1

,e;jpa murpayikg;G,e;jpa murpayikg;G,e;jpa murpayikg;G,e;jpa murpayikg;G

murpayikg;G vd;why; vd;d>murpayikg;G vd;why; vd;d>murpayikg;G vd;why; vd;d>murpayikg;G vd;why; vd;d>

xU ehl;L kf;fis Ml;rp GhpAk; mbg;gilahd murpay; Kiwiaf;

$WtNj me;ehl;bd; murpayikg;G MFk;. murpd; jiyaha mq;fq;fshfpa

rl;lkpaw;Wk; rig> eph;thfk;> ePjpj;Jiw Mfpatw;iwj; Njhw;Wtpj;J>

mtw;wpd; mjpfhuq;fis tiuaWj;J> nghWg;Gfisg; gFj;J> gu];guk;

mtw;Wf;F ,ilNaAk;> mtw;Wld; kf;fSf;Fk; cs;s cwTfis

newpg;gLj;JtNj murpayikg;G MFk;.

murpay; eph;za rig Fwpg;Gfs;murpay; eph;za rig Fwpg;Gfs;murpay; eph;za rig Fwpg;Gfs;murpay; eph;za rig Fwpg;Gfs;

1. 1922y; kfhj;kh fhe;jp ,e;jpah;fSf;nfd murpay; rl;lk; cUthf;f

Ntz;Lnkd fUjpdhh;.

2. Nk 16 1946 - fhgpndl; J}Jf;FO murpay; eph;za rigia Fwpj;J

mwpf;if ntspapl;lJ.

3. 9 brk;gh; 1946 - lhf;lh;. rr;rpjhde;j; rpd;̀ h ,e;jpa murpay; eph;za

rigapd; jw;fhypf jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

4. 11 brk;gh; 1946 - lhf;lh; uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; ,e;jpa murpay; eph;za

rigapd; epue;ju jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

5. ,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rig 13 FOf;fis mikj;jJ.

6. Njhuhakhd tiuT tp.vd;. uht; mth;fshy; jahhpf;fggl;lJ.

7. Murpayikg;G Kd;Djhuzq;fs; vd;w jiyg;gpy; %d;W thpirfspy;

jug;gl;l me;jg; gpd;dzp tptuq;fspy; Rkhh; mWgJ ehLfspd; murpay;

2

rl;lq;fspd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs; njhFj;Jj; jug;gl;bUe;jd. lhf;lh;. gp.Mh;.

mk;ngj;fh; jiyikapy; murpay; rl;l tiut[f;F xd;W 1947 Mf];l;

29Mk; njjp epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.

8. tiuTf;FO 7 cWg;gpdh;fis nfhz;lJ.

jiyth;: gp.Mh;. mk;Ngj;fh;

kw;w cWg;gpdh;fs;: Nfhghy];thkp Ia;aq;fhh;> Myb fpU~;z];thkp

Iah;> Nf.vk;. Kd;rp> iraJ KfkJ rJyh> vd;. khjtuht;> b.b.

fpU~;zkhr;rhhp.

9. 1949 etk;gh; 26Mk; Njjp murpay; eph;za rig thapyhf ,e;jpa

,iwahz;ik kf;fshl;rpf; Fbaurpd; murpayikg;ig ,e;jpa kf;fs;

,aw;wp Vw;W nfhz;L jkf;Fj;jhNk mspj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;.

murpayikg;ig cUthf;Fk; ,khyag; gzpia %d;W

Mz;LfSf;Fs;shfNt murpay; eph;zarig ntw;wpfukhf

epiwNtw;wptpl;lJ.

10. 1950 [dthp 26k; Njjp Kjy; nfhz;L ,e;jpa murpayikg;G

eilKiwf;F te;jJ.

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; %yq;fs;,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; %yq;fs;,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; %yq;fs;,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; %yq;fs;

%yq;fs;%yq;fs;%yq;fs;%yq;fs; filgpbf;fg;gl;l tpjpfs;filgpbf;fg;gl;l tpjpfs;filgpbf;fg;gl;l tpjpfs;filgpbf;fg;gl;l tpjpfs;

1935k; Mz;L ,e;jpa murhq;f

rl;lk;

murpayikg;gpy; fpl;lj;jl;l 75%

,jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ. Ml;rp

mikg;gpd; mbg;gil> khepy

cwTfis newpg;gLj;JtJ>

mtru epiy gpufldk;.

Ihp~; murpay; mikg;G NewpKiw Nfl;ghLfs;. FbauR

jiyth; Njh;th;> uh[;a rigapd;

3

epakd cWg;gpdh;fs; FbauR

jiytuhy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLtJ.

fdlh murpay; mikg;G $l;luR mikg;G> xd;wpa khepy

muRfSf;F ,ilNaahd cwT>

mjpfhug; gfph;T

M];jpNuypa murpay; mikg;G xd;wpa-khepyg; nghJg;gl;bay;>

xd;wpa-khepy cwT> thzpfk;>

ehlhSkd;w chpikfs;

n[h;kd; murpay; mikg;G mtru epiy gpufldj;jpd; NghJ

mbg;gil chpikfis ePf;FtJ

A.v];.v. murpay; mikg;G $l;lhl;rp> ePjpj;Jiwapd;

jdpTAhpik> ePjpj;Jiwapd;

kWghprPyid> mbg;gil

chpikfs;> cah; ePjpkd;w> cr;r

ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis ePf;FtJ

Fwpj;J

gphpl;b~; murpay; mikg;G xw;iwf;FbTAhpik> rl;lj;jpd;

Ml;rp> rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; Kiw.

Kfg;GiuKfg;GiuKfg;GiuKfg;Giu

nghUs;: Kfg;Giu vdg;gLtJ> ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;ij mwpKfk; nra;J

itf;Fk; gFjpahFk;. NkYk; mr;rl;lj;jpd; nfhs;iffis Ghpe;J

nfhs;sTk;> rl;lkd;wj;jpd; fUj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;sTk; rl;lj;jpd; Kfg;Giu

nghpJk; cjTfpwJ.

hP ngUghhp tof;fpy; “Kfg;GiuahdJ murpayikg;gpd; xU gFjp

MfhJ” vd $wg;gl;lJ. (1960)

4

Nfrthde;jghujp tof;fpy; cr;r ePjpkd;wk; ngUghhp tof;fpd;

fUj;jpid kWj;J Kfg;GiuahdJ murpayikg;gpd; xU gFjpNa MFk;

vd;W $wg;gl;lJ. (1973)

1976k; Mz;by; 42tJ murpay; jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,j;jpUj;jk;

Kfg;Giuapy; %d;W nrhw;fis GFj;jp cs;sJ. mjhtJ rkjh;knewp>

rkar; rhh;gpd;ik> kw;Wk; xUikg;ghL.

