PDF mwlib. http://code.pediapress.com/ .

PDF generated at: Wed, 15 Dec 2010 10:48:55 UTC

1

1

8 8

21 21

32 32

44 44

52 52

64 64

74 74

81 81

95 95

104 104

111 111

( 1992) 114 114

119 119

121 121

129 129

137 137

148 148

153 153

161 161

162 162

174 174

184 184

190 190

196 196

202 202

210

210

216 216

222 222

229 229

235 235

242 242

253 253

262 262

269 269

274 274

283 283

287 287

291 291

304 304

312 312

321 321

329 329

335 335

346 346

360 360

365 365

369 369

375 375

380 380

387 387

391 391

401 401

410 , 413

425

1

: 435606N 122656E43.935, 12.4489 [1]

: Libertas ()

: Inno Nazionale della Repubblica

4.3004356N 1227E43.933, 12.45 [2]

- -

3 3018 1600

%

61,2 km2 (220)39 .

2

2009 2005

30.324[1] (209)28.561495 ./km (19)

... (PPP) (2007)

1,662 $[1]41.900 $[1]

(2003) ( , ) ( EUR)

CET (UTC +1)(UTC +2)

Internet TLD .sm +378

( Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino) , 61,2 km 30.324 ( 2009)[1] . . . , 301, 3 , , , ' , . .

, , (. Arbe), o . , (Monte)Titano, , .

5 , , "", . 1631 .

19 . ,

. , , . : " , !"

. , " , ". ' .

3

. . , 1945 1957. 301 1968, . 1998 1992. . (PDCS) 21 60 , ConsiglioGrande e Generale (. " ") 4 2006, , PSS 20, 7, 5 3 .

.

.

31.000 (206 ). 1,148% ( 2009). 9,74 /1000 8,37/1000 ( 2008).

, Emiliano-Romagnolo, .

0-14 : 16,8% (2.608 2.430)15-64 : 66% (9.464 10.304)65 : 17,2% ( 2.229 2.938) (2008 .) : 10,44 / 1000 (2008 .)

: 1,09 /

15 : 1,0715-64 : 0,92 / 65 : 0,76 / : 0,91 / : 5,44 /1000 (2008 .)

4

: : 81,97 : 78,53 : 85,72 ( 2009.) : 1,36 / (, 2008.)

.

9 , Castelli -- (.castello, , ), .

(Citt di San Marino) . :

, (Castello) .

capoluogo frazioni.

$ 940.000.000 (194 ) 2001. 7,50% (. 2001). $34.600 (. 2001). , . , . ( ), . , , . 50% , 3,3 . 1997. -"" ,

5

. . , , .

, , . H . 292 . 2006[1] .

.

. 1 2010 . , - - .

18 [1] .

2008

9 2008. , 35 60 .

%

6.693 31,90% 22

2.417 11,52% 7

1.317 6,28% 4

874 4,17% 2

73 0,35%

11.373 54,22% 35

6.703 31,96% 18

6

" 1.797 8,57% 5

" 1.037 4,94% 2

65 0,31%

9.602 45,78% 25

(: 68,48%) 20.975 60

/ 831

21.806

31.845

: Elezioni Politiche 2008 - Repubblica di San Marino () [4]

,

2003.

. , , , . . , ( Corpi MilitariVolontari). .

(Guardia di Rocca), 1987. . .[2]

96% , 95% 97%. (Universit degli Studi della Repubblica di San Marino)[3] Scuola Superiore di Studi Storici in San Marino. , Istituto Musicale Sammarinese ( )[4] Accademia Internazionale delle Scienze San Marino ( ).[5] .

7

Monte Titano . , . : Guaita - . 11 . Cesta - 13 . Monte Titano. Montale - 14 , . ., , La Torte Di Tre Monti(" /"). , .

3 .

General information of San Marino: Politics, Institutions and very other [9]

[1] CIA World Fact Book (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ sm. html)[2] http:/ / www. guardiadelconsiglio. sm Guardia del Consiglio Grande e Generale[3] Universit degli Studi di San Marino (http:/ / www. unirsm. sm/ )[4] Istituto Musicale Sammarinese (http:/ / www. ims. sm/ )[5] Accademia Internazionale delle Scienze (http:/ / www. ais-sanmarino. org/ )

Marino San Marino (http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ San) , GNU FDL CC-BY-SA 3.0 (http:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/ ). (Marino / (http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ San)).

gag:San Marino koi:

8

: 412100N 195860E41.35, 19.9833 [1]

: Ti Shqipri m jep nder, m jep emrin shqiptar( , )

: Hymni i Flamurit ( )

( )

616.396 [1]4120N 1949E41.33, 19.82 [3]

- -

28 191228 1998

9

%

28.748 km2 (143)4,7717 .362 .

2009

3.639.453[2] (134)3.170.048[3]126,6 ./km (85)

... (PPP) (2009)

22,361 . $[4] (113)7.019 $[4] (95)

... () (2009)

11,726 . $[4] (113)3.681 $[4] (99)

(2007) 0,818 (70) (ALL)

CET (UTC +1)(UTC +2)

Internet TLD .al +355

, (: Republika e Shqipris, [publika cipis]) . , , . , . , 1913 (Ismail Qemali). (Skendrbe) (Gjergj Kastrioti).

. (, , ). 19 , . ( ) , .

7 6 . . 6 , , , .

10

(, ), , , (, 3, 12, 20) .[5] , 11 [6] .[7]

, Illyricum (), . . , , . 1204, . 11 . : . . , - (.)

, , . , , .

, . 1443 1468 . , 1478, . (Kruje). . , . 1912.

1913, , . , . , . , , . . , ' William Wied. 6 , , , , , Woodrow Wilson ( ) . .

11

'

7 1939, , . ' , . , . 1944, , . .

, , , . (. , ) .

1985 . , . , . , . ( ) 1989, . , 1991, . 1992 62%. . 1996 , , 85% . 1997 . . . . (Aleksander Meksi) . 1997 ., . . 1998 1999, . 2002, (Alfred Moisiu), , (Rexhep Meidani). 2005 , , (Fatos Nano). 2007 , - - . 1990 . 28 2009 [8] . 2009

12

. , , .

(Rilindja)

( ) . , . 1878, .[9]

, (Rilindja). 19 . . , . , , , Rilindja , , . , .[10]

(). , . A (, , ) . (Vaso Pascha), , .[10] Naim Frashri (1846-1900). (Historia e Sknderbeut''), , , 1912. , , , 4 . Rilindja , , .[11]

, , .[12]

, rilindja . , , ' , , .[13] - , ,

13

, , , - , , .[14]

, () , , (ndera), (burrnija) (besa, . )[15] , . , '50, , .[14]

, . , , , , , . : , .[16]

. (2.753 ). , . , 1.000.000 , (Durrs), (Elbasan), (Shkodr), (Gjirokastr), (Vlor), (Kor), (Kuks), (Fier).

. 1989, . (95% CIA World Factbook, 2008). (3% ) , ( 1989, 1% ( ) 12% ( ). : (. 100.000) (. 2.000.000), 50.000) (. 500,000)[17] . 1991,

, 1/5 ,[18] , , , .

14

442.000[19] , 189.000 .[20]

'

, .

(45%), ( " ", , ..). 40% , 15%. ' , , . . , 60-65% . 19891990, . , .

2009 77,96 (75,28 80,89 ).

, , .[21] Pew 80% 20%,[22] WorldFactbook CIA 70%, 20% 10%.[23] , 40% 35% .[24]

, 11 , . , 15 , 1912. (1912) , , , , . , , . , , 1940 1950, . ' ,

15

. 1992. , , , , . , 25% 40%.[21]

(4.000),[25] .

2002 . , , , , , . , Kristal, Marin Barleti, Zonja e Keshillit te Mire, UFO Luarasi.

. 2006, . , , . () 1/10 . . 1/5 . , . , .: 708 . f.o.b. (2005 .): 2.473 f.o.b. (2005 .) : 1.41 (2003 .) : (n/a) : 1% 1014 .H 60 . , , OSSH[26] .

, , . , . 1991, , , (, ).

16

, . . 2012. .

( Kuvendi i Republiks s Shqipris) 140 , . 100 . 40 . . 4 % . . 3 2005 , 2009.

18 .

2009 28 2009. , .[27] 2009 ( 37% ) , , .[28] "" .[29] , ( ), (40,90% 39,97%).[30] 2009 , . 9 .

, [31] . 2005, 52%[32] . , , , [33] . 1991 .[34]

17

(Partia Demokratike e Shqipris) PD 610.463 40,18 68

(Partia Republikane e Shqipris) PR 31.990 2,11 1

(Partia pr Drejtsi dheIntegrim)

PDI 14.477 0,95 1

0

" " (Aleanca Ndryshimit) 712.745 46,92 70

(Partia Socialiste e Shqipris) PS 620.586 40,85 65

(Partia Socialdemokrate e Shqipris) PSD 26.700 1,76 0

(Partia Bashkimi pr tDrejtat e Njeriut)

PBDNJ 18.078 1,19 1

G99(Grupim 99) G99 12.989 0,86 0

(PartiaDemokraciaSociale e Shqipris)

PDS 10.365 0,68 0

" " (Bashkimi pr Ndryshim) 688.748 45,34 66

(Lvizja Socialiste pr Integrim) LSI 73.478 4,85 4

0

" " (Aleanca Socialiste pr Integrim) 84.407 5,56 4

(Partia Demokristiane e Shqipris) PDK 13.308 0,88 0

0

" (Poli i Liris) 27.655 1,82 0

1.519.176 100 140

: 50,77% : http:/ / www. eca. al/

()

()

( ) 46,92% 70

( ) 45,34 66

( )

5,56 4

( ) 1,82 0

100% 140

18

.

