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.., ..
2005
32.85 18 621.375
.., ..
18 . : , 2005. 192 .
ISBN 5-85108-142-2
, -
.
.
(), , -
.
-
. , , , ,
, . -
.
ISBN 5-85108-142-2
3
-
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,
(), - .
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. -
, -
, -
() . , ,
. -
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. -
4
.
.
, , ..
, :
.. -
.. -
.
2005 .
1.
5
1
,
, -
, .
1.1.
-
, -
-
.
:
1) ( A );
2) ( Z
); 3) ( 0
Z ); 4) ( 0=
U ) (U U1 2= );
5) ( - ).
-
, -
. , -
-
10, ( ), 1000, .
1.
6
. 1.1.
- -
. -
(. . U U2 1 . 1.1.) - ,
( ). ,
.
, -
.
, .1.2, .
-
. -
-
. 1.2. - ()
-
-
+
-
-
Z .
Z
U
Z
A (U U ) 2 1 U 2
U 1
+
Z 1
Z 2
1.
7
, -
- ,
, .
-
, . -
, -
. ,
, -
. -
.
-
-
R
R
4 57
8
63
21
+U
U
.1.3.
. 1.3. -. , -
. -
1 2 -
.
, -
,
. -
,
1.
8
, -
. -
-
. -
r, -
-
Acc . , -
, , 1 2 -. ( p-n - -) . - U
, , , - - . - () , - - , - . 1 2 U
, .
10 (A1=10) , 100 (A2=100) 20 (A3=20) ,
: A A A A= = =1 2 3 10 100 20 20000 ,
. . .
1.2.
1.
9
. 1.4. -:
0V
+U
NCNC
FCFC
- U
.1.4.
+ U
- U
(4)
(5)
+U(1)
-U(1)(2)
(3)
(1) +U, -U. . (2) (FC) . ( -
, ) -
1.
10
-
, .
(3) . , -.
(4) . - ,
180 - .
(5) . -, ,
.
(NC) . -
:
1. (). -
.
.
2. (U
). - , ,
-
.
-
. U
.
3. (I
). , -
; , .
4. (I
). , -
. -
() . I1 - ,
, I2 - , -
1.
11
,
I
= I1- I2 (.1.6). -
, , -
. I
.
5. (R
). .
R
. -
, . . -
,
, . . -
. -
, ,
R
.
6. (R
). - ,
. R
,
.
7. -. ( ) , .
8. - . - (+U -U ) 1 . .
9. (C
). - .
10. . ( ), - .
11. . ( ), .
1.
12
12. - (V). , .
13. . - -
. -
-
.
14. . - , , -
,
( - ), -
. ( .) -
.
U.max R, -
, U
I
, . -
-
.
, , U
, A,
, .
1.
13
1.3.
1.3.1.
, , -
.
-
,
,
. -
. ,
15 10000 (U
.1.5.)
AUU = , . . 15/10000, 1,5 .
,
( - ). , -
.
U
=U
=15
.1.5. -
U
=1 ,5
=10000
+U-U
1.
14
1.3.2.
. 1.6. U
-
. , U
U
= U
.
, U
, -
, , -
-
, U
=U
/A, - ,
. -
, U
, U
U
.
, (.1.6.) 1, , +1 . - , ,
U
=U
U
0.
+U-U
U
U
.1.6.
U
1B
t
t
1B
U
U
1.
15
A=10000, , , U
=1/10000=0,1 . 1 U
= 0,1 . 1, - U
, U
-U
, -
(-) 1. U
+U
=U
U
=U
/A :
U
UU =+ .
A , U
/A , - U
=U
. -
, -
, .
, , -
-
.
1.3.3.
. 1.7.
, -
-
R1 Roc.
1.
16
R1 Roc , , ,
, (I
0). R1 Roc, , -
, : U RR R
oc
1
1 +
, , U
=1,
U
U
,
, -
(. . U U
= 0). R1=10 Roc=100 , U 11 , U
,
-
.
11 , . -
, , I IR Roc1 = R . :
IURR
R
1
1
1= I
URR
R
ococ
oc
= .
U
R
R 1
U
.1.7.
U
+U-U
1.
17
U
+U
, IU U
RR
11
=
+,
oc
R RUUU
Ioc
)( += .
, U U
RU U U
R
oc
+=
+
1
( ).
U
=U
, , ,
U
0 : UR
U UR
oc1=
.
U
/ U
, -
Koc . U R R U R U oc = 1 1 , :
U R R R U oc ( )+ =1 1 ,
( )R RR
UU
Koc
oc
+= =
1
1.
, Roc R1 .
-
:
KR R
RRRoc
oc oc=
+= +
( )11 1
1
, A Koc>> . -
( K RRoc
oc= +
11) -
.
, R1=10 Roc=100 ,
1.
18
Koc = =100
1011
+10
.
R1 Roc , - ,
, -
. . ,
R1+Roc , -
.
. R1=10 Koc=20 Roc = ( )20 1 10 = 190 . Roc Koc Koc R1.
KRRoc
oc= +
11, K
RRoc
oc =1
1; R
RK
oc
oc
1 1=
.
Koc=20 Roc= 200 , R1200
10 5= =
19 , .
R1+Roc - .
R1+Roc , I IR oc = 20
UU
= +2
, U .
( )maxR RUIf
12
20+ =+
. (R1+Rf) U
, -
. , 1407 I(max) = 500 . + = =U U 15 :
( ) ,maxR Rf17 5
10750+ = =
.
1.
19
-
R1+Roc . R1+Roc .
1407 2 . , -
. -
R1+Roc 50 1 .
1.3.4.
-
. ,
-
180. , , -
U
. ( U (max)
.) U
, U
-
( ).
U
R
R 1 U
.1.8.
U
+U-U
1.
20
-
,
( . 1.8.) : U
UA
= 0. , R1 Roc
U
U
, UU
-
RR
oc
1. -
, ,
U
, , .
-
, , I IR Roc1 = , R
. IU U
RR
11
=
oc
dR R
UUIoc
)(
=
,
RUU
RUU )(
1
=
.
,
. U
= 0 ( A ), -:
UR
UR
oc1=
.
:
KUU
RRoc
oc= =
1
. . 1.8.: ) Koc, R1=20 Roc=400:
KRRoc
oc= = =
1
40020
20. ,
, -
.
1.
21
) Roc, R1=10 Koc=15: K RRococ
=
1, -
R K R oc= = 1 15 10 = 150 .
) R1, Roc=1 Koc=-50. R
RK
oc
oc
11
20= = =
-50 .
R1, . 1.8. . - R1 , U
, , , Roc - , -
.
1.3.5.
(.1.9.), , - (
1 ), UA
.
, -
U
R '
R
R 2
R 1 U1
.1.9.
