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Σχολικό Βιβλίο του τομέα ηλεκτρονικής των ΕΠΑΛ
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1 ....................................................................................... 9
1.1. .............................................................. 10 1.1.1. .............................................................................................. 10 1.1.2. .......................................................................... 11 1.1.3. . 15 1.1.4. ............................................... 17
1.2. ................................................ 21 1.2.1. .............................................................................................. 22 1.2.2. ............................... 24 1.2.3. . . ............................................................................................................. 27 1.2.4. : Internet ........ 28 1.2.5. . .............................................................................................. 29 1.2.6. . ............... 29
2 ................................... 33
2.1. ...................... 34 2.1.1. ........................... 35 2.1.2. .......................................................................... 36
2.2. .............................................................. 39 2.2.1. .............................................................................................. 39 2.2.2. .......................................................................... 40 2.2.3. . .................... 41 2.2.4. .............................................................................................. 44 2.2.5. ................ 46
3 ................ 49
3.1: ..................................................... 50 3.1.1. .............................................................................................. 50 3.1.2. (peripheral units) ..... 50 3.1.3. ......................................................... 53 3.1.4. ...................................................... 54 3.1.5. .............................................................................................. 59 3.1.6. ............................................................................................ 61 3.1.7. ........................................................................ 62
3.2: .............................................. 66 3.2.1. .............................................................................................. 66 3.2.2. ........................................................................................ 67 3.2.3. ....................................................................... 68 3.2.4. (Bus Unit) ............................................................ 69 3.2.5. (Instruction unit) ...................... 71 3.2.6. (Execution Unit) ................................................... 72 3.2.7. (Arithmetic and Logic Unit - ALU) ... 72 3.2.8. (Registers) ..................................................................... 73 3.2.9. (Control Unit) .......................................................... 73 3.2.10. 8085 ........................................................................................ 75
3.3: .......................................................... 78 3.3.1. (clock) ................................................................................... 78
10
3.3.2. bits .................................................................... 80 3.3.3. ............................................................................. 83
3.4: ................................................................................... 86 3.4.1. .................................................................................... 86 3.4.2. ..................................................... 89 3.4.3. ........................................................................... 91
3.5: ..................................................................................... 94 3.5.1. .................................................. 94 3.5.2. .............................................................................. 97 3.5.3. ..................................................... 100
3.6: ............................................................... 103 3.6.1. ............................................................................. 103 3.6.2. ................................................................................. 105 3.6.3. ............................................................................. 106
3.7: .............................................. 111 3.7.1. ........................................ 111 3.7.2. ........................................................................ 113 3.7.3. ............................................ 117
3.8: ........................................... 122 3.8.1. ....................................... 122 3.8.2. ............................................................................................. 124 3.8.3. ............................................................... 126
3.9: .......................................................................... 129 3.9.1. ..................... 129 3.9.2. ................................................................................... 130
3.10: .............................................................. 134 3.10.1. ............................................................................................ 134 3.10.2. ................................................................................. 134 3.10.3. UART ........................................................... 135 3.10.4. UART ............................................................................................ 137 3.10.5. modem ................................................................. 138 3.10.6. RS232C ......................................... 139 3.10.7. RS232-C .................................. 140 3.10.8. RS-232C .............................................................. 142
4 .................................... 145
4.1: ............................ 146 4.1.1. ............................................................................................ 146 4.1.2. .............................................. 148 4.1.3. ................................... 149 4.1.4. ............................................................................. 150
4.2: .................................................................. 155 4.2.1. ............................................................................................ 155 4.2.2. ......................................... 156 4.2.3. ................................................... 157 4.2.4. ........................................................ 158 4.2.5. ............................ 160
4.3: ....................................................................... 164 4.3.1. ............................................................................................ 164 4.3.2. ........................................................................ 165 4.3.3. .............................................................. 166 4.3.4. ........................................................... 167 4.3.5. ........................................................... 168
4.4: .................................................... 171
11
4.4.1. ............................................................................................ 171 4.4.2. 8088 8086 .......................................................... 171 4.4.3. 80286 ....................................................................... 172 4.4.4. 80386 ..................................................... 172 4.4.5. 80486 ..................................................... 173 4.4.6. Pentium Pentium MMX ..................................... 175 4.4.7. Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium II Xeon Celeron ........................................................................................................... 177 4.4.8. ................................................................................. 180
4.5: ................................................................................... 183 4.5.1. ............................................................................................ 183 4.5.2. .................................................................................. 183 4.5.3. .................................................... 185 4.5.4. ................................. 187
4.6: ............ 192 4.6.1. ....................................... 192 4.6.2. ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) ........................... 193 4.6.3. EISA (Extended Industry Standard Architecture) ........ 194 4.6.4. ................................................. 195 4.6.5. VL-BUS (VESA Local bus) ........................................... 197 4.6.6. PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) .................. 198 4.6.7. AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port) ................................. 200 4.6.8. ................................................................................. 201
4.7: .............................................................. 204 4.7.1. ............................................................................................ 204 4.7.2. ................................................................................. 205 4.7.3. ............................................................................. 207 4.7.4. PS/2 ............................ 209 4.7.5. USB ............................................................................... 211
4.8: ............................................... 215 4.8.1. ............................................................................................ 215 4.8.2. .............................................................................................. 215 4.8.3. ........................................................ 216 4.8.4. ( ) ....................................... 219 4.8.5. ..................................................... 220
4.9: ............................................. 224 4.9.1. ............................................................................................ 224 4.9.2. ............................................ 225 4.9.3. ................................................................................ 226 4.9.4. ............................................................................ 227 4.9.5. ................................................................................. 229 4.9.6. ...................... 232 4.9.7. .................. 233 4.9.8. .................................................................................. 233 4.9.9. .............................................................. 235 4.9.10. .................... 235 4.9.11. LS-120........................................................................................... 236 4.9.12. Zip-Drives .......................................................................................... 236 4.9.13. Jaz-Drives .......................................................................................... 236
4.10: ................................................... 239 4.10.1. CD-ROM ....................................................................................... 239 4.10.2. CD-ROM ............................................................................ 239 4.10.3. , . ........................... 240 4.10.4. laser ......................................................................... 241
12
4.10.5. CD-ROM .................................................... 242 4.10.6. CD-R (CD- Recordable) .................................................................... 245 4.10.7. DVD ................................................................................................... 246
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EIAIKE ENNOIE TOY YOOITE KAI TI EAPMOE TOY MA. 1.1
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1962 (1962-1975) . , - . 1971 - - . - (calculator). -.