� ,e;jpah kw;Wk; mjd; vy;iyfs;: gFjp 1 ~uj;J xd;wpypUe;J ehd;F

tiu

� FbThpik - gFjp 2 ~uj;J Ie;J Kjy; gjpndhd;W tiu

FbThpik rl;lk; 1955y; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. NkFbThpik rl;lk; 1955y; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. NkFbThpik rl;lk; 1955y; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. NkFbThpik rl;lk; 1955y; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. NkYk; 1986k; Mz;L ,r;rl;lk; Yk; 1986k; Mz;L ,r;rl;lk; Yk; 1986k; Mz;L ,r;rl;lk; Yk; 1986k; Mz;L ,r;rl;lk;

jpUj;jg;gl;lJ.jpUj;jg;gl;lJ.jpUj;jg;gl;lJ.jpUj;jg;gl;lJ.

mbg;gil chpikfs; (~uj;J 12ypUe;J 35 tiu gFjpmbg;gil chpikfs; (~uj;J 12ypUe;J 35 tiu gFjpmbg;gil chpikfs; (~uj;J 12ypUe;J 35 tiu gFjpmbg;gil chpikfs; (~uj;J 12ypUe;J 35 tiu gFjp----3)3)3)3)

mbg;gil chpikfspd; tifg;ghL:

1. rkj;Jt chpik (~uj;Jfs; 14-18)

2. Rje;jpu chpik (~uj;Jfs; 19-22)

3. Ruz;lYf;nfjpuhd chpik (~uj;Jfs; 23-24)

4. rka Rje;jpu chpik (~uj;Jfs; 25-28)

5. fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; fy;tpapy; chpikfs; (~uj;Jfs; 29-30)

6. murpayikg;G jPh;topfs; ngw chpik (~uj;Jfs; 32-35)

� Nkw;gb mbg;gil chpikfspy; nrhj;Jhpik ePf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjdhy;

~uj;J 19(i) (f) k; ~uj;J 31k; murpay; mikg;gpypUe;J vL;fg;gl;L

~uj;J 300A = apy; NrHf;ff;gl;Ls;sJ.

5

� ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpy; mbg;gil chpikfs; mikf;fg;gl;ljd;

Nehf;fNk rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp eilngw Ntz;Lk;.

� rpWghd;ikNahh; eyd; ghJfhf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gJ mbg;gil

chpikfspd; kw;nwhU Nehf;fkhFk;. muR kw;Wk; muR rk;ge;jg;gl;l

Jiwfs; jiyapLk;NghJjhd;> mbg;gil chpikfspd; Njitg;ghL vOk;.

MjhtJ mbg;gil chpikfis muRf;F vjpuhfj; jhd; vOg;g KbAk;.

jdp kdpj nray;fSf;F vjpuhf mbg;gil chpikfisf; Nfhu KbahJ.

� ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy;> ePjpKiw kWrPuha;T mjpfhuk; gw;wp 13> 32> 226

Nghd;w ~uj;Jfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

� ~uj;J 14 “rl;lj;jpd; Kd; rkj;Jtk;” kw;Wk; “rl;lq;fspd; %yk; rk

ghJfhg;G” vd;w ,U nrhw;nwhlh;fSk;> ePjpapd; Ml;rpiaAk; rkePjpiaAk;

Fwpf;fpd;wd. “rl;lj;jpd;Kd; rkj;Jtk;” vd;gjpy; xUikapy;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s “rl;lk;” vd;gJ> ilrp vd;gth; Fwpg;gpl;l ePjpapd;

Ml;rp my;yJ rl;lf; Nfhl;ghL my;yJ ePjpf; Nfhl;ghL vd;gijNa

Fwpf;Fk;.

� ~uj;J 15 rhjp> rka> ,d> ghy;> gpwg;gpl NtWghLfspdhy; ghugl;rk;

fhl;lhik.

� ~uj;J 16 rhjp> rka> ,d> ghy;> tk;rhtop> gpwg;gpl> ,Ug;gpl

NtWghLfspdhy; kl;Lk; muRg;gjtpia my;yJ Ntiyiag; ngwj; jFjp

,y;iy vd;W ve;jf; FbkfDf;Fk; ghugl;rk; fhl;lf;$lhJ.

� 1992k; Mz;L etk;gh; 16k; Njjp kz;ly; fkp~d; ghpe;Jiuapd;gb

r%fhPjpahfTk;> nghUshjhu hPjpahfTk; gpd;jq;fpa gphptpdUf;F 27

tpOf;fhL ,lxJf;fPL nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.

� ~uj;J 17 jPz;lhik xopg;G - jPz;lhikr; rl;lk; 1955> gpd;dh; ,jidNa

‘rptpy; chpikfs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk;’ vd 1976y; khw;wg;gl;lJ.

� ~uj;J 18 ‘gl;lq;fs; xopg;G’ vdpDk; uhZtj;jpYk; fy;tpj; JiwapYk;

rhjid GhpNthUf;Fg; gl;lq;fs; toq;Ftjw;F tpjptpyf;F

mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

� ~uj;J 19 Rje;jpu chpik

6

19 (1)

a. Ngr;R kw;Wk; fUj;J ntspg;ghl;L Rje;jpuk;

b. MAjq;fs; ,y;yhky; mikjpahff; $l;lk; $Ltjw;Fr; Rje;jpuk;

c. rq;fq;fs; mikg;gjw;Fr; Rje;jpuk;

d. ,e;jpa Ml;rpg;gFjpf;Fs; vy;yh ,lq;fSf;Fk; Ngha; tUtjw;fhd

Rje;jpuk;

e. ,e;jpahtpd; ve;jg; gFjpapy; Ntz;LkhdhYk; trpf;fTk;

FbapUg;gjw;Fk; Rje;jpuk;

g. ve;jj; njhopiyNah> tpahghuj;ijNah> thzpfj;ijNah

Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;

� 1978Mk; Mz;L nfhz;L tug;gl;l 44tJ murpay; rl;l jpUj;jj;jpw;F

Kd;G nrhj;JhpikahdJ ~uj;J 31d; fPo; xU mbg;gil chpikahf

,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy; rpf;fy;fs; gy vOe;jjhy;> 44tJ murpay; rl;l

jpUj;jkhdJ nfhz;Ltug;gl;L> mbg;gil chpikahf ,Ue;j

nrhj;Jhpik> ~uj;J 300d; fPo; rhjhuz chpikahf;fg;gl;lJ. ~uj;J 31

ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

� Fw;wq;fSf;Fj; jz;lidaspg;gJ Fwpj;j ghJfhg;G: ~uj;J 20 ,e;jg;

gphpT kpf Kf;fpakhdjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy; mtru epiyapd;

NghJk;$l gphpT 359d;gb Xh; Miz %yk; ,e;j chpikia

epWj;jpitf;f KbahJ vd;W murpayikg;gpd; 42tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk;

$WfpwJ.