U
=0U2
U
+U-U
1.
22
,
Uoc. , U2 . 1.9. ,
U1, . , -
; , - R2 Roc U (. 1.10.).
U
R '
R
R 2
R 1U 1
.1.10. U2 =0
U
=0U2 =0
U
+U-U
, U1 -, . 1.11., - , -
Uoc (R2 Roc).
U
R '
R
R 2
R 1U 1
.1.11. U1=0
U
=0U 2
U
+U-U
=0
1.
23
U1 U2 , -
,
R1 Roc Uoc
Uoc UR
R Roc
oc
22
+ , , -
.
.
, :
I IR Roc1 = ; I IR Roc2 = , IU U
RI
U URR
oc
Roc
ococ1
1
1=
= =
-
U
:
U UR
U UR
oc oc
oc
1
1
=
, R U R U R U R Uoc oc oc oc 1 1 1 = ,
R U R U R U R U oc oc oc oc1 1 1= + , R U U R R R U oc oc oc1 1 1= + ( ) ,
U UR R
RRR
U oc
oc oc=
+
1
1 11
U
,
,
U
, -
Uoc - U
. Uoc - R2 Roc, - , R2 U2, :
U UR
R Rococ
oc
=
+ 2 2
U
:
1.
24
U UR
R RR R
RRR
U
oc
oc
oc oc=
+
+2
2
1
1 11 ,
U
. -
R1=R2 R Roc oc= , (, ), :
U UR
R RR R
RRR
U
oc
oc
oc oc=
+
+2
1
1
1 11 ,
U URR
RR
U
oc oc= 2
1 11 , U
RR
U U
oc=
12 1( )
(R1=R2 R Roc oc= ) U1 U2. ,
, -
-
.
. .1.9. U1=0,1, U2 0 2= , , R Roc oc= = 100 , R1=R2=20. U.
:
URR
U U
oc= = = =
12 1
10020 0 2 0 1 5 0 3 1 5( ) ( , , ) ( , ) ,
.
1.
25
1.4.
1.4.1.
-
(.1.12.).
.
,
, - . - ,
. - ,
U
.
-
U
=U
.
,
U
U
U
.
, (
.1.12.
U
RU
+-
A
SU
1.
26
). U
=U
U
=(U
U
). , :
AUAUUAAUU =+= ) 1( ,
UU
K
oc= +=
1 ,
Koc - .
. A, - , Koc :
K
oc = +=
+1
1
11
,
, A>>1, Koc = 1 .
, -
.
,
.
1.
27
1.4.2.
-
. , Ioc ,
R1 Roc :
U URR
U
oc
= =
1
S R
,
I
,
, -
, :
U URR
R I U R I
oc
= =
1.
-
R1 Roc -, U
, . -
U
, -
, .
, ,
, -
.
,
(. 1.13). , , ,
I
. , U
1.
28
.1.13. R
R1 R
I
U
R
RI
AUU
-
+
U S
U
= U
( U
1.
29
.1.14. , R
U
RU
oc
+-
AU
U
I
I
. =10000, =0,01 R
=3 , - :
RR
.
=
+=
1
310 302
1+10 4 .
1.4.3.
-
-
. ,
.1.15, , . , -
, -
R h r r D + +2 121( )( )
rD - -
. IUR
=1
.
1.
30
.1.15. ,
U1
+U
-U
.
R
U
R1
S
S , Roc R1. , -
U
R1 Roc U1. , ,
(+) (-) , -
.
.1.16.
U
RU
+-
A
SU
1.
31
,
, . 1.16. S
, , R
UI
,
U
=U
. S , (U
) U
=U
Uoc. oc UU = , U U = +( )1
UI
UI
R
= + = +( ) ( )1 1 . R.oc -
UI
, UI
; -
R R .
( )= +1 .
. -
,
. -
-
, -
.
Roc , U
,
Roc , U
. , -
-
RR
Aoc oc
( ) = +1, -
-
A
RR oc+
+11
)(R , R RR
AR
oc
( ) ( )= + +
1 1
.
1.
32
, R R ( ) 1 .
-
, .. 21
2121 RR
RRRR+
= .
1.5.
1.5.1.
, ,
.
, , -
.
U.
U.
U.
R
R 1
.1.17.
+U-U
.1.17., , U
=U
,
U
=U
- Uoc, (.. Uoc - ).
: U A U U AU AU
= = ( ) ,
1.
33
U UR
R Roc oc=
+
1
1
, U AUAR UR R
oc
=
+1
1.
:
AU UAR
R R oc= +
+
1 1
1,
UU
ARR R
oc
=
++
1 11
KAAoc
=
+1 , , :
=+
RR Roc
1
1
, 1 -
:
KR R
Rococ
=
+=
1
1
1
( - ) .
.
1200, 101; R1 Roc 10 1. - :
1.
34
Koc =+
= =
1200
1 12001
101
120012 9 93( ) ,
,
.. 7,9 %. ,
.
, Koc , -
. , Koc=11 R1=10, Roc=100. =1200, :
Koc =+
=
1200
1 1200111
10 9( )
, ,
. . 0,91 %.
1.5.2.
-
,
, -
-
. ,
I
=0 (.1.18.).
I.
=0U
R
R 1U.
.1.18.
U
+U-U
1.
35
, I IR Roc1 = , -
, U U
RU U
R
oc
=
1.
U
= - U
, UU
A
= .
U
, : UR
UAR
UR
UAR
oc
oc1 10+ + + = , -
UR
UAR R AR
oc oc1 1
1 1 1= + +( ) .
, R1 Roc, -:
U AR U R AR R oc oc= + +( )1 1 .
, KUU
ARR AR Roc
oc
oc
= =
+ +1 1.
,
KAAoc
=
+1 , =1
Koc ( ),
Koc R1+Roc
RR
oc
oc
:
KAR R R
ARR R
RR
ARR R
ARR R
RR
oc
oc oc
oc
oc
oc
oc
oc
oc
oc
oc
=
+
++
=
+
++
( )11
1
1
1
11 1
1.
36
AR
R Roc
oc
=
+1.
:
KAAoc
=
+1 ,
, = =+
RR
R
R Roc
oc
oc
1
1
.
, R
R Roc
oc1 + -
U
,
Roc R1. .1.18., U
=0, U
U RR R oc
oc1 +. , U
0,
U
-
R
R Roc
oc1 +.
, -
:
R
R Roc
oc
=
+1,
- .
. , . 1.18. Roc=1, R1=20, =50000. - .
:
1.
37
;02,0 120
1===
ocRR
;49019 1+ 20
1500001
==
+=
oc
oc RR
R
K
oc
=
+=
149 95 , .
, RR
oc
150= ,
>>Koc. -
-
, -
-
, .
.
|
| = 100 1%, R1 = 10 R = 1 . - , -
.