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17
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EIAIKE ENNOIE TOY YOOITE KAI TI EAPMOE TOY MA. 1.1
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O (mainframes). ,
. - . , -, . - - . - - . O (work stations).
, . - - . . . O (PC - Personal Computers) -
(microcomputer). O . -
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19
* MB Mega Byte (220 Byte)** GB Giga Byte (230 Byte)*** MPS Million of Instructions per second ( )
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20
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21
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` Internet . ` Internet .
:
1.2
1.2.1 1.2.2 O 1.2.3 1.2.4 : Internet1.2.5
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KE. 1 TEXNOOIA YOOITN KAI EPIEPEIAKN
22
1.2.1 , , , , , , , .
. - - . , o . , - .
. - -, .
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23
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- , . - .( 227 4/99).
EIAIKE ENNOIE TOY YOOITE KAI TI EAPMOE TOY MA. 1.2
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24
- - Game Boy, sonar ( ). - - 20 . (Quarq .161/99).
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( ) . - Laser. , Laser .
- .O . ( 24/1/99).
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25
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EIAIKE ENNOIE TOY YOOITE KAI TI EAPMOE TOY MA. 1.2
1.2.2 O
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26
1.2.3 CAD (Computer Aid
Design) .
1.2.4
, - .
27
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EIAIKE ENNOIE TOY YOOITE KAI TI EAPMOE TOY MA. 1.2
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.
1.2.4 : Internet O Internet -
: E-mail - . -
, , , , , -, .
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29
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EIAIKE ENNOIE TOY YOOITE KAI TI EAPMOE TOY MA. 1.2
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http://www.livanis.gr, http://www.papasotiriou.gr/pbs/central.htm,http://www.books.gr, www.startpoint.gr, www.books-in-greek.gr,www.bookstore.gr, www.amazon.com.
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31
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34
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35
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APATAH TH HPOOPIA MA. 2.1
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
2.1.1 (8) . .
A Z A
010 000 101 000
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, , - , , (character set), .
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KE. 2 TEXNOOIA YOOITN KAI EPIEPEIAKN
36
37
-, O 928 (O O- ). O ASCII - , -, , , . 256 ASCII EBCDIC - ( -, , , ). , Unicode 16- ( -
APATAH TH HPOOPIA MA. 2.1
2.1.2 K ASCII
2.1.3 K BCD
H E L L A S
01001000 01000101 01001100 01001100 01000001 01010011
2.1.1 ELLAS ASCII .
00100000 P 01010000! 00100001 Q 01010001" 00100010 R 01010010# 00100011 S 01010011$ 00100100 T 01010100% 00100101 U 01010101& 00100110 V 01010110 00100111 W 01010111( 00101000 X 01011000) 00101001 Y 01011001* 00101010 Z 01011010+ 00101011 [ 01011011, 00101100 \ 01011100- 00101101 ] 01011101. 00101110 01011110/ 00101111 _ 01011111
0 001100001 001100012 001100103 001100114 001101005 001101016 001101107 001101118 001110009 00111001: 00111010; 00111011< 00111100= 00111101> 00111110? 00111111
0 0000
1 0001
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
@ 01000000A 01000001B 01000010C 01000011D 01000100E 01000101F 01000110G 01000111H 01001000I 01001001J 01001010K 01001011L 01001100M 01001101N 01001110O 01001111
X- X- X- X- K K K K
BCD K
16bit) 65536(216 = 65536). O Unicode .
- , - BCD (Binary Code Decimal) - ), - 4 bit.
249: 2 4 90010 0100 1001
KE. 2 TEXNOOIA YOOITN KAI EPIEPEIAKN
38
. . . O, ASCII, Unicode
, . O, ASCII, EBCDIC, Unicode. - Character set
1. D ASCII .2. O A LED 3. ; 4. ;5. UNICODE
O P O O I A
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T I E M A E
01001000
01000101010011000100
1100
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39
2.2.1 . - 0 1. , . , 8+5=13, : . O 8 5
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2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5
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40
2.2.2 (10) : 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. 10.
123, 12,981, 902 12A, AF, 4F 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.
.. 981 - :
981=9 fl 102 + 8 fl 101 +1 fl 100 = 900 + 80 + 1
O : 0,1. - 2.
101,101011, 110011, 12, 31, 10812, - 0,1.
.. 101 1110 :
101=1 fl 22 + 0 fl 21 +1 fl 20 = 4 + 0 + 1 = 51110=1 fl 23 + 1 fl 22 +1 fl 20 = 8 + 4 + 2 + 0 = 14
- (8) : 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7. 8.
101,101011, 123, 7501, 81, 189, - 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7.
.. 351 - :
351=3 fl 82 + 5 fl 81 +1 fl 80 = 192 + 40 + 1 = 233
. - , ,B,C,D,E,F. - : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F. A - 10, B 11, F 15.
40 TEXNOOIA YOOITN KAI EPIEPIAKN
16. ( F) 2.2.1.
1A 26 -, FA 250. ( - ).
- 10, 101011, ,123, 12, 8F1, 981,12B, AF, 4D 12G, ACR 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F.
2.2.3 . .
1011 .
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2 , ,
1. :
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1 0 1 1 1 0
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(MSB-Most Significant Bit)
41
APATAH TH HPOOPIA MA. 2.2
A 10 B 11 C 12 D 13 E 14 F 15
2.2.1 - - A F .
1
0 2. 1 fl 20 = 1 fl 1= 1
1 21 (=2) 1 1 2.
1 fl 21 = 1 fl 2 = 2 0 22 (=4) 0 2 2.
0 fl 22 = 0 fl 4 = 0 1 23 (=8) 1 3 2.