30 .

[1] http:/ / www. tirana. gov. al/ common/ images/ Statistika_9_mujori_08. pdf[2] Albanien - Bevlkerungsdaten (http:/ / www. lexas. net/ Laender/ europa/ albanien/ bevoelkerung. asp)[3] , 2008 (http:/ / www. instat. gov. al/ )[4] World Economic Outlook Database (http:/ / www. imf. org/ external/ pubs/ ft/ weo/ 2009/ 02/ weodata/ weorept. aspx?sy=2009&

ey=2009& scsm=1& ssd=1& sort=country& ds=,& br=1& pr1. x=35& pr1. y=10& c=914& s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPGDP,PPPPC,LP&grp=0& a=). ( 2009) ( 18-10-2009 )

[5] Vasiliev (1952), History of the Byzantine Empire, 324-1453 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=2X8LtjDLNl8C& lpg=PA613&dq=ptolemy albania& as_brr=3& hl=el& pg=PA613#v=onepage& q=& f=false), The University of Wisconsin Press, 1958, . 613., , .

[6] Extract from: Radoslav Grujic: Legenda iz vremena Cara Samuila o poreklu naroda. in: Glasnik skopskog naucnog drustva, Skopje,13 (1934), p. 198 200. Translated from the Old Church Slavonic by Robert Elsie. First published in R. Elsie: Early Albania, a Readerof Historical Texts, 11th - 17th Centuries, Wiesbaden 2003, . 3 (http:/ / www. albanianhistory. net/ texts15/ AH1000. html)

[7] Extracts from: Michaelis Attaliotae: Historia, Bonn 1853, p. 8, 18, 297. Translated by Robert Elsie. First published in R. Elsie: EarlyAlbania, a Reader of Historical Texts, 11th - 17th Centuries, Wiesbaden 2003, p. 4-5. (http:/ / www. albanianhistory. net/ texts15/AH1038. html)

[8] Xinhua (http:/ / news. xinhuanet. com/ english/ 2009-04/ 28/ content_11276091. htm), European Commission welcomes Albania'sapplication for EU membership , 28 2009.

[9] Lubonja (2002), . 91.[10] Lubonja (2002), . 92.[11] Lubonja (2002), . 93.[12] Lubonja (2002), . 93-94.[13] . , (Prse mendohen kta male).[14] Lubonja (2002), . 94 ..[15] Schwandner-Sievers (2004), . 117.

19

[16] Gilles de Rapper. Pelasgic encounter in the Greek-Albanian Borderland (http:/ / halshs. archives-ouvertes. fr/ docs/ 00/ 40/ 03/ 27/PDF/ de_Rapper_2009_Pelasgic_Encounters. pdf). Anthropological Journal of European Cultures, 2009, . 11-13.

[17] 2002 census results in English and Macedonian (PDF) (http:/ / www. stat. gov. mk/ pdf/ kniga_13. pdf)[18] -. :

(http:/ / www. corfu-albania. com/ web/ guest/ library/ surveys?p_p_id=bs_documents&p_p_action=1& p_p_state=exclusive& p_p_mode=view& p_p_col_id=column-2& p_p_col_pos=0& p_p_col_count=1&_bs_documents_struts_action=/ ext/ documents/ get_file& _bs_documents_mainid=118& _bs_documents_loadaction=view), . 56

[19] 2001.[20] Migration and Migration Policy in Greece. (http:/ / www. eliamep. gr/ en/ wp-content/ uploads/ 2009/ 02/

migration-and-migration-policy-in-greece-critical-review-and-policy-recommendations. pdf) Critical Review and PolicyRecommendations. Anna Triandafyllidou. (), . 5 "the totalnumber of Albanian citizens residing in Greece, including 185,000 co-ethnics holding special identity cards"

[21] Freedom of Religion 2007 (http:/ / www. state. gov/ g/ drl/ rls/ irf/ 2007/ 90160. htm), E .()[22] Miller, Tracy, . (10 2009) (PDF). Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's

Muslim Population (http:/ / pewforum. org/ newassets/ images/ reports/ Muslimpopulation/ Muslimpopulation. pdf). Pew Research Center. . 8 October 2009.

[23] 2009 CIA World Factbook (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ al. html)[24] World Christian Encyclopedia. Oxford University Press. 2001. .. 51. ISBN 0195079639.[25] 2008 Jehovah's Witnesses Worldwide Status Report (http:/ / www. watchtower. org/ e/ statistics/ worldwide_report_statistics. htm).

Watch Tower ( 27-09-2009 )[26] (http:/ / www. enet. gr/ ?i=news. el. oikonomia& id=42042), , 7

2009.[27] Albania Sets June 28 Election Date, Looks To EU (http:/ / www. javno. com/ en/ world/ clanak. php?id=224229). Javno. 14

2009[28] Albanian Democrats, Socialists in Close Battle (http:/ / www. angus-reid. com/ polls/ view/ 33443/

albanian_democrats_socialists_in_close_battle). Angus Reid Global Monitor. 15 2009[29] Albania Election A Test for EU Bid (http:/ / www. albanianeconomy. com/ news/ 2009/ 01/ 24/ albania-election-a-test-for-eu-bid/ ).

AlbanianEconomy.com. 22 2009[30] Reuters (http:/ / uk. reuters. com/ article/ idUKTRE55T22N20090630), Early vote count gives Albania's ruling party lead, 30

2009.[31] Euronews (http:/ / www. euronews. net/ 2009/ 06/ 28/ count-begins-in-key-albanian-election/ ), 28 2009.[32] (http:/ / www. ethnos. gr/ article. asp?catid=11381& subid=2& tag=9283& pubid=4332807), : 52% , 29

2009.[33] (http:/ / www. enet. gr/ ?i=news. el. kosmos& id=58727), , 29

2009.[34] BBC News - Albania PM re-election confirmed (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ 8171633. stm)

Lubonja, Fatos (2002). "Between the Glory of a Virtual World and the Misery of a Real World" (http:/ / books.

google. com/ books?id=oRASDq3rc-YC& lpg=PA60& dq=albanianism& hl=el& pg=PA91#v=onepage& q=&f=false). Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers,Bernd Jrgen Fischer. Albanian Identities: Myth and History. IndianaUniversity Press. ISBN 0253341892.

Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie (2004). "Albanians, Albanianism and the Strategic Subversion of Stereotypes"(http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=l8JFi7Wh8gwC& lpg=PA110& dq=albanianism& hl=el&pg=PA110#v=onepage& q=& f=false). Andrew Hammond. The Balkans and the West: constructing theEuropean other, 1945-2003. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0754632342.

Vickers, Miranda (2001). The Albanians : A Modern History. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-541-0. Wilkes, John (1995). The Illyrians (Peoples of Europe). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN

0-631-19807-5.

20

National Tourism Organization (http:/ / www. albaniantourism. com/ ) Albania's official website for travel &

tourism information. Albanian Canadian League Information Service ACLIS (http:/ / www. albca. com/ aclis) (

) Department of Information (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070125113145/ http:/ / www. km. gov. al/ english/

default. asp) ( ) The Albanian Parliament (http:/ / www. parlament. al) (, ) (http:/ / www. president. al) ) (http:/ / www. instat. gov. al) )gag:Albaniyakoi: mrj:

21

: 423330N 13319E42.5583, 1.5553 [1]

: Virtus Unita Fortior ()

: El Gran Carlemany

( )

20.430[1]423000N 13100E42.5, 1.516667 [3]

127828 1993

22

%

468 km2 (193)120,3 .

2009 2006

83.888[2] (195)69.150179 ./km (66)

... (PPP) (2007)

3,66 . $ [2]42.500 $[2]

(2007) 0,934 (28) 1 ( EUR)

CET (UTC +1)(UTC +2)

Internet TLD .ad 2

+376 1 1999: 2 .cat

(: Principat d'Andorra, : Principaut d'Andorre, :Principado de Andorra) , . , , . 468 . . 83.888 ( 2009)[2] . 40 . 7 . ( , ). .[3]

.

, , 1.996 . (ComaPedrosa) 2.946 . 870 . , .

23

.

.

. , . 808 mm -1 6 12 26 [4] .

.

Circumboreal. WWF, . , , . [4]

24

.

1278 (Comte de Foix) Urgel. ' . , ( ) . 1919, 1958[5] . 1982 14 [6] 1993 [7] . , Butllet Oficial del Principat d'Andorra, 28 1993. , 28 1993, .

83.888 (195 ). , , , , 67,7%. , 33% . 1,135% ( 2009) 10,59 /1000 5,59 /1000 ( 2008)[2] .

25

. , . (, ) .[8]

.

. (Our Lady ofMeritxell). 8 , [2] .

.

2007, . [9] .[10] 2009, 82,51 ( 80,33 84,84)[2] .

26

.

7 . : (Canillo) (Encamp) - (Escaldes-Engordany) (La Massana) (Ordino) (Sant Juli de Lria)

.

. 1982 , , 6. , 11,5[2] (. 2009). . . . , , , [4] . 1984 140 kwh 200 kwh. .

To .

, . , () ( 2007) , . . 24 2008 (. 1942). , 1993. , ( 2005). , 1993. ( ) 28 , 4 ( , . 1963, 17 2005) syndic. 18 .

27

2009 26 2009 .[11] . 22.000 28 114 . [11] 28 ""[12] : ,

[13] , [14] . : ( ).[15] . [16] , " "[17] . 1993. 14 28 11 , . 27 (ApC), 3[18] . 2009 5 .