� ~uj;J 21 capUf;Fk; jdpg;gl;l Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fk; ghJfhg;G: rl;lj;jpdhy;

eph;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiwg;gb my;yhky; ve;j xU eghpd; capiuAk;

jdpr; Rje;jpuj;ijAk; gwpf;f KbahJ vd;W murpayikg;gpd; 21MtJ

gphpT cj;juthjkspf;fpwJ. ,JTk; mtru epiyapd;NghJk;$l gphpT

359d;gb Xh; Miz %yk; ,e;j chpikia epWj;jpitf;f KbahJ.

� ~uj;J 22 ifJ nra;ag;gLtjw;Fk;> fhtypy; itf;fg;gLtjw;Fk; vjpuhd

ghJfhg;G.

7

� ~uj;J 22 (1) jLg;Gf;fhty; rl;lk;. MNyhridf;FO NghJkhd fhuzk;

,Ug;gjhff; $wpdhy; xopa ve;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gbAk; jLg;G %d;W

khjq;fSf;F Nky; Nghf mDkjpf;ff;$lhJ. mj;Jld;> jLg;Gf;

fhtYf;F tifnra;Ak; ve;jr; rl;lkhdhYk;> mjpfgl;rk; vt;tsT

fhyj;jpw;Fj; jLg;Gf; fhtypy; itf;fyhk; vd;gijAk; fz;bg;ghff;

$wpahf Ntz;Lk;.

� ~uj;J 23 Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd ghJfhg;G. rl;ltpNuhjkhf kdpjh;fis

tpahghuk; nra;tJ> ‘ngfh;’ eph;g;ge;jg;gLj;jp Ntiy thq;FtJ Nghd;w

Ruz;ly;fspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;G mspf;fpwJ.

� ~uj;J 24 14 taJf;F cl;gl;l rpWth;fisj; njhopw;rhiyfspNyh>

Ruq;fq;fspNyh> gpw mghafukhd njhopy;fspNyh Ntiyf;F

mkh;j;Jtijj; jil nra;fpwJ.

� ~uj;J 25. Fbkf;fs;> vt;tpjf; fl;Lg;ghLk; ,d;wp ve;jr; rkaj;ijAk;

Vw;fTk;> gpd;gw;wTk; gug;gTk; midtUf;Fk; Rje;jpuk; cz;L.

� ~uj;J 26. vy;yh rkaj;jtUf;Fk;> rkag; gphptpdUf;Fk;> rka kw;Wk;

mwepiya mikg;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpg; guhkhpf;f> rkak; rk;ge;jg;gl;l

tp~aq;fisj; jhNk eph;tfpj;Jf;nfhs;s> nrhj;Jf;fis thq;fp

eph;tfpf;fj; Njitahd mbg;gil chpikia mspf;fpwJ.

� ~uj;J 27. ve;j xU Fwpg;gpl;l rkaj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;fhfTk;>

guhkhpg;gpw;fhfTk; MFk; nryTfSf;fhf thp nrYj;JkhW ve;j xU

egiuAk; fl;lhag;gLj;j KbahJ.

� ~uj;J 28. Kw;wpYk; murhq;f epjpapy; nray;gLk; fy;tp epWtdq;fspy;

rka Nghjid $lhJ vd;W $WfpwJ.

� ~uj;J 29. ,e;jpahtpd; ve;jg; gFjpapNyDk; trpf;fpd;w Fbkf;fspd; ve;j

xU gphptpdUk; jkf;nfd;W gpuj;Nafkhd nkhopiaNah> vOj;J

tbtj;ijNah> gz;ghl;ilNah nfhz;lth;fshf ,Ue;jhy; mtw;iwg;

Ngzpf;fhf;Fk; chpik mth;fSf;F cz;L.

� ~uj;J 30. rpWghd;ikapdh; midtUk; - mth;fs; rkar;

rpWghd;ikapduhdhYk; nkhopr; rpWghd;ikapduhdhYk; - mth;fs;

8

tpUg;gj;jpw;F Vw;g> fy;tp epWtdq;fis cUthf;fp eph;tfpg;gjw;F

chpikAz;L.

� ~uj;J 32. 1. ePjpg;Nguhiz Ntz;Lk; kDit cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpy;

jhf;fy; nra;ahky;> xU egh; Neubahf cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpYk; jhf;fy;

nra;ayhk;. 2. murpayikg;gpd; 3tJ gFjpapy;

cj;jputhjkspf;fg;gl;Ls;s mbg;gil chpikfs; kPwg;gLk; nghOJ> cr;r

ePjpkd;wk; ePjpg;Nguhiz ntspapl mjpfhuk; gilj;Js;sJ.

1. Ml;nfhzh;tpf;Fk; ePjpg;Nguhiz: rl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghd Kiwapy;

rpiwg;gpbj;J itf;fg;gl;ltiu tpLtpf;fr; nra;a ,t;thiz

,lg;gLfpwJ.

2. nraYWj;Jk; ePjpNguhiz: nghJf;flikahd xU nraiy Xh;

mjpfhhp my;yJ $l;likg;G my;yJ fPo; ePjpkd;wk; nra;aj;

jtwpdhy; mf;flikiar; nra;a ,t;thiz ,lg;gLfpwJ.

3. jilAWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nguhiz: fPo; ePjpkd;wNkh> Ml;rp mjpfhhpNah jk;

mjpfhu tuk;ig kPwp my;yJ rl;l Kuzhf VNjDk; eltbf;if

vLj;jhy;> mij Nkw;nfhz;L elj;jhky; nra;a> ,t;thiz

,lg;gLfpwJ.

4. newpKiwAWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nguhiz: ePjpKiw rhh;e;j mYty;fisr;

nra;Ak; jPHg;ghaq;fs;> mjpfhhpfs;> jk; mjpfhu tuk;ig kPwp

nray;gl;lhNyh mwKiwf;F khwhf eltbf;if vLj;jhNyh mtw;iw

kW Ma;T nra;J ePf;fk; nra;tjw;nfd mit rk;ge;jkhd

Mtzq;fisj; jkf;F mDg;GkhW ePjpkd;wk; MizapLtJjhd;

newpKiwAWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nguhiz MFk;.

5. jFjpKiw tpdTk; ePjpg;Nguhiz: nghJ mjpfhug; gjtpapy;

cs;stiu mth; vj;jFjpapy; mg;gjtp tfpf;fpwhh; vd;w tpdtp>

gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; Mizjhd; jFjpKiw tpdTk; ePjpg;Nguhiz MFk;.