:
, -
= (.), .
RR R
R
R R
=
+ =
+
+ +
11
1
1
, :
- 99 = - 0,99/(1 + 0,99 0,01).
1.
38
= 9900.
, ,
6 - , 9900. - -
. -
, ,
.
1.6.
,
, -
. ,
U
-
.
U
0
R
R 1
.1.19. ,
I.
+U-U
1.
39
I
-
. I
, -
, , .1.20. , U
, I
,
R1 R - U.
(I.
), I
( R1||R). I2 (.
1.20.) , I1, , -
R
R1||R , R
, -
I1 ( R1||R).
U
, U
,
U.
, -
. -
.
( R
,) - . 1.21.
I2.
I1. U
R
R
=R1||R
R1
.1.20. ,
U
+U-U
1.
40
U
R
-U
R
R
R 4
R 2+U
R 1
+U-U
. 1.21.
, R
+ R2 = R - , . -
R4 , R R4 R, , R , R4 . R4 RA , URA/R4. - R
R4, , , -
20 - 40 I
. R4 I , RA R4 . . , .1.21. R1 = 20 R..
= 200 . R
= 18,2 . U = 15 , I
= 0,8 U.
= 20 , R4 U/20I = 15 /16 = 800 . R4 , ( ), RA, R4 = 400 . RA :
1.
41
UU
RRA .
4
= , RU
U RA
=
.
4
R
= 400 - (20 /15 ) = 540 .
:
R2 = R - R= 18,2 - 540 = 17,66 . U
,
; , , R4 - R
(. 1.22.). , R1 = R + R -
R
R4 , .
-
,
R'
. 1.23.
UR2
R1 R..
.1.23.
R
R
R4
-U
R
+U
U1
R'
=R
+R
U2
+U- U
1.
42
R'
= R
+ R
. , R4 R2+ R R ,
. R
-
, (R'
|| R2) (R || R1) - , , -
, .
1.7.
,
. 1.24 . , - S1 S2 .
S2
U
R2
R1
2
1
S1
I
+U- U
.1.24. I
I
,
S1 S2 U
.
1.
43
(-) . U
, -
. -
S1 S2 , U
U
. -
, S1 -, S2- , - R1 , I (R1 R2 , I ; , .). , U
= I
R1 , U
U
.
U
U
-
S1,
11 R
UUI
= .
. U
=10 U
= - 15, R1= 10 , I1 = ( - 15 - 10 )/10 = - 25 /10 = - 2,5
. R1 = 10 , U = 5 U = - 10 , I1= = [ - 10 - ( - 5 )]/10 = - 5 /10 = - 0,5 . , S1 S2, :
11
+=R
RK
S1 S2 , R1= R2, :
U I R I R R I I
= = 1 2 1 2( )
1.
44
I1 - I2 I , ,
U
1.
45
(. 1.25.). , , - , . . U1 = U2 , . U.
/ U.
, U1 = U2.= U
;
= 0,01 - .
U
.1.25.
U1
U2 +U- U
(), :
CC
==
-
.
1000 10000 , -
. : () = 20lg(A/A
) , () = 20lg(). , .
. 1.26., , : U U A U
= + 2 , U1 U2. , :
1.
46
U U U UR
R RU
= =
+1 2
1
12 .
U
, :
U UR
R R U U
=
++ +
.
1
12 2
U.
R..
R1
.1.26.
U2
U1
Ug
+U- U
U
, :
U U
R
R R
=
+
+ +
21
11
.
:
UU K
A A
AR
R R
2 1
11
= =
+
+ +
.
, :
1.
47
RR R
1
1 += ,
:
=
+
+ =
+ +
+ 1 1 1
, = /
,
= / .
, :
=
+ =
+ 1 1 ,
, -
.
. , -
= 11, R1 = 10 , R = 100 , = 1000 = 10000. - ?
=
+ =
+ 1 1
=+
= =
RR R
1
1
111 0 091,
:
= 1103 / (1+9,110-2103 ) + (103 / 104 ) / ( 1+ 9,110-2103 ) = = 103 / 92 + 10-1 / 92 =10,89 + 1,08910-3 = 10,891
1.
48
, ,
-
, , ,
.
.
.1.27. - , -
. U
-
U2 - U1= 1 U = 5 . = 10 000 = 20 000, = 86 . U
, -
, :
U U URR
.
( ) ,= = =2 11
1 100 0 1
U
, :
U UA
.
,
, ,=
+ =
+ = =
15
1000020000
11 10000 0 01 5 0 00495 0 0247
UR=10
U
1 '..
1
10
10
R+ DR
RR
R
.1.27.
U1
U2
R+ DR
+U- U
1.
49
24,7 %. .
, , , -
, , ,
.
, , ,
. ,
, -
,
. -
10 , .
, -
.
, -
(- ). -,
,
U2, U2 , - , . -
.
, . 1.28. -
U
U
U
R'
R
R2
R1
.1.28.
+U
- U
1.
50
, -
.
,
-
. -
, ,
. 1.28, :
KUU
= =
+ 1 , = +R
R R
1
1
, :
UU
R
R R
=
+ +
1 11
>> 1 , :
UU
R
R R
RR R
oc
+
=
+1
1
1
1
1
, :
UU
R RR
+1
1
1.
51
. , .1.28 , ( ) U.
= 10 U
=1,02, () :
UU
R RR
+1
1=
=10 / 1,02) [( 100 +100 ) / 100 ] =9814. () = 20 lg = 20 lg 9814 = 79,8 .
1.9.
,
. -
, -
.
,
, .
:
( ), ( ) - ( 1/f').
1.9.1. ( )
,
. , -
.
, , -
, , ,
. (, ), , - . -
( ) :
1.
52
fkTRE
= 42
2
E - ; k- (1,38 10-23 /), - - ( + 273); f - (-, ). , ,
. ,
-
. ,
100 1 , 100 . , ,
.
, , -
-
.
. -
,
100 , -, 10 .
. -
:
058.4101002981038.1(44 23..
=== fkTRE
-
, .
.
1.
53
1.9.2.
, , -
, . -
( ) -. -
, -
. , ,
, -
, .
, , -
.
-
fqIi
=..
2.
2
2.
i - ; q - (1,6 10-19 ); f - ;
..
I - (). , ,
, .
.
.
200 . , ,
, -
. f = 10 .
: :
1.
54
fqIi
=...
2 :
25,3 A102,53 10 2000)10 (1,6 2 -11-19 == (.)
06 -, ,
:
2.
2.
2..
2
RiEE +=
..
E - ; 2
E - -
; 2.
i - - ;
.
R - , . . -
.
, :
. 5,4 00125,3 2 1064 1. 2-11..
=+=
E ()
, -
-
. -
,
.
, .
f , 3 - (
....
ff ).
