214
ور ت ك الد مال ج ن ي الد ورّ ض خ ل ا ودة ع خ ي ار ت ل ا- ة ي ج و ل و ب ر ت* نلا ا ة ي ف ر مع ل ا ة ي3 ب ر لع ا/ دراسة ي ف اسة ن< لا ا ة ي ف ر مع ل ا ة ي3 ب ر لع ا- ة ون غ ل ل ا ة ي خ ي ار ت ل ا/ ها ت ووحد ء ر ج ل ا ول< لا اÍÊì ÇáÃáÝ ÇáËÇäí ÞÈá ÇáãíáÇÏ

عودة التاريخ

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

/ - /

-2-

/ - /0

7991

-3-

-4-

: ... " " . . .. . .. " ": " (1). -5-

. . " " " " 1871. " " " " " . . !!!! / / " !!!!! " -6-

- - " " . . ... .. : " " .. ... . (2). - " " . . " " . - . .-7-

. ... ... . / / " !! . " " . . - - . . " " . " " " " " -8-

- . . : 1 - .. " " - " " " " - . 9791-0981 " M.Mead" . -9-

. .. " (3 ) " " / - - / " .). " . - - - .. " " " " ( 4 ) . . . . " " . - 01 -

. . . . - - - " " . : " " " " " " (5 ) . " " . . . . . - 11 -

. ( ..) . " " : 1- . . 2 - - . 3- " " " " . 4- : . : : " " .. - 21 -

" "." " " " : . " " . " " . . " " . . ( ) . . . . . . . . . ( / /). - 31 -

. ( ) . " .. ( ) . " " . . . / . " " . " " " " " " " " " " " " " " . " " . " " " " . " " (6). " ". - - / :" " (7 ) " "(8 ) - 41 -

: ... .. (9) " "(01). " " . " " . " . " (11)" . " " " " - (21). () .. . - 51 -

(31) . " - . . . . " (41) " (51). " " " " / / . . . " ": - 61 -

" "(61) (71). " . (81 ) ( 91). / / - " " ... .. : 1 - ... 2- - - 71 -

. . 3- 4 - .. . . : - /( ). - ." 2971- 0571 . . " " . " " 0632 . 0032 . / 0012/. 0391. - 81 -

(02) " " / ( ). " " (12) . "821" . "831" . "681" . "41" . "12" " " . "562" - . " 33 " . "1" " " . "54" . "84/ "M " ". " 001" " " 6/1 " ".- 91 -

"84/ 4 " . " " " 55- " . 921- . 631- " " . 351 - . 861- " " . 791- . 002- - " _ 22). " " " " " " . . - 02 -

. " " . " " / . . . " " " " " " = = . " " . 941-061 . : - - . / - 12 -

/ . 935. . . . : 1- .. 2- . 3- ( ...) " " 2941 6151 . .- 22 -

" " " " " / / / " " / / " 32" " " = = " 42 " / / / / / _52) . . " ". . " " .. / / - 32 -

. " / / (62). " . " " . / . : . " " "(72). . " "- " " " " " "(82). (1 ) - - - 42 -

-. . 0891 9

(2) 81-91.. (3 ) / / / - - 89- 6891 31 (4) 81 (5) 032 (6) - - (7) 43 (8) 83 (9) 73 (01) 13 (11) 05 (21) 362 (31) 53 (41) 53-63 (51) 45 (61) 02 (71) 92 . (81) 27 (91) 92 (02) - - 9 (12 ) - - 1 3991 31. (22) . (32 ) - " " . (42 ) / /" " / .." ". (52) - - 87- 4991. (62) . (72) - - (51) 902 (82) .

- 52 -

- 26 -

: . . . ( ) . 99% ( 000,001 ) 41 " " 2-3 . . - . . - _ . 051-002

- 72 -

( - )= . . (1). " - " (2) - 000,51 . 000,001 000,04 ! (4 ) " (5) " 000,06 " " :" . . ( 6 ) " 000,001 (7). - 82 -

- - 0 - . 000,001 . . - (8) 000,06 . " :" / / " (9). " - 92 -

- . " " ( ) . - " 000,001 . "" - - 000,002- 000.052 . " " " (01). ( ) Hyoid ) - . 000,04 " (11). : . .- 03 -

000,06 . . " " . . . " " . . . .. . - 13 -

_ . - - / = . - . . - . . . . . . . . . " - 23 -

" (21)..