9

mbg;gilf; flikfs;

1976Mk; Mz;bd; murpayikg;G jpUj;jr; (42tJ jpUj;jk;) rl;lkhdJ> 1976Mk; Mz;bd; murpayikg;G jpUj;jr; (42tJ jpUj;jk;) rl;lkhdJ> 1976Mk; Mz;bd; murpayikg;G jpUj;jr; (42tJ jpUj;jk;) rl;lkhdJ> 1976Mk; Mz;bd; murpayikg;G jpUj;jr; (42tJ jpUj;jk;) rl;lkhdJ>

,e;jpaf; Fbkf;fSf;F gj;J mbg;gilf; flikfspd; njhFg;gpid ,e;jpaf; Fbkf;fSf;F gj;J mbg;gilf; flikfspd; njhFg;gpid ,e;jpaf; Fbkf;fSf;F gj;J mbg;gilf; flikfspd; njhFg;gpid ,e;jpaf; Fbkf;fSf;F gj;J mbg;gilf; flikfspd; njhFg;gpid

mwpKfg;gLj;jp cs;sJ. ,jw;fhf 51mwpKfg;gLj;jp cs;sJ. ,jw;fhf 51mwpKfg;gLj;jp cs;sJ. ,jw;fhf 51mwpKfg;gLj;jp cs;sJ. ,jw;fhf 51----A vDk; xU ~uj;ijf; nfhz;l gFjp A vDk; xU ~uj;ijf; nfhz;l gFjp A vDk; xU ~uj;ijf; nfhz;l gFjp A vDk; xU ~uj;ijf; nfhz;l gFjp

Gjpjhf murpay; mikg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,r;~uj;jpd; fPo; mg;gj;J Gjpjhf murpay; mikg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,r;~uj;jpd; fPo; mg;gj;J Gjpjhf murpay; mikg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,r;~uj;jpd; fPo; mg;gj;J Gjpjhf murpay; mikg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,r;~uj;jpd; fPo; mg;gj;J

mbmbmbmbg;gilf; flikfs; gpd;tUkhW $wg;gLfpwJ.g;gilf; flikfs; gpd;tUkhW $wg;gLfpwJ.g;gilf; flikfs; gpd;tUkhW $wg;gLfpwJ.g;gilf; flikfs; gpd;tUkhW $wg;gLfpwJ.

gj;J Gjpjhf murpay; mikg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j ~uj;jpd;

fPo; mg;gj;J mbg;gilf; flikfs; gpd;tUkhW $wg;gLfpwJ.

1. murpayikg;gpidg; gpd;gw;Wjy;> kw;Wk; mjd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;>

mikg;Gfs;> Njrpaf;nfhb kw;Wk; ,tw;wpw;F khpahij nrYj;;Jjy;;

2. ekJ ehl;L tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;ij J}z;ba cah;e;j

Fwpf;Nfhs;fis gpd;gw;Wjy; kw;Wk; Nghw;wp tsh;j;jy;

3. ,e;jpahtpd; xw;Wik> ,iwik kw;Wk; xUikg;ghl;il epiyepWj;jy;

kw;Wk; ghJfhj;jy;

4. ehl;bidg; ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; miof;fg;gLk; nghOJ Njrpag;

gzpGhpjy;

5. rkak;> nkhop kw;Wk; tl;lhuk; my;yJ gphpT NtWghLfisf; fle;J

,e;jpa kf;fSf;Fs; nghJ rNfhjuj;Jt czh;T kw;Wk;

,zf;fj;jpid Nkk;gLj;Jjy;; ngz;fspd; Nkd;ikiaj; jho;j;Jfpd;w

gof;fq;fisj; Jwj;jy;.

6. ekJ gy;tifahd fyhr;rhuj;jpd; cah;e;j ghuk;ghpaj;jpw;F kjpg;G

mspj;jy; kw;Wk; NgZjy;

7. fhLfs;> Vhpfs;> MWfs; kw;Wk; td tho;f;if cs;spl;l ,aw;if

Rw;Wg;Gw #oiy ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; thOk;

caphpdq;fSf;fhf ,uf;fk; nfhs;Sjy;

8. Ma;twpT tpisT epiy> kdpj eyk; kw;Wk; tprhuiz czh;T

kw;Wk; rPh;jpUj;jq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;

9. nghJr; nrhj;Jf;F ghJfhg;G mspj;jy;;

10

10. vy;yhj; JiwfspYk;> jdpkdpjd; kw;Wk; $l;Lr; nray;ghLfspd;

Kjd;ik epiyia Nehf;fp KaYjy; kw;Wk; ,jdhy;> ehL

Kaw;rpapd; cah;gb epiy rhjidfis Nehf;fp epiyahf

caUfpwJ.

,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth;,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth;,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth;,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth;

� ~uj;J 52. ,e;jpahtpw;F xU FbauRj; jiyth; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;

vd;Wk; ,th; ,e;jpa murpd; jiytuhf tpsq;Ffpwhh; vd;Wk;

murhq;fj;jpd; nrayhl;rp mjpfhuk; FbauRj; jiythplk;

toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vdTk;> ,th; mt;tjpfhuj;ij ,e;jpa murpay;

mikg;Gf;Fl;gl;L NeubahfNth> jdJ fPOs;s mjpfhhpfs;

%ykhfNth nraYWj;jyhk; vd;W $WfpwJ.

jFjpfs;jFjpfs;jFjpfs;jFjpfs;

1. xU ,e;jpa FbkfdhfTk;

2. 35 taJ epuk;gpatuhfTk;

3. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; kf;fs; rigf;Fg; Nghl;baplj; jFjp ngw;wtuhfTk;

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

4. kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpNyh my;yJ VjhtnjhU khepy murhq;fj;jpNyh

my;yJ Nkw;fz;l murhq;fq;fspd; fPo; ,aq;Fk; VjhtnjhU tl;lhu

my;yJ gpw mjpfhu mikg;gpNyh Mjha mbg;gilapy; mike;j ve;j

xU gjtpiaAk; tfpg;gtuhf ,Uj;jy; $lhJ.

Cjpak;Cjpak;Cjpak;Cjpak;

khjr;rk;gsk; - &.1>50>000

NkYk; thlif juhky; murhq;f FbapUg;ig gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s

chpikAz;L.

11

Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; Kiw

kf;fshy; Neubahf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. khwhf> mth; xU Njh;jy;

FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;. ,j;Njh;jy; FO (m)

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspd; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fisAk; (M)

khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpd; fPoitahd rl;lg;Nguitapd; Njh;e;J vLf;fg;gl;l

cWg;gpdh;fisAk; cs;slf;fpajhFk;. ,t;thW ~uj;J 54 $WfpwJ.

,j;Njh;jy; FOtpduhy; FbauRj; jiytiuj; Njh;e;njLf;Fk; NghJ tpfpjg;

gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gLk;. cWg;gpdh;fs; mspf;Fk; Xl;L>

xw;iwkhw;W Xl;L MFk;.