1.
55
6 /, ...
f ...
f -
.....
57.1
ff = ; 57.1.....
ff = . , -
.
1.9.3. -, ( f1 )-
, -
( ), - . -
- (- ). -
. - f1 , .
- -
, -
. -
.
-
, -
, -
.
1.9.4. /
/ - . - , S - ,
..
S - / ,
..
S / .
1.9.5. -
- :
( ) ( )[ ].
......
lg10)(
SS = .
1.
56
( ) ( ).....
SS , ( 1). ,
.
.
-
.
.
.
R =5 . - 20,
.
R - 9,09 . 1. - 24 ().
..
= 11,3 (.),
.
U = 200 (.). - .
:
/ :
( )( ) 26.31353.11
52002
2
..
..
2..
2.
.
.
===
RERU
S
/ . -:
U
42.0..
==
-
:
1.
57
( )[ ].21... RRR += .
.
R = 100 1R =5 , ..
=20 (105 /100 )=21. ,
..... .
= ,
( ) ( )
5.263.1124 22..2..2...
=+=+=
( )
1.5575.2621..
==
/ : ( )( ) 6.511.34
76.1..
..
2..
2.
.
.
===
RRERRU
S
- :
( ) ( )[ ] SS
08.66.5126.331lg10lg10)(
.....
===
1.10.
,
. -
, -
.
, (- ):
1) - ( ) ,
2) ;
3) , , . ,
, -
. , -
.
- .
1.
58
1.11.
, , -
. -
,
.
: ,
, ,
. -
,
. , -
, -
. -
, -
.
.
1.12.
1. . - - . , -
.
-
.
-
.
.
2. : ( ), - . -
, -
, -
, .
1.
59
3. . .
4. , . ,
,
, , -
.
2.
60
2
-
.
,
.
2.1.
. -
,
.
R
-
( ), :
I I Ioc1 2+ =
, U
=0 ( ,
RU2
U1
U
RI
I2
I1R
.2.1.
U
= 0+U- U
2.
61
,
), I UR1
1= , I
UR2
2= , I
URoc
= .
I I Ioc1 2+ = UR
UR
UR1 2+ = . R,
U U U1 2+ = , U U U = +( )1 2 .
n :
U U U U n= + + +( ... )1 2 .
.
) U
, U1=3 U2=-4 ) U
, U1=3 U2=2 : ) U U U
= + = =( ) ( )1 2 3 1 4 ) U U U
= + = + = ( ) ( )1 2 3 5 2
, -
. ,
U U ta= sin ; , ,
, , -
.
2.2.
-
, -
. , -
, U U U1 2 33 4+ + . , , :
2.
62
I I I Ioc1 2 3+ + = . , -
, U
=0, IUR1
1
1= , I
UR2
2
2= ,
IUR3
3
3= I
URoc
oc
= , UR
UR
UR
UR
oc
1
1
2
2
3
3+ + = .
U
:
UU R
RU R
RU R
Roc oc oc
= + +
1
1
2
2
3
3
. U
, . 2.2 R1=20, R2=50, R3=25 Roc=100 , U1=1, U2=2 U3= -3.
UU R
RU R
RU R
Roc oc oc
= + +
= +
= + =1
1
2
2
3
31 3 1 5 2 2 3 4 3
10020 2
10050
10025 ( )
. R1, R2 R3, , .2.2. ( )U U U U
= + +6 3 41 2 3 , Roc=200.
RU3 U
R
I
I3
.2.2.
U2I2R
U
= 0
U1I1R
+U- U
.
. -
2.
63
: 6 U1, 3 U2 4 -
U3. R1 6 1 11
U URR
oc= , -
:
RRoc
1 6200
33 3= = =
6 , .
R2200
66 6= =
3,
R3200
50= =
4 . n
, :
UU R
RU R
RU R
RU R
Roc oc oc n oc
n
= + + + +
1
1
2
2
3
3... .
. . 2.2
R R R Rn1 2 3= = = =... RRnoc
=1
n - , -
:
UU U U U
nn
=
+ + + +1 2 3 ...
. . 2.2 , .
: R R R1 2 3 200= = = RRnoc
=1
, . .
20066 6
3= , . ,
R R R Roc n= 1 2 ... , -. , ,
:
2.
64
++++=
UUUUU n...2 3210
-
.
. -
,
, -
.
-
.
2.
65
2.3. -
- . 2.3.
+
=
22
11
24
13 R
RURRU
RRU
RRUU ococococ
,
RR
RR
RR
RR
oc oc oc oc
1 2 1 2+ =
+
-
- ,
, -
.
, , , -
-
.
, -
. -
6: RR
RR
RR
RR
RR
RR
RR
oc oc oc
m
oc oc oc oc
n1 2 1 1 2+ + + =
+
+
+ +
... ...
R 2U4
U3
R1
R2
R 1U
R
R
.2.3. -
U 2
U 1
+U- U
2.
66
m - , n - -
; :
U URR
URR
URR
URR
URR
URR
oc oc
m
oc
m
m
oc
m
oc
m n
oc
n
= + + +
+
+
+ +
+ + +11
22
11
22
... ...
. .2.3. U1=U2=1, U3=U4=2, Roc=200, Roc =100, R1=100, R2=25, R3=25 R4=16,67.
() ? () U
? :
() : RR
RR
RR
RR
oc oc oc oc
1 2 1 2+ =
+
;
200 200 100 100100
25
25
16,67+ = + ;
2+8=10; 4+6=10 , .
() U U
RR
URR
URR
URR
oc oc oc oc=
+
31
42
11
22
U
= + = + =2100
2100
1200
1200
2 4 2 6 1 2 1 8 10
25
16,67
100
25 B
U
=10.
. .2.3. R R R R R Roc oc1 2 1 2= = = = = . U
.
:
U URR
URR
URR
URR
oc oc oc oc=
+
31
42
11
22
2.
67
,
R U U U U U
= + +( ) ( )3 4 1 2 . - .
, -
. ,
6 , ? , ,
, .
,
.
.
. - , -
:
U U U U U
= + +4 2 101 2 3 4 . : R Roc oc= , -
R Roc oc= = 100 . R1, R2, R1 R2 , . 2.3, .
U1 RR
oc
14= ,
RRoc
1 4100
425= = =
.
,
RR
oc
22= ; R2
1002
50= =
; =
=RRoc
1 1010 ;
=
=RRoc
2 1100 .
, RR
RR
oc oc
1 24 2 6+ = + =
+
= + =RR
RR
oc oc
1 210 1 11, . . -
2.
68
-
.
, -
U U U U U U x= + + + +( ) ( )4 2 5 101 2 3 4
U
=0, . -
, . 2.4, R
,
RR
oc
x
, 5, -
. R
=
Roc5 20 .