.. .. " 005,01 " (31). " 8-7 " " (41) " " " " . . . . 003 051-003 . - 33 -

. " " " - " " " . . . (51). " " ( ) . ! . . . " " " . " ( 61) - 43 -

." . " (71 ) " " " " " " " - . . . .. . . (81). " " (91). . " " - 53 -

" - - "(02). - - " " - . - " . - . . ( 12) - . . . = = = = = " " - 63 -

. - - " " . - - . " . " " . . (22) . . - 73 -

. (32). . . " " . . . . " " " " (42 ) " " - 83 -

. " . . . .. "(52). . " (62 ) " " (72). - " ". ... . " - 93 -

" ( 82) :" . " (92) .:" 0055 .." (03). . . - 04 -

. (13). " "" " . " " (23 ) . " ". " " (33). . .. (43). " " . - 14 -

(53 ) . () . - " " ." " (63) " " " " " " " . . . " " 1991 (73) " " .- 24 -

- " - . " " : - - (83). . " Les NOTOUFINES " " " " " " . . - 34 -

. " " . (000,01-0007.) . : 0057 .. . " . " (93) . " "/ . . " " "/ / . "(04). - 44 -

" " " " (14 ) / " 002 " (24) " " . :" . . " " . . "(34). " 0072 . - 54 -

. " (44). : " : "(54 ) .

- 64 -

(1 ) - - . 972 (2) . 11 - 2 5991 21. (3 ) . . - - 6 22 9891 11 (4) - 421 1 -4991 (5) - . - 11- -1- " " - 5991 03 (6) 13 (7) 23 (8) 13 (9) - 421 (01) - - - 11-1 5991 (11) (21) - 921 (31) - 603. ( 41) . 703 (51 ) .. - - 6- -01 - 9891.- 9791( )Scintific American August (61 ) - 4891 8 (71) 12 (81) 142 642- 742 (91) 511 (02) 80 (12) (22) 141- 941 - 361- 461. (32) 941 (42) 071 (52) 071 (62) 1 - 32-42 (72) 91 (82) . 593 1 ( 03) .- - 9- " 92" - - 3991. (13) - 14 25 (23) . 2 - 74 -

8791 1 325 (33) 1 - 035 George Journal Vol

(43) 735.(53) . 1 435 (63) . 135 (73 ) - - " " - 863 - 4991 " " 1991 (83) 202 (93) 402 (04) 801 (14) 701 (24) 701 (34 ) 1 2891 904 (44) 19 (54 ) - 1 8491 81.

- 84 -

:

-

: 1- . 2- . 3- . : 1- . 2- . 3- " " . " " / / . . " / / - 94 -

"(1). / / ." - "(2 ) . (3). . . . " "- - . - 05 -

. " " .. (4). . . . " " " - - Abyssinia " " " " / / . . . - - . - - " (5 ) : (6)... .( ) " 1861 .. . - - " Arabic . . . . . . 3981 - 15 -

" " Yaha " " (7). 5981 " - " " " " " " (8 ) . 2691 Drewes " " - - " " (9). " / . " " " " " . . - 25 -

(01). [ . . . - 5091 72. - - . 3591-4591 . "/"Ava/ " . . . . - 35 -

. ] (21 ) " " . . . " " . " . : " (31). " " " . / / - - 45 -

- - . " " " " . (41). . : 1- " " . 2- . 3- . . ." ( ) - 55 -

( ) " ". / / :/ .. - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " - - . (51). " . .. - - . - - (61) . " ( ) (71) - 65 -

(81 ) . . " " " " . . . / /..." " (91 ) " - - . " " (02).- 75 -

/ / : . . . . " " " " ." " " . " " . Barbri -" "/"(12). - 5691 84 : " " " " - - " " .... . ( ) ( ) . - 85 -

" " . :" " " ." " " " " "(22). " . " " ( ) " " Lybigue. !! . . " " " " " " " . : " . " " " " " " . " " " " - " " . - 95 -

(32). : " " . " "( )(42). . . ." " " " . / " " . PUNE PUNT " " . . - 06 -

. . . (52). (62). (72 ) . . (82). " "( )Kinahn " " " " . . . :" - 16 -

Phoinix 0021 . (92) (03). / 3 / . " . - " / / " . . -Pre Gulf Rejion . /23 / - 26 -

/56/ (13) " . "" . . " " ( )." . "(23). - 36 -

. (33 ) " "/ / . . . .. . . - - " " (43). (53). . () .- 46 -

. / / . . .(084 ) ( 63). / / (73) ." . " (83). - 56 -

. . " " . . ( ) " " " = " " 048.". " 054 . 0032 . 0572 . (93). " .." . . - 66 -

/ / . . - " " ( = ) " " . " 1 " " 2 " . . - 76 -

- : / / .. - ( ) . " . / 57/ 7632 / / .. . . - . - " (04). " . / 5202-5002 . 2281-3671 " 7102-5891 . 7281-7181 . 4981-1881 1971-0571 " (14 ) ( ) - 86 -

