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bela wifuria

postmodernizmis ZiriTadi principebi

წიგნიდან: „ლიტერატურის თეორია - XX საუკუნის ძირითადი მეთოდოლოგიური

კონცეფციები და მიმდინარეობები“, შოთა რუსთაველის ქართული ლიტერატურის

ინსტიტუტი, თბილისი, 2006

postmodernizmi, iseve, rogorc Tavad modernizmi, ganmazogadebeli

cnebaa, romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs xelovnebasa da kulturaSi,

adamianis azrovnebasa da sulier samyaroSi mimdinare procesebs,

romlebic drois garkveul lokalur monakveTSi iCenen Tavs. swored

amitom postmoderns zogjer ubralod postmodernuli drois

suliskveTebad an mgrZnobelobad gansazRvraven. drois sazRvrebi

erTgvarad pirobiTia, radgan rogorc modernizmi, ise postmodernizmi

aTwleulebis manZilze viTardeboda sxvadasxva qveynebSi; maTi

ganviTarebis kulminaciuri etapebic aTwleulebiT, an TiTqmis saukuniT

aris daSorebuli. xSirad postmodernizms aanalizeben, rogorc

sakuTriv amerikul movlenas, romelic Tavisi aqtivobis piks 1960-90-ian

wlebSi aRwevs. magaliTad, fredrik jeimsoni miiCnevs, rom

“postmodernizmi aris pirveli specifiurad Crdiloamerikuli

globaluri stili” (jeimsoni, XX), magram, rasakvirvelia, Tanamedrove

kritikaSi postmodernizmis geografiuli areali uaRresad farToa.

zogjer modernizmisa da postmodernizmis niSnebi TiTqmis sinqronuli

xdeba da ganixilaven modernidan postmodernze gadasvlas TviT

calkeuli avtorebis SemoqmedebaSi (magaliTad, amgvar gardamaval

qmnilebebad miiCneva, uwinaresad, jeims joisis “fineganis qelexi” (ihab

hasanis, braian makhalis mier), TviT herman melvilis “mobi diki”,

mxatvrobaSi, rasakvirvelia, marsel diuSanis redimeidi). meore mxriv

drois sazRvrebi arc Tu ise pirobiTia, radgan modernizmsac da

postmodernizmsac, rogorc kulturul movlenebs, didad ganapirobebs

maTi dro. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dro am SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs mxolod

istoriul-qronologiur kontinuums, welTa Tanmimdevrobas, aramed

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sulier da msuflmxedvelobriv epoqebs. modernizmze msjelobisas

ganmsazRvreli xdeba iseTi kategoria, rogoric aris sulieri dro,

radgan es procesebi dasavluri samyaros adamianis sulier cxovrebaSi

garkveuli etapis dadgomis Sedegad dawyo. postmodernizmze msjelobisas

sulieri drois kategorias SeiZleba Caenacvlos sociumis dro, radgan

postmodernizmi umetesad sazogadoebis ganviTarebis etapTan mimarTebaSi

ganixileba. garda amisa, drois garkveul sazomad SeiZleba miviCnioT

mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi etapebi da, Sesabamisad, vimsjeloT

reprezentaciis garkveul epoqebze.

am niSnebis mixedviT postmodernizmis dasabami, faqtobrivad,

ukavSirdeba modernizms. modernizmis dasabami ki xSirad araerTgvarovnad

ganisazRvreba da literaturis kritikosebs dazustebac ki uwevT, Tu

romeli periodidan gaiazreben am movlenas. postmodernuli

gadasaxedidan aRricxva iwyeba, erT SemTxvevaSi, XIX saukunis meore

naxevarSi Sarl bodleris mier dasaxuli Semobrunebis wertilidan da

modernizmic, mniSvnelovanwilad, poeturi procesebis monacvleobis

safuZvelze ganixileba. meore SemTxvevaSi ki aTvlas iwyeben XX saukunis

dasawyisSi ara imdenad poeturi dajgufebebis, aramed individualur

avtorTa, umetesad romanistTa SemoqmedebaSi gamovlenili cvlilebebis

safuZvelze. am ori poziciis sailustraciod moviyvanT mxolod ori

sxvadasxva moazrovnis da, Tavis mxriv, postmodenizmis Teoretikosis

Sexedulebas. isini modernizms gansaxvaveuli kuTxiT ganixilaven magram

am gansxvavebul poziciebs mainc aerTianebs erTi ram _ modernizmis

mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreloba postmodernizmTan mimarTebaSi. magaliTad,

iurgen habermasisTvis “esTtikuri modernulobis suliskveTeba da

disciplina Tavis cxad konturebs iRebs bodleris naSromebSi. Semdeg

modernuloba ixsneba da muSavdeba sxvadasxva avangardul

mimdinareobebSi, da sabolood Tavis kulminacias aRwevs dadaistebis

kafe voltersa da siurrealizmSi” (habermasi, gv.4) doui fokemasaTvisTvis

ki modernizmi ufro prozaSi (jeims joisis, Tomas manis, virjinia

vulfis Tu sxvaTa SemoqmedebaSi) gamovlenili procesia da misi xedva

“Zalian gansxvavdeba im poziciisagan, romelic gamoxatulia malkolm

bredberisa da jeims makfarlanis redaqtorobiT gamocemuli naSromebis

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krebulSi “modernizmi. 1890-1930” (fokema, 13) aqve davazustebdiT, rom

SemdgomSi swored am ukanaskneli krebulisa (“modern”**) da, Sesabamisad,

akademiur wreebSi miRebuli poziciiT vixelmZRvanelebT uwinares

yovlisa imis gamo, rom am SemTxvevaSi modernizmis dawyebas ganixilaven

simbolizmiT da ara simbolizmis Semdeg, rac udavod migvaCnia imdenad,

ramdenadac swored simbolisturma msoflmxedvelobam gamoavlina is

didi sulieri krizisi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, adamianis sulier-

SemoqmedebiTi da mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi maZieblobis erTiani

procesis dasabami gaxda da ramac modernizmis saxeli miiRo. Tavad

modernizmis arealSic ori Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli, magram epoqaluri

da maZiebluri niSniT gaerTianebuli tendenciebi gamoiyofa. erTs maRal

(an klasikur) modernizms uwodeben, meores _ avangardizms. maRali

modernizmis cneba, simbolizmidan dawyebuli, im tipis literaturas

aerTianebs, romelSic mwerlis ZiriTadi orientiria sakuTari Sinagani,

sulieri Ziebis procesi da gamomsaxvelobiTi Ziebebic (formaluri

srulyofilebidan tradiciuli formis rRvevis CaTvliT) mimdinareobs

sulier-msoflmxedvelobrivi Ziebis Sesabamisad, Sinagani

mdgomareobisaTvis adekvaturi gamomsaxvelobis mopovebis mizniT.

avangardizmis arealSi sulieri maZieblobis problema warmodgenelia

CaxSuli, magram dauZleveli saxiT. avtori ar axdens mis kultivirebas

teqstSi, rac imis niSania, rom is ar axdens sulieri problemebis

kultivirebas Tavis TavSi. magram problema TavisTavad arsebobs, is ar

aris gadalaxuli. misdami muSavdeba cinikuri, agresiuli damokidebuleba

(rac vlindeba formis agresiulobaSic), is represirebulia TiTqmis

qvecnobierebis donemde, magram aRiarebulia, rom yovelgvari

gamomsaxvelobiTi Ziebis procesis dasabami swored Sinagan sirTuleebSia,

ufro zustad, gamomsaxvelobiTi, reprezentaciuli procesi miCneulia im

sulieri procesebis mowesrigebis, ugulebelyofis an Canacvlebis

saSualebad, romlebic TiTqmis dauZleveli gaxda dasavluri samyaros

adamianis cxovrebaSi. aqve vityodiT, rom dasavluri samyaros moxsenieba

modernizmze Tu am epoqis sulier problemebze msjelobisas saWiroa ara

imdenad geografiuli an Tundac kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, aramed,

uwinaresad, qristianuli sarwmunoebisadmi religiuri kuTvnilebis

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TvalsazrisiT, radgan modernistuli sulieri krisizi, rogorc aseTi,

ganisazRvra swored qristianul sarwmunoebasTan mimarTebaSi.