,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth;> jhk; gjtp Vw;w jpdj;jpy; ,Ue;J 5

Mz;Lfs; njhlh;e;J gjtp tfpf;fyhk;. xUth; vj;jid Kiw

Ntz;LkhdhYk; FbauRj; jiyth; gjtpj; Njh;jYf;Fg; Nghl;baplyhk;.

“FbauRj; jiyth; kPJ gopr;rhw;WtJ” njhlh;ghd eilKiwfis

~uj;J 61 $WfpwJ. FbauRj; jiyth; jhkhfNt jdJ gjtpia

,uh[pdhkh nra;ayhk;. my;yJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; VjhtJ xU mitapy;

nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; ehd;fpy; xU gq;F cWg;gpdh;fSf;Ff; Fiwahj

cWg;gpdh;fs; ifnahg;gkpl;l xU jPh;khdj;jpd; thapyhf> FbauRj; jiyth;

kPJ Fw;wQ;rhl;lyhk;. Fw;wr;rhl;L jPh;khdj;jpd; efy; FbauRj; jiytUf;F

mJ njhlq;fg;gLk; 14 ehl;fSf;F Kd;ghfNt nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gpwF

mj;jPh;khdk; rigapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;Ff;Ff;

Fiwahj cWg;gpdh;fshy; Mjhpf;fg;gl;L epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

FbauRj; jiythpd; mjpfhuq;fis gw;wp ~uj;J 109 $WfpwJFbauRj; jiythpd; mjpfhuq;fis gw;wp ~uj;J 109 $WfpwJFbauRj; jiythpd; mjpfhuq;fis gw;wp ~uj;J 109 $WfpwJFbauRj; jiythpd; mjpfhuq;fis gw;wp ~uj;J 109 $WfpwJ

1. nrayhl;rpj; Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; - cr;r kw;Wk; cah; ePjpkd;w

ePjpgjpfs; khepyq;fspd; MSeh;fs;> ml;lhh;dp n[duy;> jzpf;ifj;

12

jiyth;> nghJg; gzpf;FOtpd; jiyth; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdh;fs;.

jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh;fSf;Fz;lhd jdp mYtyh;fs;>

jho;j;jg;gl;l gFjpapd; tptuj;ij jahh; nra;Ak; FO gpw;gl;Nlhh;

epiyia MAk; FO kw;Wk; nkhop thhp rpWghd;ikapNdhUf;F jdp

mYtyh; ,th;fis epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij FbauR jiyth;

ngw;Ws;shh;.

2. ,uhZt mjpfhuq;fs;

3. J}jhz;ik mjpfhuq;fs;

4. rl;lkd;wj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; - ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mitf;

$l;lq;fisg; nghWj;j tiuapy; mitfisf; $l;Lk; mjpfhuKk;>

xj;jpitf;Fk; mjpfhuKk; FbauRj; jiythplk; cs;sJ.

kf;fsitiaf; fiyf;Fk; mjpfhuKk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nkyitahd> khepyq;fsitiaf; (uh[;a rig) fiyf;Fk; mjpfhuk;

FbauRj; jiytUf;F nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

NkYk;> FbauR jiyth; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rigfspy; ciu

epfo;j;jTk;> my;yJ ,U rigfspd; $l;Lf; $l;lj;jpy; ciu

epfo;j;jTk; chpikg; ngw;W cs;shh;. rigfSf;Fr; nra;jp mDg;Gk;

chpikiaAk; ,th; ngw;Ws;shh;. (~uj;J 86) Nkyitahd

khepyq;fsitf;f 12 cWg;gpdh;fisAk;> fPoitahd kf;fsitf;F 2

Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa cWg;gpdh;fisAk; epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijAk;

ngw;wpUf;fpwhh;.

FbauRj; jiyth; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjh Fwpj;J

jdJ ,irtpid mspf;fyhk;. (~uj;J 111) my;yJ epWj;jp itf;fyhk;>

my;yJ gz kNrhjh jtpu rhjhuz kNrhjhf;fspy; jhk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s

tpguk; Fwpj;J kPz;Lk; kW ghprPyid nra;tjw;fhf mk;kNrhjhit

mitf;Nf jpUg;gp mDg;gyhk;. mk;kNrhjh FbauRj; jiythpd;

Nahridg;gb jpUj;jg;gl;Nlh my;yJ jpUj;jg;glhkNyh kPz;Lk; mtUila

,irtpw;F mDg;gg;gl;lhy;> FbauRj; jiyth; jd;Dila ,irtpid

mspf;f> kWf;f KbahJ. Mdhy; epjp kNrhjhf;fisf; FbauRj; jiythpd;

xg;Gjy; ,y;yhky; nra;a KbahJ.

13

XU rhjhuz kNrhjh Fwpj;J> ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfSf;F

,ilNa Kuz;ghL vONkahapd;> mjidj; jPh;j;J itf;f> ,U mitfspd;

$l;L $l;lj;jpw;F Vw;ghL nra;a FbauRj; jiytUf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L

(~uj;J 108).

,;e;jpa muRj; jiyik tof;fwpQh;,;e;jpa muRj; jiyik tof;fwpQh;,;e;jpa muRj; jiyik tof;fwpQh;,;e;jpa muRj; jiyik tof;fwpQh;

murhq;f;jjpw;F rl;l rk;ge;jkhd tp~aq;fspy; MNyhrid toq;fTk;

rl;l rk;ge;jkhf ,lg;gLg; gpw gzpfis nra;aTk; cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjp

Mf epakpf;fg;gLtjw;fhd jFjpfis cila xUtiu ,e;jpahtpd;

jiyik tof;fwpQuhf FbauRj; jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. (~uj;J

76) FbauRj; jiyth; tpUk;Gk;tiu muRj;jiyik tof;fwpQh; gjtp

tfpg;ghh;. vdpDk; murhq;fj;jpd; MNyhridapd; NghpNyNa mth;

epakpf;fg;gLtjhy; Ml;rp khwpaTld; ml;lh;dp-n[duYk; gjtp tpyFtJ xU

kughf cUthfptpl;lJ.

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ePjpkd;wq;fs; midj;jpYk; Kjypy; jd;Dila

fUj;ijf; Nfl;FkhW $Wk; chpik mtUf;F cz;L. ehlhSkd;wj;jpd;

,uz;L mitfspYNk $l;lj;njhlhpd; eltbf;iffspy; gq;F nfhz;L

NgRfpd;w chpikAk; mtUf;F cz;L vdpDk; jPh;khdq;fspd;kPJ

thf;fspf;Fk; chpik fpilahJ.

ehlhSkd;wk;ehlhSkd;wk;ehlhSkd;wk;ehlhSkd;wk;

FbauRj;jiyth;;> khepyq;fsit kw;Wk; kf;fsit vd;w ,uz;L mitfs;

Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;ljhf ,e;jpa ehlhSkd;wk; mike;Js;sJ.