. .. . . . . . ( ) 5181-2871 . ( _ ) . ( ) (24). 176 . . . - . " - - 96 -

. . 06 06 . . .. . 063 . 42 06 . . ." (34) 5791 . - 004 .. - . . (44) . - 07 -

. . - : ( ) ( ) () ( ) - ( ) ( ) () . - ... . - . :" . " (54). - . . . . . " - 17 -

. . " " . . " " " " .(64 ) " " (74) ." 2502-0161. ( 7981-9781.) ( 0481- 2971.) . . ( ) ( 0941 - 6341 ) " . . . . - " - 27 -

." (84) : . . . . . (94). . . - - . " (05). - . ( - 37 -

) . 541 . . . . 0054 -0053 . . 6. "(15) " . . . . . . . . .- 47 -

- " (25) ( 35) 0055-0053 . . . ." / /" (45) . - - . . . . .- 57 -

" " . - . ( ) . . ( ) - - .. " " " - - " " . :" " "" " - 67 -

------: " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

" - " ( ) . . " " . . - 77 -

. . : " " . : " " . " "/ / / / . ." . . . - - 87 -

- . " (55). . . . . . !! (65). " " " " (75) " " - 97 -

. .. . . . " . " " . . / / ! / - . . - 08 -

- . . . ." . . . 3 87 . . . (85). . . . ( ) . " ( 95)" (06).- 18 -

. ! / " " ".. " " . " (16) " " " . " " " ( 26 ) " " " " / . " " (36) (46) . (56) . - 28 -

( ) = .(66 ) (76). . - - " - - " " - -" () " "." " ( 86)" . 0052 0006 0003 (96). . . - 38 -

( ) " - - " " " " " : " - - " " "( 07). " " " " . " " " " " " . . . . " " . . : " " " " " ".- 48 -

046 . ( )PADE " " ( )Qade .(27). . " - - - )De-E- Qa ( - )Qa-Du-U - - . . (37). " " : Antrpolojy 53-04 (47) . = = " " .- 58 -

= " "= = 0572 . "46. - 12" (32-97). " " " " . ( 633-323 ) . ( 57) . : .. = . / / - 67). . . - 68 -

" " . . "" . . " .. .. (77) . . 0054 - 0023 . - 78 -

" (87) . . ( 97 ) . " " " " (08). " " : (5251-5941 .) ( ) / / ( 18) (28) - 88 -

(7931-5631 .) " " . " " " " ( 38). - (48 ) (4821 .) " " (58). " - " ( 68) (78) " " (88). ( 98). " " (09) - 98 -

" ": " : - : . : / (19). :" - - . :" " "(29) (39 ) " " : .- 09 -

(1 ) : + 1 6731 62 " " 1 5791 721 - - 1 2891 84. (2) Duberete, Et Weulersee, Manuale De Georaphie: Fa Penisule Arobique,Beyrouth0491

- 79 2991. (3 ) . ( 0691-9691) 9691 92-03. (4) . 24-8891 87. (5 ) : - " 07791 -" 41 5991.- " 1 3". (6) . (7) . (8) (9) . (01) . (11) . (21) . (31) : 1- 78,.Seligman, C.G Races Of Africa Oxford 1957 P 2- Ullendorff,E, The Ethiopians, Oxford 1961 P,12q 3- 78,Seligman P 4-7.Shohid, I,Pre-Islomic Arabice In The Combridge History Of Islam Vol. IA (1977),P 5- Irvine ,A. K. On The Identity Of Habashat In The South Aralion Inscriptions ,In4-281 Journal Of Semitic Studies , Manchester 1965, Vol 10P-P 6-431 , Ullendorf-P 7- 9,Shahid P 8-33.Trimingham , J.S , Islam In Ethiopia London 1976 P 9-43 Trimingham P 01- 33.Hurni G. Arab Seaforing Beirut 1963 P 11- . 9791 2 8 21- 3891 491

31- 9791 4 052. - 19 -

41- . .- 5981 2 51- 7981 913 61-33Jones A .H. M And Monroe E.A History Of Ethiopic Oxford 1978 P 71-02Perhom ,M. The Government Of Ethiopic london 1948 P 41- . - 24 8891 97. (51) 2 35. (61) .. (71) 15. (81) . (91) . (02) . (12) 66. (22) 66. (32) (42) - - . 76. (52) 1 . - 28911 75. (62) " " - 2 81 (72) 81. (82) 91. (92) - R.B Smith Cathage And The Cathaginious - . 1 6891 877. (03). - 1 6891 877. (13). - 1 6891 492 . -. " " 1 08-19.- - . (23). - 592-692 -" " 1 4691 51-61. (33) 992. (03) . - 297. (53) 831 7 The Cambridge Anuet History Volume 3,P- . - 008. (63) - - - 2 2891 921. (73) 301 (83) 301 (93) 82 - 29 -

