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Group 8Preposition and Conjunction

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Ikhlas Fathurahman

Conjunction

Conjunctions are word used to link, or connect between two or more word, clause, and phrase.

Different kind of conjunction join different kind of grammatical structures.

The kinds of conjunctions are:

A. Coordinating ConjunctionsB. Correlative ConjunctionsC. Conjunctive AdverbsD. Subordinating Conjunction

A. Coordinating Conjunctions

The coordinating conjunctions are:• For• And• Nor• But• Or• Yet• So

FANBOYS

• For, presents a reason.• And, presents non-contrasting item(s) or idea(s). • Nor, presents non-contrasting negative idea.• But, presents a contrast or exception.• Or, presents an alternative item or idea.• Yet, presents a contrast or exception.• So, presents a consequence.

The function for each coordinating conjunctions are:

Coordinating conjunctions join equals to one another in form of word to word, phrase to phrase, or clause to clause.

Coordinating conjunctions usually form looser connections than other conjunctions do

Coordinating conjunctions go in between items joined, not at the beginning or end.

Punctuation with coordinating conjunctions.

When a coordinating conjunction joins two words, phrases, or subordinate clauses, no comma should be placed before the conjunction.

A coordinating conjunction joining three or more words, phrases, or subordinate clauses creates a series and requires commas between the elements.

A coordinating conjunction joining two independent clauses creates a compound sentence and requires a comma before the coordinating conjunction

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B. Correlative Conjunctions

The kind of correlative conjunctions :• 1) either...or• 2) not only...but also• 3) neither...nor (or increasingly neither...or)• 4) both...and• 5) whether...or• 6) just as...so• 7) as…as

The examples:

• You either do your work or prepare for a trip to the office.• Not only is he handsome, but he is also brilliant.• Neither the basketball team nor the football team is doing

well.• Both the cross country team and the swimming team are

doing well.• Whether you stay or go is your decision.• Just as many Americans love football, so many Canadians love

ice hockey.• This one is as good as the others.

These pairs of conjunctions require equal (parallel) structures after each one

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C. Conjunctive AdverbsThese conjunctions join independent clauses together.The following are frequently used conjunctive adverbs:

also incidentally nonetheless

as a result indeed on the contrary

besides in fact on the other hand

consequently in other words otherwise

finally instead still

for example likewise then

furthermore meanwhile therefore

hence moreover thus

however nevertheless

The conjunctive adverbs such as however, moreover, nevertheless, consequently, as a result, therefore, nevertheless, etc. are used to create complex relationships between ideas.

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D. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSThese words are commonly used as subordinating conjunctions

after in order (that) unlessalthough insofar as until

as in that whenas far as lest whenever

as soon as no matter how whereas if now that wherever

as though once whetherbecause provided (that) whilebefore since whyeven if so that

even though supposing (that)how than

if thatinasmuch as thoughin case (that) till

Subordinating conjunctions also join two clauses together, but in doing so, they make one clause dependent (or "subordinate") upon the other.

The characteristics of subordinating conjunctions :

• A subordinating conjunction may appear at a sentence beginning or between two clauses in a sentence.

• A subordinate conjunction usually provides a tighter connection between clauses than a coordinating conjunctions does.

Loose It is raining, so we have an umbrella.Tight because it is raining, we have an umbrella.

When the dependent clause is placed first in a sentence, use a comma between the two clauses.  When the

independent clause is placed first and the dependent clause second, do not separate the two clauses with a comma.

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