1 fl 23 = 1 fl 8 =82
O =11 :
(1011)2 =1 fl 23 +0 fl 22 +1 fl 21+1 fl 2 = 1 fl 8+0 fl 4+1 fl 2+1 fl 1=11
O (101011)2 = 1 fl 2
5 + 0 fl 24 +1 fl 23 + 0 fl 22 + 1 fl 21 + 1 fl 2 = =1 fl 32+0 fl 16+1 fl 8 +0 fl 4+1 fl 2+1 fl 1= 43
(101111)2 = 1 fl 25 + 0 fl 24 +1 fl 23 + 1 fl 22 + 1 fl 21 + 1 fl 20 =
=1 fl 32+0 fl 16+ 1 fl 8+1 fl 4+1 fl 2+1 fl 1= 47
.
167 .
1 , .
1 6 7 7 0
(LSB Least Significant Bit) 6 1 1 2
(MSB Most Significant Bit)
2 ,
3 .
KE. 2 TEXNOOIA YOOITN KAI EPIEPEIAKN
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2
43
, 1. :
7 80 (=1) 7 0 8.
7 fl 80 = 7 fl 1= 7 6 81 (=8) 6
1 8. 6 fl 81 = 6 fl 8 = 48
1 82 (=64) 1 - 2 8.
1 fl 82 = 1 fl 64 = 64
3 .O =119
:(167)8 =1 fl 8
2+6 fl 81+7 fl 80 = 1 fl 64+6 fl 8+7 fl 1=119
.
5 - .
1 .
B S A A (=10) 0 5 1 B (=11) 2
2 fl 160 = 10 fl 1 = 10 A 2.2.1 :5 fl 161 = 5 fl 16 = 80 A = 10 fl 162 =11 fl 256 = 2816 B = 11
3 O =2906 :(5)16 = fl 16
2+5 fl 161+ fl 160 = 11 fl 256+5 fl 16+10 fl 1= 2906
APATAH TH HPOOPIA MA. 2.2
3
2.2.4
:
2 -, 2. 1 .
.
(5)105:2 2 1 12:2 1 0 011:2 0 1 101 - .
(11)1011:2 5 1 15:2 2 1 112:2 1 0 0111:2 0 1 1011 .
(13)1013: 2 6 1 16:2 3 0 013:2 1 1 101
3 , 2. 2
. 0.
1 2. 0 .
KE. 2 TEXNOOIA YOOITN KAI EPIEPEIAKN
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1
2
3
45
APATAH TH HPOOPIA MA. 2.2
1:2 0 1 1101 - .
(43)1043:2 21 1 121:2 10 1 1110:2 5 0 0115:2 2 1 1011 2:2 1 0 010111:2 0 1 101011 .
- :
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2.2.5 -, -:
2 - . - -.
(10011)2
(10011)2 = 1 fl 24 + 0 fl 23 + 22 +
+ 1 fl 21 + 1 fl 20 = 16 + 2 + 1 = 1910(19)10 = 1316 : (10011)2 = 1316
(111011)2 (111011)2 = 5910 (59)10 = 316 : (111011)2 = 316
-, :
1 - .
KE. 2 TEXNOOIA YOOITN KAI EPIEPEIAKN
46
2.2.2 - -
.
0 0000 01 0001 12 0010 23 0011 34 0100 45 0101 56 0110 67 0111 78 1000 89 1001 910 1010 A11 1011 B12 1100 C13 1101 D14 1110 E15 1111 F
3
1
2
47
2 . .
(4C)16 (4C)16 = 4 fl 16
1 + C fl 160 = 64 + 13 = 7710 (77)10 = 10011012 : (4C)10 = 10011012
(32)16 (32)16 = 3 fl 16
1 + 2 fl 160 = 48 + 2 = 5010 (50)10 = 1100102 : (32)16= 1100102
1 .
APATAH TH HPOOPIA MA. 2.2
1
2
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O
1. ` 4, 13, 17, 26
2. ` 111, 10101, 11011, 101010
3. ` 14, 27, 20, 43
4. ` 26, 2A, AD, A1F
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6. ` 11, 1E, D7
O P O O I A
E E X O N E N
T I E M A E
3
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(Bus)
.
,
-
, . -
.
-
(, , -
) . , -
.
, -
-
. ,
CD.
. 3
54
3.1.4:
3.1.4:
, ()
.
, () -
.
,
3.1.4.
-
(). .
.
-
. -
.
.
3.1.5 .
. 3.1
55
1
,
2
3
4 1
0 1 2 +
3 4 5 -
6 7 8 *
C 9 = \
38
: 38
: 2
3.1.5: 1
, ,
.
1.
.
. .
2
.
, 3,
4 .
,
, -
, .
3.1.5, 38,
. 3
56
. ( -
). -
, . 2.
2, -
.
1
,
2
3
4 1
0 1 2 +
3 4 5 -
6 7 8 *
C 9 = \
38
: 38
: 2
: 40
+
3.1.6
. -
, -
( ) (. 3.1.6).
. 3.1
57
1
,
2
3
4 1
0 1 2 +
3 4 5 -
6 7 8 *
C 9 = \
40
: 38
: 2
: 40
+
3.1.7
2
3, (. 3.1.7).
. 3
58
1
,
2
3
4 1
0 1 2 +
3 4 5 -
6 7 8 *
C 9 = \
40
: 38
: 2
: 40
+
3.1.8 4
4.
, -
.
, ,
. , ,
, 1 -
.
-
.
. -
(ADD), (SUB),
(MUL) (DIV) . -
( (OR), (AND), (NOT))
. 3.1
59
( ,
...).
.
3.1.5.
, -
. ,
-
KME. , -
. ,
.
, . -
, (ad-
dress). .
-
.
-
0
1
2
3
4
..
0
37
28
125
19
0
..
3.1.9:
,
(write) .
-
3 59. -
, 59.
59 3.
, -
.
-
2 125
-
2 125.
. 3
60
3
59
359
-
0
1
2
3
4
..
3
59
37
28
125
19 59
0
..
3.1.10:
. , (read) -
.
.
-
, .
-
.
. 3.1
61
4
0
4 0
-
0
1
2
3
4
..
37
28
125
59
0
..
3.1.11:
. , ,
, -
, . ,
.
.
(fetch) .
3.1.6.
,
-
, .
.
.
KME .
. 3
62
.
.
,
,
.
KME . -
-
. -
(Direct Memory Access - DMA). -
, -
, .
KME
92
-
..
148
149
150
151
..
90 150
..
41
23
145 92
111
..
3.1.12: DMA
3.1.7.
,
,
.
. 3.1
63
.
, ,
:
(, , ,
)
( ,
- LCD, led)
( , ).