(04) . . . . 8891 023-123. (14) . - 223. (24) . . : - . 1 1991 371. (34) . 502- 602 (44) 702 (54) 012 - 012 (64) . - - . . 8891 423 (74 ) . - - - . . 8891 01 ( ) ". (84) - .. - 1 8891 911. (94) 411 (05) . " " 82. (15) . - . . 8891 11. (25) 711 (35) 121. (45) 821 (55) - - 71 (65 ) - 991 822. (75) - 13. (85 ) . / /.- . - . - 281- 4991 45 (95 ) - - 2 5991 98711 (06) - . 23 (16) (26) - . (36) - 38-48 (46) 68 (56) 78 (66) 29 (76) 49 (86) 1 - 593 (96 ) - - - 1 8891 8 - 39 -

(07) 1 - 252 (17) 252

(27) . - - 34 4991 45 (37) 45 (47) 75-85 (57) 75 (67) . - 73 56 (77) - 1 96 (87) 86 (97) 95 (08) 1 38 - 38 (18) 1 321 (28) 1 721 ( 38) ( 1) 431-531 (48) 1 831 (58) 1 551 (68) : 1 5591 45 (78 ) . 1 5991 98 (88) / . - 1 8491 29-39. (98) 28 (09 ) " " - - (02) 6891 831. (19 ) - - . 1/ 53 - (29) . : : . (39)

- 49 -

- 95 -

( - .) . ( ) ( ) . . . . " . (1). - 69 -

. . " . "(2) " "(3) " "(4) ( ...)( 5) - - " . "(6).- 79 -

. . / / ( ..) . " . ( ) . . " . . " / / () ( ) Kanna " ( ) Kanon ( )Kanna .(7 ) - 89 -

" " . " " (8 ) . . " . . . . - . - . ( ) . () "" !!! - 99 -

. . " " ... (9)". ... : " . "(01). .. "(11). " " "(21) : *- : 07 05 02 (03 ) - " . - - 001 -

. . - . . : " . .(31) ( 41)

(51) " - (61) "" (71). (81 ) "" (- 101 -

91). " (02)" (12 ) . : . - . "" ""Qds " Kudos "" " " Kosm "" "" : ( )SEM ( )SEMA ( )Deil "" " " ""... . () () () () (22). - 201 -

( ) . - . (32) " " " : " () " (42) "" "" (52 ) " " : " // : (62) (72) (9481-3291 ) : ... ( 22 ) ( 82) : " - 301 -

(92). ( ) . . ( ) . . ( ) : : . : - 401 -

. : . : . : . : () : . (03). " " ( 6681-4391 ) -31 9291 " " ... "" : : -- . : . : (13) . . - 501 -

- ... . " (23 ) . . . . . (33). - 601 -

. (43) (53) - - . .(63). ( ) ( )/ . : : . : . . - 701 -

( ) . ( ) : : 1- : . 2- : () 3- : . 4- : . 5- : ( ). 6- : . 7- : . 8- : . 9- : . . . () . - 801 -

( ) ( ) . . 000.06 . 8291 0023 . () 0003. - - ( 73 ) (51 ) . - 901 -

. (83). . " . . "( 93) "( 04 ) . . 3991 - 0023 . (14 ) "" " " : "": . : ... "" "" " " " " "" "" Inama "" Ntr "" - 011 -

"" "" Ili "" Ard "" "" "" "" Emis Emat " " Dimashki : " " " " " " /!!!! : () : () ( ) () ( ) " " ( ) ( ) "" " " (24). - - - 33-43 - 7891 " " : [ : . (2) " " :Rmyt. 111 -Rmt

(1)""

(3) " :Tmhw. (4)" :Amw . :."Nhsw

(5)"

: " " " " 34(.)Rt "" ( : ) " " Rmt ( ) ( Rmt ) ( ) . . () ( ) . " " Rt " ". "" Rt () " " () . . " " " " Rtw . ""Rt - " " : - . "" " " " : = = = = : " : .. : : . : . : . " : ". - 211 -

""- = ) "" . " " /83) " "(/21) " " (!). . " " ( ) . " " =Rsyw ( ) =Rsy " " ( ) Rs - :.. . " " () " "Rsyw () ( - ). " " "" "" == // " ) Tmhw . "" " "... . Race //. Race : .- 311 -

Razza "" . . . 0891 " " (54). - : " () Rosna " Rosnea : " .Rasenna . ( ) () (64). . ( ) " " Rtnw " " "" ( 051) "" ( 634)- 411 -