simbolizmSi dafiqsirda da literaturuli aqtualoba mieniWa im

faqts, rom evropuli samyaro racionalisturi procesebis ganviTarebis

Sedegad dascilda sarwmunoebriv sivrces da XIX saukunis meore

naxevrisaTvis am samyaros adamiani aRmoCnda Zireuli sulier-

msoflmxedvelobrivi sayrdenebis gareSe. marTalia, simbolizmis, ufro

zogadad ki modernizmis mier dawyebuli kulturuli procesebi saTaves

swored am movlenidan, qristianuli sarwmunoebrivi krizisidan iRebs,

magram garkveul etapze es ganivrco zogad pirovnul, gamomsaxvelobiT,

kulturul procesad, SesamCnevad dascilda sarwmunoebriv arels da,

meore mxriv, gavrcelda im qveynebis kulturebSi, romlebic religiuri

aRmsareblobiT ar miekuTvnebodnen qristianobis sivrces da, Sesabamisad,

am problemaTa sistemas.

modernizmis ganxilvas sarwmunoebrivi problemebis fonze

ganskuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba imdenad, ramdenadac modernistul

literaturaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki simbolizmSi da maRali modernizmis

sxva avtorebis Teoriul da SemoqmedebiT saqmianobaSi, sagangebod

gamoikveTeba is faqti, rom maTi pirovnuli Tu SemoqmedebiTi Ziebis

dasabami aris krizisuli mimarTeba rwmenisadmi da im sulier-

msoflmxedvelobrivi poziciisadmi, romelsac adamiani Zlieri rwmenis

safuZvelze moipovebs. Tematikisa da problematikis TvalsazrisiT

maRali modernizmis qmnilebaTa ZiriTadi gamaerTianebeli niSania

mwerlis mier pasuxis Zieba Zireul egzistenciur kiTxvebze, romlebic

dgas adamianuri arsebobis dasabamTan da dasasrulTan, exeba dasabamsa

da dasasruls; am kiTxvebze pasuxis moZiebis gareSe adamians uWirs

cnobieri cxovrebis dawyebac da dasrulebac. simbolizmidan dawyebuli

evropuli xelovneba acxadebs, rom Tanamedroveobis arsi ukavSirdeba

qristianuli msoflmxedvelobrivi sivrcidan gamosvlas da adamianis

mcdelobas, egzistenciur kiTxvebze pasuxi moiZios cnobieri da ara

sarwmunoebrivi gziT. modernizmi, rogorc xelovnebis mimarTuleba,

swored adamianis Sinagani moRvaweobis am etapidan iwyebda da

ukavSirdeba sarwmunoebis sivrcidan gamosvlas da im kiTxvebis gamotanas,

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romlebzec pasuxi mitovebul sivrceSi darCa. ufro zustad, gamosvla

xdeba im mizeziT, rom sarwmunoebriv sivrceSi arsebuli pasuxebis miReba

Zneldeba, uwinaresad imis gamo, rom dasavluri samyaro orientirebuli

gaxda racionaluri codnisadmi da ara rwmenisadmi, romlis safuZvelzec

unda momxdariyo codnis miReba qristianobaSi. simbolizmiT iwyeba

adamianis am axali poziciis warmoCena, fiqsireba, kritika. modernizmi

Tavad yalibdeba codnisa da mimarTebebis axal sistemad, romlis arsic

mudmiv maZieblobas ukavSirdeba. is Ziebis etapze rCeba da aRiarebs, rom

kiTxvebze pasuxebs ver iZleva. modernizmi formdeba sulieri da,

Sesabamisad, mxatvruli Ziebis sivrced, romelSic xelovani Tavs

acnobierebs mudmiv maZieblad da maZiebloba xdeba kidev misi

egzistenciuri arCevani. am tipis xelovnebis arealSi pirovneba iRebs

upasuxo kiTxvebis arsebobas da aRiarebs sakuTari miznebis

miuRwevlobas, magram es aRiareba ar anelebs miznisaken swrafvas. amgvari

mdgomareoba xdeba misi mudmivi Sinagani tanjvis mizezi, xelovneba ki

xdeba am mdgomareobis gamosaxvis forma da, zogadi TvalsazrisiT, is

aRiqmeba kidec, rogorc tkivilisagan ganTavisuflebisa da pasuxis

moZiebis perspeqtiva, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ganuxorcieleblad miiCneva.

Tavad maRali modernizmis farglebSi (gansakuTrebiT simbolizmis

etapze) am viTarebis daZlevis, anu egzistenciuri problemebis

gadalaxvis SesaZlebloba ukavSirdeba sarwmunoebis sivrceSi dabrunebas,

anu sulier perspeqtivas, romelic SeiZleba ganxorcieldes

individualurad, SemoqmedebiTi an pirovnuli ZalisxmeviT, magram

zogadad dasavluri samyaros racionalistur-materialisturi

ganviTarebis gezis Secvla Znalad gansaxorcielebeli amocanaa,

romelsac individualisturi modernistuli xelovneba am formiT arc

wamoWris.

maRali modernizmis arealSi, faqtobrivad, ori sakiTxi

gamoikveTeboda: arsebobs Tu ara absoluturi WeSmariteba (sulieri

problema) da SesaZlebelia Tu ara am WeSmaritebisadmi individis

mimarTebis mxatvruli gamosaxva (reprezentaciuli problema). maRali

modernizmis etapis Canacvleba avangardis etapiT xdeba iq, sadac

modernizmi uars ambobs sarwmunoebis sivrceSi dabrunebis

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SesaZleblobaze da am ideis mxatvrul realizaciaze. magaram, miuxedavad

amisa, sulieri problemis ugulebelyofa ar niSnavs reperzentacis

ideaze uaris Tqmas. piriqiT, avangardizmis arealSi reprezetancia xdeba

TviTkmari procesi, is ar ukavSirdeba sulier miznebs, absolutur

WeSmaritebas an egzistenciur kiTxvebs am cnebaTa tradiciuli gagebiT.

mxatvruli procesi aRar aris mimarTuli sulieri procesisadmi da

xelovneba aRar inarCunebs mimarTebas sarwmunoebasTan. mimarTeba,

romelic sarwmunoebriv xelovnebaSi mtkicebiTi formisa iyo (RmerTi

arsebobs da adamianis misdami swrafva mxatvruli SemoqmedebiTac

cxaddeba), xolo maRal modernizmSi kiTxviTi formisaa (arsebobs ki

RmerTi da SeuZlia ki adamians misadmi swrafvis mxatvruli gacxadeba?),

avangardizmSi negaciur formas iRebs: xelovneba aranairi saxiT ar unda

miemarTebodes zematerialur samyaros da arc unda wamoWrides am

samyaros arsebobis problemas. is unda cdilobdes sakuTari

gamomsaxvelobiTi amocanebis miRwevas da es amocanebi aranair kavSirSi

ar aris cxovrebis arsis egzistenciur kiTxvebTan, radgan arsi Tavad

gamomsaxvelobaSia. faqtobrivad, avangardizmSi xelovneba Tavisufldeba

pirovnuli, sulieri xasiaTis kiTxvebisagan, rac xose ortega i gasetis

mier ganisazRvra kidec, rogorc xelovnebis dehumanizaciis procesi. (???)

avangardis etapze xelovneba uars ambobs sulier problemaTa,

egzistenciur mimarTebaTa mTels sistemaze, romelSic pirovneba,

faqtobrivad, CixSi moqceulad grZnobda Tavs. magram maZieblobis

procesi amiT ar sruldeba da is gardaisaxeba mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT

Ziebad sulier-SemecnebiTi amocanebis gareSe, rac realurad aris kidec

eqsperimentacia. swored amitom eqsperimentacia gamomsaxvelobiT

procesSi xdeba kidec avangardizmis erT-erTi ZiriTadi idea. am formiT

kompensirdeba sulieri miznebis (am cnebis tradiciuli sarwmunoebrivi

gagebiT) uaryofa; aqcentirdeba, rom mizani TavisTavad arsebobs da is

gamomsaxvelobaSia. modernizmis mudmivi maZieblobis idea aq mxatvruli

gamosaxvis gzebis maZieblobis saxiT SenarCundeba da mudam axali, anu

miRebul formasTan dapirispirebuli mxatvruli formis Ziebad iqceva.

rasakvirvelia, xelovneba reprezentaciis amgvar procesSic SeiZleba

moeqces CixSi. Tuki simbolizmidan moyolebuli saTqmelis gamoTqmis,

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arsis gamosaxvis mcdelobis Sedegad pirovneba mdumarebis mdgomareobis

aRiarebamde midioda, avangardizmSi amgvari Cixis, anu gamomsaxvelobis

ukiduresi, uperspeqtivo wertilis simbolod maleviCis Savi kvadrati

iqceva.

