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第六章 物理學、化學與物質科學. 6.1 牛頓力學與聲學. 6.1.1 慣性定律與加速度. 慣性定律:「物體在未受力或在力平衡時,靜者恆靜,動者則恆以等速度運動」。例如當火箭或太空船進入太空之後,此時如果關閉引擎,而火箭或太空船仍然能夠以等速度繼續前進,此即為動者恆動 力的大小等於物體質量( m )乘以加速度( a ),亦即 F=ma. 6.1.2 反作用定律. 反作用定律:當 A 物體施以一個力量在 B 物體上時, B 物體會同時施以一個大小相同但方向相反的作用力在 A 物體上 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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6.1
6.1.1 maF=ma
6.1.2ABBA
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5
6.1.6 ()
(dB)(Hertz, Hz)20Hz20000Hz20000HZ20Hz
DoReMiFaSoLaSiDoA(CLa)440A880A220(DoDoReReMiFaFaSoSoLaLaSi)21/12
()(1584) (Bach)1722
Silvery Waves
PaganiniPaganini
VitasPavarottiCarreras Domingo
(Mozart)
Papageno()
()Ich lade gern mir Gaeste ein
6.2
1714Fahrenheit1742Celsius1843Joule
12
6.31665
f=100/f2000.55000.2
20laser
(Invisible Cloak)()
1791Volta18000.1Volt
Faraday) 1791-18671820Faradays lawFarad, F96485
Ampere 1778-18361820Amperes law
Ohm 1789-1854Ohms law
MaxwellMaxwellMaxwell equations
Hertz 1857-18941888
6.4 1920
6.4.1 duality
n+hnhnh1.2h3.5h
Heisenbergxppxh/4x = 0px = 0
(Tunnel Effect)
6.4.2 Einstein
time dilation Einsteins twin paradox1
E=mc2 E=mc2EmcE=mc2
Mercury
1919
Swartzchild1915Rs=2GM/C2GMgravitational singularity
6.4.3 Z235238235mE=mc2c2=91016 (m2/sec2)
235235235 235
( )
( )
6.4.4
6.4.5X XHe2+ e-
Geiger CounterScintillation Counter
X 1895RoentgenXX0.0110Xcomputerized tomography, CT
X XX3D
X
6.5
17BoyleHOH
1774Lavoisier
1803DaltonAuAgO
1811AvogadroNH3H2O
1871MendeleyevNaK
8 OHH2O618Cl7Na1NaCl8
H2ON2H2OHO2++
6.6C HNCO2H2ONH3
6.7
CO2 CO2CO2CO2CO2CO2CO2CO2CO295%CO2
CO22018
25%
45060%
6.8
200012A
6.9
6.9.1 quarksgluonsleptonregular bosonsHiggs
Fermions663udscbt3663ee3
(Bosons)(regular bosons)gravitonphoton3WZWWZ02HH0
6.9.285%90%2006X1E 0657-56
weakly interacting massive particle, WIMPWIMPWIMPAxionsterile neutrino2008
6.9.3 1995720005
1997435002940
KEK2008320Nature
[1]100[2][3]XX[4]
[5]