"" : " " ( Rtnw Hrt ) ( . ) ( Rtnw Qrt ) : " " /= . = " - " " " . " " . " ". . "" . "" () " " () ( ) () . "" "": " .. [ ]. : (). ( () () "" Rt "" Rt "" "" ( Rome 4-324 ) " " Rm : " " " Rmw "" Rm " " " :Rmy " " " ": . ( "" Rm

" " .- 511 -

"" : " : . .. : .. : :

" " : " " . " " ( ) " " [ Rmy ()] ( ) . - - " " : . " " Rm ( - 424 ) "" "" ( / " "" (/ ) :=. =/ ) " " ( : ) "" ""TMH

" " - 611 -

W

() 0023. . : ( ) " " :Mh " ":Ta . " " :W . " " : " : M Ht " M H Y Yt . " : M H Y T " :M H W T . : . : . : . : . " " " "

" " .MHY

" "

M HYT M HYT

" " " "

M HWYW

" "

: ": . . . : . : . :

"" - 711 -

.. "" "" . = : . : . "" : . " " " " " T A- M H W " " = () . () () ( ).. = = = = = = = =

( ) =( ) = = ( ) "" "" " " = "" - " " : = ( ) = - 811 -

= = =. = . ( "" 6).AM W

" "

"" "" " " = . : " == / / : " " ).. : .

: / . : : ( ) .] () . - 911 -

. : () . . . . . ( ).- 021 -

- - " 0052. . . " ": 32 . . " " : : = - = = = = = = = (74) = "" " ": = = = = = - 121 -

" () ". . "" : = === = = = = = ( "". () () . . (84) . 0041- 0021 . 0021. (94 ) () () (). . () .- 221 -

" " (05) "(15) 25( ) Biggs : " . 0062. ( ) ( ). (35 ) (- - )/ / . - - .Mi-Ka- Y Mi-Ka-IL En-Na-Niil En-Nq-Niya

?Who Is Like Ya ?Who Is Like IlIl Has Mercy On Me Ya Has Mercy On Me

- - ( ) - (=)

- 321 -

Is-M-Il A-Na Ma Lik R-I-Na-Aded A-Dam-Ma-Lik Du-Bu-Hu -Ma -Lik Eb-Du Dra-Sa -Ap Is-A-Bu I-Ad-Do-Mu Ib-Na-Ma-Lik

Il Has Heard I Am Malik Aded Is Our Shepherd Man Of Malik Feast Of Malik Servant Of Rasap Aman Is The Father The Hand Of Damu Malik Has Created

. =Mi= ""= = =Ka = Ni=Na=En= Mq=Is=.A-Nq = Like =Ma= ( Na= I =R ) = )A-Dam = Hu = Na = B = ..Du. (45 ) - - : = . = = = = = = = =(55) - 421 -

" 0054 () (65 ) . " (75) " " . ( 85) . " - - . () (95) () () () () () () () -- - 521 -

(06 ) ()/ "" "" . ( ) . " . : "= () =() ( ) " "/ () . " " " " " " " " " " " ( 16). ( ) " " " ". () " " ( ) . "" ( : 41. ( 26 ) (36 ) :

- 621 -

()

() ()

: / . () () . . :

() ()

()

O

O

()

- 721 -

I

( )

: ( ) 22: Y I 6

K

( )

- 821 -

W Q

: = / / = / /. = // = // . : - 921 -

- 031 -

. ( ) ( ) ( ) (66 ) () () Jeha (76) / / ( 86 ) (96). " GEEZ . - - . ""( 07) Habesha . Tigre "" . - - (17). ( ) 33 " 27( .)GALLA- 131 -

(37 ) "" " " ( ) "" ( == ) =/ "" "" . " : ( ). ( ) (47) . // ... . . - 231 -

/ ( ) // ... () . - ( ) . - - . - - . . ( ) . - () - 331 -

. " "= == =- " " . . (57). "" / / : " " " "(67) : . - - ... (701/3-211) - "" (77). "" . . - 431 -

. - ( 87) : ( "" (97). ( ) Tabhleya . . =Palm= "" "" () = - - = GISHIMMAR MAR 8 () GISH -IM-MAR:Palmyra

" "(08 ) . . " " . " " . . (18 ) ( )- (28). - 531 -

. . . (38) ( ) . ( ). ... () () "" . ( ) : -- . - " " " ". () .- 631 -

(58 ) : : . : . USH- TAAR "" "" . . " " (68). " MAR " " "" (78 ) () . ( . Mar-Dug Dug Mar " ( ) " " Mar " ( 88) ( Mar) () () " " () = = = . " AMA UMU =MA = ==Mo-Ri = Rim " ( !) (98).- 731 -

( ) 0081. . . "". . / : .. . ( = =/ ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . . . ( ) (09). " " ( Al) Ba " " Bal ( ) ( Al ) Alla () - - - " " : : . == "(19). . . = = . . () " ( ) ... - 831 -