Tumca dasavluri xelovneba gagrZelda mas Semdegac, rac

modernizmma is CixSi moqceulad gamoacxada. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is, rac

moxda amis Semdeg, anu gagrZelda dasrulebis Semdeg, aris kidec

postmodernizmi xelovnebaSi. amgvari poziciis fiqsirebisas

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania gaviTvaliswinoT, rom postmodernistul

xelovnebad gaiazreba swored imgvari mimarTulebis xelovneba, romelic

sakuTar Tavs aRiarebs modernizmis memkvidred. xSir SemTxvevaSi

aRiniSneba, rom “postmodenizmi unda ganvixiloT ara rogorc

ganxeTqileba romantizmisa da modernizmis SexedulebebTan, aramed

rogorc logikuri kulminacia am adreul mimidinareobaTa ganacxadebisa,

romlebic yovelTvis zustad ar ganisazRvreba am sakiTxebze

msjelobisas” (grafi, 384). ihab hasanis Tanaxmadac “gansxvavebuli xazi

modernis tradiciis farglebSi daisaxa” (hasani, 4). modernizmTan

memkvidreobiTobis fonze postmodernizmi warmoCndeba, rogorc

dasavluri kulturisa da civilizaciis erTiani procesis nawili, magram

es memkvidreoba ar gulisxmobs modernistuli sulieri an esTetikuri

principebis upirobod miRebas an yovelTvis uSualo gagrZelebas.

piriqiT, es principebi, esTetikur tendenciaTa kanonzomieri

monacvleobis ZaliT, xSirad uaryofili an gadafasebulia. magram

niSandoblivia, rom postmodernizmi aris is etapi xelovnebaSi, romelic

gamomdinareobs modernizmidan, iTvaliswinebs modernizmis gamocdilebas,

agrZelebs mis mier dasaxul Ziebis process da maSinac ki, roca

upirispirdeba, aviTarebs, ukiduresobamde mihyavs an mniSvnelobas aclis

modernizmis ama Tu im postulats, postmodernizmi inarCunebs

mimarTebas modernizmTan. rac mTavaria, postmodernistul epoqas

(rogorc xelovnebaSi, ise azrovnebisa Tu sulieri moRvaweobis nebismier

sferoSi) modernistuli epoqisagan darCa yvelaze mZime memkvidreoba _

krizisuloba. modernizmis xanaSi gamokveTili da, SesaZloa,

gamZafrebuli sulieri Tu gamomsaxvelobiTi krizi postmodernul

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periodSi ar daZleula. ihab hasani aRniSnavs, kvlav grZeldeba stresi

xelovnebaSi, kulturasa da cnobierebaSi. “krizisi aris modernuli da

postmodernuli, mimdinare da gangrZobiTi” (hasani, 12). swored am

dauZleveli krizisis fonze grZeldeba adamianuri saqmianoba

postmodernul xanaSi. magram, meore mxriv, Tuki vaRiarebT, rom

postmodernizmi aris gagrZeleba dasasrulis Semdeg, garkveuli sasruli

wertilis Semdeg, roca arc sulieri Zala da arc gamomsaxvelobiTi

alternativa modernizmiseuli Ziebebis gasagrZeleblad TiTqos aRar

ixilveboda, ra SeiZleboda mohyoloda amas, rogorc gagrZeleba an

romel sferoSi SeZleboda es gagrZelebuliyo?

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gagrZeleba moxda ara mxolod xelovnebis,

SemoqmedebiTi Tu msoflmxedvelobrivi Ziebebis sferoSi, aramed yofier

sferoSic, ufro zustad, xelovneba gaxda yofierebis nawili, rac

sruliad miuRebeli iqneboda modernizmis poziciidan. xelovnebidan

yofaze gadasvlis simbolod ki postmodernizmis TeoriaSi marsel

diuSanis redimeidic aris aRiarebuli. avangardizmis gamomsaxvelobiTi

mcdelobebis Semdeg diuSanma artefaqtebis, xelovnebis qmnilebebis

nacvlad yofierebis sagnebi aqcia sagamofeno eqsponatebad da,

faqtobrivad, “moniSna modernistuli xelovnebis dasasruli da

xelovnebis samefos sabolooo gaerTianeba mis absolutur sxvasTan _

teqnologiuri masobrivi produqciis samefosTan” (kiuxleri, 110). mTeli

yofieri samyaro, rogoradac is miviReT modernuli epoqis dasavlur

samyaroSi dafiqsirebuli globaluri msoflmxedvelobrivi Tu

socialuri cvlilebebis Sedegad, postmodernizmis TeoretikosebisaTvis

sakmaod saeWvo Tvisobriobisaa, ufro zustad, mas saerTod ar gaaCnia

Tvisobrioba, arsi, TavisTavadoba, is arc raimes uSualo ganmeorebaa. is

ar aris ubralo asli, aramed asli originalis gareSe, anu simulakra.

Tuki modernizmis erT-erTi ZiriTadi metafora iyo platoniseuli

ideaTa aCrdilebi, romelTac xedaven gamoqvabulis kedlebs mijaWvuli

adamianebi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, ganwirulni arian imisaTvis, rom

verasodes ixilaven TavisTavad ideas (WeSamritebas, arss),

postmodernizmis erT-erTi ZiriTadi metafora xdeba kvalavac

platoniseuli simulakra, asli, romelsac originali ar gaaCnia. ideaTa

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aCrdilebs garkveuli mimarTeba mainc hqondaT arsTan, isini srulad ar

gamosaxavdnen WeSmaritebas, magram mis anarekls mainc warmoadgendnen,

amdenad, modernizmSi Tavad adamianic inarCunebda Tundac

arasrulfasovan mimarTebas arsTan. postmodernizmSi ki Tanamedroveobis

danaxva, rogorc simulakrasi, migviTiTebs, rom aq arsTan, pirvelad

WeSmaritebasTan aranairi mimarTeba aRar igulisxmeba, ufro zustad,

aRar igulisxmeba amgvari WeSmaritebis arseboba. da Tuki modernistul

etapze WeSmaritebis arseboba eWqveS dgeboda (rac warmoadgenda kidec

modernistuli epoqis adamianis sulieri problemebisa da garesamyaros

miuReblobis mizezs), postmodernistul etapze es sakiTxi, ubralod,

aRar ganixileba. arsis Zieba, ubralod, aRarc ki mimdinareobs da

garesamyaro, misi socialuri Tu xelovnebiseuli formebiTurT, aRiqmeba,

rogorc WeSmaritebas (originals) moklebuli asli.

Tanamedroveobis simulakrulobis idea postmodernizmis erT-erTi

mTavari Teoretikosis, Jan bodriaris mier iqna damuSavebuli, Semdgom ki

es cneba gaxda postmodernistuli xelovnebis Teoretikosebs, maT Soris

fredrik jeimsonis analitikuri poziciis erT-erTi sayrdeni.