.
.
. ,
.
:
.
, -
.
(KME)
, .
, , -
.
. 3
64
()
.
.
-
.
:
(DMA)
.
(Peripheral Units)
, ,
(Central Processing Unit)
(Instruction Fetch)
(Instruction Execution)
(Memory)
(Memory Address)
(Bus)
(Direct Memory Access)
1. _________ _______. -
_________ .
2. : _______
. 3.1
65
__________ .
3. ________ ________
_________ , _________ _________.
4. ________.
5. _______ -
_________ .
6. _______
.
7. ______ .
8. ________
.
9. _________ .
10. _________ __________ -
.
:
3.2:
:
. ( ,
, -
)
. ( ,
)
3.2.1.
,
. , -
, -
().
,
.
-
. ,
, ,
. -
(processor) -
(microprocessor).
3.2.1 486 DX
, -
,
.
.
, ... ,
. 3.2
67
(fetch cycle) -
. (execution cycle) -
.
, , -
.
3.2.2.
(. 3.1.4),
.
-
.
;
;
;
, -
(registers).
,
.
.
A
B
1022 32C
1350PC
3.2.2:
3.2.2 . -
A, B, C PC .
.
1016=1610.
,
.
-
. -
. 3
68
-
.
(gen-
eral purpose registers - GPR) (special pur-
pose registers - SPR).
-
.
, ,
. ,
, PC. -
.
.
3.2.3.
H , .
. -
.
10
2
22
A
B
C
350PC
0000
0349
0350
0351
..
1008
1009
1010
37
(1010)
. 3.2
69
1010. , (1010),
(1010) 1010,
.
1010. -
, PC,
-
, .
3.2.4. (Bus Unit)
,
(fetch) .
350, -
.
, , -
.
, 350, -
-
.
.
, .
. 3
70
10
2
22
A
B
C
350PC
350
0000
0349
0350
0351
..
1008
1009
1010
37
(1010)
. 3.2
71
3.2.5. (Instruction unit)
-
.
.
(1010) -
-
. -
. -
, (-
),
-
(, ) , -
.
350
0000
0349
0350
0351
..
1008
1009
1010
37
(1010)
. 3
72
.
((.)12)
2. :
, (1=, 2=).
3. :
.
101016. (.=1010)
, -
.
3.2.6. (Execution Unit)
: -
, .
350
0000
0349
0350
0351
..
1008
1009
1010
37
(1010)
. 3.2
73
, ,
(OR),
(AND), (NOT).
ALU ,
,
() ()
. (flags). -
.
248-254.
6 -
.
.
-6
F8-FF
F8 FF
>0
. 3
74
350
0000
0349
0350
0351
..
1008
1009
1010
37
(1010)
. 3.2
75
.
1010.
-
.
( 351 -
).
3.2.10. 8085
-
, 8085 Intel.
3.2.11, KME
8085.
( )
A
8-bit
C
D E
H L
(PC)
(SP)
Latch /
HOLD HOLDARDWRALE
8085 , -
(, latch).
,
. , -
, -
.
8085,
. 3
76
.
8085 7 , (A,B,C,D,E,H,L)
(PC, SP, -
, ..). -
.
,
, .
,
.
:
(Registers)
(Bus Unit)
(Instruction Decode Unit)
(Instruction Execution Unit)
(Control Unit)
(Arithmetic and Logical Unit ALU)
(Flags)
1. __________ .
2. _________ .
3.
. -
_________ _________.
. 3.2
77
4. , , ________ -
, _________ .
5. , ________
_________ .
6. ________,
_________ ________ _______.
7. __________ _______
. _______
.
:
3.3:
:
bits
3.3.1. (clock)
, -
.
, -
(1010),
.
. , -
.
.
-
, -
.
=10 ns
5V
0V0 ns 5 ns 10 ns 15 ns 20 ns 25 ns 30 ns 35 ns
= 5 ns
= 10 ns
= 5 ns
, F, , T. :F=1/ F=1/10ns=1/0.00000001 s= 100.000.000 Hz = 100 MHz
3.3.1: 100 MHz
,
. 3.3
79
5 V 0V.
.
, 0V 5V
0V . -
. .
MHz. MHz
.
-
. , -
-
.
.
8088 4.77, 8, 10, 12 MHz
80286 6, 8, 12 ,16, 20 MHz
80386 16, 20, 25, 33, 40 MHz
80486 25, 33, 50,75,100,120 MHz
3.3.1:
3.3.1
.
KME,
-
.
-
,
.
-
.
.
100 MHz (100.000.000 )
100.000.000 -
. 3
80
.
.
.
5
100 MHz,
10 ns, 5*10
ns=50 ns . 20.000.000
.
.
(benchmarks) -
.
MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second),
. -
100 MHz , -
5 ,
100.000.000/5=20.000.000 = 20 MIPS.
.
.
3.3.2. bits
-
. -
.
bits -
(), .
bits -
.
1230+
2243 , A, B, C.
. 3.3
81
. 123010 4CE16=
100110011102 11 bits -
. 16 bits -
,
. 224310=8C316=
1000110000112 , -
.
0000010011001110
0000100011000011
0000110110010001
C
123010
224310
347310
+ +
3.3.2: 16 bit
, CA+B
16 bit.
.
8 bits -
.
0000010011001110
0000100011000011
0000110110010001
11001110
11000011
10010001
+1
+
C
+
3.3.3: 8-bit . 1
. -
8 bit
123010=100110011102. B
8 bit 224310=
1000110000112.
C.
,
. 3
82
1.
.
, -
, bit
123010=100110011102 224310= 1000110000112 -
.
0000010011001110
0000100011000011
0000110110010001
00000100
00001000
00001101
+1
+
C
+
3.3.4: 8-bit . 2
-
-
. -
,
-
.
C.
-
.
bits
KME KME.
KME
. -
KME.
bits
KME,
.
. 16 bit 8 bit -
,
.
. 3.3
83
3.3.2 -
. -
n bit
0 2n-1.
bits
8 28-1= 255
16 216-1= 65.535
32 232-1= 4.294.967.295
64 264-1= 18.446.744.073.709.551.615
3.3.2
bits
3.3.3, bits
KME. 8 bit
16 bit 16 bit
. , 16 bit,
, 16 bit.