"(29). "" (39 ) "" "" _- ) (49). "- " "- " = = . . - = . 0035. (59) (69) ( ):

() . : . : . . - 931 -

. " " . " " . " - () : . (79). "" " " = AI-ZU-ZU ( ) = (89) "" =: = ( "") ""= = Keramu . "= / . () = . ( ) . = (99).Jul

:

" = ( Tor) = () Shor = () // = " . "" ()= ( )(001). " " ="" ( " " / "" Shammu () . (101). () () - 041 -

() ( ) ( ) .(201). -"" . () . () . . () () . () 935.... .- 141 -

. ... . . " "(301) () . . . . . . " - 241 -

. ( ) // . " " . (11 21) : (401). "" "" "" " "(501 ) : ! ( ) . "" () ( ). "" "" Akitu A-Ki-Ti . ( ) : . UMU () " ").- 341 -

: ( ) . =Musu. ( Umuurru " " (601 ) : " " ( :73). ( ) . . : . 563. : " (701). "" == "" = . " " ( ) . . : . ( ) "" . = ( 801) ( .. ) () ( ) " " ( ) - 441 -

" =. . . . . : () ... (901). : 1- - ". 2- = (=) = "". 3- "". 4- ()= ( ) = . 5- (/ / "" 6- "" 7- : ( ) 8- - ( ) =. 9- 01- ( ) 11- -. 21- ( )- 541 -

( ) 063 03 . . 563 ( 4). 91 532 =91 (011). . " () 563 6 51 14 "(111). ( ) () ()/ (211) - . ( ) = = = . - 641 -

(311). / / / 56.23 Appolzer 7881(411). . . : : () () : 1- () "" . () ..."... 2- - 741 -

. !! . . - . "" "" "" : . : . () . ( ) . " (511) (611).- 841 -

( ) ( ). . . . (/ / ). " ( 711) . " ( 811 ) . . - . "" . - - . 5091 - () " " "" . - - - 941 -

. ( ) . / . ( . (911)!! ( () [] () ) - "" " ". : [ ] : () ( ) () . : [ ] : [ _ : - ) () ] / = = = /- 051 -

: / : [ ] " " "" " " " " "= " : ""== . "" =. ""=. ""=. ""=. "" =. ""= . "" == = . (= ) "" "" "" "". () . " " . ( 021).- 151 -

"" "" ""... : . . . . : - . _ . : . : : " . - 251 -

" (121) . . . : " - (221 ) - . " " (321). () . - . " ( ) ( ) - 351 -

( 0023. ) ( . ) ( " (421 ) ( ) . . ( Erytheraear ) .. . 2591 - Afer-Asian ( ) Afrasian ) "(521) : 1- . 2- . 3- . - " Clay () ( ) : .- 451 -

"(621) Clay ( 721) !!! " Pala-Garave () Gerland ( ((821). Homo Sapiens 00092-00062 . . " / . ( 000.01.) ( ) - 551 -

" " - " " / . " . "" (031) . . "" " " "" ( ) () (131). () - 651 -

() /=/ =. : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4) (5 ) (6 ) () (7) (1) (9) (01) "(231) . ( ) (331) Gelb ( Gelb ) ( ) : ( ) () () () !! (431)- 751 -

( ) () 0054-0053.. "" . . " : "" . . ( ) . . (631) (0054-0053.) . Ma-Lah ( ) ( ) " " - 851 -

() " MA" Lah " ( = = = "" " "" .. . / / ( ): = =Phahar . ==Na - Gra = =Ikkar-Engar "" = =ASHGAB = . =SHIDIM

. / .. ( " " ) ( = Khazi: " " "= Sha,M = Tomkorum = =Damgara ") . . ( ) . " --" - 951 -

. . ( : 1- . () ()... . 2- . 3- : () : () (). (QABIR) ( QABRAT) ( Qb "( "Qbrt) () Qabar ( Qebrat) () Qabara (Qabarat) 4- : () 5- ( )- 061 -

6- 7- ( ) 8- : Wa U W Wa 9- . 01- . 11- . 21- ( ). : . ( ). . () . ... : . - 161 -

. :

1- /( ( () ( ) ( ( ) . "" 000.04-000.06 Homo Sapiens . " " ARABOID "" . ( ). ( 000.6-000.01. ) ( ( ). 2- - 261 -

941-061 ( ) ... " " " . . 3- : - . - . - . .4-

"" " . 935.. / ( - 361 -

. ( ).

5- : () 935. . () . . ""/ / . "" .

