) , 2) 3) 4. II . ..; - ; , II . ..5 ..

: ,

I< . : ,

. , , , - . ,

, -, - . , ~ 6 . , , ,

4 . uuu. ... . 5. 5 . . .

11 . 1990. . 16. .22-44; Masiov. The Study ... . 194--220; Hiebert . h10g of Margiana and Radiocarbon Dates 11 International Association for the stu

, , -l

7 . , ,

.

,

. ,

.

.

.

8 . , : ,

, ,

. , , ,

. , ,

,

. , ,

, - -. , ,

. ,

,

.

, , . , , .. , ,

(, ,

9. - ,

11 1 . .. I , , ( ,

. .. II ). , -,

l2 .

, . .. 1950-x 1 ; .

7 . : Archaeological of the Murghab Delta. rlimiry Report, September 1993. . 13. & . .. . ., 1978.

C.191. 9 . ..

// . 1987. . 12. . 8-19. 10 .. . . ..

// . 1959. N2 73. 11 Kohl Ph. trl Asia. Palaeolithic giigs to the lro Age. ., 1984. . 193 f., 225-229; PI. 2

. Koshelenko . L' Asie trl debut de l' Age du Fer // L'Asie trl et ses rapports les civilisations ritlis des origins l'Age du Fer. ., 1988.

12 111 . .., UlI

I4. ,

, - -l5 .

, ,

.. . , ( I-I) .

( .. .. ) , - -I . , , -,

- , , - -.

, , ,

l6. .. -

. -

17 , -.

. .. ,

. ..

36 . - , , ( 2-3 ), . ( 1,5-2 5-6 ) , . . .. ,

- , , .

- , fl

. , k , - . -, .. ,

,

.

,

, .. ,

. -.

, l8 . 5---':8 , - 2-3 .

14 Archaeological ... 15 . .. -bl // . . .

1989. . XIX. .21-6\; . - 11 . . 1963. . II; . -bl 11 . . 1969. . XIV; uu .. bl bl - 11 . . . 1989. . XIX. . 62-121; . - 11 . . 1974. . .

16 . . bI. . 63-92; - : . bl // . , 1971. S:. 51.

17 .. bl, , .. ( bI. . 87).

18 .. - , . , .

84

, . , ,

.

, ,

. .. , ,

, 55 . , ,

. 11 6 .

. .. . ,

,

.

, ,

- .

. ,

- . , , -

-I , -II -III, -

-III,

. ,

, .

,

.. . , .

.

, .

. ,

,

. , ,

, . , ,

,

. - ,

, , , ..

, , . ..

-. ,

, .. , - .

, -

,

- .

,

, ,

, . ,

.

- . ( ),

l9 , -

19 Bade .. Gaibov V .. Koshelenko . Walls of Margiana // Mesopotamia ( ).

85

. , , ,

, . ,

20 , - , , ( 21) , , ,

-. - , ,

. ,

-, - , - -.

,

}}

,

. ,

-III , ,

, .

.

:

,,

1, . ,

:

22 , . ,

, -, ,

}> (

>}

), -,

.

.

, ,

, l?I

(Curt. Ruf. II, 10.15). , , (urbs Margianae), ,

.

,

- . -, . . -,

- ,

, -,

, .

, , -

20 Ibid. 21 . U2UIl .. //. . 1949. . 1. 22 ll . .. . .. u6 ..

// , . . 2 ( ).

86

,

23 .. , , .

, ,

..

24 , . . ,

25 . , , .

(Plin. NH. VI. 46--47)26 , .

, :

, - :

.

, , .

, ,

,

, . : - , - , . ,

. -

.

, , ,

, .

- . - . 1 . .. ,

. , ,

, , , , . ,