, Z80, 16
bit 16 bit. -
16 bit 8 bit ( 16 bit
). KME 80 8 bit.
bit
Z80 8 bit
8085 8 bit
8086 16 bit
8088 16 bit
80386 32 bit
80486 32 bit
Pentium 32 bit
3.3.3 bit
3.3.3.
,
, ,
.
(8086, 68000, 80 ...)
. 3
84
.
. , -
,
. ,
, -
.
-
.
,
.
,
.
,
, -
. , -
, -
. -
.
:
(Clock)
(Clock Cycle)
. 3.3
85
MIPS
8. 4 -
. 500 .
-
.
1 MHz,
;
MIPS.
9. . ,
5 , 8 . -
150 300 -
.
-
.
4 MHz,
;
MIPS.
1 ,
;
10.
123.456.78910 = 1110101101111001101000101012
) 32-bit : _____________
) 16-bit KME: _____________
) 8-bit : _____________
: ,
, .
( LSB
MSB).
3.4:
-
3.4.1.
, ,
, , . -
.
3.4.1. -
. -
.
.
. 3.4
87
CD
3.4.1
-
-
,
3.4.2.
.
CD
-
.
3.4.2.
, ,
-
.
-
.
. 3
88
.
. -
, ,
, .
.
-
.
, (
) -
.
. -
. .
-
.
(Data bus) -
. -
,
. bit .
ASCII 8 bit.
ASCII , , -
8 bit. 16 bit
(2) ASCII .
(Address bus)
-
.
. -
-
.
-
-
.
. 3.4
89
.
.
.
.
8 64 bit.
16 bit
byte , 64 bit
8 bytes.
. -
.
32 10
10x32 = 320 -
(bit) 40 bytes .
3.4.2.
,
, , .
-
, .
-
:
.
.
RE (Read Enable) , -
.
WE (Write Enable) ,
.
. ,
RE WE.
. 3
90
.
.
RE (Read Enable).
WE.
RE,
.
RE
WE
RE WE
WERE
WERE
3.4.3
3.4.3
(RE, WE) .
-
.
.
.
200. , , -
200. -
RE (Read Enable). ,
,
. 3.4
91
.
. 100.
, 100.
.
100
, ,
. , WE (Write Enable) ,
, .
3.4.3.
,
. -
.
.
.
-
.
. -
-
. ,
, .
, .
-
.
. -
.
, ,
.
.
. 3
92
, -
.
-
.
.
. -
. -
-
. -
-
. , ,
.
,
.
-
, .
,
.
-
,
, .
. 3.4
93
RE (Read Enable)
WE (Write Enable)
1. -
;
2. ;
;
3. -
;
4. ;
5.
;
3.5:
3.5.1.
,
100
.
,
.
(100) .
.
00
96
97
98
99
04
03
01
02
3
92
937
3.5.1
. 3.5
95
, 3.5.1,
100 . -
. -
-
. 93
37. -
. ,
, .
-
.
3.5.1 -
.
100 ( 0 99). 3 -
, -
1000, 000 999. -
.
. -
. 3
23=8 -
.
000=0
111=7
110=6
101=5
0010 0101=37
0010 1000=40
0011 0110=54
100=4 0001 0111=23
011=3 0010 0001=33
0101 0101=85
0100 0011=67
0011 0101=53
010=2
001=1
8
8
b
=2b
.
. 3
96
(b)
( )
3 23=8
8 28=256
10 210=1024 1 Kbyte
16 216=65536 64 Kbyte
20 220=1048576 1 Mbyte
3.5.1 -
93 37.
3.5.2 -
.
.
8 .
, 00110111, 8 , -
93
00110111.
100
00
04
03
02
01
96
95
97
98
99
92
93
94
0010 0100
0000 0001
0111 1000
0110 0111
0100 1001
0001 0101
0010 0001
0010 0100
1001 1000
0111 0101
0100 0110
0011 0111
1000 1001
3.5.2
.
8 -
, 1 0. -
, 2.
. 3.5
97
3.5.2.
-
. -
-
.
. -
-
. , -
, :
, , -
RAM ( Random ccess emory ).
, -
, ROM (Read Only Memory ).
, ,
.
RAM -
. -
RAM ,
.
Flip-Flop -
. 3.5.3
.
. -
1, 0
1. -
.
1
0
0
1
3.5.3
RAM ROM
RAM ROM
. 3
98
0, -
1 0.
.
- -
, -
. , .
.
.
. ,
, .
3.5.4. -
1 -
0 . -
-
.
-
+
-5 0 volt
3.5.4
. -
. ,
.
. -
. -
.
. -
-
. 3.5
99
, -
.
- ROM -
ROM, PROM, EPROM,
EEPROM, Flash. -
.
ROM -
. -
,
.
, .
ROM
PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory).
-
, . PROM
, .
EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) EEPROM (Elec-
trically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory). -
EPROM EEPROM RAM.
EPROM EEPROM
,
RAM.
EPROM EEPROM -
. EPROM ,
EEPROM .
,
FLASH EEPROM.
, EEPROM -
, FLASH .
ROM PROM EPROM Flash EEPROM
. 3
100
RAM
-
ROM
PROM
EEPROM Flash
ROM
EPROM
3.5.5
3.5.3.
-
. 1024
byte= 1Kbyte. 3.5.6, , -
:
A0
D0
A9A8
A2A1
D7
D6
D2
D1
WE
CE
RE
D3
D5
D4
A3
A5A4
A7A6
3.5.6
(0-9).
.
bit .
0 bit
(LSB-least significant bit ) 9 bit -
(MSB-most significant bit ).
(D0-D7)
. T D
bit
. 3.5
101
.
.
( WE,CE,RE ).
-
. -
, CE
(Chip Enable). -
, CE , -
CE .
CS (Chip Select).
RAM
WE (Write Enable). WE
,
WE
.
RAM -
RE (Read Enable). RE
, RE
.
-
. .
.
-
.
-
. -
(ROM)
(RAM).
ROM PROM
EPROM EEPROM.
. 3
102
RAM -
.
.
RAM ROM EPROM EEPROM FLASH
Read enable, Write enable, Chip Enable
;
;
;
RAM;
-
;
; -
;
;
3.6:
.
-
.
.
.
3.6.1.
, -
,
.
.
-
:
1.