%

(Partit Socialdemcrata) (Grup d'Uni Parroquial

Independents)

6.610 45,03 14

(Coalici Reformista) (Partit Liberal Andorr) (Uni Laurediana) (Nou Centre), 21

(Centre Demcrata AndorrSegle 21) (Independents d'Ordino)

4.747 32,34 11

(Andorra pel Canvi) (Renovaci Democrtica)

2.768 18,86 3

(Els Verds d'Andorra) 466 3,17

(Uni Nacional de Progrs) 88 0,60

( 75,3 %) 28

14.679

136

478

20.298

28

. .: . [21]

. , .

.

25 2007 (Televisi DigitalTerrestre TDT), .[19] (Radio Nacional dAndorra) Radio Andorra Andorra Msica.

.

.

29

.

. , (Seo deUrgel), . , . . .[20]

100%. 1986 3.490 , 3.113 , 170 46 . (Universitat d'Andorra) 1997. , . .[21]

, 2007,

Anonymous.

, (contraps) (marratxa). , (sardana). , - (Escaldes-Engordany " ".[22] . 2004 Eurovision.

, . , . (FederaciAndorrana de Ftbol)[23] 1994. 1996. ( , ), 2009 195 .

30

.

Brutails La Coutume d'Andorre Paris 1904. Corts Peyret J. Geografia Historia d'Andorra Barcelona, 1945. Statesman's Year Book by John Paxton.

[1] (http:/ / population. mongabay. com/ population/ andorra/ 3041563/ andorra-la-vella)[2] CIA World Fact Book (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ an. html)[3] Funk and Wagnalls Encyclopedia, 1991[4] Atlapedia (http:/ / www. atlapedia. com/ online/ countries/ andorra. htm), .[5] The Guardian (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ country-profile/ andorra), , 18 2009.[6] Coming of age in Andorra. (referendum on a constitution) - The Economist (US) | Encyclopedia.com (http:/ / www. encyclopedia. com/

doc/ 1G1-13569573. html)[7] (http:/ / www. andorramania. com/ constit_gb. htm)[8] conventions.coe.int (http:/ / conventions. coe. int/ Treaty/ Commun/ ChercheSig. asp?NT=157& CM=& DF=& CL=ENG)[9] (http:/ / www. enet. gr/ online/ online_text/ c=111,dt=13. 08. 2007,id=82592248)[10] CNN (http:/ / www. cnn. com/ 2009/ HEALTH/ 04/ 23/ andorra. life. expectancy/ index. html)[11] Martnez, Montse (25 2009), "Andorra va a las urnas preocupada por el fin del secreto bancario" (http:/ / www. elperiodico.

com/ default. asp?idpublicacio_PK=46& idioma=CAS& idnoticia_PK=606782& idseccio_PK=1007), El Peridico de Catalunya, , 26 2009. ()

[12] 42.2, 28/2007.[13] 57, 28/2007.[14] 58, 28/2007.[15] 19, 51 & 52, 28/2007.[16] Earth Times (http:/ / www. earthtimes. org/ articles/ show/ 265999,socialist-opposition-on-track-to-win-election-in-tax-haven-andorra.

html), Socialist opposition on track to win election in tax haven Andorra, 26 2009.[17] Nasdaq (http:/ / www. nasdaq. com/ aspx/ stock-market-news-story. aspx?storyid=200904262028dowjonesdjonline000256&

title=andorra-swings-left-in-elections), Andorra Swings Left In Elections , AFP, 27 2009.[18] Earth Times (http:/ / www. earthtimes. org/ articles/ show/ 266128,socialist-opposition-wins-election-in-tax-haven-andorra. html), Socialist

opposition wins election in tax haven Andorra, 27 2009.[19] !- Tdt -! (http:/ / www. tdt. ad/ )[20] ( ) (http:/ / www. transportpublic. ad/ )[21] (http:/ / www. uda. ad/ )

31

[22] For Culture Lovers (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070929133813/ http:/ / www. feva. ad/ Andorra/ Angles/ Andorra03_culture. htm).FEVA ( 6 2009)

[23] FIFA (http:/ / www. fifa. com/ associations/ association=and/ index. html#WR_ma_gender=m)- .

gag:Andorra koi: mrj:

32

: 473600N 134660E47.6, 13.7833 [1]

: Land der Berge, Land am Strome ,

( )

481230N 162223E48.2083, 16.3731 [2]

1 2

12 191827 194527 19551920[1]

%

83.871 km2 (114)1,3%2.562 .

33

2009 2001

8.355.260[2] (93)8.032.926[3]100 ./km (100)

... (PPP) (2009)

322,983 . $[4] (36)38.896 $[4] (11)

... () (2009)

374,417 . $[4] (24)45.090 $[4] (11)

(2007) 0,955 (14) 1 ( EUR)

(UTC +1)(UTC +2)

Internet TLD .at .eu . +43 1 1999:

9. , , , . .

sterreich . 996 .. ostarrichi . Austria. 1918.

O 1605.

, - . . , , . , . 788 .. . , .

976.

34

1683 .

,1819.

() .

996 "Ostarrchi", . 1156 , 1192 . ' 1246, , , ' . 1278 ' . ' , , .

14 15 , . 1438, ' . , , .

. 1477, , ', . , , , , . 1526, , . , 1593 1606.

' (1657-1705) 1683 ( '),

1699. ' ,

35

1910.

.

. 10% .

. , . , , , 1772 1795.

, , 1806. , 1804, . 1814, . , 1815 . , , 1848 , . , . , '. 1864, . , 1866. , .

1867, , , '.

, , , , ,, , , , .

36

1964 1976.

. , , , . , , . 1914 , ,

, ' , . .

21 1918, ,, , 30 , . , . 11 , , , 12 , . , ( ) (), 10 1920. 1919, 1920, , . , 3 , , , . 1918 1919, . , . , 1918, . , . 1922, , . , , 1925 , . 1925 1929 . 1933, , . , , , . 1934, , . ,

37

, , . , , , " ", 12 1938, , . 13 , , , , , , . 1938. . , 1942, --. 13 1945 , . , 27 1945. 260.000, 65.000. , , , , . 1943, . , , , , 1945, . , . , 15 1955 . 26 , , , . 1920 1925, 1945. 1945 1966-70 1970-83, . 1995, 2008, , .

. 60% . - . , , 3.800 , (3.770 ), . 3.000 . . . 350 . , . . . 350 , , , 15%. 1.800.000 , 250.000, 188.000 145.000.

38

, , . , , . 3.000 .

2010 25 2010 79,3% .[5] , , 15,2% 5,4%.[5]

( ) %

' 2.508.373 79,33

( ) 481.923 15,24

( ) 171.668 5,43

( 53,57%) 3.161.964 100,00

242.682 7,13%

3.404.646

6.355.800

: [8]

2008 28 2008 16 . , 16. [6] . , , . , .[7] , 30 2008.[8] , , 8 2008 2 2008.

39

+/ % +/ +/ (Sozialdemokratische Partei sterreichs)

1.430.206 233.780 29,26 6,08 57 11

(sterreichischeVolkspartei)

1.269.656 346.837 25,98 8,35 51 15

(FreiheitlichePartei sterreichs)

857.029 +337.431 17,54 +6,50 34 +13

(BZ) (BZ ListeJrg Haider)

522.933 +329.394 10,70 +6,59 21 +14

(DieGrnen Die Grne Alternative)

509.936 10.194 10,43 0,62 20 1

(Liberales Forum) 102.249 * 2,09 *

, (Brgerforum sterreich ListeFritz Dinkhauser)

86.194 * 1,76 * *

(Kommunistische Partei sterreichs)

37.362 10.216 0,76 0,25

: (Unabhngige Brgerinitiative Rettetsterreich)

35.718 * 0,73 * *

(Die Christen) 31.080 * 0,64 * *

(Tierrechtsparteiearthhumananimalsnature) [2]

2.224 * 0,05 * *

(Linke) [1] 2.138 119 0,04 0.00

Dipl.-Ing. (Dipl.-Ing.Karlheinz Klement) [3]

347 * 0,01 * *

(Liste Stark) [3] 237 75 0,00 0,00

( 78,82% +0,34%) 4.887.309 100.0 183

: * 2006. 2006, SP. [1] , , , . , 2006 2008.[2] .[3] .

: [12]

40

9 . . 84 ( ) 15 . .

1 (Burgenland) 280.257

2 (Krnten) 560.407

3 (Niedersterreich) 1.589.580

4 (Obersterreich) 1.405.674

5 (Salzburg) 529.574

6 (Steiermark) 1.203.918

7 (Tirol) 700.427

8 (Vorarlberg) 364.940

9 (Wien) 1.664.146

. , , . , , . . . , , . . . , , . 2006 326.000 , 7,7% . (135.000) (120.000). 25 50.000, 2006.

2009, 8.210.281 [9] . 90% . , . (75%), (5%). 180.000 340.000 . , . 2009 79,5 (76,6 82,56 ).[9]

41

.

(Schnbrunn)

16 , . 16 , , , , , .

18 19 , , 17 18 , .

. 1756 , . , .

18 19 (1791), . 19 . , , . , , .. . 2004 . , , .

42

, . 19 , . ().

.