:
R2 =100
R
=100
R
=100
U3
U4
R
=20
R1 =10 U
.2.4. -
U
=0
R2 =50 U2
R1 =25 U1
+U-U
2.
69
RR
RR
RR
RR
RR
oc oc oc
x
oc oc
1 2 1 2+ + =
+
,
4+2+5=11=10+1=11,
. -
-
, -
Rx ; - , , -
.
2.4.
(U
=U1+U2++Un), -. , U
=U1+U2.
R 2 =100
R
=100
R
=100
U1
U2
R 1 =100
R1 =50
U
.2.5.
+U- U
= = R R Roc 1 2 RRn
oc
1 = , n - ( ). . 2.5. -
, , U
=2U1+U2.
RR
RR
RR
RR
oc oc oc oc
n1 1 2=
+
+ +
... n .
2.
70
2.5.
:
) 2 3 40X Y+ = ; ) 2 5X Y+ = . : ,
-
, . , -
,
15, Y 150, 0,1=1. =15 1,5 . 0,1=1. , , -
.
,
,
.
-
, , -
.
, -
Y. () , X =
40 3Y2
Y
= 20 1 5, . () Y, , Y= - 2 + 5. -, ,
X Y=RR
RR
oc oc201 1
.
, - . - -
,
2.
71
, .
,
= R Roc 1 .
R Roc oc= . 1 51
, Y Y=RR
oc, R
Roc1 1 5= , .
= =R Roc oc 100 ; :
R R Roc oc= = =1 100 R1100
1 5 66 7= =
,
, .
. 2.6.
,
Rx ,
=
RR
oc
x
0 5, ; -
( -) 1,5. Y. Y= - 2 + 5, :
Y X + 5=RR
RR
oc oc
1 1,
RR
oc
12=
=
RR
oc
11 .
R
=200
R
=100
R
=100
20
YR 1 =66,7
R 1 =100 U
=
+U- U
.2.6. =20-1,5 Y
2.
72
R Roc oc= = 100 ,
R1100
250= =
= =R1
1001
100
.
2, 1. - -
, ,
=
RR
oc
x
1.
, =Rx 100 . Y, . 2.7.
, , -
, Y, - Y- , . - .
. 2.8.
R
=100
R
=100
R
=100
0
5
R 1 =50
R 1 =100 U
=Y
.2.7. Y = -2X+5
+U
- U
2.
73
,
-
.
, -
.
, -
-, -
. . 2.9, .
, ,
. -
R
=200
R
=100
R
=100
20
YR1 =66,7
R 1 =100
R
=100
R
=100
R
=100
0
5
R1 =50
R 1 =100 Y
.2.8. 2 + 3Y=40 2X+Y=5
+U
- U
+U
- U
2.
74
. , -
-
-, 5 - 5.
R
=100
- 2
YR 1 =66,7
R 2 =100
R
=100
-0,5
R 1 =50
R 2 =100 Y
.2.9. 2 + 3Y=40 2X+Y=5
+U
- U
+U
- U
2.
75
2.6.
-
-
.
:
1. , - . -
,
,
.
2.
,
R
+U
- U
R1
R2
.2.10.
R1 R
2
1
R
R
++
+
+U
- U
+U
- U
2.
76
. (-) .
3. , -, -
.
,
.
4. . - .
5. , . .
- , -
.
-
,
.
-
. -
, -
.
1 2
, ,
, -
. -
.
: 1. ,
-
.
2. - , ,
.
2.
77
( RR
oc
1
RR
oc
2),
.
3. , ,
.
4. , , -
(. . ) . -
.
5. R2 -
,
.
, .. ,
,
.
, -
-
; .
,
, .
, -
,
.
-
,
. , ,
2.
78
.
,
,
. ,
(. . -) , - ; . -
,
, -
,
, . -
,
.
. -
, .
-
-
.
, -
-
.
2.7.
2.
79
(). -
.
,
, , - -
, -
,
.2.11. - .
. .2.11 ,
RU2
R 3
R 1R
U
.2.11.
RU1
R 2
R 1R
RU3
R 4
R 1R
R
R
+U- U
+U- U
+U
- U
+U- U
2.
80
1 50 - 10 - .
, 10, -,
10. =Roc 500 ,
R R RRoc
2 3 4 10500
1050= = =
= =
.
1 , R1+R=Roc. Roc=500, R1+R=500,
RR
Koc
1500
50 10= = =max
,
R
==Roc-R1=500 - 10 = 490. 600, 490 , - ,
RR R
oc
+= =
1
500510 0 98, ( 1). R -
- . :
1,163505001111
1432
432
===
+++
= RRRR
RRRR
R oc
oc
2.
81
2.8.
1. - .
2. - , -
.
3. - . -
.
4. - - , ..
, -
-
. , , -
, -
-
.
5. --, -
.
6. -
.
3.
82
3
-
.
,
. , -
, -
.
3.1.
.
, -
.
. 3.2.
f x dxa
b
( )
Y
X
ba
f(b)
f(a)
f(x)
U t dtt
t
( )2
1
t
U
t2t1
U(t2)U(t)
U(t1)
3.1.
3.
83
U1U
R
.3.2.
I
=0
+U- U
CQU
= , Q , U . , Q=U, , .. ,
IdQdt C
dUdtC = =
I
0 , U
0, IR=IC.
IdQdt C
dUdtC = = :
IdQdt C
dUdt IC
CR= = =
, U
0 U
= -U
, :
I CdU
dtUR
IC
R= = =1
dU
:
dURC
U dt
=
11 ,
, :
URC
U dt
= 1
1 .
3.
84
-
t1 t2, .. .
-
.
.
) , , -
.3.3.
) R1=1, = 0,1 U=1, U
3 t0?
: ) -
, U1=U t t 0 , U1=0 t t< 0 . - , :
URC
UdtRC
Ut
= = 1 1
.
t t t1
))
-U
3.3. .a) , )
t0 t0
+U
t1
3.
85
, -
, -
.
) U
t0=0 t1=3:
URC
Utt
t
t
t=
=
=
=
=
=
=
1 30
11 10 0 1 10
13
06 6,
( )= = 10 1 3 10 10 1 0 303
. R=10 =0,1; U
1 5 ( 10). ?
: ,
.
-
-U
+5
- 5-1,25
1,25
U
3.4. .
- ; - .
t 4 t 1 t 2 t t 3
t 4
t 1
t 2
t t 3
3.
86
(. 3.4,). U
=5 t t t1 2< , U= - 5 t t t2 3< . -
.
-
.
U
URC
U dt
= 1
1 , :
URC
UdtURC
t
= = 1
,
.. .