FbauRj;jiyth;:FbauRj;jiyth;:FbauRj;jiyth;:FbauRj;jiyth;:

ehlhSkd;wj;jp;y; ,uz;L mitfspd; $l;lj;njhlh; eilngwhjNghJ>

FbauRj; jiyth; cldbahfr; nray;glNtz;ba mtrpakhd #o;epiy

14

,Ug;gjhf mth; jpUg;jpaile;jhy;> ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gLk;

rl;lj;ijg; NghyNt nray;tPr;Rila mtrur; rl;lj;ij FbauRj;jiyth;

gpwg;gp;f;fyhk;.

khepyq;fsitkhepyq;fsitkhepyq;fsitkhepyq;fsit:

xd;wpaj;jp;d; gy;NtW mq;fq;fshfpa khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; xd;wpa Neub

Ml;rpg;gFjpfspy; cs;s kf;fsp;d; kiwKf gpujpepjpj;Jt mikg;ghf

khepyq;fsit jpfo;fpwJ. kf;fs;njhif mjpfKs;s cj;jug;gpuNjr

khepyj;jpy; ,Ue;J kpf mjpfgl;rkhf 34 cWg;gpdh;fSk;> kzpg;G+h;>

kpN[huk;> rpf;fpk;> jphpGuh Nghd;w rpwpa khepyq;fspy; ,Ue;J jyh xU

cWg;gpdUk; khepyq;fsitf;Fj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.

murpayikg;gpd;gb khepyq;fsitapy; 250; - f;Fk; kpfhj cWg;gpdh;fs;

,Ug;gh;. ,th;fspy; 12 Ngh; FbauRj;jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLth;. 238 Ngh;

khepyq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk;> Neub Ml;rpg; gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk;

Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;.

kf;fsit :kf;fsit :kf;fsit :kf;fsit :

kf;fshy; Neubahfj; Njh;e;njLg;fg;gl;l gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;lJ.

18 taJ epuk;gpa ,e;jpaf; Fbkfd; xt;nthUtUk;> rl;lj;jpd;gb

jFjpapog;Gr; nra;ag;glhj gl;rj;jpy;> kf;fsitj; Njh;jypy; thf;fspf;Fk;

chpik ngw;wtuhthh;. khepyq;fspy; cs;s njhFjpfspy; ,Ue;J

Nehpilahfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; cWg;gpdh;fs; 530 - f;F kpfhkYk;> Neub

Ml;rpg;gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J Nehpilahfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; cWg;gpdh;fs; 20

- f;F kpfhkYk; nfhz;ljhf kf;fsit ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W

murpayikg;Gf; $WfpwJ. NkYk;> Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa rKjhaj;ijr; Nrh;e;j

,uz;L cWg;gpdh;fisf; FbauRj; jiyth; kf;fsitf;F epakdk;

nra;ayhk;. ,t;thwhf> kf;fsitapy; mjpfgl;rkhf 552 cWg;gpdh;fs;

,Uf;fyhk;.

15

ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpfsehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpfsehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpfsehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpfs;:;:;:;:

,e;jpa Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. khepyq;fsitf;F cWg;gpduhf

Ntz;Lkhdhy; 30 taJ epiwe;jtuhfTk; kf;fsitf;F cWg;gpduhfj;

Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl 25 taJ epiwe;jtuhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

kf;fsitf;Fk; khepyq;fsitf;Fk; jitth; xUtUk;,

Jizj;jiyth; xUtUk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd murpayikg;Gf; $WfpwJ.

,e;jpahtpd; FbauRj; Jizj;jiytNu khepyq;fsitapd; jiytUk;

Mthh;. khepyq;fsitapd; Jizj;jiytuhf jkf;Fs;NsNa xUtiu

me;j mitapd; cWg;gpdh;fs; Njh;e;njLj;Jf; nfhs;th;. kf;fsitapd;

jiytiuAk; (rghehafh;) Jizj;jiytiuAk; (Jiz rghehafh;)>

jkf;Fs;NsNa me;j mitapd; cWg;gpdh;fNs Njh;e;njLg;gh;.

kf;fsitj;jiytUk;> Jizj;jiytUk;> kf;fsitapd;

cWg;gpdh;fshf ePbf;f Kbahj epiyapy; gjtp tpyf Ntz;Lk;. ,Uthpy;

vtNuDk; gjtp tpyf vz;zpdhy; kw;wtUf;Fj; jkJ gjtptpyfy;

fbjj;ij mDg;g Ntz;Lk;. mth;fisg; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;

vd;why;> 14 ehl;fs; Kd;dwptpg;Gf; nfhLj;Jtpl;L kf;fsitapd;

ngUk;ghd;ik cWg;gpdh;fsp;d; MjuNthL xU jPh;khdj;ij epiwNtw;w

Ntz;Lk;. khepyq;fsitj;Jizj; jiytiug; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;tjw;fhd

,Nj Nghd;w Vw;ghL gphpT 90-y; nrhy;yg;gl;L cs;sJ. kf;fsitj; jiyth;

njhlh;e;J gjtpapy; ,Ug;ghh;.

XU $l;lj;njhlUf;Fk; ,d;ndhU $l;lj; njhlUf;Fk; ,ilNa

MWkhj fhy ,ilntsp ,Uf;ff;$lhJ. nghJthf xt;Nthuhz;Lk; %d;W

ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; $l;lq;fs; eilngWk; mit 1. gl;n[l; $l;lj;njhlh;

(gpg;uthp>Nk) 2. kiof;fhyf; $l;lj;njhlh; ([{iy>nrg;lk;gh;) 3. Fsph;fhyf;

$l;lj;njhlh; (etk;gh;>brk;gh;). Mdhy; khepyq;fsitapd; gl;n[l;

16

$l;lj;njhlh; kl;Lk; %d;W-ehd;F thufhy ,ilntspAld; ,uz;L

gFjpfshf eilngw;W> xuhz;by; ehd;F $l;lj;njhlh;fshf eilngWk;.

ve;j Xh; mitahdhYk;> mjid elj;jpr; nry;tjw;F mitapd;

nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; gj;jpy; xU gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; fl;lhak; M[uhfp

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

gz kNrhjhf;fs; kw;Wk; Vida epjp kNrhjhf;fs; jtpu NtW ve;j

kNrhjhthdhYk; mjid VNjDk; Xh; mitapy; Kjypy;

mwpKfg;gLj;jyhk;. mt;thW mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk; kNrhjh> FbauRj;

jiythpd; xg;GjYf;F mDg;gg;gLk; Kd;dh;> ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L

mitfspYk;> jpUj;jq;fs; VJkpd;wpNah> ,uz;L mitfSk; xg;Gf;nfhz;l

jpUj;jq;fSlNdh> Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gz kNrhjhitj; jtpu>