43

[1] 1929 1 1945. 1934-1945

.[2] Total population At 1 January (http:/ / epp. eurostat. ec. europa. eu/ tgm/ table. do?tab=table& init=1& language=en& pcode=tps00001&

plugin=1). Eurostat ( 21-08-2009 )[3] (http:/ / www. statistik. at/ web_en/ statistics/ population/ population_censuses/ population_at_census_day/

index. html)[4] World Economic Outlook Database (http:/ / www. imf. org/ external/ pubs/ ft/ weo/ 2009/ 02/ weodata/ weorept. aspx?sy=2009& ey=2009&

scsm=1& ssd=1& sort=country& ds=,& br=1& pr1. x=35& pr1. y=10& c=122& s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPGDP,PPPPC,LP& grp=0& a=). ( 2009) ( 18-10-2009 )

[5] Bundesprsidentenwahl 2010 (http:/ / www. bmi. gv. at/ cms/ BMI_wahlen/ bundespraes/ bpw_2010/ Ergebnis. aspx) (German). ( 30-04-2010 )

[6] in.gr (http:/ / www. in. gr/ news/ article. asp?lngEntityID=942100), , 28 2008.

[7] in.gr (http:/ / www. in. gr/ news/ article. asp?lngEntityID=942496& lngDtrID=245), , 28 2008.

[8] in.gr (http:/ / www. in. gr/ news/ article. asp?lngEntityID=943324& lngDtrID=245), , 30 2008.

[9] (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ au. html) CIA World Factbook

(http:/ / www. austria. info/ ) () (http:/ / europa. eu/ abc/ european_countries/ eu_members/

austria/ index_el. htm)gag:Avstriya koi: mrj: pfl:Eestraisch

44

: 415409N 122706E41.9025, 12.4517 [1]

: Inno e Marcia Pontificale

( )

1921415409N 122706E41.9025, 12.4517 [1]

2

-

11 1929 , 22 2001 ( 1929)

%

0,44 km2 (193)

45

2009 2005

826 (226)9212,093 ./km (3)

(( UR))

(UTC +1)(UTC +2)

Internet TLD .va +379 1 .2 . .

, ( ) . 11 1929 . , (0,44 . .) ( 2009[1] 826 . . , 80 .

' : 590 (. Stato Pontificio) , "" , . , . . "" . , . . . , , . , . . . , . . 381 . 452 ! .

46

554 , , . (568) . . (Patrimomium Sancti Petri).

' : 590-860 (590 604) . "2 . (726) . , , , ! . . . , 754 756 (756). , (774). 781 . , , . , (795). , . 25 800 , . "" , .

47

' : 860-1254

(867) , . , , . . . , (!), .

962 , , . 1059 , (1073) . .. - , , , . "" 1077.

' : 1254-1789 (1254) . . (1417), . . . , , , . . , . . . 1789 , ( ) .

48

' : 1789-1849 , (1798). (1801) (1804) (1806), (1808) . . (1814) (. . ) . , ,, , , . . , , 1848 (1849) .

' : 1849-1870 - , (, , 20 21 1857 () . 22 1860 . 4 1860 . (1864), (1867) 1870 ( ). " ??????" 20 1870 .

' : 1870-1929 2 1870 1871 . "" 896 1859 171 80 . , , , (1878). .

' : 1929- ' 11 1929 (Stato della Citt del Vaticano) 750.000.000 . . . ( 1871, ). , , . 0,44 .. 512 . (1929 ) 389 113 .

49

19 , . 1870, . " ", 1871, . . 1929 , (11 1929). 1984, , .

1593 Antonio Tempesta

- - (: Status Civitatis Vatican) . . , . , . , . . Mons Vaticanus, . 19 2005.

.

50

, , , . (3.2. , ) , . , . 0,44 .. (108,7). ' , , , .

, ( " "), , . . . , , .

: (2003): 252 (2003): 264 .

: , .

- - , . : . ( ) -. ! " " , Arco delle Campane (= ) . 4 . 16 . , . . .

51

. . ( ) , , " '" . ( 1/6 ) . . (=, ) . , , , , . , , . ( ). N ' '. . . .

[1] CIA World Fact Book (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ vt. html)

http:/ / www. vatican. va http:/ / www. radiovaticana. org http:/ / www. clerus. org/gag:Vatikan koi:

52

: 503160N 44600E50.5333, 4.7667 [1]

: : Eendracht maakt macht.: L'union fait la force.

: Einigkeit macht stark

: Brabanonne

( )

1.048.491[1]505045N 42107E50.8458, 4.3519 [3]

(54%) (45%) (0.60%)

53

4 183019 18397 1831 ( 14 1993)

%

30.528 km2 (139)6,41.385 .66,5 .

2008 2001

10.666.866[1] (76)10.296.350352 ./km (30)

... (PPP) (2009)

383,273 . $[2] (29)35.683 $[2] (19)

... () (2009)

461,489 . $[2] (20)42.965 $[2] (13)

(2007) 0,953 (17) 1 ( EUR)

CET (UTC +1)(UTC +2)

Internet TLD .be .eu . +32 1 1999:

(: Koninkrijk Belgi, : Royaume de Belgique, :Knigreich Belgien) , , . 30.000 . . : - , . , , , . . , . , (Belgae), , Gallia Belgica ( )., " ", . . 1830, , , . , , , , . ' 2010.

54

, , . 1 .., 5 . , 8 . , . 14 15 . 15 . 16 . , (1568-1648), . . , 17 18 . 1794 , - , - . 1815.

1830, Egide CharlesGustave Wappers (1834), Muse d'Art Ancien,

1830 , . ' 1831, . ' , , , , , . , ,

, . , .

1885 ' , . 1908, , . 1914, . - - - 1916 1924 . 1940. 1944. 30 1960 , - 1962. ' , , , .

55

. , , . 20 , ' , . , . 1970 1980, , , . , , .

' . . . . , . 18 .[3] .

, , . . , . , . . . , . . . 1970, . : , , . , , . , .

56

, ', 1993. 1999, VLD --, " ". 1958. 2003, - . , , . . . 1990 . , 1999 . , . , , , . , . , , , . . --. , ( 1993 . . (. : Senaat, . Snat) (: Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers, .: Chambre des Reprsentants). 150 . . 10 2007 . , . 3 2007 () .[4] . 10 [5] 17 2007. 2008[6] . , , , [7] . , , , . 2008 , , "" Fortis Paribas.[8] 22 , . [9] 28 30 2008.[10] . , ,

57

2009. , 22 2010, VLD , 13 2010.[11] 9 , . [12]

() , 13 2010, .[13] -VA, , 29% . (CD&V) 17,5% . Open VLD 14,5% Vlaams Belang 12,5%[14] . .

+/ % +/ +/ (Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie)

1.135.617 * 17,40% * 27 *

(Parti Socialiste) 894.543 +169.756 13,70% +2,85% 26 +6

(Christen-Democratisch enVlaams)

707.986 * 10,85% * 17 *

(MouvementRformateur)

605.617 229.456 9,28% 3,23% 18 5

(Socialistische Partij Anders)

602.867 81.523 9,24% 1,02% 13 1

, (Vlaamse Liberalen enDemocraten)

563.873 225.572 8,64% 3,19% 13 5

(Vlaams Belang)

506.697 293.147 7,76% 4,23% 12 5

(Centre Dmocrate Humaniste)

360.441 43.636 5,52% 0,53% 9 1

Ecolo 313.047 27.331 4,80% 0,30% 8 0

!(Groen!) 285.989 +20.161 4,38% +0,40% 5 +1

(Lijst Dedecker) 150.577 118.071 2,31% 1,72% 1 4

(Parti Populaire) 84.005 1,29% +1,29% 1 +1

316.108 4,84%

6.527.367 100% 150

: 2010 [17].: * 2007 , 18,51% 30 .

( 89.2%): - 2010 [18].

58

Hautes Fagnes,

, 30.528 , : , , . . ( ) , , , , . , , . , . , .

, , . , , . . , 694. . 3C 18C. . , . , , , .

14 1993, , :1. , .2. , :

, ; , ; .

3. : ; ; .

59

2009, 10.414.336 [3] . (342 ) , . 2005, 6.043.161, 3.395.942 1.006.749. (97,3% 1999). (1.006.749), (457.749), (230.951), (201.373), (185.574), (117.351). 60% , 40% 1% . , , 1960, . -, . 1830. . . , , . , . 2001, 47% . , , 3,5%. . 85%. , 11,1%. , , 3% . 2009 79,22 (76,06 82,53 ).[3]

(). 2007, 2% , 25% 73% . 7%, 15,2%. 35.000 $ . (), . . , , , . 70% - . , , ' 2001-2003 .

60

, 3536 , 2950 , 1,435 , . 2004, (NMBS/SNCB) 178,4 . . , TGV. , , ( ) . ( ) 1.729 . (1-5, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18). ( ) 12.610 . 134.679 . H . , , 1.500 . (Antwerp), (Brugges), (Gent) (Ostend). Zaventem .

7 18 . , 42% ( 2002).[15] 19 , - .. T , 1% . '60 : ( ) .

. , , , , . .

(Gerardus Mercator), (Ernest Solvay), (Herg), "" (Georges Simenon), (Jacques Rogg),

61

( ) (Pieter Bruegel) (Ren Magritte) (Pieter Paul Rubens) (Fernand Verhaegen) (Constantin Meunier),

.