.
2. CS (chip select).
3. , , -
.
4.
3.6.1 -
,
.
-
. -
. 3
104
-
. , (Chip Select (CS)
.
, -
.
( )
CS
E CS
E
1
2
3
4
3.6.1
chip select.
-
-
.
.
, -
. -
. 10 nsec
1 sec 100 .
. 3.6
105
3.6.2.
-
:
1. .
2. chip select.
3. -
.
4. WE (write enable)
5.
.
3.6.2
.
write enable (WE).
-
.
(tAW).
chip
select.
. -
tDW.
. 3
106
( )
CS WE
CS
1
2
3
WE
54
3.6.2
-
.
. (tWCY). -
.
3.6.3.
-
.
.
.
-
,
. -
.
(cache memory) -
, 3.6.3.
. 3.6
107
3.6.3
-
(cache line). -
16 . 16 -
3.6.4.
1
2
3
4
16
0-15
15-31
32-47
48-63
64-79
80-95
96-111
3.6.4
-
37.
:
37 .
4 ,
. -
.
, . -
15 , -
. 3
108
, .
-
. -
, .
,
.
.
.
(FIFO first in - first out).
-
.
.
(LRU - least recently used).
. -
-
.
-
:
, .
, -
.
, :
(write through). -
.
-
.
(write on). -
. -
,
.
-
. 3.6
109
,
-
. -
.
.
-
-
.
(level 1)
. .
(level 2) -
. -
, -
. -
( ) .
-
.
-
,
.
5
-
.
.
.
. -
.
. 3
110
1. ;
2. ;
3.
;
4. ;
5. -
;
6.
;
7.
3.7:
.
3.7.1.
.
,
. -
.
-
, , -
bit .
-
16-bit 216=65536
64Bytes. ROM
32Kbytes RAM 32Kbytes. ROM
0 32767 RAM -
32768 65535.
RAM
ROM 32bytes, . 3.7.1 -
.
. 3
112
ROM
32Kbytes
KME
RAM
32Kbytes
3.7.1
32bytes.
32bytes (215=32) 15 -
(0-14). 16 -
, -
.
-
64Kbytes, ,
. , -
, .
,
, -
. -
. -
, -
.
. 3.7.1, -
bit (MSB) 0 -
0 32767 1 32768 65535.
-
.
. 3.7
113
3.7.1
A15 A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 A9 A8 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0
0
1
2
32767
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ROM
32768
32769
32770
65535
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
RAM
3.7.2 15 CS
(Chip Select) ROM
CS RAM.
ROM
32Kbytes
RAM
32KbytesCPU
A15
CSCS
A0-A
14
A0-A
14
3.7.2
CS -
. 15 0 CS ROM 0
RAM 1 ROM. 15
1 CS ROM 1 CS RAM 0 -
RAM.
3.7.2.
-
. 3
114
:
N , -
CS
,
(three state buffers). -
.
, 0,
1
.
3.7.3
. ,
-
three state.
, , -
. three state ,
control ,
in -
. -
,
.
(1, 0, ).
3.7.3 (three state buffer)
,
,
3.7.4. -
-
.
. 3.7
115
3.7.4
in
. -
-
.
.
-
.
CS
.
. , n
. n2 .
3 . 8 .
3.7.5 .
. 3
116
decoder
3->8
i0
d5
d6
d4
d7
d3
d2
d1
d0
i2
i1
3.7.5
,
. .
3.7.2 3 8.
3.7.2 3 8
I2 i1 I0 d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
d0-d7 -
i0-i2.
1, . -
i2i1i0=000 d0 1. i2i1i0=101 -
d5 1 i2i1i0=111 d7=1
, d0-d7 -
. 70 dd .
CS
. 3.7
117
.
3.7.3.
-
16. -
64 bytes. ROM
RAM. ROM
16Kbytes RAM 32 bytes. 3.7.3
.
3.7.3
() ()
0000-1FFF 0000-8191 RAM
2000-5FFF 8192-24575 ROM
8000-9FFF 32768-40959 RAM
C000-FFFF 49152-65535 RAM
8bytes. ROM RAM.
,
. 3.7.4 64Kbytes -
8 Kbytes.
3.7.4
() ()
0000-1FFF 0000-8191 RAM 1
2000-3FFF 8192-16383 ROM 1
4000-5FFF 16384-24575 ROM 2
6000-7FFF 24576-32767
8000-9FFF 32768-40959 RAM 2
A000-BFFF 40960-49151
C000-EFFF 49152-57343 RAM 3
E000-FFFF 57344-65535 RAM 4
-
.
13.
. 3
118
, ,
213=8192=8*1024=8bytes.
6 -
.
, -
, .
000016 1FFF16 3
0 13 -
. 400016 5FFF16 -
bits 010. -
8
bits, 3.7.5, -
13 -
.
3.7.5
15 14 13 12-0
0000-1FFF 0 0 0 RAM 1
2000-3FFF 0 0 1 ROM 1
4000-5FFF 0 1 0 ROM 2
8000-9FFF 1 0 0 RAM 2
C000-DFFF 1 1 0 RAM 3
E000-FFFF 1 1 1 RAM 4
-
(15-14-
13). (Chip Select)
3 8.
3.7.6 .
,
. 3 8.
. 13
13 .
. 3.7
119
8196 , .
.
.
, .
D0
000. -
0000 1FFF.
-
3.7.6.
3.7.6
0000-1FFF D0 RAM 1
2000-3FFF D1 ROM 1
4000-5FFF D2 ROM 2
6000-7FFF D3 X
8000-9FFF D4 RAM 2
A000-BFFF D5 X
C000-DFFF D6 RAM 3
E000-FFFF D7 RAM 4
3.7.6 D3 D5 -
-
.
. 3
120
RAM 1
8Kbytes
RAM 2
8Kbytes
RAM 3
8Kbytes
RAM 4
8Kbytes
ROM 1
8Kbytes
ROM 2
8Kbytes
KME
Decoder
3->8
CS
CS
CS
CS
CS
CS
A15
A13
A14
A0-A12
A0-A15
A0-A12
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
3.7.6
-
-
-
.
-
-
.
(Three state buffer)
(active-low signal)
. 3.7
121
;
;
;
2 4 4
16.