VNjDk; xU kNrhjh rk;ge;jkhf ,uz;L mitfSf;Fk; ,Wjpahff; fUj;J

NtWghLfs; ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mtw;iwj; jPh;g;gjw;fhff; FbauRj; jiyth;

,uz;L mitfspd; $l;Lf; $l;lj;ij miof;fyhk;.

gz kNrhjh:gz kNrhjh:gz kNrhjh:gz kNrhjh:----

xU kNrhjh> gzkNrhjhth vd;w Iak; Njhd;wpdhy;> mjpy;

kf;fsitj; jiythpd; jPh;g;Ng ,WjpahdJ. gzkNrhjhitf; FbauR

jiythpd; xg;GjYf;fhf mDg;Gk;NghJ> mJ xU gzkNrhjh vd;W

kf;fsit jiyth; rhd;wspf;f Ntz;Lk;. gzkNrhjhitf;

FbauRj;jiythpd; ghpe;Jiuapd; Nghpy;> kf;fsitapy; kl;LNk

mwpKfg;gLj;j KbAk;. kf;fsitapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l gpd;dh;

khepyq;fsitf;F mDg;gg;gLk; gzkNrhjhtpd; kPJ VNjDk;

jpUj;jq;fSf;fhd ghpe;Jiufs; ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mtw;iw 14 ehl;fSf;Fs;

khepyq;fsit my;yJ VNjDk; xU jpUj;jj;ijNah> jpUj;jq;fs;

midj;ijANkh epuhfhpj;Jtplyhk;. jpUj;jq;fis kf;fsit Vw;Wf;

nfhz;lgbNa ,uz;L mitfSk; me;j kNrhjhit Vw;Wf;nfhz;ljhff;

fUjg;gLk;. khepyq;fsitapy; ,Ue;J 14 ehl;fSf;Fs; me;j kNrhjh

17

jpUg;gp mDg;gg;glhtpl;lhYk;> kf;fsit Vw;Wf;nfhz;l tbtj;jpNyNa me;j

kNrhjh ,uz;L mitfspYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhf fUjg;gLk;.

Xh; cWg;gpdh; NgrpaJ Fwpj;Njh> thf;fspj;J Fwpj;Njh>

ehlhSkd;wj;ijj; jtpu NtW ve;j mjpfhu mikg;gpNyh my;yJ

ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh ve;jtpjkhd eltbf;ifAk; Nkw;nfhs;s KbahJ vd;W

murpay; rl;lk; tpjpj;Js;sJ.

ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;Fs; Xh; cWg;gpdh; Ngrpa Ngr;R ePjpkd;wj;ij

mtkjpg;gjhf ,Ue;jhYk;$l> ve;j xU ePjpkd;wKk; mth; kPJ eltbf;if

vLf;f KbahJ.

ePjpgjpfisg; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;tjw;fhd jPh;khdj;jpd; kPJ NgRk;NghJ

jtpu kw;w rkaq;fspy;> mth;fspd; elj;ijia tpkh;rpf;f $lhJ.

fl;rpj;jhty; jilr;rl;lk;:fl;rpj;jhty; jilr;rl;lk;:fl;rpj;jhty; jilr;rl;lk;:fl;rpj;jhty; jilr;rl;lk;:----

ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh; gjtpapy; ,Ue;Jk;> khepyr; rl;lNguit

cWg;gpdh; gjtpapy; ,Ue;Jk; ,lj;ijf; fhypnra;tJ rk;ge;jkhf

Ik;gj;jpuz;lhtJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 1985> murpayikg;gpd; 101> 102> 190> 191

Mfpa gphpTfisj; jpUj;jpaJld;> Gjpa ml;ltiz xd;iwAk; (gj;jhtJ

ml;ltiz) Nrh;j;jJ. fl;rpj;jhty; fhuzkhf cWg;gpdh;fs; gjtpapog;gJ

rk;ge;jkhd rpy tifAiufs; ,e;jj; jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld.

ePjpj;JiwePjpj;JiwePjpj;JiwePjpj;Jiw

(~uj;J 124-147 kw;Wk; 214-237)

cr;r ePjpkd;wk;:cr;r ePjpkd;wk;:cr;r ePjpkd;wk;:cr;r ePjpkd;wk;:----

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jiyik ePjpgjp xUtUk;> gpw ePjpgjpfs; vOtiuAk; nfhz;ljhf

cr;rePjpkd;wk; xd;W cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W murpay; rl;lj;jpd;

124tJ gpHpT $WfpwJ. vdpDk; Vida ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;ifia rl;lk;

,aw;Wtjd; %yk; mfpfhpf;f ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk;

mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1986Mk; Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd;gb> jiyik

ePjpgjpiaj; jtpu cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; kw;w ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;if 25 Mf

eph;zapf;fg;gl;L cs;sJ. cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; kw;Wk; cah;ePjpkd;w

ePjpgjpfs; Nghd;Nwhiuf; fye;jhNyhrpj;J cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfisf;

FbauRj;jiyth; epakdk; nra;fpwhh;. jiyik ePjpgjp epakdk; jtpu kw;w

ePjpgjpfis epakpf;Fk; NghJ fl;lhakhfj; jiyik ePjpgjpiaf;

fye;jhNyhrpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjp xt;nthUtUk; 65 taJtiu gjtpapy;

,Uf;fyhk;. FbauRj; jiythpd; Mizapd; NghpNyNa cr;rePjpkd;w

ePjp;gjp xUtiug; gjtpapypUe;J ePf;f KbAk;. FbauRj;jiyth; mj;jifa

Miziag; gpwg;gpf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; rk;ge;jgl;l ePjpgjpf;Fj; jpwik

,y;iy vd;Nwh> mth; KiwNflhf ele;Jnfhz;lhh; vd;Nwh fhuzk; fhl;b>

ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L mitfspYk; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs;

M[uhfp thf;fspj;Jg; ngUk;ghd;ik MjuTld;> jdpj;jdpahf xU

jPh;khdj;ij epiwNtw;w> mjid ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; me;jf; $l;l

njhlhpNyNa FbauRj;jiythplk; rkh;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; ePjpgjpahf gjtptfpj;j xUth;> ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; ve;j

xU ePjpkd;wj;jpYk; tof;FiuQuhfj; njhopy; Ghpaf; $lhJ vd;W murpay;

mikg;Gj;jil tpjpj;Js;sJ.

jw;NghJ cr;rePjpkd;wj; jiyik ePjpgjpf;F> khjnkhd;Wf;F (&gha;

1>00>000) Vida ePjpgjpfSf;F 90>000 &ghAk;> Cjpakhf toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

Cjpak; jtpu Vida gbfs;> ,ytrf; FbapUg;G> ehLKOtJk; gazk;

nra;agazr; nryTfs;> Xa;T+jpak; Nghd;w gpw rYiffSk; mth;fSf;F

cz;L.