-

62

KLMA [20]

L'amnagement linguistique dans le monde [21] Jacques Leclerc, ,

Portal of the INS to statistical publications about Belgium [22]

[23]

[1] (http:/ / statbel. fgov. be/ figures/ d21_fr. asp)[2] World Economic Outlook Database (http:/ / www. imf. org/ external/ pubs/ ft/ weo/ 2009/ 02/ weodata/ weorept. aspx?sy=2009& ey=2009&

scsm=1& ssd=1& sort=country& ds=,& br=1& pr1. x=35& pr1. y=10& c=124& s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPGDP,PPPPC,LP& grp=0& a=). ( 2009) ( 18-10-2009 )

[3] CIA World Factbook (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ be. html)[4] in.gr (http:/ / www. in. gr/ news/ article. asp?lngEntityID=854766& lngDtrID=245)[5] in.gr (http:/ / www. in. gr/ news/ article. asp?lngEntityID=858028& lngDtrID=245)[6] (http:/ / news. kathimerini. gr/ 4dcgi/ _w_articles_world_1_19/ 12/ 2007_253009), 19 2007[7] in.gr (http:/ / www. in. gr/ news/ article. asp?lngEntityID=883430& lngDtrID=245),

, 18/03/2008[8] (http:/ / www. tanea. gr/ default. asp?pid=41& nid=969469), , 19 2008.[9] Flash.gr (http:/ / world. flash. gr/ cosmosl/ 2008/ 12/ 23/ 40827id/ ), , 23 2008.[10] Belgian king asks Van Rompuy to form government (http:/ / www. reuters. com/ article/ rbssFinancialServicesAndRealEstateNews/

idUSLS35202520081228) Reuters, 28 2008.[11] Belgian coalition government crumbles as PM resigns (http:/ / www. english. rfi. fr/ europe/

20100422-belgian-coalition-government-crumbles-pm-resigns). www.english.rfi.fr ( 27-4-2010 )[12] (http:/ / www. kathimerini. gr/ 4dcgi/ _w_articles_kathremote_1_09/ 07/ 2010_345978), :

, 9-7-2010.[13] (http:/ / www. enet. gr/ ?i=news. el. kosmos& id=172538), ,

13-6-2010.[14] (http:/ / www. tanea. gr/ default. asp?pid=2& ct=2& artId=4579409), , 13-6-2010.[15] National Center of Education Statistics () (http:/ / nces. ed. gov/ programs/ digest/ d05/ tables/ dt05_388. asp)

63

(http:/ / www. Belgium. be/ ) (http:/ / www. belgiumtheplaceto. be/ ) (http:/ / www. goldenpages. be/ ) (http:/ / www. mediatico. com/ en/ newspapers/ europe/ belgium) Wikitravel (http:/ / wikitravel. org/ en/ Belgium) 175 25

(http:/ / www. 175-25. be/ ) bruessel-gui.de - : & (http:/ / www. bruessel-gui. de/ bruessel/ bildergalerien. html)gag:Belgiya koi: +/- (Christen-Democratisch &Vlaams - Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie) (Parti Socialiste) (Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams) (Socialistische Partij Anders) (Mouvement Rformateur) , (Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten) (Vlaams Belang)Ecolo (Centre Dmocrate Humaniste)! (Groen!) (Lijst Dedecker) (Parti Populaire) 6.469.304 % 1.268.894 880.828 646.371 613.091 599.618 533.171 491.519 353.111331.870 251.605 130.777 98.858 264.591 +/- * +202.016 * 52.251 -216.137 288.809 -296.263 -32.355 -58.982+10.454 -93.215 100,00% 19,61% 13,62% 9,99% 9,48% 9,27% 8,24% 7,60% 5,46% 5,13% 3,89%2,02% 1,53% 4,09% +/- * +3,37% * 0,54% +3,04% 4,16% -4,29% -0,36% -0,77% +0,25% -1,36% 409 7 44 4 4 3 2 2 1 0 0 * +3 * 0 -2 -1 -2 0 0 0 -1

64

: 440600N 175800E44.1, 17.9667 [1]

: "Dravna himna Bosne i Hercegovine"

( )

4352N 1825E43.867, 18.417 [2]

,,

-

- -

( )

6 199214 1995

65

%

51.197 km2 (127)1.538 .20 .

2009 1991

4.613.614[1] (125)4.377.05390 ./km (108)

... (PPP) (2009)

29,992 . $[2] (102)7.490 $[2] (93)

... () (2009)

16,961 . $[2] (101)4.236 $[2] (90)

(2007) 0,812 (76) ()

[ (UTC +1)(UTC +2)

Internet TLD .ba +387 . .

H - , . 51.197km 4.613.614, 2009[1] . . : , .

66

-

-

, , .

, (2.330 .). , , , , , , . 25 . .

. .

, , ( ), , ). , , .

, , . , , , , , , , , , , , , ( ) ..

- 1000 .. , 1 .. , (7 .). 12 . 1483 , . 1878 1908 . , . 1914 - , . , . 1918 - , 1921 1934, 1929 .

67

. , - (1946). 1980. 1991 . , , 1991. 1992 . , , . - , . 1993 25.000 . 1994 , . 1995 ' ' , . -. 1996 - . 2000 45 ( ) , 2001 46 . , , -. 2002 . 2007 . 4 2007 . 23 2008 , .[3]

68

. , , , ,, , , . . , ,, , , , , , .. ,, .

. :

- , - . 1998 , . - 10 , . - . .

18 . , 16 17 ' .[1]

2010

3 2010. 4 : (

-) (

- ) ( )

( )

69

2010 , . , , , 53,3%.[4]

%

%

%

()

- (SDPBiH)

336.961 60,6%

()

- (HDZBiH)

109.714 19,7%

()

: 1990(HDZ 1990) & - (HSPBiH)

60.234 10,8%

-()

" " (NS RzB)

45.382 8,2%

() [] 1.579 0,3%

() [] 1.069 0,2%

()

[] 972 0,2%

()

(SDA)

162.797 34,9%

( )

(SBB)

142.359 30,5%

( )

- (SBiH)

117.168 25,1% :

( )

(DNZ)

13.366 2,9%

( )

- (BPS)

8.946 1,9%

()

(A-sda)

8.738 1,9%

( )

(GDS)

6.947 1,5%

( )

(BOSS) 4.227 0,9%

()

[] 2.347 0,5%

70

()

(SNSD)

295.624 48,9%

() (Zajedno za Srpsku)

285.927 47,3%

()

22.778 3,8%

1.022.806 604.329

: Adam Carr's Election Archive [7], Izbori.ba [8]

2010, 42 . 98 10 , 83 . 39 , 11 13 .[5]

+/-

% %

- (SDP BiH)

265.952 26,07 8 18.406 2,96 0 284.358 8 +3

(SNSD)

8.810 0,86 0 269.007 43,30 8 277.817 8 +1

(SDA) 197.890 19,40 7 16.371 2,64 0 214.261 7 2

(SDS) 137.843 22,19 4 137.843 4 +1

(SBB) 124.076 12,16 4 6.329 2,03 0 130.405 4 +4

- (HDZ BiH)

112.067 10,99 3 2.361 0,38 0 114.428 3 0

-(SBiH)

73.946 7,25 2 12.640 2,03 0 86.586 2 6

: 1990 (HDZ 1990)& - (HSP BiH)

49.524 4,86 2 522 0,08 0 50.046 2 0

" " (NS RzB)

49.039 4,81 1 43.039 1 0

(PDP) 40.070 6,45 1 40.070 1 0

(DNS) 1.147 0,11 0 28.511 4,59 1 29.658 1 0

(DNZ) 14.839 1,45 1 14.839 1 0

1.019.973 100,00 28 621.227 100,00 14 1.641.200 42

71

3 2010 289 10 - ( : skuptina kantona, : sabor upanije, : ).

USK

%

P

%

TK

%

ZDK

%

BPK

%

SBK

SB

%

HNK

HN

%

ZH

%

KS

%

K10

%

(SDA)

21.104 23,38

1.602 10,29 45.058 24,68 35.144 25,00 2.509 22,90 16.285 17,33

9.927

14,85

0 0

31.459 17,82 1.130

4,72

164.218

-

(SBiH)

7.280 8,07 452 2,92

14.995

8,21

12.055

8,57

1628 14,86

6.621 7,05 2.634 3,94 0 0

18.213 10,32

213 0,89 64.091

(SDP) 20.902 23,16

816 5,24 56.188 30,77 35.724 25,41 2.682 24,48

16.764 17,84

9.005

13,47

252 0,74 42.692 24,19 990 4,13

186.015

(A-sda)

11.019 12,21

0 0 4.303 2,36 1.822 1,30 201 1,83 555 0,59 60 0,09 0 0 1.726 0,98 0 0 19.686

(SBB)

6.438 7,13 512 3,29

19.088 10,45 18.110 12,88 1.383 12,62 12.207 12,99

4.953 7,41 0 0

30.619 17,35

304 1,27 93.614

-

(HDZ BiH)

591 0.65 6.413 41,19 5.627 3,08 7.330 5,21 0 0 20.417 21,73 22.623 33,83 17.526 51,65 1.846 1,05 6.247 26,09 88.620

(LDS)

0 0 0 0 0 0 369 0,26 33 0,30 157 0,17 63 0,09 0 0 1.536 0,87 0 0 2.518

1990 (HDZ

1990)

527 0,58

3.425 22,00

303 0,17 2.181 1,55 0 0 6.633 7,06 8.324

12,45

5.211

15,36

578 0,33

3.080 12,86

30.262

-

(HSP BiH)

7 0,01 454 2,92 * * * * 0 0 * * 3.235 4,84 4.358

12,84

* *

2.284

9,54

10.338*

(HSS -

NHI)

0 0 606 3,89 135 0,07 503 0,36 0 0 2.914 3,10 0 0 0 0 243 0,14

1.217

5,08 5.618

"

" (NS RzB)

4.837 5,36 336 2,16 8.980 4,92 9.059 6,44

1.085

9,90 5.710 6,08 2.262 3,38 3.883

11,44

5.549 3,14

2.264

9,46 43.965

72

(DNS)

90 0,10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 65 0,07 0 0 0 0 0 0

1.205

5,03 1.360

-

(BPS)

857 0,95 0 0 6.764 3,70 4.825 3,43 705 6,44 1.508 1,60 1.148 1,72 0 0 8.509 4,82 0 0 24.316

(DNZ)

11.844 13,12

0 0 0 0 250 0,18 0 0 0 0 5 0,01 7 0,02 196 0,11 32 0,13 12.334

-

(SP/U)

655 0,73 60 0,39 1.674 0,92 2.912 2,07 145 1,32 924 0,98 524 0,78 458 1,35 3.095 1,75 0 0 10.447

(NS)

980 1,09 35 0,22 2.500 1,37 1.493 1,06 69 0,63 788 0,84 179 0,27 0 0 8.385 4,75 74 0,31 14.503

(BOSS)

314 0,35 46 0,30 4.429 2,43 1.968 1,40 255 2,33 1.199 1,28 200 0,30 0 0 6.247 3,54 0 0 14.658

(SDU)

889 0,98 0 0 4.501 2,47 164 0,12 0 0 362 0,39 0 0 0 0 6.019 3,41 89 0,37 12.024

(SNSD)

1.012 1,12 0 0 450 0,25 310 0,22 130 1,19 166 0,18 794 1,19 0 0 1.641 0,93

3.089 12,90

7.592

914 1,01 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- [8]

(45%), (35%) (15%). , (, ). , . ( ), 3 , , , . , 100% . , , , , , , , . 2009 78,5 (74,92 82,34 ).[1]

73

.

