Upload
kostas-tsakiris
View
57
Download
3
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
ΣΗΜΕΙΩΣΕΙΣ ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΙΑΣ
Citation preview
I
I
, ; ,
, . .
.
.
..
.
. ,
.
" ".
. , .
, '
.
;
.
3 (, , ).
, , ( ).
.
,
. - 3 .
' , . :
,
,
,
.
T ( - - /)
-: (),
.
(- , - )
(-, - ). :
( ) - ( ).
, .
.
( ),
. ;
. , ( )
. .
: : ,
.
. : . ()
.
,
. o .
- : : :
. 2 .
, (
), .
. ( ):
- .
.
.
= (, , ,
)
1. Cogito ergo sum: , , .
, ,
. ,
. .
. , .
. , .
( ),
, .
,
. ,
.
, ,
.
2. Cogito :
. = .
(= ),
(= , -
.. , ' ). (,
, ).
. Cogito,
, . :
, . . , ,
. (:
-).
3. ; ,
. ,
, .
.
.
. .
( , )
1. 2 () : .
.
, , ,
. (.. ,
).
(.. , ).
2. (tabula rasa); ,
( )
( ). , ,
, .
.
( , )
1. : ,
.
. ,
. .
. ,
, .
(, -, )
1. : ,
-. ,
,
.
, '
' . , '
, . ,
. ,
, ,
, . ,
, . ,
, . ,
. , ,
,
, .
( - )
1. ; ,
, (
)
. , a priori
( , ),
.
2. a priori .
, (, ),
( , '
3. - . .
. .
, ,
. ,
.
(Ding-an-sih),
. ,
. ,
, ,
.
().
( , , )
1. ; ,
, , .
, . '
,
. '
. , ' ,
,
.
.
I
1. , , .
: ,
. ,
. ,
, . ,
,
. ,
, .
:
, .
, " ",
. ,
, .
,
. ,
,
. , .
,
, .
: .
, ,
.
, ,
.
, ().
= :
O .
' .
, . (
) ' .
, (.. ),
! ( , ).
1 . ;
. , .
, ,
(, ..). ,
, .
, ,
. ,
.
1789. ,
. ,
,
.
2. .
, ,
.
( ,
). , ,
.
3. .
"" ( , )
. ,
, .
, , ..
, '
.
4. .
. "",
"" .
,
. ,
, ,
,
.
, , ,
,
. ,
. , '
, ,
. ,
.
.
1. .
, .
, .
.
.
. ,
,
().
1. .
.
,
.
,
.
, ,
(knowledge by acquaintance).
,
.
(
-
-
).
1. : ()
.
,
,
.
, .
.
.
' .
2. -; ;
;
,
, ,
.
3. .
. ,
, .
.
( ), (
). ,
. . ,
.
4. .
, ,
. ().
,
, .
, .
.
, .
(
)
1. ;
.
. ,
( ). ' ,
, (.. )
.
2. .
, .
"" ( )
. ,
.
.
,
.
3. .
.
- .
1. , ; ""
.
. '
. ,
, " ". ,
' . " ".
, " ",
, .
" ",
. , (,
) .
. " ",
.
2. ; , ,
. ' ,
. ' ,
, , .. '
.
3. . ,
,
.
,
. ,
.
.
,
.
22
II
T
" "
.
,
"
".
. ,
.
, ,
a - priori.
a - priori . ,
.
. .
.
" "
.
. .
" "
.
19 .
.
.
( ) ,
. .
.
(
)
, ' .
.
"".
.
.
= =
() ,
R.Carnap " "
. '
.
, .
.
.
'
( ).
-
-
. -
.
( ).
. .
.
ETHICAL EMOTIVISM
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
. :
.
" ".
. , ,
,
.
( ).
.
.
.
.
. "" ,
.
.
.
.
.
-
Hempen
..
( )
.
.
(.. )
.. .
" " "
".
( ).
. .
.
.
.
.
'
(
)
.
(, )
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
, .
,
. -
-
. ( )
.
.
.
.
.
(Francis Bacon, 1561-1626).
, ,
, .
,
.
(induction), (
) .
.
,
,
. '
,
, " " (anticipations of the mind),
.
, .
(power)
.
: "Knowledge is power".
,
.
" " (idols of the mind)
.
.
,
. "" "" (idols of
the cave, idols of the tribe). ,
,
.
( - idols of the marketplace). o
,
.
. , ,
( - idols of the theater).
( )
.
" " (genuine induction)
.
.
" " (natural history),
,
" " (natural forms),
.
:
.
( 4). , ,
.
.
(a posteriori),
. ,
.
,
,
, "" - -
. ,
.
. "
" (comparative tables) .