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VNjDk; xU rkaj;jpy; cr;rePjpkd;w eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fg; Nghjpa ePjpgjpfs; ,y;iy vd;why;> ePjpkd;w

eltbf;iffisj; njhlh;e;J elj;Jtjw;fhf> cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspilNa

cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf epakdk; ngWk; jFjpAilath;fisj; Njitahd

fhyj;jpw;Fj; jw;fhypf ePjpgjpfshf epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; jiyik ePjpgjpf;F

cz;L. vdpDk;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ePjpgjpiaf;

fye;jhNyhrpj;j gpd;dUk;> FbauRj;jiythpd; Kd; mDkjpiag; ngw;w

gpd;dUNk ,j;jifa jw;fhypf epakdq;fisr; nra;ayhk;.

cr;rePjpkcr;rePjpkcr;rePjpkcr;rePjpkd;w mjpfhuKk; ePjptuk;Gk;:d;w mjpfhuKk; ePjptuk;Gk;:d;w mjpfhuKk; ePjptuk;Gk;:d;w mjpfhuKk; ePjptuk;Gk;:

� cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; %y ePjptuk;G. ~uj;J 131

� cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; Nky;KiwaPl;L ePjptuk;G. ~uj;J 132

� cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; MNyhrid $Wk; ePjptuk;G. ~uj;J 143

� cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; kWrPuha;T mjpfhuk;. ~uj;J 137

� cr;rePjpkd;wk; xU gjpT nra;Jnfhs;Sk; ePjpkd;wk;. ~uj;J 129

cah;ePjpkd;wk;:cah;ePjpkd;wk;:cah;ePjpkd;wk;:cah;ePjpkd;wk;:

xt;nthU khepyj;jpw;Fk; Xh; cah;ePjpkd;wk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd

murpayikg;G tpjpf;fpwJ. vdpDk; rl;lk; ,aw;Wtjd; %yk;> ,uz;L

my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;;l khepyq;fSf;F nghJthdjhfTk; my;yJ ,uz;L

my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fSf;Fk; xU Neub Ml;rpg; gFjpf;Fk;

nghJthdjhfTk;> Xh; cah;ePjpkd;wj;ij ehlhSkd;wk; cUthf;fyhk;.

cr;rePjpkd;wj;ijg; NghyNt xt;Nthh; cah;ePjpkd;wKk; Xh; Mtz

ePjpkd;wkhfj; jpfo;tJld;> %ytprhuiz tuk;G> Nky;KiwaPl;L tprhuiz

tuk;G Mfpatw;Wld;> ePjpkd;w mtkjpg;Gf;fhfj; jz;lid mspf;Fk;

mjpfhuKk; cilajhfj; jpfo;fpwJ.

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cr;rePjpkd;wj; jiyik ePjpgjpiaAk;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepy

MSeiuAk; fye;jhNyhrpj;J> cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjpfisf; FbauRj;

jiyth; epakdk; nra;fpwhh;. cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ePjpgjpiaj; jtpu

kw;w ePjpgjpfis epakpf;Fk;NghJ> cah;ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjpiaAk;>

FbauRj;jiyth; fye;jhNyhrpj;J KbntLg;ghh;.

62 tajhFk; tiu cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahfg; gjtpapy; ,Uf;fyhk;.

cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpiag; gjtp;ePf;fk; nra;tjw;fhd eilKiwiag;

gpd;gw;Wtjd; %yNk cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpiaAk; gjtpePf;fk; nra;aKbAk;.

khjr;rk;gsk;khjr;rk;gsk;khjr;rk;gsk;khjr;rk;gsk; : njhd;D}W Mwhapuk; &gha;

cr;rePjpkd;wj; jiyik ePjpgjpiaf; fye;jhNyhrpj;J> Xh; cah;ePjp

kd;wj;jpypUe;J ,d;Ndhh; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F ePjpgjpfisf; FbauRj;

jiyth; ,lkhw;wk; nra;ayhk; vdpDk; cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp xUtiu

mtUila xg;Gjy; ,d;wp ,lkhw;wk; nra;af;$lhJ vd;W cr;rePjpkd;wk;

jPh;g;gspj;jpUf;fpwJ.

FbauRj;jiythpd; xg;Gjiyg; ngw;W> Xa;Tngw;w ePjpgjp xUtiu

cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; nghWg;G ePjpgjpahf cah;ePjpkd;wj; jiyik ePjpgjp

epakpf;fyhk;.

Xt;nthh; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fk; jd;Dila mYtyh;fs; kPJ

KOikahd fl;Lg;ghL ,Uf;Fk;. ePjpgjpfs; kw;Wk; Vida mYtyh;fspy;

CjpaKk; kw;wgbfSk;> me;je;j khepyj;jpd; xUq;fpizg;G epjpaj;jpypUe;J

toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.

cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjptuk;G kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fs;cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjptuk;G kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fs;cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjptuk;G kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fs;cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjptuk;G kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fs;

� gjpT nra;J nfhs;Sk; ePjpkd;wk;. ~uj;J 215

� vy;yh ePjpkd;wq;fisAk; Nkw;ghh;itapLk; mjpfhuk;. ~uj;J 227

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� tof;Ffisj; jhNd vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; mjpfhuk;. ~uj;J 228

� rpy ePjpg;Nguhizfis ntspapLk; mjpfhuk;. ~uj;J 226

� nghJ ePjptuk;G. ~uj;J 225

� mjpfhhpfisAk; Copah;fisAk; epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;

Ml;rpnkhopMl;rpnkhopMl;rpnkhopMl;rpnkhop

kj;jpa murpd; Ml;rpnkhop Njtehfhp vOj;JUtpYs;s ,e;jp Mf

,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> kj;jpa murpy; mYty; Kiw Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf

gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba vz;fspd; tbtk;> ,e;jpa vz;fspd; gd;dhl;L

tbtkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> ~uj;J 343 (1) $WfpwJ.

,e;jpa murpayikg;G njhlq;fpa 15 Mz;L fhy msTf;F mj;jifa

njhlf;fj;ij xl;b Kd;G Mq;fpy nkhop> kj;jpa murpd; ve;j mYty;

Kiw Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;jNjh me;j mYty; Kiw

Nehf;fq;fs; midj;jpw;Fk; ,J njhlh;e;J gad;gLj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

Mdhy; Nkw;nrhd;d fhy mstpd; NghJ> kj;jpa murpd; mYty;Kiw

Nehf;fq;fspy; vjw;fhfNtDk; Mq;fpy nkhopNahLk; $l Njtehfhp tbt

vz;fisAk; (,e;jp nkhop vz;fs;) gad;gLj;Jtjw;F FbauRj; jiyth;

Miz thapyhf mjpfhukspf;fyhk; vd ~uj;J 343 (2) $WfpwJ.

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