, , . , . 1992 , , . , 1961 . 20 . , , .. ( , ). No mans Land 2001 .

[1] CIA World Factbook (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ bk. html)[2] World Economic Outlook Database (http:/ / www. imf. org/ external/ pubs/ ft/ weo/ 2009/ 02/ weodata/ weorept. aspx?sy=2009& ey=2009&

scsm=1& ssd=1& sort=country& ds=,& br=1& pr1. x=35& pr1. y=10& c=963& s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPGDP,PPPPC,LP& grp=0& a=). ( 2009) ( 18-10-2009 )

[3] Flash.gr (http:/ / world. flash. gr/ cosmosl/ 2008/ 12/ 23/ 40835id/ ), -, 23 2008.

[4] (http:/ / www. ethnos. gr/ article. asp?catid=11381& subid=2& pubid=34920948), ... - , 5-10-2010.

[5] (http:/ / www. osce. org/ documents/ odihr/ 2010/ 08/ 46173_en. pdf), 21-9-2010.

gag:Bosniya hem Heregovina koi:-

74

: 4241N 2319E42.683, 23.317 [1]

:

: Mila Rodino

( )

1.395.568424200N 231900E42.7, 23.333333 [2]

68114223 187822 190812 1991

75

%

110.910 km2 (102)0,31.808 .354 .

2009 1998

7.602.116[1] (95)7.932.98469,3 ./km (100)

... (PPP) (2009)

89,002 . $[2] (70)12.760 $[2] (47)

... () (2009)

64,777 . $[2] (73)10.916 $[2] (49)

(2007) 0,840 (61) (BGN)

EET (UTC +2)(UTC +3)

Internet TLD .bg +359

(: [ ]) 110.910 . 7.602.116, 2009.[1]

, , , , . .

, , , . , . , , . 8 .. . 3 ... : , , , . . ' . 493, '. . 1396. 5 1908. 1 2007 - .

76

1915

2009 1997, , .[3] 14 150 . 2009 .

, . (. ). (. ) , (2.925 ). , (. ). 1.100.000 . (. ), ( - ) (. ) , , , , , ( ) ( ).

2009, 7.204.687 .[4]

2009 73,09 (69,48 76,91 ).[4]

.

18 .[4] . 5 2009. , . GERB 40,75% 76,67% . 17,96% MDL ( ) 13,31%[5] . , 9,33%, , GERB, 6,73%, , , (RZS) 4,16%. , 4% [6] . , ,

77

, 116 40 .[7]

% +/ +/

1.678.641 39,72 116

748.147 17,70 14,0 40 42

610.521 14,45 +1,7 38 +4

395.733 9,36 +1,2 21 0

285.662 6,76 7,3 15 22

, , 174.582 4,13 10

137.795 3,26

127.470 3,02 16,9 53

21.841 0,52

11.524 0,27

8.762 0,21

"" 6.426 0,15

5.004 0,12

3,813 0,09

3.455 0,08

2.828 0,07

2.175 0,05

1.874 0,04

4.226.194 97,75 240

97.387 2,25

78

(: 60,20%) 4.323.581 100,00

: CIK [10]

31 28 3 .

26

0

5

0

0

0

0

, , 0

0

31

.

. 68 .

79

[1] Total population At 1 January (http:/ / epp. eurostat. ec. europa. eu/ portal/ page?_pageid=1996,39140985& _dad=portal&

_schema=PORTAL& screen=detailref& language=en& product=REF_TB_population& root=REF_TB_population/ t_popula/ t_pop/t_demo_gen/ tps00001). Eurostat ( 14-04-2009 )

[2] World Economic Outlook Database (http:/ / www. imf. org/ external/ pubs/ ft/ weo/ 2009/ 02/ weodata/ weorept. aspx?sy=2009& ey=2009&scsm=1& ssd=1& sort=country& ds=,& br=1& pr1. x=35& pr1. y=10& c=918& s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPGDP,PPPPC,LP& grp=0& a=). ( 2009) ( 18-10-2009 )

[3] (http:/ / www. imerisia. gr/ article. asp?catid=12337& subid=2& tag=9464& pubid=4835139), : , 14 2009.

[4] CIA World Factbook (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ bu. html)[5] (http:/ / www. kathimerini. gr/ 4dcgi/ _w_articles_kathremote_1_06/ 07/ 2009_287390),:

, 6 2009.[6] UPI (http:/ / www. upi. com/ Top_News/ 2009/ 07/ 06/ Opposition-right-party-wins-Bulgaria-polls/ UPI-57211246887533/ ), Opposition

right party wins Bulgaria polls, 6 2009.[7] : ... (http:/ / www. imerisia. gr/ article. asp?catid=12337& subid=2& tag=9464&

pubid=12147143), , 6 2009.

80

History, art and music in Bulgaria (http:/ / www. kirildouhalov. net) Physical Map of Bulgaria (http:/ / www. freeworldmaps. net/ europe/ bulgaria/ map. html) (http:/ / www. government. bg/ fce/ index. shtml?s=001& p=0023) (http:/ / www. parliament. bg/ ?lng=en) (http:/ / www. pbase. com/ ngruev/ bulgaria/ ) (BNR) (http:/ / www. bnr. bg/ RadioBulgaria/ Emission_Greek/ ) -

10 .

(http:/ / foto. vacacionesbulgaria. com/ index. php?lang=greek) Bulgarian Photo Album (http:/ / www. bgimages. org/ ) (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ bu. html) World

Factbook (http:/ / europa. eu/ abc/ european_countries/ eu_members/

bulgaria/ index_el. htm) (http:/ / www. picturesfrombulgaria. com)gag:Bulgariya koi:

81

: 461900N 23160E46.3167, 2.5333 [1]

: Libert, galit, Fraternit, ,

: La Marseillaise ( )

( )

485200N 21959E48.8667, 2.3331 [2]

4868434 1958 (. )

82

%

674.843 1 km2 (47)0,262.889 .4.668 .

2010 2010

65.447.374 [1] 2 (19)62.793.432114 ./km (89)

... (PPP) (2009)

2.112,323 . $[2] (8)33.744 $[2] (24)

... () (2009)

2.634,817 . $[2] (5)42.091 $[2] (14)

(2007) 0,961 (8) 3 ( EUR)

CET 4 (UTC +1)(UTC +2)

Internet TLD .fr .eu +33

1 - : 551.695 km2 - : 62.793.432[5]3 - CFP.4 - .

(. France, Rpublique Franaise) . , , , . , . 547.026 . 65.447.374 , 62.793.432 ( 2010)[3] . , , , , , , , . . , , . , . .

83

, (4 810.) , . : , , , , , , .

.

, . : (Seine), . , . , . (Loire), , .

, . (Garonne) , . (Rhne) . (Rhin) 180 . , 4.800 .

. , , . , . ( ). . (Lyon) (445.400 .), (Marseilles) (798.300 .), (Toulouse)(390.000 .), (Bordeaux) (215.363 .), (Nantes) (270.000 .) (Strasbourg) (264.115).

, . , , . , .., , . , . 3-4 . . .

84

2009 80,98 (77,79 84,33 ).[3]

(1961-2003) FAOSTAT (

).

65.447.374[5] (20 ). 0,549% ( 2009).830.900 2006, 2,07 . 12,57/1000 (. 2009) 8,48/1000 ( 2008).

. , , . . . , , , ,, , , . , , , , , , . . , . . . . , , , , , (), . . . . . ( ) . 60 (. . .

. , . . , , .

85

. . , , . "". , . . 13 . . :

. (Dom Prignon).

. , . DomPrignon, Mot et Chandon, Ruinart, Krug, Pommery, VeuveClicquot Mumm . .

() . . (chateaux)( ) . 67% . Merlot, Cabernet-Sauvignon,Cabernet-Franc, Smillon, Sauvignon Chteau Margaux,Ptrus, Chteau Penin ..

. 1415 Sens. 1.500 . 2 , ) Premier Cru 600 ) Grand Cru . 33 . , Chambertin, ClosVougeot, Corton, Corton-Charlemagne,Montrachet, Musigny, La Tache. , , 3.500 2/3 24.000 .

86

TGV

, , . , . . - , , , , . ,

. - .

. , , , . , , . , . . , . . , , , , . . , , . , . , 1951, . . , . . , , . , , , , .

87

. . . (TGV /Train Grande Vitesse, " " )

320/.

. , -- . , . , , , . .

, , . .H .