wignSi “simulakra da simulacia” bodriari mTeli postmodernuli

epoqis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad miiCnevs simulakruli, uarso movlenebis

ganuwyvetel kvlavwarmoebas. am movlenebs absolutur WeSmaritebasTan,

anu, bodriaris mixedviT, siRrmiseul realobasTan aranairi kavSiri aRar

gaaCniaT, magram aRarc sWirdebaT amgvari kavSiri, radgan mravldebian,

sakuTar Tavs awarmoeben pirvelsawyisis, anu originalis gareSe. amgvar

pirvelsawyiss, siRmiseul realobas, bodriari uSualod ar uwodebs

RmerTs, magram misi msjelobidan (da im sistemidan, romelSiac is am

cnebas ganixilavs) aSkaraa, rom is, rac SeiZleboda aRqmuliyo, rogorc

namdvili, realuri, WeSmariti, aris mxolod RmerTi. bodriaris Tanaxmad

sinamdvilisa da WeSmaritebis Teologiis xana damTavrda, “simulakrisa

da simulaciis eraSi aRar aris RmerTi, sakuTari Tavis gasacxadeblad,

arc ukanaskneli samsjavro, ganyofad WeSmaritisa yalbisagan, namdvilisa

misi xelovnuri aRdginebisagan, radgan yvelaferi ukve mkvdaria da

winaswar aRdgenili” (bodriari, gv.6). marTalia, bodriari Tavis Teorias

agebs ara absoluturi QWeSmaritebis, aramed simulaciuri niSnebis

10

arsebobis safuZvelze da modernizmiseuli epistemologouri daeWveba

RmerTis arsebobaSi masTan postmodernul kiTxvad iqceva: xom ar iyo

RmerTi misi arsebobis niSnebis ubralo simulacia? es kiTxva ironiulad

miemarTeba ara tradiciuli msoflmxedvelobis sistemas, aramed swored

postmodernistul epoqas, radgan am epoqaSi adamiani sakuTar Tavs aRar

grZnobs realobasTan (sinamdvilesTen, WeSmaritebasTan) kavSirSi, mas

eZleva mxolod niSnebi, romlebic, SesaZloa, uqmnian garkveul

mimarTebaTa erTgvar iluzias, magram es niSnebi ar uzrunvelyofen

kavSirs sinamdvilesTan, realobasTan, radgan ar arian namdvilni., anu

maTi gamovlineba aRar aris ganpirobebuli raime mizeziT, zogadad ki

pirvelmizeziT. niSandoblivia, rom dasavluri azrovnebis axali etapi,

filosofiuri skepticizmi, XIX saukunis damdegisaTvis daukavSirda

kidec mizezSedegobriobis gancdis dakargvas, xolo RvTis, rogorc

pirvelmizezis arsebobis rwmenis dakargvam miiyvana kidec dasavluri

xelovneba modernistul etapamde. postmodernistul etapze ikargeba

mizezSedegobriobis kanonzomiereba, ufro zustad, is Sebrunebuli

formiT arsebobs, pirovneba xedavs materiis, rogorc Sedegis arsebobas,

magram es Sedegi gamodevnis mizezs. individi afiqsirebs mxolod

usafuZvlo (usulo) materiis TviTrealizaciasa da TviTkontrols,

magram Tavad kargavs masze kontrols. Tuki tradiciuli problema iyo

is, rom adamiani ver gansazRvravda da ver marTavda zematerialur

samyaros, amjerad igi acnobierebs, rom ver marTavs materialur samyaros.

postmodernizmi SeiZleba kidec ganvixiloT, rogorc am

msoflxedvelobiTi, sulieri da cnobieri moRvaweobis morigi etapi.

marTalia, bodriari ar operirebs iseTi cnebebiT, rogoricaa suli,

sulieri mimarTebani, magram tradiciul terminTa enaze bodriaris idea

SeiZleba gamoixatos, rogorc usulo materiis, arssmoklebuli

yofierebis moZaleba. amdenad, RvTis arsebobaSi daeWveba, rac

warmoadgens kidec modernizmis ZiriTad problemas, gardaisaxeba

postmodernis problemad, roca movlenebma adamianis irgvliv (zogad ki,

ra Tqma unda, Tavad adamianma) ganagrZes arseboba ise, rom aRar

saWiroeben raime axsnas, sayrdens, mizezs (RvTisadmi rwmenis saxiT).

11

amgvari mimarTeba “siRrmiseul realobasTan” gamoikveTeba im

saxeebSi, romlebic adamianis sulieri da msoflmxedvelobrivi poziciis

gamomsaxvelad SeiZleba miviCnioT. Tuki gamomsaxvelobas ganvixilavT,

rogorc pirovnebis umTavres miswrafebas, sakuTari Sinagani pozicia

gamoxatos Sesabamis saxeSi, maSin postmodernis epoqis mxatvruli saxeebi

dasavluri samyaros adamianis msoflmxedvelobriv da sulieri etapTan

arian SesabamisobaSi da, meore mxriv, gamoxataven garkveul etaps

xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi.

Bbodriaris saxis ganviTarebisAoTx etaps gamohyofs: 1. is

siRmiseul realobas asaxavs. 2. is niRbavs da asaxiCrebs siRmiseul

realobas. 3. is niRbavs siRmiseuli realobis ararsebobas. 4. mas aranairi

kavSiri ara aqvs aranair realobasTan: is sakuTari Tavis wminda

simulaciaa (bodr. gv. 6).

bodriari, iseve, rogorc postmodernuli epoqis bevri analitikosi,

Tavis msjelobas agebs ara xelovnebis, aramed sazogadoebis ganviTarebis

kanonzomierebaTa safuZvelze da saxis cnebac masTan gulisxmobs ara

xelovanis, individis mier Seqmnil mxatvrul saxes, aramed im movlenas,

romelsac qmnis Tavad cxovreba da romelic ama Tu im Sinagani

kanonzomierebis amsaxvelad SeiZleba miviCnioT (Tumca garkveul etapze

amgvar saxeTa ricxvSi SeiZleba moeqces xelovnebiseuli saxeebic). magram

Tuki bodriaris am sistemas xelovnebis ganviTarebis etapebis Sesabamisad

ganvixilavT, maSin is SegviZlia dasavluri xelovnebis fazebs

SevusabamoT.

siRrmiseuli realobis amsaxvelia, rasakvirvelia, sarwmunoebrivi

xelovneba, romelSiac mxatvrul saxesa da adamianis gamomsaxvelobiT

moRvaweobas uSualo mimarTeba aqvs WeSmaritebasTan (RmerTTan),

sarwmunoebrivi xelovnebis qmnileba RvTis arsebobas uSualod

gamosaxavs da is aRiqmeba im rwmeniT, rom RmerTi amgvar saxeebSi

vlindeba. am SemTxvevaSi RvTis rwmena safuZvlad udevs Tavad

xelovnebas. xelovnebis qmnilebis aRqma xdeba amgvari rwmenis safuZvelze

da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, is iqmneba kidec im rwmenis safuZvelze,

rom RmerTi arsebobs da misi gamoxatva, gamosaxva (rasakvirvelia,

12

RvTiuri STagonebiT) adamianis gamomsaxvelobiT, reprezentaciul

SesaZleblobebSi Sedis.

niRbavs da asaxiCrebs siRrmiseul realobas imgvari xelovneba,

romelic dasavlur samyaroSi iqmneba racionalizmis epoqaSi,

racionalizmis safuZvelze, anu im dabejiTebis safuZvelze, rom am gziT

SesaZlebelia WeSmaritebis gamosaxva (WeSmaritebis cneba am SemTxvevaSi

movlenaTa sakmaod farTo speqtrs SeiZleba moicavdes. es SeiZleba iyos

RmerTi, maRali humanisturi ideebi, sazogadoebriv-empiriuli realoba an

avtoris piradi pozicia). faqtobrivad es realisturi xelovnebis etapia

da realizmis farglebSi xelovnebis erTaderT namdvil formad aRiqmeba,

magram, modernistuli poziciis Tanaxmad, amgvari xelovneba ar aris

SemZle, gamoxatos absoluturi WeSmariteba. sulieri Sesabamisobis

TvalsazrisiT is ara Tu gaacxadebs, aramed niRbavs amgvar WeSmaritebas,

gamomsaxvelobiTi TvalsazrisiT ki is mxolod dasaxiCrebuli,

arasrulyofili saxiT gamosaxavs imas, risi gamosaxvis mizniTac

iqmneboda.

xelovneba, romelic niRbavs siRmiseuli realobis ararsebobas,

aris modernistuli, ufro ki sakuTriv avangardistuli xelovneba. am

etapze adamianis daeWveba RvTis, da, Sesabamisad, raime saxis realobis,

WeSmaritebis arsebobaSi ukve imgvar fazaSi Sedis, roca eWvs enacvleba

ararsebobis gancda. gamomsaxvelobiTi miswrafeba xelovnebis

ganviTarebis am etapze kvlavac realizdeba, magram xelovani muSaobs ise,

rom cnobierad ugulebelyofs SinaganAkavSirs absolutTan (RmerTTan)Ada

absoluturobasTan (zogadadamianuri miznebis, maT Soris sakuTari

SemoqmedebiTi miznebis sruli xorcSesxmis ideasTan) da, faqtobrivad,

niRbavs absoluturi realobis ararsebobas.