"" (tables of agreement):
(.. )
.
"" (tables of absence):
. , " " (tables of degrees):
.
(
) ""
. (
)
" " (prerogative instance).
-
. " " .
.
,
.
:
.
(Rene Descartes, 1596-1650).
.
.
, '
. .
,
,
.
.
.
(Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy, Meditation I).
""
.
.
. " " (deus absconditus)
- -
.
Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592).
, , .
.
(primary and secondary qualities). .. )
. , ,
, .
: , , ,
, , .
(
). ,
.
, . ,
, ,
, .
' . ,
, , .
- -
(,
, , ): .
. " "
, , , .,
. , (
), , ,
.
( ),
.
COGITO ERGO SUM
, .
(res cogitans), .
,
, .
"cogito ergo sum" (Descartes,
Meditations, Meditation II).
,
.
.
-
.
,
' .
-
. ,
,
.
,
.
.
,
""
(reglement) .
, '
.
- deduction - -
(deduction),
.
,
( )
.
, ,
(clear and distinct).
' .
""
. (innate)
: sunt in nobis semina scientiae ( )
.
:
.
,
.
,
( " ").
,
. .
(
). , ,
:
.
,
(clearly and distinctly), .
. ,
.
... ,
(Descartes, Discours de methode, ).
,
""
.
,
. ,
.
- -
. , , ,
,
. , , ,
18 (
). ""
: " ":
W:
., (Descartes, Principles of
Philosophy, ). ,
.
:
plenum, . ""
.
.
.
(vortex),
, .
( )
.
().
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
) /
(, ..,
), )
,
.
.
'
" " .
. ,
,
. ()
""
.
.
(
), ,
18 , .
, .
.
(John
Locke, 1632-1704).
. ,
.
, , (tabula
rasa). ,
. ,
.
(Locke, 1959,
/ marlene 19, 2007 10:30 pm, 1
marlene
: Sep 22, 2005
: 2549
: 19, 2007 10:25 pm :
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. ,
.
, , (tabula
rasa). ,
. ,
.
(Locke, 1959, , . I, "No Innate Speculative Principles").
. , .
,
.
,
,
, .
, .
(
), .
(understanding)
, .
" " (principle of
association), .
.
" "
:
(simple ideas of sensation and reflection). , ,
(Locke, 1959, , . VII).
.
.
.
(
) (
). ( ),
( )
;
(
)
(primary and secondary
qualities).
,
.
' .
(Locke, 1959, , . VII, VIII).
,
: .
(, ,
..)
( )
.
.
(, substances) (
) . .
,
, "" .
. :
. " ".
"" (powers),
.
.
"" - - (
" "), ""
. .
.
,
.
" " (real essence)
, ""
, .
(Locke, 1959, , . XXIII).
:
" " . ,
,
. .
.
. (
.
,
.
( )
.
.
. "" .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. ( )
. (habit of
mind), (belief)
( ).
. (, )
.
(" ")
.
,
.
.
.
. ,
.
.
.
" " (principle of the uniformity of nature).
.
,
.
(inductive generalization) .
: ,
( ).
(" ") .
. ( ,
).
. ,
. (problem of
induction).
( )
. (
) . ,
, ' .
(matters of fact)
. .
TH. KUHN
1. ;
,
,
.
2. :
,
.
, .
,
,
.
3. :
( )
.
,
.
4. :
,
,
.
,
.
5. :
.
.
6. :
,
.
7. :
.
.
, ,
" " .
.
.
.
,
( ).
8. :
:
"" ,
- -
.
.
,
.
""
.
9. .
, ,
.
, ,
,
(
) uhn
,
. ,
.
.
LAKATOS.
1. :
.. .
.
2.
.
. '
,
.
" "
.
.
" "
.
.
LAKATOS " " .
.
,
, .
,
.
,
.
.
3. Ad hoc .
AD HOC ' .
, ,
.
a priori .
.
.
4. .
,
,
" ",
LAKATOS,
.
.
,
.
.
,
Kuhn.
5. LAKATOS.
Lakatos .
,
,
, "", ,
. Lakatos ""
( "internalism"),
.
,
,
. ,
,
( , Lakatos)
.
, .
:
FEYERABEND
20
,
,
.
.
.
, ,
,
. ,
1960 ,
""
(externalist) ,
. ,
" ",
.
Paul Feyerabend (1924-1994).
Feyerabend
,
.
Wittgenstein
contextualism, , ,
, ( "",
).
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
18 ,
20.
.
"", , ,
, , .
, Feyerabend,
.
.
, Feyerabend
,
,
, . ,
,
.
1. .
2. .
, ,
:
: ' .
: ,
. :
,
, .
6
' .
3.
.
4. :
.