, , , 51 .. , . , . , . , , . 3 .. , , , . , , , . , 5 .., , 500 . . 732 , , . 800 , , .

88

, . , . , . 9 .. , . , . 13 .. . , , . , . . , 1305, () , . 70 . 1378. 1066, , . . 300 , . 1337 . . , , , . 1420-30 , ' , , , , . , . ,, . . 1450 . 16 . ( ) . . 1572 , ( ). 1598 , . . , . . ' , ', . , , . 1614 , .

89

. 20 , . . . , , , . . . 1643 , . 18 (), . , . , , . . . , , . . . : (L' Etat c' est moi). , , . 18o , . , , . . 1774 , , . , , , (1789).

, . , ,. , . , . 14 1789 , ,

. . , . 1792 , . , , .

90

, . 1795 . 1799 , . , . , , , . 1801. 1804 , . 1812, , . . , , . , , . 1814 . , . 1815 100 . 1815 , . , , , 1821, . , . , , 1830 1848. , 1852. . 1870. , . . 1871, . , , . . ( ) .( ). . 1919, , , . 1930-40 , . 1939, , , , , . , , . 1940 , . , .

91

. . . 1949 , . . . 1958, . . 11 , . ( ). 1969 . .

, 10 . . . 16 . 15 , . , , 17 . 18 , , , . . . , , , . 19 , . , . , , . 20 . , , , , .

. . , . " " (842) . 12 , .

92

12 13 , . " " (12 ) . . , " ", " " .. , . .

14 15 , . , . .

16 . 1550 , , . .

17 . (Ren Descartes) . (Corneille) . (Pascal) . 1660 . , , . : (La Fontaine), (Molire), (Racin), . 1680 , . , .

18 . , , . , , , .

19 . , . . , , .

93

1850 , , , . . , . , . .

20 20 , , . 20 (surrealisme) (Andr Breton), , (Robert Desnos), , (Jean-Paul Sartre) (Albert Camus). (Nouveau Roman), - (Alain Robbe-Grillet) , , , , (Jean-Philippe Toussaint), (Christian Oster) . . , , (Marguerite Duras), (MargueriteYurcenar) - , , (Marcel Proust), (Raymond Queneau), (Andr Malraux), (Henri Troyat), (Simone de Beauvoir) (Georges Simenon), " ".

21 2008[4] , 539 537 , . 24 2009 , 30 .[5]

, . , 60 62 .[6]

18 .[3] .

, 2008 ( 114 343) 21 2008.[7] , 331 343. . .[8] , , 9 . 2011 , .[9]

94

. 2004 a 2008

(Union pour un mouvement populaire) UMP 159 56 149 10

- -UDF]] (UnioncentristeUnion pour la dmocratie franaise)

UC-UDF 30 4 29 1

" " () 189 60 178 11

(Parti socialiste) PS 95 29 117 +22

, (Communiste,rpublicain, et citoyen)

CRC 23 3 23 0

118 32 140 +22

(Rassemblementdmocratique et social europen)

RDSE 17 8 15 2

Non-Inscrits NI 6 1 6 0

331 114 339 +8

a - ( A): La Chane parlementaire

11 2009 - 43 - . [10] , . 329 238 17 2009[11] . . 26 2009 ( ).[12]

[1] Insee (http:/ / www. insee. fr/ fr/ themes/ document. asp?ref_id=ip1276#inter1)[2] 2009 (http:/ / www. imf. org/ external/ pubs/ ft/ weo/ 2009/ 02/ weodata/ weorept. aspx?sy=2006& ey=2009&

scsm=1& ssd=1& sort=country& ds=. & br=1& c=132& s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPGDP,PPPPC,LP& grp=0& a=& pr. x=36& pr. y=0) [3] CIA World Factbook (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ fr. html)[4] in.gr (http:/ / www. in. gr/ news/ article. asp?lngEntityID=921295& lngDtrID=245)

, 21-7-2008.[5] (http:/ / www. tovima. gr/ default. asp?pid=41& nid=998361), 24-3-2009.[6] BBC (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/ world-europe-11610601), 22-10-2010.[7] 2008 (http:/ / www. senat. fr/ senateurs/ elections/ 2008/ )[8] Tong Sang To Contest French Senate Elections, Pacific Magazine, 25 2008.[9] Le Figaro (http:/ / www. lefigaro. fr/ politique/ 2008/ 09/ 20/

01002-20080920ARTFIG00199-senat-la-droite-devrait-contenir-la-poussee-de-la-gauche-. php)[10] (http:/ / www. tovima. gr/ default. asp?pid=2& ct=2& artId=258883), 12 2009.[11] BBC News (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ world/ europe/ 7948133. stm), Sarkozy survives vote over Nato, 17 2009.[12] Times (http:/ / www. timesonline. co. uk/ tol/ news/ world/ europe/ article6367036. ece), France sends signal to Iran with opening of Abu

Dhabi airbase, 26 2009.

bjn:Parancis gag:Franiya koi: pfl:Frongraisch

95

: 510954N 102719E51.165, 10.4553 [1]

: (, - "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit")

( )

5231N 1324E52.517, 13.4 [2]

96218 187123 19493 199023 1949, . 1990.

96

%

357.021 km2 (62)2,4163.621 .2.389 .

2009 2005

82.062.249[1] (14)82.515.988229 ./km (55)

... (PPP) (2010)

2.859,776 . $[2]34.905 $[2]

... () (2010)

3.332,803 . $[2]40.678 $[2]

(2010) 0,885 (10) 1 () (EUR)

CET (UTC +1)(UTC +2)

Internet TLD .de .eu +49 1 1999:

, (. Bundesrepublik Deutschland) , , . , , , , . . ( ) .

5.000 . 58 .. , . 1 . .. ( ), . 1 6 . . , 800 . : , 843 . 2 962 ' ,

97

(Freie Reichsstadt). , (1618-1648) , o . 1806 , ', . , ( 80). , 38 . . - 1866. , . - 1871/72 .

, 1871. .

( ) ' . O .

' . ' . ( 11%) , , , , . 80 .

1933 : To 1938 o , , ( ). 1 1939 ' , 8 1945 . , 30 , 1946 . , , . H , , .

23 1949 , . 7 1949 . ( )

98

. , " "(. ). '80 , () . . 3 1990 . ' , .

: (Norddeutsche Tiefebene), (Mittelgebirge), (Nrdliches Alpenvorland) (Ostalpen). . . . , , . . , . , , , , . . , 2.962 .

, . , . , , . , . , 30C . , , . , . ,

99

30C .

. , .[3] . , . . : (Bundestag) (Bundesrat). ' . .[4] .[5]

: (CDU) (SPD). , . CDU/CSU SPD (FPD), (Die Linke) '90/ (Bndnis 90/Die Grnen).[6]

2005 , CDU. . 2009 . .[7]

, Bundeslnder ( Bundesland). (, ). , .. . (. Ministerprsident).

, -. : , . , .

1871 (.. , ), ( -, ). 1990

100

, 1871 (.. ) (.. ). , .

Bundesland Hauptstadt

1 - Baden-Wrttemberg Stuttgart

2 (Freistaat) Bayern Mnchen

3 Berlin Berlin

4 Brandenburg Potsdam

5 (Freie Hansestadt) Bremen Bremen

6 (Freie und Hansestadt) Hamburg Hamburg

7 Hessen Wiesbaden

8 - Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Schwerin

9 Niedersachsen Hannover

10 - Nordrhein-Westfalen Dsseldorf

11 - Rheinland-Pfalz Mainz

12 Saarland Saarbrcken

13 (Freistaat) Sachsen Dresden

14 - Sachsen-Anhalt Magdeburg

15 - Schleswig-Holstein Kiel

16 (Freistaat) Thringen Erfurt

( 31 2005):1. 3.391.407 2. 1.736.752 3. 1.397.537 4. 975.907 5. 657.126

. , 2-3% , . 2.714.418 (2005), . , . , , (Human Development Index), 19 , World Bank Group 5 , , , .

101

82.282.988 [8] , . , 1,41 . , -0,05% , . , 0,9% . , 68 (82%), , 75 . 15 , 8 . , , . , , , , . , , , , , . , . , ( 50 .), ( 5 .), ( 3 .). (2010), 79,41 , 76,41 82,57 . , , , , , . , , , , , . , -, 12 . , , , , .

, 53 , 64% . , 32,3% ( 27 .) , , 31% ( 26 .) . , , . . , . ' . , 4,5 . , 5% . , , ., . 200.000 (0.25%), . 50% ., , , , .

102

, , 30% , , . 2005 , 47% " ", 25% " ", 25% " ".

. 23 , . , , , , , , . , , , . ( ) . , , . , 26 , , (Umlaut), , , , (Eszett), , . , , . , , , . , 100 , 80 . 90 (18%) . , , , , , , , , .

(Autobahn) . , . , , , . .

