If you can't read please download the document
Upload
lydia-ball
View
324
Download
17
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
测量学. 中国地质大学 测绘工程系. 一、定义 是一门研究 地球形状及大小 ,并确定地球表面 点位关系 的一门科学. 第一章 绪论. 第一节 测量学的定义及分类. 第一章 绪论. 寻找基准面. 点位关系:. y. B. A. x. 第一章 绪论. 测量学的任务. 研究地球的形状和大小 测绘地形图 按一定比例 地物、地貌 绘制成图 缩小 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
yxAB
1terrain surveying R=10
3(photographic surveying)
4(engineering surveying)
5(mapping)
terrain surveying 1 2
1( Geoidal surface) 29% 71%
2(ellipsoid of revolution) PP IAG-75
1.(L,B)
L (longitude) B (latitude)
2
3xy
---1980108553432417.2m19421954
(1) (height),HAHB(tide gauge station)(height datum)
(2) 1) 1956195419561950~1956772.289m1956 56
2) 1985801953~19772572.260m1985 8585560.029m20051098844.43m 8534
R10km
S=3.16kms:s=1:12194000S=10kms:s=1:1217700S=20kms:s=1:304400
P=10=0.05 P=100=0.51 P=400=2.03 P=2500=12.71
S=10kmh=7.8m S=100mh=0.78mm
17
GPS
1 2 GPS 4cm/
(GIS) , : ////; : /////, (), GIS, , , GIS,(GIS), , , , GIS, , , GIS GIS
GIS1:1001:251:51:251:51:11:4001:1001:251:51:1
XY1:4001:1001:251:51:1
1:4001:1001:251:51:1 1:4001:1001:251:51:1
DEM DEM1:1001:251:51:1
GPS
2.1 . . 1. , 2. 3. 4.
. 1. 0~360 1 A 2 Am 3 = -3, = +2,=12030AAm 2. 180 3. BC = AB + 180 BC = AB+ 180.
2.2.1
0 ~ 360 0 ~ + 90 0 ~ 90 1. = b a 1 2 3
2. . (1 ) hh1 VV1 2 ZZ1 HH1 3 HH1 VV1 3.
2. 1) DJ6, 2) DJ5 3) DJ2 4) DJ1 1. : 2. 1 1 P20 2-17 3.
1. 2. 1. 0 180
: = Lb La = Lb La = + / 2 180n 1 / n nn P232-12. P242c2c = 180
. 90 0 = 90 L 270 = R 270 () 90 270 x,
90 x
L =90 L x (1) 270 x R =R 270 + x (2)
(1),(2) 90 L x R 270 + x = 0
1. (1),(2) 2. (3)LR . 10 ) 1. 2. 3. P28.
229ON
1:AB
AB90C
1Aa2Bb3Bb4Aa
O
OA 0 00 18B 50 25 36 50 25 18A180 00 00B230 25 00 50 25 00 50 25 09A 90 00 24B140 25 36 50 25 12A270 00 18B320 25 24 50 25 06 50 25 09 50 25 09
1Aa2BCDbc d3Aa4Aa5DCBd c b6Aa
1cm1478mm3-3
D=d+f+s
D=ct+Q QQ0D=ct
1 NONMOMt=tcos S= ct= ct cos D=S cos =ct cos2
2h+L=i+hh=h+i-L h=Dtan h= Dtan +i-LHB=HA+h=HA+ Dtan +i-L
1 i; 2) 3D=ct cos2 h= Dtan +i-L HB=HA+h=HA+ Dtan +i-L
=- =90- D=ct cos2 h= Dtan +i-L HB=HA+h=HA+ Dtan +i-L
Sheet1
_____ A ____ ____
____ 46.54m 1.42m ____
(m)(m)(m)
B2.0012.5021.5011.00183 1164911.298.657.74
Sheet2
Sheet3
1 2 33m
4-1 a-- b--HA+a=HB+bhAB= HB - HA = a-b
4-2
hA1=a1-b1,h12=a2-b2,h2B=a3-b3hAB=hA1+h12+h2B=a- b1,2
4-3 123
1100m3m3mm5mm10m
2
3
412=1-213=5-614=12-1315=14+159=4+K -710=3+K -811=10-916=3-417=8-711=16-17100
1fh
20 mm)S
2fh =h-h
1212
1 2 i
3
1systematic error 2accident error 3.gross error
:162, Li=Ai+Bi+Ci,X=180,162 1620.2 ,, , i=X-Li (i=1,2,,n)
1234
Sheet1
()
0.0~0.2212142
0.2~0.4191938