6- : . . . - 461 -

. " ". . . (: " . . (== = / /) . ( ) . . ( ) " " ( . . . . .= () = = ) (731)... . " " ". ." "" " "" " " " "" "" "" - 561 -

(831) . (. .) " " : ". " . "" . "" " " "" " " " " "" " " . (931). "" "" "" " " . () () ! . (041) / : . : . : . : " " . " " :

- 661 -

1- : : ( ). ( ).: ( ..) - ( ).

2- : ( )..( ..)- ( ) .

3- : / . ().. ()/ .. . EPIZOTIC . () . ( ) . - 761 -

( ) . . " " . . . " ICOIC" ICONIC . . . . . " . "( 141) . " 0002 005 004-053 (141 ) - 861 -

( ( ) . . "( 241) (341). .

- 961 -

(1 ) - - - 33-43 - 7891. (2) (3) . (4) . : /8/ - 5891.- . (5 ) - .. 531. (6) . (7 ) - .. - / 39711/ 5991. (8) - (9) - (01 ) - - - - - 0891 8 (11) - 81 (21) - (31) - (41) - 13 (51) - 13 (61) - 73 (71) - 81-84-94 (81) - 43 (91) - 83 (02) - 52 (12) - 05 (22) - . (32 ) - - 02 6891. (42 ) - - (52) - . (62) - (72) : : " ." " - - " " .- " " .- "" .- " " .- " " - 071 -

. (82) . (92) (03) . . (13) - (23) - - 33-43 - 7891 01 (33 ) - 4 6891 92 . (43) - . (53) . - - 4 -6891- 99. (63) - (73) - - 98711 5991. (83) - . (93) - .- .. 8891 921. (04) 6481 - . (14) .- . (24 ) . - - 33-43 - 7891 001 :8.Budge,The Egyption Gods ,P 441Budge, The Egyption Heaven And Hell P (34) : 6-234Gardiner, Eg P.618 Budge An En Heir Diet P (44) : 6-Budge, An Eg. Hier Diet 012-7.01.Budge, Egyption Language P (54) 0891 M.Grant, The Etrucons. Waidenfeld And Nicolson,London

(64) - (74 ) . - - 25 11-21 (84) . - 4891. (94) . - 42 (05) . - 52. (15) . - 531 (25)0891 P.Biggs: The Epla Tablette. An Interim Perspective Biolical Archaeology Spring 021

- 171 -

(35) . - 141. (45) (25) (55) . - 4891 741. (65) . - 251 (75) . - 941 ( - " " " " " 2591./ 341 . / (85 ) . - - 25. (95) . - 61 (4). (06) . - 4891 241. (16) . - . (26) . - . (36 ) - - 161-361. (46) " - 1791 022. (56) 93. (66) . - 2 1791- 202 .- (76). - 2 1791 - 212. (86) . - 2 1791- 312 (96) . - 2 1791- 312. (07) () . (17 ) - - /07711/ /5991/5/41. (27) - (37) - . (47 ) . - 8 922 (57) - - - 45 /- 4991. (67 ) - .- " ". (77) - . (87) : - 4991 34- 44. (97) - 34. - 271 -

(08) - 24. (18 ) . - - 1 4991 572-771. (28) . - 633. (38) : - 4991 9. (48) - 11. (58) - 16 (68) - 31. (78) - 31. (88) - 31. (98) - 31. (09 ) - - . . - - - 381 (19) - 51 (29) - 91. (39) - 22. (49) - 22. (59) - 82. (69) . - 4991- 1- 203 (79) - 45. (89) - 26. (99) - 59. (001) - 821. (101) - 821. (201) - 231. (301 ) 1 771-781.- () - - 1 4991 481 (401) - 1 4991 281-381 (501) - 581. (601) - 681. (701) - 781. (801) - 191. (901) - 591. (011) - 202. (111) - 402. (211 ) - - 3991 / /. (311) - 802-902. (411) - 112. - 371 -

(511) - 61/30811 5991.(611) - . (711) - - 04-1991/14 (811) - 46. (911) - . (021) - . (121) - - 04-1991/14 (221) - . (321) - . (421) - . (521) - . (621) - - 04-1991/14 (721) " " 2691 . " . (821) - - 04-1991/14 (921) - . (031) - . (131) - . (231) - (331) - (431) - . (531) - . (631) - (731) - - 42- 8891. (831) - - 04-1991/14. (931) - (041) - (141) - - - 6891 81 (141) - - 3991 08. (241) - - 6891 88. (341) - 09.