,
.
.
5.
, .
.
6.
,
.
7. 6
: -
.
' .
8.
,
, .
-
.
9.
: .
10. .
.
.
11.
. (
)
.
12. ,
(.., ).
"
. ", ,
,
: .
;
. . .
; "'
. ,
, .
13.
,
, '
.
,
.
14. ,
. , ,
,
' .
15.
. "
.
16. '
.
.
.
, .
17. ( )
,
.
,
,
.
.
, ,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
""
,
( ).
.
18.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
. ,
-
. ,
.
219
:
,
.
,
, ,
.
:
Duhem: 1277 ,
.
:
) ) ) )
) ) .
1277:
, ,
, ,
,
.
, .
,
.
16 17
.
22
III
.
.
, "
.
.
-
.
.
" "
,
, ,
.
, .
,
.
.
.(
)
.
. ( )
. .
. ( )
, ,
.
.
. -
, - .
, , , ,
, ,
.
.
.
,
.
. modus tollens.
.
.
,
.
.
, " " " ".
.
.
.
(
) ,
. .
.
.
,
.
.
.
, ,
.
.
.
.
. ,
.( ).
.
,
.
.
,
,
. .
,
.
,
. ,
( ).
. ,
.
.
,
-
. ,
.
.
.
.(
).
.
.
.
,
,
. " "
" ". ,
"
".
.
.
.
.
.
.
1277.
.
( )
.
( )
i " ".
i
. '
.
.
.
. ,
.
.
.
. :
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
. .
. (
) ,
..
.
. .
( )
.
.
. " .
"" .
1. .
2. ,
,
.
3.
.
,
.
1.
.
2.
,
' ,
.
3.
.
,
. (. 1993. "
,
,
,
,
.
1.
, ,
.2.
,
. ( )
TH. BRADWARDINE
1. ,
.
2.
3.
4. " "
.
5.
.
6.
.
1. :
.
2.
,
.
1.
.
.
.
13 14
1.
.
2. ,
.
3. .
4. .
5.
.
6.
,
,
.
7. .
,
- .
17
.
8.
.
9.
,
, .
1.
2.
. .
.
3. .
.
'
.
4. :
.
()
( ).
5.
.
6. .
( , )
7. .
. .
8.
,
,
,
.
9. .
10.
,
,
..
.
marlene
: Sep 22, 2005
: 2549
: 19, 2007 10:29 pm :
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. .
2. ,
,
.
3.
.
,
.
1.
.
2.
,
' ,
.
3.
.
,
. (. 1993. "
,
,
,
,
.
1.
, ,
.2.
,
. ( )
TH. BRADWARDINE
1. ,
.
2.
3.
4. " "
.
5.
.
6.
.
1. :
.
2.
,
.
1.
.
.
.
13 14
1.
.
2. ,
.
3. .
4. .
5.
.
6.
,
,
.
7. .
,
- .
17
.
8.
.
9.
,
, .
1.
2.
. .
.
3. .
.
'
.
4. :
.
()
( ).
5.
.
6. .
( , )
7. .
. .
8.
,
,
,
.
9. .
10.
,
,
..
.
11.
,
.
,
.
12. " "
"
,
.
""
,
" "
. "
" ,
.
13. .
14. , (
-
) ,
( ).
15. .
.
1. ,
, .
.
2. 1277
. '
,
.
,
, ; .
3.
4.
-
IMPETUS -
.
5.
.
6.
36000 .
7.
.
1. ,
, .
.
2. - ,
. ,
,
.
3.
.
4. ,
, ,
.
5. .
, , .
6.
, , ,
, .
7.
.
8. ,
, "
..
" "
,
.
.
9. (IMPETUS)
.
10. "IMPETUS" ( )
.
11. ,
.
12.
( )
13.
;
.
1. :
: ,
,
- , . ,
13 , 7 1277 ,
, ,
.
2. -
, ,
.
:
, ..
.
:
.
, ,
.
. : "
"
. .
,
-
,
.
( )
(.. . 87).
:
) ) ) )
) ) .
4 .
,
,
.
1277
,
, ,
, ,
. ,
.
7. Moderna Via Antiqua 14
.
, .
,
,
.
,
.
, 14 ,
, .
,
.. ,
.
,
, .
, , ,
.
8.
: , , , ,
, , , . , ..,
: ,
, .
: ,
, , ,
. . -
- "" "" ,
.
, Leff (1976)
. ,
, ,
.
14 ,
, 14
, .
.
. ,
-
. ,
.
219
:
,
.
,
, ,
.
:
Duhem: 1277 ,
.
:
) ) ) )
) ) .
1277:
, ,
, ,
,
.
, .
,
.
16 17
.