, ..
t1 t2, :
UURC
tt
t=
=
=
=
=
0 50
5 0 510 0 1
2 5, ,
,
,
.
t2 t3 :
( )U RC tt
t RCt t
=
=
=
=
=
5 10 5
5 0 53 2
,
,
=
=
5 0 510
2 5, , 0,1
.
. 3.4,). 2,5.
,
(, U
- 5, - - 1,25). 3.2 , -
3.
87
, 5 2,5, 1,25 0,625 .
. -, . 3.4, . - ?
: U
t1 t2, :
U kt
= t t t1 2 , k . :
URC
U dt
= 1
1 ,
:
URC
kt dtkRC
tt
tt
t
= =1
21
1
2 2
2
,
(), . 3.5.
3.5. .
U
t 3 t 2 t 1
3.
88
3.2.
. -
.
, - ( ) , - U
, U
.
,
.
-
.
, -
. , U
-
. U
URC
U dt
= 1
1
:
URC
U dtRC
U dtC
I dt U
= + + + 1 1 1
1
-
, -
.
.
:
1) U
; 2) (. . -
);
3.
89
3) R
,
.3.6.
.
-
R
, -
,
RR
Up
U
. ,
-
, .
URC
U dtRC
U dtC
I dt U
= + + + 1 1 1
1 ,
, -
U1
U
R
R
R
.3.6. .
S
I
+U
- U
3.
90
R
, R RP R. R
, , R R . . . .
, -
( ). , -
, , U
,
I
I
.
,
, -
(.. - ). .
( 1 ) -
.
3.
91
3.3.
-
. 3.7.
3.7. .
1/(6,28 RC)1/(6.28RpC)
1/(6,28 RAC)
Rp/R,6 /
f1
f
,
(. 3.2) , ,
. -
1
2ARC,
.
5% , , -
1% , 10 . -
1
2RC.
3.
92
R
-
, . 3.7, () . - -
fR
RR
C R Cx
p p= =
1
2
12
.
, , -
, 1
2R Cp
12RC
.
. 20 . 2%,
U U dt
= 5000 . R, R.
: ,
, R. =0,1.
URC
U dt
= 1
, = 50001
RC, ,
R C= = =1
50001
5000 0 1 2, .
2%,
() 10 , - . -
2 - R
.
3.
93
R f Cp =1
2 1
R
, , -
,
, 2. RR
p= 2000 (
R
=4) , f1. f
R Cp1
12
0 39 2= = :
SRR
RR
RR
RR
oc oc oc oc
41 2 3 4
= + + +
.
, -
,
, -
. -
, -
.
, . 4.8, -, , ,
, -
-
-
.
.
4.
140
1
R2
U
2
R33
R4
R1+U1
ROC
0 U
S1
S2
S
S4
3
-U
U U UCT1 CT1 CT3 1
.4.8.
+U- U
U1
4.
141
.
4.9, . -
. -
. ,
, -
. .
, -
,
, -
,
. ,
,
-
.
R8
U
R6
R1RO C
R2
R4R3 R5
+U
R7 R9
-U
U
-U
+U
+U
-U
S1S2
S3
S1S4
s6
UAUB
UC UD
)
+U- U
. 4.9. - , - .
)
4.
142
, , -
.4.8 4.9, R1. Roc, U
,
, -
, U
.
. 4.10. , - U
, -
, ,
, -
.
+U
- U
R
U
R
R1U
U
U
.
UCT
UCT
.
4.10. , ( ).- , - .
-
.
, lg, ln, , . -
.
4.8. ()
4.
143
-
,
. -
, , -
, , -
. -
(), - , ,
. 4.11.. . 4.12. ,
: ,
. -
, ,
, -
. Roc -,
.
1 2
R1, , . 4.12, . -
-
-
.
4.
144
U
T
U
T
U
T
4.11. () - , - ,
-
)
)
)
R
U
RU
U
U
)
R
R
2
+U
- U
+U
- U
1
1
) 4.12. ( ) - ;
4.
145
4.9.
1. - -. , - . - .
2. - -. - - . - , - .
3. - , , .
4. , - , . , - . , -.
5. - , , -, , , .
6. () - , , ; - . - .
5.
146
5
5.1.
, , (. . - ), . -
, -
.
,
( ) f
, , f
; . 5.1,. f
-
, , f
( ). f
f
, ,
, -
. f
,
0,707 - (. . 3 ); f
, 3 , .
,
f
, f
-
. 5.1, . , . 5.1,,
f1 f2. f1 f2 . f1 f1 f2 f2 -
5.
147
. f1 f2 - (f0), . .: f f f0 1 2=
UnU
U
U
=0,707Un
0
f
f
f
Un
U
f
f
f1
f1
f2
f2
210 fff =
f1
f2
f
f0
5.1.
) )
) )
() f1 f2 . - . 5.1,. -
-.
-
, 50 .
5.
148
5.1.1.
,
.
,
, , -
.
:
1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; 6) ; 7) . :
1) ; 2)
.
5.2.
-
. , -
.
, -
, -
.
, -
, () R-, - . 4 , R-
5.
149
6 /. - . (R ) 6 /. ,
f
f
12 /, f
f
-
30 /. . ,
, -
12 /. ,
36 /. () -
, . ,
.
, -
.
5.3.
5.3.1.
, -
. -
6 / . -
; , , , -
. ,
, .
5.
150
, -
-
.
5.3.2.
;
, .
0,5, 1, 2 3 ,
.
-
6 / . ,
-
, .. -
; - , . -
( ) () :
( )cp
nn
lg2016lg20 ++= ,
, , - 1 0 - : 0,5 =0,3493, 3 =0,9976.
, ,
( )20 6 1lg + n . -
5.
151
, ,
,
- -
.
-
, . -
( ) , -
,
.
5.3.3.
-
. ,
. -
. -
-
.
-
6 /. ,
,
:
( )Q f Q ncp = =max2 22 , . Q , n .
3 .
5.
152
5.3.4.
-
, . -
,
, -
, ; ,
, ,
; , .
, -
.
5.3.5.
. , -
-
, . . . ,
, 1,414, 3 =0,766.
,
, -
.
. 5.5 .
5.
153
Q - 3 ; . 5.6 . :
( )Qf
f ff f
f f= = 0
2 1
1 2
2 1
f f f0 1 2= , f1 3 , f2 3 .
Q = 1
.
K
:
KUUn
=
S - -
-
,
. , :
5,001
=S R 0=2f0, R1 , , 0 0,5%, R1 - 1%.
-
, fcp, 0, , Q. -
, , -
. S .
5.
154
5.3.6.
-
,
.
.
5 % 2%. - 1% 2%. - -
,
-
.
-
,
, -
-
(). , 10010-6 1/ 5010-6 1/, = 1010-6 1/.
-
, ,
( 1010-6 1/), - . -
, -
.
-
-
, , -
5.
155
-
.
-
,
.
-
,
.