rogor SeiZleba davaxasiaToT, amgvari sqemis mixedviT, dasavluri

xelovnebis Semdgomi, postmodernistuli etapi? am etapze xelovneba

Sedis simulaciurobis (simulakrulobis) fazaSi. mas aRara aqvs aranairi

mimarTeba siRmiseul realobasTan: xelovnebis nawarmoebi ar iqmneba im

SegnebiT, rom is STagonebulia zegardmo Zalis (absoluturi

WeSmaritebis) mier, rogorc es xdeboda sarwmunoebriv xelovnebaSi; arc

im SegnebiT, rom am nawarmoebSi avtori gamoxatavs da mkiTxveli

13

aRmoaCens raime WeSmaritebas, rogorc xdeboda relistur xelovnebaSi; is

arc imgvari mdgomareobis gacxadebad SeiZleba miviCnioT, romelSic

xelovani sakuTar Tavs aRiqvams WeSmaritebisagan mowyvetilad an

WeSmaritebis tradiciul gagebasTan dapirispirebulad, rogorc

modernistuli xelovnebis SemTxvevaSi. postmodernistuli xelovneba

iqmneba ise, rom misi miznebi ar miemarTeba arc transcendentur, arc

empiriul realobas, an siRrmiseul realobas misi raime formiT. rac

mTavaria, is ar gamoxatavs im ideas, rom yvelafris dasabami, maT Soris

xelovnebis qmnilebis dasabami, aris am realobaSi. postmodernistul

xelovnebas erTaderTi dasabami SeiZleba hqondes. es aris Tavad

xelovneba (SesaZloa, uSualod modernistuli xelovneba), aqamde

arsebuli gamomsaxvelobiTi formebi, romelTa moxmarebas, gadamuSavebas,

gadawerasac axdens igi. magram, am SemTxevevaSi, ratom SeiZleba miviCnioT

amgvari xelovneba simulakrulad da ara ubralod epigonurad,

araTavisTavadad? upirveles yovlisa, arsebul SemoqmedebiT da

gamomsaxvelobiT formebs postmodernizmi imeorebs ise, rom aclis maT

mTavar Sinaarss _ mimarTebas siRrmiseul realobasTan, im Sinaarsss,

romlis gacxadebis mizniTac iqmneboda es xelovneba. ase magaliTad,

postmodernul nawarmoebSi SeiZleba ganmeordes realisturi xelovnebis

principebi, magram amave dros ise, rom igi arc asaxavdes yofier

realobas (romlisac avtors aRar sjera). an masSi SeiZleba ganmeordes

modernistuli Ziebani ise, rom avtori aRarc eZiebdes transcendentur

WeSmaritebas an axal gamomsaxvelobiT gzas. amdenad, arsTTan, arsebiTTan

mimarTebis dakargvis niSniT es xelovneba aris kidec simulakra, asli

originalis gareSe, Ffenomeni (materialuri gamovlineba) zematerialuri

ideis, fizikuri saxe pirvelsaxis gareSe.

magram aris kidev erTi niSani, romelic xsnis postmodernistuli

xelovnebis simulakrulobas. sazogadod, roca xelovnebaSi (iseve,

rogorc religiasa an yofierebaSi) raime formiT meordeba tradiciis

mixedviT damkvidrebuli movlena, ganmeoreba xdeba im SegnebiT, rom am

movleniT Tavis droze miRweuli iqna kavSiri WeSmaritebasTan, da,

Sesabamisad, misi ganmeorebiTac iqneba miRweuli amgvari kavSiri. rogorc

boris groisi aRniSnavs, tradiciuli movlenis miRebisa da aRiarebisas

14

moqmedebs swored is rwmena, rom am movlenas, Tavisi gamovlinebis

TavwyaroSi, safuZvlad udevs WeSmariteba, ese igi, aris kidec WeSmariti,

auTenturi (groisi, ?*). xelovnebaSi garkveuli gamomsaxvelobiTi

normebis arseboba swored am princips emyareba. roca modernizmi

uaryofda an upirispirdeboda tradiciuli xelovnebis principebs,

uaryofa SeiZleboda momxdariyo, erTi mxriv im safuZvelze, rom eWvi

SehqondaT WeSmaritebis (RvTis) arsebobaSi, an, meore mxriv, im

safuZvelze, rom eWvi SehqondaT amgvari saSualebebiT absolutTan,

WeSmaritebasTan kavSiris damyarebis SesaZleblobaSi. magaliTad,

simbolizmidan dawyebuli, modernizmi aRiarebs rom WeSmariteba

xelovanis Sinagan samyaroSia da ara mis gareT, amitom tradiciuli,

ufro zustad ki realisturi formebiT misi gamosaxva SeuZlebelia.

amdenad, iwyeba reprezentaciis axali formebis Zieba, rac avangardizmSi

sruliad radikalur saxes iRebs. postmodernizmma ki, faqtobrivad,

daabruna modernizmis mier uaryofili gamomsaxvelobiTi formebi, erTi

mxriv imitomac, rom veRar xedavs maTTan dapirispirebis safuZvels, da,

amasTanave, SeinarCuna modernizmis mier moZiebuli Yyvela forma. maTi

gamoyeneba amjerad avtoris esTetikuri (da ara egzistenciuri) arCevanis

saqmea. magram maSin, roca postmodernizmi imeorebs tradiciuli, an

aratradiciuli, magram ukve avtoritetuli modernistuli xelovnebis

gamomsaxvelobiT formebsa da principebs, es ganmeoreba aRar xdeba im

rwmeniT, rom am FgziT siRmiseul realobasasTan kavSiri aRdgeba. avtori

ar isaxavs amas Tavis individualur miznad da es arc postmodernistuli

xelovnebis zogad miznad ar cxaddeba. am miznebis umiznobamde

postmodernizmi, rasakvirvelia, modernizmis etapis gavliT mivida. amitom

aq SeiZleba ganmeordes xelovnebis yvela forma da xerxi, magram veRar

ganmeordeba kavSiri dasabamiseul, siRrmiseul WeSmaritebasTan. amgvari

ganmeoreba aris kidec asli, magram ar imeorebs originals, radgan is

dakargulia, ufro zustad, dakargulia Tavad originalis arsebobis idea

_ yovelive is, rac modernizmamde arsebobda, modernizmSi siyalbed

gamocxadda; tradiciuli xelovnebis Canacvleba modernistuli “axali”

xelovnebiT moxda, magram, modernizmis mudmivi Ziebisa da gadafasebis

suliskveTebis Tanaxmad, es siaxle modernizmSive gadafasda.

15

potsmodernizmSi aRar aRmdgara modernizmis mier gadafasebuli

xelovnebis principebis arsis rwmena, magram aRgda maTi moxmareba.

postmodernizmi amjerad arafris gadafasebas aRar axdens, radgan,

faqtobrivad, uars ambobs raimes Ziebaze. uwinares yovlisa, is uars

ambobs absoluturi WeSmaritebis Ziebaze, amdenad, mas aRar sWirdeba arc

misi gamosaxvis formebisYZieba. amitom potmodernistuli xelovneba

Yyvela formasa da yvela ideas iRebs, magram ise, rom arafris aRar

sjera. is daculia imedgacruebisagan, radgan yvela imedi jer kidev

modernizmSi gacruvda. rac Zalze niSandoblivia, arsebul formebsa da

normebs postmodernistuli xelovneba imeorebs ise, rom miznad ar

isaxavs maT zust da Tanmimdevrul xorcSesxmas, anu maTi auTenturi

normebis dacvas. am niSniTac es ganmeoreba aRar aris tradiciuli asli,

radgan amgvari asli originalze iyo mijaWvuli, iqmneboda masTan

garegnuli identurobis pretenziiT, magram, amave dros, im SegnebiT, rom

masSi ver ganxorcieldeboda originaliseuli erTianoba arsTan, is

mudmivad arasrulfasovani da araganmsazRvreli darCeboda.

postmodernistuli asli (rogorc xelovnebaSi, ise yofierebaSi) Tavis

normebs Tavad adgens. is aRar axdens originalis kopirebas, ganmeorebas

imisa, rac ukve moxda. is aRar efuZneba realurad arsebul precedents.