ROM RAM -
8Kbytes 0000-7FFF(ROM) 8000-
FFFF(RAM).
3.8:
(Polling)
DMA (Direct Memory Access)
Polling
DMA
3.8.1.
.
.
-
. .
.
.
.
.
-
(poll-
ing). ,
. ( 3.8.1) -
,
.
.
.
- -
. 3.8
123
.
3.8.1 1
. 1, -
2.
. . -
10 . -
100
msec.
20MHz 100.000 -
100 msec. -
, .
100 msec 100.000 .
(~10 ) .
.
1
4
3
2
3.8.1 Polling
-
-
.
.
.
-
. 3
124
. -
. ,
.
3.8.2.
-
(interrupt).
.
. -
. -
( ), -
() .
-
,
.
.
INTR (interrupt request ).
. -
, -
, (interrupt ack). -
INTA -
.
Interrupt request
Interrupt Ack
Interrupt Name
3.8.2
, -
. 3.8
125
. -
-
(PIC).
.
, -
.
.
. -
, -
( 255) -
.
INTR
INTA
INT Name
PIC
Programmable Intrerupt
Controller
2
/
1
/
4
/
3
/
INTR
INTA
3.8.3 PIC
3.8.3 -
.
(IR - ) -
. To (INTR) .
(INTA) INTR -
.
.
( ) , -
,
.
. 3
126
polling. -
.
-
, -
.
3.8.3.
(DMA - (Direct Memory
Access) -
.
. -
DMA. -
.
DMA
.
,
- -
, DMA .
DMA
. -
, ,
.
DMA
/
DMA
3.8.4 DMA
. 3.8
127
DMA .
. -
-
. bytes
. -
- . , -
.
.
DMA -
DMA. ,
DMA -
. -
(Burst Mode).
DMA
.
-
. -
(Cycle Stealing) -
-
DMA .
DMA,
, -
.
, .
. -
-
.
,
.
. ,
DMA -
-
.
. 3
128
-
.
Polling -
.
DMA
- -
.
DMA. burst mode o cycle
stealing.
(Polling)
(Burst Mode)
(Cycle Stealing)
(DMA)
(Interrupt)
polling;
polling;
;
-
; ;
DMA ;
3.9:
-
3.9.1.
-
.
.
.
. ,
, -
. ,
,
.
-
-
.
.
-
.
, -
. -
. -
.
. 3
130
.
3.9.2.
. -
.
. -
, -
-
. ,
strobe. (
3.9.1)
.
-
.
Strobe
* *
3.9.1
-
-
. 3.9
131
.
. Strobe -
(CK). ( 3.9.2) , -
, , -
, strobe
.
ACK .
ACK
.
Strobe
Ack
3.9.2
, -
, ACK strobe .
STROBE -
ACK.
. 3
132
Strobe
Ack
Strobe
Ack
3.9.3
-
.
strobe ACK ().
.
.
strobe
. ( 3.9.4)
, .
ACK -
.
strobe. -
.
ACK -
.
. 3.9
133
;
STROBE
ACK
3.9.4
.
,
.
-
(strobe ACK).
;
;
;
. 3
134
3.10:
:
baud
byte
UART
modem
null-modem
3.10.1.
. H -
. -
, ,
(modem),
.
-
.
RS-232C. , -
, , -
RS-232, -
( )
.
3.10.2.
bits, 3.10.1.
. 3.10
135
= 1ms
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
1
3.10.1:
bit
, .
, 0 1.
0 1.
bit .
bit
, .
3.10.1 10 bit bit
=1ms.
1/=1000 bit. bit
baud (baud rate).
baud baud bits bps (bits
per second). bps bits
Mbps bits . -
3.10.1, 1 bps.
3.10.3. UART
-
, .
.
. 3
136
TD
G
G
RD
+12V
-12V
=0,1042ms
Start
Stop
0
11 1 1
000
'G'
3.10.2: .
-
bytes, 1 byte (8 bits) 2 byte
(16 bits) ... .
G.
G. ASCII
G 4716=010010112 (.
2.1.2). G bit
bit (Start bit). ,
G
(TD) bit G
1. baud,
bit G, bit
1,0,1,0,0,1,0 ( bit bit). -
bit
1, bit (Stop bit).
, -
bit (Receive
Data - RD) . , -
byte, KME byte -
. .
(bit)
.
0 -
+12V 1
12V.
. 3.10
137
TD RD
+12V
-12V
Start
Stop
0
11
000 0
010000112=69
10
E
E
1
'E'
3.10.3
-
. O ASCII
6910 010000112.
bit , KME
. E
.
3.10.4. UART
UART. To UART -
, ,
.
KME
G -
.
bits
.
+12V (Space)
12V (Mark).
byte , UART bits:
bit 0 ( +12V) bit (Start
bit) ( -12V) bit
(Stop bit).
. 3
138
3.10.2 3.10.3 bit
0,1042ms.
1/0,00010429600 bits baud 9600 bps.
8 bits
bit , bits
10 1,0420 ms -
.
1/0,0010420=960 bytes/sec.
baud 3.10.1.
baud
110 bps
300 bps
1200 bps
2400 bps
4800 bps
9600 bps
19200 bps
38400 bps
57600 bps
115200 bps
230400 bps
3.10.1
UART
.
baud -
.
baud .
baud UART
.
bit UART, baud, KME.
3.10.5. modem
.
,
, -
, -
.
. 3.10
139
.
.
-
.
.
-
modem (MOdulator/DEModulator - -
/). modem
, -
.
modem
. modem -
.
3.10.6. RS232C
-
, , RS-232. RS-232 -
mo-
dem.
RS-232, -
:
) DTE (Data Terminal
Equipment), .
.
) DCE (Data communication
Equipment)
, Mo-
dem.
RS-232-
C D: 25
9 (pins).
. 3
140
3.4.4: D-9 D-25.
25 , -
,
9 (pins). ,
PC.
3.10.7. RS232-C
3.10.2.
D25 D9
Modem
2 3 TD (Transmit Data) PC Modem
3 2 RD (Receive Data) PC Modem
4 7 RTS (Request To Send) PC Modem
5 8 CTS (Clear To Send) PC Modem
6 6 DSR Data Set Ready PC Modem
7 5 SG (Signal Ground)
8 1 CD (Carrier Detect) PC Modem
20 4 DTR Data Terminal Ready PC Modem
22 9 RI (Ring Indicator) PC Modem
12, 13, 14, 16, 19 - 2
15, 17, 21, 25 -
3.10.2 D 9 D 25
.