, -
-
.
0,01 , - 10 . , -
, -
. -
-
,
, ,
.
-
,
.
5.4.
-
, - .
5.4.1. ()
- -
. -
5.
156
.
-
. 5.2.
2
R 1 R 2
R B
R A
UU
R 1
R 2
C 1 C 2
R B
R A
U
U
1
+U
+U
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5.2. -
5.
157
, .
R- 6 / .
R- (R11 R22), .
R11 R22 , - - . -
RA RB . - -
, 1 -
-
R1 . R1=R2 1=2, .
-
RA RB,
.
5.4.2.
-
,
( 10) ; - . 5.3. R3 1 ( ). , ,
R1 1, , R3 2.
f0. R2 , .
5.
158
R2 R -
.
( R2 ) - .
.
R2
C 1
C 2R 4
U
U
R 1
R 3
+U- U
5.3.
5.4.3. ()
. 5.4 ) - , -
.
, ( - ). -
. , , -
,
. -
( ) , -
5.
159
,
3 .
R5
R`
.
R 4U
R
..
R 3R 1
1
4
2
R2
R 5
R
R4U
R
.
.
R 3
R1
R 1
1
4
2
R 2
R 2
R B
R B
+U
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- U
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- U
+U
- U
+U
- U
+U
- U
+U
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5.4.
)
)
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.
-
Q , . -
, 100. -
.
5.
160
, -
-
. - .5.4 ).
.
R4U
-
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+
5.5. -
-
. .5.5. -
,
6.17 . 6.
-
. -
, -
, -
. -, , -
.
-
-
. -
-
-
5.
161
, -
. -
.
-
-
.
fcp , fcp -, -
.
-
.
,
fcp, fcp. fcp ,
,
, . 5.6. - =1/Q , Q=1/ , - .
. 5.6.
5.
162
.5.4, fcp fcp -, R5 Roc ( Q) - . , R1=R2 1=2. ,
(.5.4,), - RA RB . - -
U
.
R4 Roc.
-, -
-
. -
, -
. -
, -
, . . -
,
. .5.7 ,
-.
+U
-U
OV VC
VC
FC
FC
QU
R
R
R
R/3
5.7.
-
5.
163
5.4.4.
-
, ( ) Q, 100.
.
(-) , . -
.5.8. , -
, -
. R1=R2, RK/R1. R2. R - .
R
R
5
6
R1U
R
R2R
R43
2
RR 32 U
+U- U
+U- U
+U- U
5.8.
1
. -
-
( 180); , , , -
. , -
-
5.
164
,
. -
, -
.
5.5.
-
. 5.4 . -
.
5.5.1.
R1=R2 1=2. fcp. :
1. . 5.1 f f cp3
. :
f f f cp : (= 3 ) .
2. R :
fRCcp
=
12
,
R=R1=R2 C=1=2. , - , R.
3. . 5.1 , .
4. RA. RA = R. RB :
RB=(2-)RA.
5.
165
5.1. f f cp3
f f cp3
1,414 1,00 1,732 0,785
0,5 1,578 1,390
1 1,059 1,218 2 0,886 1,074 3 0,766 1,000
f fcp = 3 () . f fcp = 3 () , f 3 - 3 ; fcp , ; f f cp3 .
5. : 1/ += BA RRK .
. - f3 = 2.
: . 5.1 f f cp3 = 1, f f cp3 = . -
= 0,1 = 1= 2. R1=R2=R. f
= 1/2RC :
( ) ( )R f Ccp= = =1
21
2 0 1796
2
,
.
,
14047, = 0,047 R:
( ) ( )R f Ccp= = =1
21
2 0 0471 69
2
,
,
1,69 2%. RA 10 RB.
5.
166
( ) ( )R RB A= = =2 10 2 1 414 5 86 , , . 5,9 2%.
:
KRR
B
A= + = + =1
5 91 1 59, ,
10
, -
. 5.9 . .
2
R 1 R 2
R B
R A
U
U
R 1
R 2
C 1 C 2
R B
R A
U
U
1
+U- U
+U- U
. 5.9. -
)
)
5.
167
. - -
fcp - R1, R2 RB.
5.5.2.
. 5.9 : 1. f3 .
. 5.1 f f cp3 .
, fcp : f fcp = 3 () .
2. C=1=2 R=R1=R2, -
R fRCcp
=
12
.
3. . 5.1 , - . RA RB RB=(2-)RA.
4. KRR
A
B= +1
.
. ( ) :
1. fcp 1 2 R1 R2.
2. RB.
. .
. -
1 f3 = 3.
5.
168
:
. 5.1 f f cp3 = 1,218, = 1,059,
fcp=f3(1,218)= 3(1,218)=3,654.
C=1=2 R=R1=R2. 0,022,
( ) ( )R f Ccp= = =1
21
2 0 0221 979
3,654 , , .
1,96 2%. RA = 10 , RB = (2 - )RA = (2- 1,059)10 = 9,41 . 9,53 2%.
KRR
B
A= + = + =1
9 531 1 953, ,
10
5.5.3.
. 5.10 - R2. -
R2 . R2 - -
.
R2: 1. f1 f2 ,
>2Q2. 2. f1 f2 f0 Q
f f f0 1 2= Qf
f f= 0
2 1. , Q>15,
. Q
5.
169
R f QC1 01
4=
, R f C3 0
12
=
4. K
K
=2Q2.
R 1 R2 U U
R 3
1
R 2+U- U
5.10.
R2 : 1. f1 f2.
>2Q2., Q - f1 f2 .
2. f0 Q : f f f0 1 2= Q
ff f=
0
2 1.
3. Q
5.
170
RQf C3 0
22
=
.
5. K
KRR
=3
12.
-
:
1) f0 - 1 2 R1 R2;
2) Q - R3/R1, R3R1 - ;
3) - R2.
. -
R2, . - R2 . f1= 4,5 f2= 5,5 . :
( ) ( )f f f0 1 2 4 5 4 975= = =, , 5,5 , Q ff f= =
0
2 14 975, . =1=2=0,001.
R f QC1 01
41
4 4 975 4 975 0 001 3 215= = = , , , , .
3,32 2%.
RQf C3 0
22
2 4 9752 4 975 0 001 318= =
=
,
, , .
316 2%. ( )K Q
= = =2 2 4 975 49 52 2, , .
5.
171
5 - >>50, .
. -
, f1 = 760 , f2 = 890 K
=10. K
,
R2. :
( ) ( )f f f0 1 2 760= = = 890 822,4 , Q ff f= =
0
2 1
822 46 326
,
,
890 - 760 = .
=1=2= 0,0047. R1, R2 R3:
RQ
f CK
102
6 3262 822 4 0 0047 26= = =
,
, , 10
26,1 2%.