piriqiT, bodriaris Tanaxmad, is gansazRvravs, droSi uswrebs realobas;

is ufro srulyofilia vidre realoba, amitom realuri samyaro SeiZleba

Seicvalos aslis Sesabamisad. bodriari am ideas mxatvruli

literaturis praqtikaSi, xorxe luis borxesis mier Seqmnili metaforis

safuZvelze aviTarebs. (bodriari, gv1.) borxesis igavSi kartografebi

imdenad srulyofil, detalur rukas qmnian, rom ruka Ywin uswrebs

sinamdviles, asli win uswrebs realobas, swored aseve, postmodernuli

epoqis xelovneba, media an yofis nebismieri forma SeiZleba gaxdes

sinamdvilis winmswrebi, simulakruli movlena. am ideis Sesabamisad

umberto ekos aRiarebul postmodernistul romanSi “vardis saxeli”

erTmaneTs enacvleba damnaSavisa da gamomZieblis qmedebaTa

Tanmimdevroba. danaSaulebani ara Tu win uswreben gamoZiebas, aramed

gamomZieblis mier navaraudevi sqemis mixedviT viTardebian; damnaSave

cdilobs gaamarTlos sqema. niSandoblivia, romM postmodernul epoqaSi

16

amgvari Sebrunebuli kanonzomierebiT movlenebi viTardebian ara mxolod

gamomsaxvelobiT, xelovnebiseul, aramed yofier sferoSic. axali ambebis

telereportaJi SeiZleba ubiZgebdes realuri faqtebis Semdgom

ganviTarebas, “emTivis” arxiT naCvenebi epataJuri stili SeiZleba

realizdebodes yofaSi. is, rac wesiT amsaxveli unda iyos,

ganmsazRvreli xdeba. socialuri movlenebi viTardebian ara RmerTis an

bunebis mixedviT dadgenili wesiT (rogorc es tradiciul

msoflxedvelobaSi miiCneoda) an istoriul-ekonomikur procesTa

TavisTavadi kanonzomierebiT (rogorc es marqsizmSi analizdeboda),

aramed adamianis mier konstruirebuli modelebis mixedviT. xelovnebis,

mecnierebis, mediis, komerciis sferoSi Seqmnili modelebis Sesabamisad

warimarTeba realuri adamianebis bedi, maTi saWiroebani, sazogadoebis

cxovreba. Yyofieri sinamdvile aseT SemTxvevaSi kargavs saukuneebis

manZilze dadgenil ganzomilebas. is aRar aRiqmeba RvTisagan Seqmnilad,

sulieri realobis gamovlinebad. modernizmSi eWvqveS dadga maRali

RvTiuri WeSmaritebis arseboba, ris Sedegadac yofieri, arssmoklebuli

realobisadmi interesi daikarga. postmodernizmSi ki eWvqveS dgeba ukve

Tavad yofieri realobis namdviloba, magram interesi misdami

gansakuTrebiT mZafrdeba. am epoqis xelovneba, media, sociologiuri Tu

kulturologiuri Teoriebi gamudmebiT eZeben imas, rac namdvilia.

masobrivi informaciis saSualebani gansakuTrebul Zalmosilebas iZenen

am procesSi, radgan maT SeuZliaT namdvilad arsebulad gamoacxadon esa

Tu is movlena an misi mizezi anu, faqtobrivad, mianiWon mas namdviloba.

amitomac postmodernul sazogadoebas ganixilaven rogorc media-

orientirebul sazogadoebas, romelSic dominantia mas-media (strinati,

226) postmodernistul sazogadoebaSi, magaliTad, mediis interesis

sagania namdvili sazogadoebrivi movlenebi, namdvili adamianuri bedi,

maTi gancdebi, cxovreba, magram rogorc ki es movlenebi teleekranze an

gazeTis gverdebze aisaxeba, isini kargaven namdvilobas, maTi namdviloba

eWvqveS dgeba. asaxvisas fiqsirdeba maTi esa Tu is niSani, romelic,

SesaZloa, arc axasiaTebdes am movlenas da, ubralod, mieweros mas, an

arc iyos arsebiTi, magram iZens arsebiTobas swored fiqsaciis ZaliT,

amdenad, is xdeba ganmsazRvreli, mas eZleva zemoqmedebis Zala, mas

17

SeuZlia imoqmedis imazec, rac arsebiTi iyo da ramac, Sesabamisad,

arsebiToba ukve dakarga. adamians sinamdvile xelidan ecleba, is aRarsad

aris. masTan erTad adamians xelidan ecleba is, rac namdvili, Seuvali

egona, anu Tavisi cxovreba. swored am process asaxavs tom vulfis

romani “ambiciaTa koconebi” (?????).

modernistuli epoqis daeWveba Tevdapirvelad miemarTeboda RmerTs,

Sesabamisad ki materialur samyaros. simbolizmidan dawyebuli individi

kargavs ndobas materialuri realobisadmi, eZebs WeSmaritebas miRmier

samyaroSi, sakuTar Sinagan intuitiur samyaroSi, iluzorulobaSi.

simbolisturi msoflmxedvelobisa daYesTetizmis swored am princips

daupirispirda gansakuTrebiT mZafrad futurizmi da, zogadad,

avangardizmi, romelmac axal WeSmaritebad gamoacxada materia, misi

organizebis axali agresiuli formebiT, urbanistuli, teqnologiuri,

manqanuri, industriuli miRwevebiT, romlebic imorCileben yofas,

gandevnian dromoWmul gulubryvilo warmodgenebs sinamdvileze da axal

sinamdviles sTavazoben adamians. avangardizmis amgvari aRtaceba

materialuri relobis perspeqtivebiT e.w. industriuli epoqis

damTavrebisas dacxra. postmodernizmis Teoretikosebi TavianT epoqas

uwodeben postindustriuls da sxvadasxva niSniT axasiaTeben mas.

fredrik jeimsoni aRniSnavs, rom Yyvelaze cnobilia swored

ganasazRvreba “postindustriuli sazogadoba”, rogorc is moinaTla

daniel belis mier, magram xSirad ixmareba momxmarebelTa sazogadoeba,

media sazogadoeba, informaciuli sazogadoeba, eleqtronuli an

maRalteqnologiuri sazogadoeba da a.S. (jeims. gv.3) TiToeuli es

maxasaTebeli gamoxatvs im prioritetul sferoebs, romlebic warmarTaven

am sazogadoebis cxovrebas. niSandoblivia, rom es aris swored is

prioritetebi, romlebic uSualod XX saukunis meore naxevris

produqtebia. informaciisa da mediis mozRvaveba, maRali tenqologiis

ganviTareba sazogadoebis cxovrebidan gamodevnis sinamdviles, realobas,

ara adamianis, aramed bunebis mier Seqmnil wesrigs. swored amitom es

epoqa, faqtobirvad, rCeba sinamdvilis, namdvilobis, zogadad ki

WeSmaritebis gancdis gareSe. aq aRar aRdgeba zematerialuri

samyarosadmi interesi, arc realizmiseuli rwmena yofieri samyarosadmi,

18

arc kacobriobis axali perspeqtivebiT gataceba. faqtobrivad,

postmodernizmi acxadebs, rom sinamdvile aRarsad arsebobs, arc iq,

sadac is aqamde egulebodaT da arc mis Ziebas aqvs azri. bodriaris

Tanaxmad disneilendSi adamianebs axarebT ara materializebuli

fantaziis garemoSi yofna, aramed imis gancda, rom am garemos gareT

mdebareobs namdvili, realuri, Seuvali samyaro. (bodriari, **).

miuxedavad amisa, rom relobis rwmena ikargeba, postmodernuli

gamomsaxvelobis formebi, xelovneba, media, Tu komerciuli

dawesebulebebi, mainc cdiloben mis dafiqsirebas. xSirad amisaTvis

warsulSi arsebuli realobis aRdgenisa da eqsponirebis gzas mimarTaven.