- 471 -

- 175 -

. / - - " " () (1) . () 1871 ( ) " " ( 1) . " (2).- 671 -

.. (3). .. " (4). " " " " " . ... - 771 -

() "(5)" 0191-2291 () "(6). ( ) (7) - " " " " " " " " " " " " " " .. - - (8). 33 " " " " ( ): : : (9). : - 871 -

: (01). " " " " " " " ,.. " " !! ( ) . - - ( ) ( ) .. .. ( ) - 971 -

- .. " " " " .. () " " " " / /. - 081 -

.. .. " " - - . " " " " . .. - - 181 -

0581 . - : () ( ) .. * (11-91) " (11-23)" " / 038 . 0091- 0581 . .( - ).. * (11-12) " " 73 13 73 13.. : " " " " - 281 -

" ".. * ( 0182 41) .. () ..". " - " .. (11). .. " " - " " - - 381 -

. " - () . " " " " ( ) ( ) . .. (21) . - " " " " -72 : " ".. - 481 -

/ : ( 73-83) ".. ... : " () ..". () G.6-Pd Favizm .. .. ( ) - .. - 581 -

" " ... - - ( ). ( ) ( ) (001 .) ... ..".(31). - 681 -

( ) " " (51: 81) : / / ..(41). : " " " : . 64 " " (51) : - .. = " . - 781 -

" ... .."(61). .. ( ) () 401 " " " " ( ) .. (71). () " - 881 -

( ) ( ) ( ) 81 . ( 81) : : .. : .. : ( ) : () : (91) " - -(02)- () "" .. "(12) ( ) 0691 : " ..". ( ) .. - 981 -

(22): :" / 21 :3/ - ( ) ... : - 5:43/ " .(32). (42). " " " " " " " " :" (52). ( ) - : - 091 -

( 62) : (717) " " " (72). - (82). ( 44 97 2 2 ) ( : 42/3 ) ( : 011 ) = " " " " " ".. ( ) " " - 1891 241:- 191 -

.. .. " " .. 273: " .. : " " " () . - - ( ) .. " ( ) "(03 ) " " ( 13) .. - 291 -

.. .. ..

- 391 -

(1) - - - .. 1 0891 21. (2) - 84 (3) - 81 (4) - 83-93 (5) - 91. (6) 32 (7) - - 71811 03 5991 (8) - (9) - (01) ..- - 2691 77 741. (11) - - - . .- 1 4991 31 (21) - 31-41. (31 ) . - ,. 3991 (41 ) . - - 811 (51) - - 07. (61 ) - 68 - 9881 555. (71) - - 121 (81) . - - 4891 09- 19 (91) . - - 4891 741 (02) - - - 1 4991 (12) - - - - 1 4991 91 (33) - 02 (42) - 02 (42) - 02 (52) - - 4891 411 (62) - (1-6) (72) - - - . 435 (82) : . - 491 -

(92) - 825 (03) - 68

(13) - 1 8891

- 591 -

- .

- 691 -

- 197 -

- ( 41 .)/ 43.

/ 01/

- 891 -

: 3- 4- 1- 2-

/ 6891/

- 991 -

0082 - 0033(.) 0082( CUNEIFORM. - 57) / 11/PICTOGRAPHY

/ 533/

- 002 -

" " . " ".

- 102 -

/ - 39/

- 202 -

/ "" - /

- 302 -

94

/ 78/

16

/

- 402 -

/ - / : [ ] .. : " " " " .. : ( ).. : " " .. : . : : : . () : ..- 502 -

: . : .: ( ).. : : " " " " . : .. : 61/01/1 61/01/1 12201 . : . : . : . : " " . : " " . : . : . : . : ( - 602 -

).. : . : . : . : . : . . / / /

(22)

-

( ) . ( ) . ( ) . ( ) .

( ) . . .

( ) . ( ) .- 702 -

(32)

( ) . ( ) .

. . .

- 802 -

- 902 -

- 012 -

: "" / /

- 112 -

: - -

- 212 -

(0032-0532.)- ./ - 62

- ./ 04/

- 312 -

/ . / "" /

- 412 -

- - ./ - 28

22

- 512 -

6891/

/ -

: - -- - - : - - - - - : - - - . : ( ) . : : - 612 -

: ( ) .

- 712 -

( . . . . / " " . 621/

- 812 -

- ./ . 561

- 912 -

. -/ . 661/

- 022 -

- 221 -

:5................................................................................................ 5.............................................................................. 5..................................................................... : 27.............................................................................................. 27................................................................. 27......................................................................................... : 49............................................................................................ : 49..................................................... SS 49............................................................................................ 96............................................................................................ 96.................................................... 96............................................................................................... 176............................................................................................ 176.............................................

- 222 -

1. - - - 1 6891 2. - - - 1 2991 3. - - - - 1 - 4991 4. / - - - 1 - 4991 5. - - - 5991 16. / / 1 5991 7. 1 5991 8. .. 1 6991 9. - 1 6991

- 322 -

: : : / - : 7991 - 1: 422 42 . . 2- 039 3-

1- 65604.603

3- /4761

01/ 7991

- 422 -

. .

- 522 -