103

deutschland.de, [11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[1] Total population At 1 January (http:/ / epp. eurostat. ec. europa. eu/ portal/ page?_pageid=1996,39140985& _dad=portal&

_schema=PORTAL& screen=detailref& language=en& product=REF_TB_population& root=REF_TB_population/ t_popula/ t_pop/t_demo_gen/ tps00001). Eurostat ( 06-04-2009 )

[2] World Economic Outlook Database (http:/ / www. imf. org/ external/ pubs/ ft/ weo/ 2010/ 02/ weodata/ weorept. aspx?sy=2009& ey=2010&scsm=1& ssd=1& sort=country& ds=,& br=1& pr1. x=35& pr1. y=10& c=134& s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPGDP,PPPPC,LP& grp=0& a=). ( 2010) ( 18-11-2010 )

[3] Der Bundesprsident / Constitutional Basis (http:/ / www. bundespraesident. de/ en/ The-role-of-the-Federal-Presid/ -,11172/Constitutional-Basis. htm) www.bundespraesident.de

[4] German Bundestag > Function and role (http:/ / www. bundestag. de/ htdocs_e/ bundestag/ function/ index. html) www.bundestag.de[5] Bundesrat members (http:/ / www. bundesrat. de/ cln_099/ nn_11006/ EN/ organisation-en/ mitglieder-en/ mitglieder-en-node.

html?__nnn=true) www.bundesrat.de[6] Members of the German Bundestag by parliamentary group (http:/ / www. bundestag. de/ htdocs_e/ bundestag/ members/ bygroup. html)

www.bundestag.de[7] " , " (http:/ / www. enet. gr/ ?i=issue. el. home& date=28/ 09/ 2009& id=86562). .

28 2009. . 30-09-2009.[8] CIA World Fact Book (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ gm. html)

gag:Germaniya koi: pfl:Daitschlond

104

: 420100N 434360E42.0167, 43.7333 [1]

:

: ()

( )

1.480.0004143N 4447E41.717, 44.783 [2]

105

100826 191825 19219 199125 199117 1995

%

69.700 km2 (120)1.461 .310 .

2009

4.615.807[1] . (119)66 ./km (135)

... (PPP) (2009)

20,887 . $[2] (117)4.747 $[2] (114)

... () (2009)

10,981 . $[2] (116)2.496 $[2] (112)

(2007) 0,778 (89) (GEL)

(UTC +4)(UTC +4)

Internet TLD .ge +995

. ( ) ( ) , . , . , (Tbilisi), " ". . , . 5.476.000 . . , ( 82%) . 1453 .. . 1510 .. . . , , . . 16.500 . 1.000 , 711 .

106

. . - 12 .., 7 .. . 4 .. , . , . ( 337 319 ..). . . , , , . 66 .., 400 . ', , . , , 11 13 .. 330 .. , 700 . , , , . , 7 . 11 , , . 645, . 813, ', , , 1000 . ' (1027-1072), ' " " (1089-1125) .

107

12 13 , , . , , , , , . , , . , , , . , , .

, . , 16 , . 17 , . To 1918, , , , . 1921 , , , , . 1878 . 1991 . , , , . , . . 2003 , . , . . , , . 2007 , . 2008 , . 8 2008 , de facto . , . , , . 1999. . , , "--", .

108

2009 5 2009 , .[3] . .[4] .[5] , . .[6]

, .[4] . [7] . , .[8]

2010 . [9]

. . . 2008 . 18 . 24 1995 17 [10] .

5 2008 53,47% 25,69% , . .

2008

%

1.060.042 53,47

509.234 25,69

140.826 7,11

128.589 6,49

79.747 4,02

15.249 0,77

- 3.242 0,16

56,17% 1.982.318 100,0

109

2008 , 5 2008, 72,5%. 2008, . [11] 69,9%.

2008 22 2008 . 63% 13% .[12]

%

1.054.394 59,22 120

( , ) 315.412 17,71 16

153.708 8,63 0

132.331 7,43 0

67.263 3,78 0

, - (MGS, , EDP) 16.460 0,92 0

(QDA) 15.827 0,89 0

8.265 0,46 0

-

8.033 0,45 0

3.382 0,19 0

- \ 3.185 0,18 0

" " 2.222 0,12 0

( 55%) 1.780.482 100,00 150

: cec.gov.ge [15]

84% (6,5%), (5,7%) (1,5%) , 2002. 84% , 10% , 4% - 0,8% . 71% , . , . . 53% , 2008. 2009 76,72 (73,41 80,45 ).[1]

110

2008 23 3 . , . . 2008 191 . .

[16]

[17]

[18]

[1] CIA World Fact Book (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ gg. html)[2] World Economic Outlook Database (http:/ / www. imf. org/ external/ pubs/ ft/ weo/ 2009/ 02/ weodata/ weorept. aspx?sy=2009& ey=2009&

scsm=1& ssd=1& sort=country& ds=,& br=1& pr1. x=35& pr1. y=10& c=915& s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPGDP,PPPPC,LP& grp=0& a=). ( 2009) ( 18-10-2009 )

[3] (http:/ / www. tanea. gr/ default. asp?pid=2& ct=2& artId=4515203), , 5 2009.

[4] Flash.gr (http:/ / www. flash. gr/ page. ashx?pid=9& aid=296985& cid=8), " ", , 5 2009.

[5] MoD Says Military Unit Mutinies (http:/ / civil. ge/ eng/ article. php?id=20848), civil.ge, 05-05-2009, , 05-05-2009[6] Georgian troop rebellion 'over' (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ europe/ 8033366. stm). BBC News. 5 2009[7] (http:/ / www. skai. gr/ articles/ news/ world/ / ), , 5 2009.[8] Georgia puts down mutiny attempt at miltary base (http:/ / www. japantoday. com/ category/ world/ view/

georgia-puts-down-mutiny-attempt-at-miltary-base), Japan Today (Japan), 06-05-2009, , 06-05-2009[9] (http:/ / www. kathimerini. gr/ 4dcgi/ _w_articles_kathremote_1_15/ 07/ 2010_346950), . -

, 15-7-2010.[10] World Statesmen.org (http:/ / www. worldstatesmen. org/ Georgia. html)[11] in.gr (http:/ / www. in. gr/ news/ article. asp?lngEntityID=863281& lngDtrID=245)[12] news.bbc.co.uk, Georgian leader set for poll win (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ europe/ 7413482. stm)

gag:Gruziya

111

: 360818N 52112W36.1383, -5.3533 [1]

: Gibraltar Anthem : God Save the Queen

( )

6,5 km2 (248)

2009

28.034[1] (210)4.312 ./km (3)

... (PPP) (2005)

1,066 . $[1]38.200$[1]

112

(GIP)

CET (UTC +1)(UTC +2)

Internet TLD .gi +350

(: Gibraltar, ) 6,5 , 14 ( ), . , , , - . 2,5 3/4 , . 28.034 ( 210 ) 2009.[1]

, . (Gibr al-riq), (: , Jabal riq) JebelTarik 711. 1462 Sir George Rooke 24 1704 . 1713 1763 1783. . 1969 . (10 1967), 12.762 , 12.138 , 44 . , 15 1982 13 . , 1984 , 5 1985 (fully opened). .

, , 2006.

. , ( 27 2006). , 17 1996.

113

17 , . . 18 . 17 1 ( ). . 6 18 .

, 2007 , 11 2007, , 10 17 .

1 %

76.334 49,33 10

49.277 31,84 4

21.120 13,65 3

5.799 3,75

() 1.210 0,78

() 1.003 0,65

( 81,4%) 154.743 100,00 17

: Gibfocus [3]1 , 10 . , 16.004 .

[4]

[1] (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ gi. html) CIA World Factbook

114

( 1992)

(1918-1992).

(Jugoslavija) 20 . (jug Jugoslavija ).

1918 , , 1929 1941.

, ' 1945 , 1946 7 1963 . 1992, - , , .... - - .

1992 ( ) . 2003, . 2006 . .

17 19 .

, , , , .

115

1954. 1991-1992 , , , -. .

: (Demokrativna Federativna Jugoslavija),

1943 . 1945.

27 1945, (Federativna Narodna Republika Jugoslavija).

7 1963 , (Socijalistika Federativne Republika Jugoslavija), 15 1992 (SRJ-Savezna Republika Jugoslavija).

1918-1940 1918. , . .

116

1940-1992

, . , , . , . , , (Jedinstveni narodnooslobodilak), 1942, , (Antifaistiko V(ij)ee NarodnogOsloboenja Jugoslavije). 21 29 1943, Jajce , , , . , (Nacionalni KomitetOsloboenja Jugoslavije). , . , , , , . 1944, ' . Ivan Subasic, , Subasic . 1944, . 1945, . 8 . 1945 . . , . 12.000 15.000 ( ), 7.000 150.000 200.000 ( 40.000 ) . 12 16 1945, 120.000 . , , 775.000 , 260.000 .

117

"" (narodi) "" (narodnosti) . . : () (, ) - (, , ) (, , , , )

(, ) (, , , , ) (, , , , , )

(, , , ) (, , , , ,

, , ) , .

1944 , , . .

-

*

*

118

, . ( ), . ' ' . 1968, , . 1 1967, . - . . . . , . , . , . . 1948 , "" "" . , . , 1980 , . 1992, , . , .

119

: 492721N 23439W49.4558, -2.5775 [1]

, ,

%

78 km20

2009

65.870[1] (191)844 ./km (10)

(GBP)

GMT (UTC +0)(UTC +1)

120

Internet TLD .gg +44-1481

. . . . ( 200 ) , 2009 65.870 [1] .

28 2005 . (Bailiff) 2005[2] . 2008, () 1 2008.

2008 (States of Deliberation, 45 ) 4 . . 23 2008 .[3]

18.576 40,58% 89.239 , 10 35 . 28 , 26 . 19 . 12 2004 2008. , theVale, 2.322 26 .[4]

[1] CIA World Factbook (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ gk. html)[2] http:/ / www. thisisguernsey. com/ code/ showarchive. pl?ArticleID=013081& category=news& year=2005[3] Electoral Calendar- world elections,US elections,presidential election,world parties (http:/ / www. mherrera. org/ elections. htm)[4] BBC - Guernsey - States of Guernsey (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ guernsey/ content/ articles/ 2008/ 04/ 24/ election_2008_report_feature.

shtml)

121

: 554660N 94660E55.7833, 9.7833 [1]

: , Guds hjlp, Folk