umberto ekos Tanaxmad Tanamedrove gasarTobi parkebis principi swored

amgvaria. sxvadasxva epoqis realobis imitireba, iqneba es indielebis

sofeli, veluri dasavleTis vesterniseuli qalaqi Tu amazonis

junglebi, adamianebs aZlevs sinamdvilesTan Sexebis, an meore mxriv,

sinamdvilisa da iluzorulobis aRrevis gancdas. (eko, 44) ra Tqma unda,

es ar aris namdvili samyaro (Tumca masSi namdvili eqsponatebic aris

warmodgenili) da arc gancda SeiZleba iyos namdvili. faqtobrivad, es

iluzorulobis postmodernuli formaa. is realobis aRqmisa da

gamosaxvis axal formas Seesabameba, romelic cdilobs maqsimalurad

miaxloebulad, uaRresi sizustiT asaxos xiluli realoba, magram am

procesSi aRarc ki miemarTeba originals, sinamdviles (romlis arsebobac

sazogadodac ar ivaraudeba). imas, rac gamosaxvis amgvari gziT miiReba,

postmodernizmSi ewodeba hiperrealoba. is simulakrulia, ufro

srulyofilia, vidre sinamdvile iqneboda, magram, namdvilobas amis

Sedegad mainc ver iZens. samagierod man SeiZleba moggvaros kmayofilebis

gancda. sinamdvile, materialuri realoba, romelic adamianSi amden

survilsa Tu vnebas aRZravs, uametesad Ralatobs mas, stovebs

gacruebuli imedebis, miuRweveli miznebis amara. xSir SemTxvevaSi es

gaxldaT kidec realisturi literaturis Tema. modernizmis erT-erTi

mTavari Tema kvalavac gacruebuli imedebi da miuRweveli miznebia, magram

problema moicavs zogadadamianur, transcendenturi samyarosadmi

mimarTul miznebs, maT individualur miuRwevadobas da, ra Tqma unda, es

sarwmunoebriv konteqstSi moiazreba. postmodernuli epoqa aRar

19

sTavazobs adamians zogad sulier miznebTan mimarTebas, arc materialur

realobasTan kavSirs. mcdeloba amjerad miemarTeba sferos, romelic

Tavad adamianis miervea Seqmnili da, amdenad, masSi is daculia

imedgacruebisagan. postmodernuli hiperrealobis formad SeiZleba

miviCnioT virtualuri realobac, romelic individisagan moiTxovs

mxolod warmosaxviT Sesvlas masSi, magram amgvari daSvebis sanacvlod

sTavazobs namdvil gancdebs. warmosaxviT samyaroSi gadanacvlebis idea,

ra Tqma unda, simbolizmidan, modernizmis epoqidan modis, magram amgvari

alternativis piroba iyo is, rom warmosaxuli (an miRmieri) univTo

samyaro nivTieri samyarosagan sruliad gansxvavdeboda, sapirispiro

kanonebiT iyo agebuli. swored amitom SeiZleboda masSi im miznebis

miRweva, romelTa ganxorcielebasac realoba xels uSlida. rac mTavaria,

es miznebi sulieri rigisa iyo da maRal idealebs an uaRresad subieqtur

faqiz gancdebs ukavSirdeboda. xolo postmodernistuli hiperrealoba

materialuri realobis identuria, masSi igive Sesabamisobani moqmedebs,

is saganTa samyaros zusti aslia, magram aq sagnebi da maTi mimarTebani

im srulyofilebas aRweven, romelic sinamdvileSi miuRwevadia.

amasTanave, hiperrealobaSi adamianis survilebi kvlav materialuri

realobisaken, am realobis warmosaxviTi flobisaken aris mimarTuli.

amgvarad, posmodernistuli hiperrealoba gvevlineba realobis

subtituciad, romelsac, amave dros, siamovnebiT CavunacvlebT realobas,

radgan is misawvdomia, garantirebuli, xarvezebisagan daculi, amdenad,

sruliad damakmayofilebeli. swored amgvari funqciiT iqmneba

postmodernul epoqaSi gasarTobi parkebi, gasarTobi qalaqebi, muzeumebi,

virtualuri TamaSebi. es industria, erTi mxriv, sargeblobs

sazogadoebis amgvari moTxovnilebiT, meore mxriv ki Tavad uwyobs xels

adamianSi am gancdis kultivirebas. amitomac iqceva disneilendi Tu

gasarTobi parki bodriarisa Tu ekos analizis sagnad. sazogadod,

postmodernizmis Teoretikosebi amgvar movlenebs aRiqvamen, rogorc

TavianTi epoqis saxes, anu socialur saxes. amave dros,

postmodernistuli xelovneba kvalavac qmnis epoqis mxatvrul saxeebs.

xSirad amgvari xelovnebisaTvis reluri sulieri viTarebis asaxvis

forma xdeba yofieri realobis saxeTa gamovlineba. mxatvruli saxe

20

iqmneba socialuri saxis saxeobriobis dafiqsirebiT. magaliTad,

mxatvarma SeiZleba sagamofeno eqsponatad aqcios yofis esa Tu is sagani,

raTa daafiqsiros Yyofierebaze mijWvuloba an, meore mxriv, yofierebis,

materialuri samyaros namdvilobis Zieba. meore mxriv, hiperrealobis

vizualuri saxeebi postmodernistul mxatvrobaSi realisturi

gamomsaxvelobiTi kanonebis uzustesi dacviT, maTi maqsimalizaciiTac

miiRweva.

naxati SeiZleba am gziTac qmnides im gancdas, rom materialuri

realobis fetiSizaciiT, yofierebis umaRles xarisxSi ayvaniT

postmodernulma sazogadoebam dakarga kidec es realoba, ufro zustad,

dakarga mimarTeba siRrmiseul realobasTan, romelic yofierebis

namdvilobas, mis faseulobas uzrunvelyofda. faqtobrivad, am formiT

postmodernuli epoqis xelovani da inteleqtuali kvlav inarCunebs

tradiciul mamxilebel funqcias, is kvlav amxilebs naklovanebebs.

amjerad es naklovanebebi ukavSirdeba ara Cveul zneobriv mankierebebs,

adamianis danaSauls meore adamianis winaSe, individis cdunebebs, aramed

im formas, romliTac arsebobs postmodernuli epoqis mTeli

sazogadoeba. am arsebobis ZiriTadi principi momxmreblobaa, rac

gulisxmobs kidec araSemoqmedebiT, arasulier damokidebulebas yofieri,

materialuri relobisadmi. momxmarebloba Tavis piksPaRwevs

postindustriul epoqaSi, anu im periodSi, romelic mohyva

kapitalisturi formaciis umniSvnelovnelovanes industriul periods.

swored am periodSi moxda kapitalizmis Zireuli infrastruqturis

Camoyalibeba, mZime mrewvelobis ganviTareba, gzebisa da sarkinigzo

magistralebis gayvana, urbanuli struqturebis formireba, ZiriTadi

kapitalis dagroveba. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi industriis

ganviTareba teqnologiis ganviTarebam Secvala. maRali teqnologiebi

sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris mxridan naklebi Zalisxmevis fasad

uzrunvelyofen saerTo keTildReobas, romelsac safuZveli, TavisTavad,

industriul epoqaSi Caeyara. postindustriul epoqaSi dasavluri

sazogadoeba umetesad moixmars im materialur faseulobebs, romelTa

SeqmnaSic mas wvlili ar miuZRvis. meore mxriv, pirovneba moixmars sxvaTa

momsaxureobas, serviss da post-industriuli sazogadoeba ganisazRvreba

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kidec, rogorc “servisze dafuZnebuli” (beli, 127). amitom am

sazogadoebis SromiTi da SemoqmedebiTi aqtivoba Zalzed dabalia.

momxmareblis poziciaSi yofna Tvisobrivad cvlis ara marto

sazogadoebis cxovrebis wess, aramed mis faseulobaTa sistemas, zogad

sulier mdgomareobas, miznebsa da miswrafebebs, ufro zustad, arTmevs

mas am miznebsa da miswrafebebs, radgan yvela adamianis yvela survili

Tu ocneba winaswar dakmayofilebulia. Tuki industriul sazogadoebaSi

mwarmoebluri manqana muSaobda sazogadoebis ZiriTadi saWiroebebis

dakmayofilebaze, umniSvnelovanesi moxmarebis sagnebiT uzrunvelyofaze,

postindustriul sazogadoebaSi materialuri faseulobebis, moxmarebis

sagnebis raodenoba didad aWarbebs maT saWiroebas, amitom sareklamo

industria axdens sazogadoebis survilebisa da saWiroebebis aqtivirebas,

ufro zustad, maT marTvas da, faqtobrivad, maT falsificirebas. am

SemTxvevaSic Sedegi win uswrebs mizezs, gansazRvravs da saxes ucvlis

mas. kvlav saxezea ZiriTad mimarTebaTa Sebruneba postmodernul epoqaSi.