( ) ( )RQ
f C Q K
20
22 26 326
2 822 4 0 00473 84=
=
=
,
, ,
,
2 6,326 -102
3,83 2%.
RQf C3 0
22
6 3262 822 4 0 0047 521= = =
,
, ,
511 2%. K
:
KRR
= =
=3
12511
9 79
2 26,1 , .
K
=9,79 K
=10, . R3 R1.
5.
172
5.5.4.
-
,
. 5.11.
R 5
R`.
R 4U
R..
R 3R 1
1
4
2
R 2
+U
- U
+U
- U
+U
- U
5.11.
-
. :
1. f3 .
2. . 5.1 f f cp3 . f f cp3 1,
f
.
3. R1=R2=R3=R4=Roc= Roc =R.
=1=2 R f Ccp=
12
.
4. . 5.1 , - R5 :
= 135 ocRR
: 1) fcp R1
R2 1 2. 2) Roc .
5.
173
1. f1 f2. K
=Q. 2. f0 Q. Q 100. 3. =1=2 R=R1=R2=R3=R4=Roc= Roc
R f Ccp=
12
.
4. R5 ( )R R Qoc5 3 1= . : 1) f0 R1
R2 1 2. 2) Q Roc .
.
,
. , f3 =12,
2. .
:
. 5.1 f f cp3 =1,074; = 0,886,
f fcp = = =31 07412
11174,
,
1,074 .
1=2==0,001 R=R1=R2=R3=R4=Roc= Roc .
R f Ccp= =
=
12
12 11174
14 2 ,
,
0,001 .
14 2%. R5 = Roc (3/ 1) = 14(3/0,8861) = 33,4.
33,2 2%.
5.
174
, -
R
, ,
- (. 5) . 5.3. . Q = 1/ =1,13.
1,13, . . . , -
, () -, , -
.
.
,
. f1=940 f2=1. :
f f f0 1 2 940 969 5= = = 1 , , Q ff f= = =
0
2 1
969 516 15
,
,
1 940 .
:
1=2==0,033 R=R1=R2= =R3=R4=Roc= Roc .
R f C= = =1
21
2 969 5 4 970 ,,
0,033 .
5,11 2%. R5= (Q1) Roc = (316,151)5,11 =243.
237 2%. - , -
K
=Q=16,15. -
.
, -
(.5.12)
5.
175
, -
.
R 5
R
R 4U
R..
R 3
R 1
R 1
1
4
2
R 2
R 2
R
R B
+U- U
-U
+U
+U- U
+U- U
5.12.
-
.
:
1. . 5.1 f f cp3 , -
. f f cp3 1, f.
2. =1=2 R=R1=R2=R3=R4=R5=Roc=R, R
fRCcp
=
12
.
3. K
R4.
KRR
oc=
4, R
RK
oc
4 = .
4. R
R
=R
:
1) R
R
.
2) K
R4. 3) f
R1 R2 1 2.
5.
176
-
.
:
1. f1, f2 K. f0 Q f f f0 1 2= , Q ff f=
0
2 1150
2. G K
Q. K
=GQ, G KQ
= .
3. =1=2. R=R1=R2=R3=R4=R5=Roc=R R
R f C=1
2 0.
4. R4 RRG
oc
4 = .
5. R
RRQB
A= .
. RU
IB
> R2 ( 200R2) R1 < 0,1R . L. - L = R1R2 :
CL
R R=
1 2.
:
Q R R= 12 1 2
. ,
RLC-, f0= 300 . - . 5.18. :
2 = 0,1 . f LC01
2=
-
L:
5.
186
( )L f C= = =1
41
4 300 0 12 82
02
22 2
,
, .
Q 10 R2, R2 = 1 .
Q R R= 12 1 2
R1:
R Q R1 2 22 2 100 1= = = 200 .
L = R1R2 :
L
R R= =
=
1 2
2 81 200 0 014
,
,
.
, -
, 0,012 0,002 . Q=3, R=XC /( ) = 2f0L/3 = 5,28 /3 = 1,76 . 1,78 2%. R R2, - Q .
R2=1R1=1,78
C1=0,1
U
U
R3=200
C2=0,014 +U- U
. 5.17.
5.
187
5.7.2.
1. , ,
.
( , .)
2. -, (, - ) . - -
; , ,
.
3. - ,
, -
-
. ( , -
), . ,
. ,
.
188
1. .. : -. . . .: , 1982. - 80 . (- ; . 628)
2. ., . - . 1.
3. ., . . .: , 1979. 360 .
4. . - . 2- ., . . . .. .: -XXI, 2001. - 560 .
5. .., . - . .: , 1994. - 352 .
6. . : . .: , 1989. - 192 .
7. . - . . . .: , 1985. 572 .
8. ., . : 3- . . . 4- . . . .: , 1993.
9. .., .. - : . .: i, 1983. 213 c.
-
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189
.3 1. - 5 1.1. 5 1.2. 9 1.3. - ..13
1.3.1. ....13 1.3.2. 14 1.3.3. .15 1.3.4. .19 1.3.5. ..21
1.4. 25
1.4.1. - ..25 1.4.2. 27 1.4.3. ..29
1.5. ..32
1.5.1. .32 1.5.2. .....34
1.6. 38 1.7. ..42 1.8. () ..44 1.9. ...51
1.9.1. ( ).51 1.9.2. .53 1.9.3. -, ( f1 )-.55 1.9.4. /55
190
1.9.5. -.55 1.10. 57 1.11. .58 1.12. ..58
2. .60 2.1. ..60 2.2. -.61 2.3. -..65 2.4. 69 2.5. ...70 2.6. ...75 2.7. 79 2.8. .81
3. 82 3.1. 82 3.2. .88 3.3. ..91 3.4. 94 3.5. .97 3.6. -...98 3.7. 98 3.8. .99 3.9. 102 3.10. .103 3.11. .105 3.12. ..107 3.13. .109 3.14. 112 3.15. -113
191
3.16. 114 3.17. ..115 3.18. .122
4. ...124 4.1. -...124 4.2. 129 4.3. ..131 4.4. ..133 4.5. ..135 4.6. ...138 4.7. .138 4.8. () 143 4.9. ...145
5. ..146 5.1. 146
5.1.1. 148 5.2. 148 5.3. 149
5.3.1. .149 5.3.2. .150 5.3.3. .....151 5.3.4. .152 5.3.5. -.152 5.3.6. 154
5.4. .155 5.4.1. ()...155 5.4.2. ..157 5.4.3. () ....158 5.4.4. ......163
192
5.5. ....164
5.5.1. .....164 5.5.2. .....167 5.5.3. ..168 5.5.4. .172 5.5.5. ..178
5.6. .180 5.6.1. - 180
5.7. 183 5.7.1. .185 5.7.2. ......187
.188
385000, , . , 208
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