0.4~0.6151227
0.6~0.891120
0.8~1.09817
10.~1.25611
1.2~1.4134
1.4~1.6123
1.6000
8082162
Sheet2
Sheet3
53 arithmetical mean L
n Xmost probable value
1m12
2
2lml/SS1=1km m1=10cm k=1/10000 S2=10kmm2= 10cm k=1/1000003 Admissible Error 3250.3 1.2.1
55 Law of Error Propagation 56
Li(i=1,2,,n)Pimii
61 1ABCD
61
612
10km2
62
123
112345
2110 000 101.51/3000
368
464
1 2n n 2180 6lZ 62 n2180 360
2 3 1
41 2
5 12312
65
GPS7-1 GPSGPS( 21320200km1/11h58min 4 GPS1 2 P30m) C/A300m,20 24m)
1531CSOC26h2GPS3GPS10cm(s)
GPS11 12GPS2GPSGPSGPSGPSTrimble Leica Ashtech Novatel Sokkia
7-2 GPS =t.c -t-c-= ct+t-(T+t)-trop-iontrop---ion --t tropion
GPS4
GPSL1L2 GPSL1L2 =/2=N0+Ni+i/2)10-3 123123
7-3 GPS1234 561 27C/A1m,P0.3 8,9WGS-84
81 dD : :
: : : 0.1mm , 0.1mmMM
11000
h: (d):(i): h
:
1.h 2.3. 4. 5.
1/21/4
82 1 2 3 1 2 -- -- -- --
8-31234DSM
8-4 (XYH33571--- 2--- 3--- ---
8-5 1y=f(x)y=g(x)y=f(x)y=g(x)
2 3
8-6 1DEM2DEM TIN3TIN
TINTINPi,j
TIN12
6
91
91 :()
O
1
(2)3
X
Y
L06n3 3m
75o
81o
87o
93o
78o
84o
3o
90o
6o
96o
XYO X500YO
92 50cm50cm40cm40cm40cm50cm()81363.015.0 863
1 1:1001:100422ABV180660126022601:100
B3031L114281:1001:100H50 1:2501:201:101:501:201:101:100
1:1003241:501:100ABCD1:50B3031L114281:50H50A
1:100140361:20n61:1001236B3031L114281:20H50131:10030201441:101:10012144B3031L114281:20H5049
31:51:11:51:11:101:10151041:51:10ABCDB3031L114281:5H5049B1:57.5541:2.51:51234B3031L114281:2.5H5049B41:10345230641:11:101264B3031L114281:1H504932
41:51:11:1152.511541:51:1abcd1:5H5049(32)c
199119911:1001:100 1:1001:50001:500000101:100
1 1:1001:1001:1006460761276882441:100J501:100H50
11:100
1:5000001:50001:100891:10001:100
1:50001:500000
LWBN1:100
1 1:501:1002241:501:5032L1173345B3922301:50J50B001002 21:251:10044161:251:251301L1173345B3922301:20J50C00300341:101:10012121441:101:103020L1173345B3922301:10J500D008008
51:51:10024245761:51:51510L1173345B3922301:5J50E01701661:2.51:100484823041:2.51:2.57305L1173345B3922301:2.5J50F04200271:11:100969692161:11:1345230L1173345B3922301:1J50G09300481:50001:100192192368641:50001:5000152.5115L1173345B3922301:5000J50M192192
1p(1415,21478)2pmn3pmpn4Xp=1415+pmM Yp=21478+pnM9-3
1kmn 2mkmn3 Hp=Hm+hmk/mn
1AB 2
1AB 2A 3AB1AB 2
1 2 3 41 5
11-1 1 GPS RTK 23()
GPS RTK
GPS RTK
10-2
10-2
1 2
1.2.
() 1.().: 1Aa 2b 3Bb 4B
() A30.173mBB30.654m 1 2A
2.
1
2
12
1
4132X1=30.0Y1=20.00X2=30.0Y2=100.0X3=78.00Y3=100.0X4=78.00Y4=20.001AB 214233 1234OMNAB
2(1) D
(2)
JKMNOLabcdp
A132.436m120.372mB(120.336m106.563m)P136.447m102.954m12ABABP
10-3 1234
12-1 1 2 1 2 3 4
312ab
34
1
N1S1N2S2
212
12312
12-2 1231123212
3(11232
13-1 1
2 20~50m5~20m
13-1YZ
YZ
YZ