TD (Transmit Data):
RD (Receive Data): , -
.
. 3.10
141
RTS (Request to Send): .
, modem -
.
CTS (Clear to Send): . modem
CTS -
.
-
RTS. modem
, .
CD (Carrier Detect): modem -
modem, -
.
modem
.
DSR (Data Set Ready): modem
. modem -
.
DTR (Data Terminal Ready): .
modem
.
.
RI (Ring Indicator): . modem
.
SG (Signal ground): .
25 pin 7 -
( pin 1).
2
.
12, 13, 14, 16 19 25
pins modem -
.
.
15, 17, 21 25 -
.
RX, TX
(handshaking) DTR, DSR , CD, CTS, RTS.
. 3
142
3.10.8. RS-232C
-
(DTE) RS-232-C (.. ) -
,
modems. null
modem .
, 2 TD/RD
(SG).
3.10.4.
3
2
5
TD
RD
SG
3
2
5
TD
RD
SG
3.10.5: H null modem
:
bits. bit -
byte bit: bit
bit .
bit .
bit
baud. baud
baud bps. -
baud.
TD
RD.
D-9
D-25.
To modem -
. modem -
.
modem
null modem.
. 3.10
143
baud (baud rate)
1.
_________ bits.
2. bit . -
bit ____ 12 V bit
____ +12 V.
3. byte bit. bit ___ -
bit ______ (Start bit) -
bit _____ (Stop bit) ____.
4. , ___
____.
5. ____ -
.
6. RD, _____
7. modem modem -
_____ .
8. modem -
____. modem -
_____.
:
1. ASCII 7210=010010002.
TD
H baud 300 bps. -
;
baud 9600 bps.
2. Null-
modem.
400 k
, 57600 bps.
- :
. 3
144
Hyper-
Terminal Windows.
TD
.
4
4.1:
-
-
-
-
:
4.1.1.
-
IBM 1980 8088
Intel. 4,77 MHz.
, 16 KB RAM
160 .
:
.
147
4.1.1:
,
.
, -
IBM.
, modem
.
( ), - . - -.
-
.
. -
-
IBM. , , -
-
.
. 4
148
. -
. -
3000 .
, , -
-
.
4.1.2.
4.1.2.
4.1.2:
, -
(),
.
. -
.
(expansion
slots)
.
.
, -
.
,
.
149
. -
-
. , ,
4.1.3, -
: -
-
.
, -
,
. , -
, , .
KME
4.1.3:
4.1.3.
. 4
150
4.1.1 :
-
,
4.1.4.
-
. .
, ,
(.. , -
, CD-ROM) (.. -
, , USB) ,
.
-
-
. , -
. 4.1.4
.
151
4.1.4:
:
(motherboard)
-
-
. -
,
, . ,
-
.
. 4
152
Watt. ,
.
200
W.
(motherboard)
.
, -
. -
4.2.1.
.
-
,
, CD-ROM .
: 3,5" 5,25" (1 =
1" = 2,54 cm). -
.
(CD-ROM ). , : 5,25" (5,25" ) 3,5".
-
.
: (desktop) -
(tower) -
( -
) ( .
: (mini-tower), (midi-tower) (full-
tower). , -
.
4.1.5:
-
-
153
.
.
modem.
.
4.1.6 ,
, -
. -
, .
4.1.6:
,
. ,
,
, RESET -
-
. 4
154
ON/OFF
.
:
, , .
, .
, , -
,
, ,
1. ;
2.
( );
3.
;
4. ;
5. ;
6. -
;
4.2:
-
-
-
-
-
:
-
BIOS
4.2.1.
-
2225 cm,
. -
-
. , -
(expansion slots) -
. 4.2.1 .
. 4
156
4.2.1:
.
.
4.2.2.
,
. ,
, ,
.
,
,
. 4.2.2
ZIF (Zero Insertion Force -
). , ,
, -
. ,
"" .
1 , . -
! .
157
1 1 ,
4.2.2.
4.2.2: ZIF. -
1
, -
-
.
-
. 4.2.1,
.
( 4.5).
4.2.3.
,
-
. ,
. -
-
.
-
, -
video. 4.2.1,
, .
(
4.6).
-
. 4
158
.
-
. , -
.
. ,
-
.
, - - .
IDE. -
,
.
, CD-ROM ZIP.
IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics - ) .
. ,
.
, -
/ , , USB PS/2.
, -
, , -
.
.
4.2.4.
-
, -
-
! .
159
. -
-
.
, ,
BIOS (Basic Input-Output System
-). BIOS
ROM. -
. BIOS -
POST (Power-On Self Test -
)
, -
. , BIOS
(CMOS setup). , BIOS
-
.
.
, -
-
BIOS.
. -
,
,
.
,
.
, ,
. -
.
BIOS
. 4
160
(Real Time Clock RTC) - . , . - . , . , .
(chipset) , , -
. , -
, -
, / , USB,
.
4.2.5.
.
,
.
, -
.
.
, -
,
. -
-
-
.
- , , , - , - , - .
-
! .
161
baby AT -
.
-
.
. ,
-
,
. ,
.
,
baby AT. , -
, -
.
baby AT 4.2.1.
, -
.
baby AT
. ,
,
.
,
-
.
-
. , -
,
.
baby AT -
baby AT
ATX
baby
1: +5V 2: +5V 3: +5V 4: -5V 5: GND 6: GND
7: GND 8: GND 9: GND 10: -12V 11: +12V 12: P.G.
4.2.3
. 4
162
ATX. -
baby AT.
. -
, , -
, -
. , ,
,
. , -
,
USB PS/2,
.
, ,
. -
,
,
. -
ATX 4.2.5
-
.
4.2.5: ATX
-
! .
163
-
-
-
-
ATX
baby AT.
, , BIOS, ZIF
,
, baby ,
1. ;
2. ;
3. ;
4. BIOS;
5. ;
6. ATX
baby AT;
4.3:
-
-
-
-
-
:
-
, , -
4.3.1.
. -
, -
. -
. -
.
, . , , (), . , , -, . .
-
8088 Intel. Intel -
.
. -
,