momxmarebloba gansazRvravs individis funqcias sazogadoebaSi, ufro

zustad, mis funqcias sazogadoebis ekonomikur sistemaSi. is arsebobs,

rogorc potenciuri momxmarebeli da misi movaleobebic sazogadoebis

mimarT gamoixateba ara axali faseulobebis SeqmnaSi, aramed arsebulis

moxmarebaSi. postmodernistul epoqaSi pirovnebis tradiciuli sulier-

inteleqtualuri, SemecnebiTi misia icvleba myidvelis misiiT (swored am

saxecvlilebas ironiulad gamoxatavs barbara qrageris fotonamuSevari

lozuniT “vyidulob, ese igi, varsebob”).

rac yvelaze niSandoblivia postmodernizmis, rogorc xelovnebis

etapis ganxilvisas, amgvar viTarebaSi ara mxolod neldeba adamianis

SemoqmedebiTi aqtivoba, aramed saxes icvlis Tavad Semoqmedebis aRqmisa

da producirebis ZiriTadi forma. erTi mxriv, am aqtivobis Sedegad

Seqmnili esTetikuri faseulobani (literatura Tu musika, kino Tu

Teatri) gardaisaxeba materialur faseulobebad, maT eniWebaT ara

esTetikuri, aramed komerciuli mniSvneloba. meore mxriv, am faseulobaTa

aRmqmeli (recipienti) xdeba maTi myidveli da momxmarebeli.

momxmarebloba, rogorc movlena, gansazRvravs xelovnebis Seqmnisa da

aRqmis perspeqtivas. Tuki tradiciulad kulturuli faseulobani

22

iqmneboda da aRiqmeboda sulieri mizniT, sulieri saWiroebis sapasuxod,

amjerad mniSvnelovania komerciuli mizani, romelic globaluri

ekonomikis sivrceSi win uswrebs SemoqmedebiT miznebsa da esTetikur

moTxovnebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sazogadoebis esTetikuri moTxovnebi

xdeba kidec materialurad faseuli, ramdenadac mas moaqvs mogeba, is

gardaisaxeba materialur Rirebulebad.

kulturuli faseulobebis masobrivi yidva-gayidvis sagnad qceva,

kulturis komercializacia postmodernuli epoqis erT-erTi ZiriTadi

maxasiaTebelia. marTalia, xelovnebis qmnileba sazogadoebis

ganviTarebis yvela etapze SeiZleboda gamxdariyo gasayidi sagani, magram

esTetikuri mizani umetesad aRiqmeboda, rogorc pirveladi mizani

Semoqmedis da, aseve, gamyidvelis an myidvelis mier. postindustriul

sazogadoebaSi esTetikuri mizani imarTeba am sazogadoebis esTetikuri

moTxovniT, da amgvari qmnileba ganixileba, rogorc kitCi, Tumca kitCic,

rogorc aseTi, yvela etapze SeiZleboda arsebuliyo. rac yvelaze

niSandoblivia, postmodernul xanaSi komerciuli struqturebi imdenad

zustad pasuxoben sazogadoebis esTetikur moTxovnas, rom faqtobrivad

win uswreben da gansazRvraven kidec mas. amasTanave, kultura, rogorc

moxmarebis sagani unda Seesabamebodes sul ufro da ufro meti

momxmareblis survils, radgan misi Rirebuleba motanili mogebiT

ganizomeba (wignis warmatebis Sefasebis kriteriumi xdeba bestseleri,

filmisa – blokbasteri, musikaluri nawarmoebisa – hiti). amdenad,

kulturis komercializacia ganapirobebs kulturis Tvisobrivad axali

formis, popularuli kulturis (popkulturis), anu masobrivi kulturis

Camoyalibebas. “masobrivi kultura aris popularuli kltura, romelic

iwarmoeba masobrivi produqciis industriuli teqnikiT da mogebis

mizniT saRdeba momxmarebelTa sazogadoebaSi” (strinati, 10). xelovnebis

popularobis, masobrivi producirebis, momgebianobis saSualebaTa

kombinirebiT postmodernistul epoqaSi kultura iZens imgvar

Tvisobriobas, rogoric mas ar hqonia TviT modernistul epoqaSiac ki. ra

Tqma unda, TavisTavad popularuli kulturac xelovnebis ganviTarebis

yvela periodSi arsebobda, magram postmodernis epoqaSi is ori

niSniT aris gamorCeuli. jer erTi, am kulturis momxmarebelTa ricxvic

23

da kulturuli produqciis raodenobac imdenad masStaburia, rom

raodenobrioba Tavad ganapirobebs Tvisobriv cvlilebebs. meore,

uSualod postmodernistuli xelovnebisaTvis specifiuri niSani aris is,

rom elitaruli da masobrivi xelovneba, anu rogorc sxvagvarad

uwodeben, maRali da dabali kultura, faqtobrivad, Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs,

maT Soris zRvari iSleba. “postmodernizmSi popisa da klasikis, awmyos

media-nagvisa da warsuli kulturuli naSTis mSvidi da uSfoTveli

Tanaarseboba Tavis MmTavar miznad isxavs maRalsa da dabals Soris

yovelgvari tradiciuli gansxvavebis gansxvavebis waSlas” (pfisteri, 218)

maRali da dabali xelovneba ara Tu erTi kulturuli sivrcis, aramed

calkeuli qmnilebebis donezec ki erTiandeba. es Tavisebureba

gansakuTrebiT aRsaqmelia modernistul xelovnebasTan kontrastSi.

modernistuli xelovneba Tavisi arsiT uaRresad elitaruli,

aramasobrivia. is iqmneba xelovanis gansakuTrebuli, individualuri

Sinagani gamocdilebis safuZvelze da aRmqmelisaganac iTxovs identur

Sinagan gamocdilebas. Tu modernistul teqstis gacnobisas pirovneba ar

flobs analogiur sulier an esTetikur gamocdilebas, aRqma, ubralod,

ar moxdeba. gansakuTrebiT radikaluri saxe am problemam, ra Tqma unda,

avangardul xelovnebaSi miiRo, radgan avangardi TavisTavad ukiduresad

radikaluri formiT avlens maRali modernizmis problematur principebs.

Tuki maRali modernizmis qmnileba (Tundac, simbolisturi poezia),

recipientisagan iTxovs, uwinaresad, Sesabamis sulier gamocdilebas,

avangardistuli nawarmoebi (futuristuli an dadisturi poezia,

abstraqcionisturi mxatvroba) iTxovs Sesabamis esTetikur gamocdilebas.

winaaRmdeg SemTxevaSi igi ver gaigebs, Tu ra niSniT aris es teqsti

xelovnebis qmnileba, ar moxdeba ara mxolod teqstis saTqmelis gageba,

aramed sazogadod misi mikuTvneba xelovnebis sferosadmi. xelovnebis es

etapi, ra Tqma unda, reprezentaciuli krizisis Sedegad dgeba.

avangardizmi amowurulad acxadebs gamomsaxvelobis yvela tradiciul

formasa da saSualebas da sakuTar esTetikas ayalibebs maTi uaryofis,

negaciis principiT. igi ara mxolod aRar imeorebs Cveul

gamomsaxvelobiT normebs, aramed uaryofs da amsxvrevs maT. maTi uaryofa

aris kidec avangardistuli teqstis mxatvruli norma. amasTanave,

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avangardizmSi saWiro xdeba teqstis Semqmnelisa da aRmqmelis, avtorisa

da recipientis erTgvari SeTanxmeba, Tu ra SeiZleba miRebul iqnas,

rogorc mxatvrulobis gamovleneba, mxatvrulobis niSani. mxatvrul

nawarmoebad miiCneva is nawarmoebi, romelic “xelovnebis aRmqmelTa

umravlesobisaTvis saerTod ar warmoadgens xelovnebis qmnilebas” (kr.

lit.enc.) amgvarad xdeba avagardistul xelovnebaSi ganmsazRvreli

dapirispirebis ormxrivi principi: dapirispireba tradiciul formebTan

da am formebis tradiciuli momxmarebelis warmodgenebsa da

gemovnebasTan. swored amitom darCa avangardzmi elitarul xelovnebad.

man, faqtobrivad, sabolood ver daarRvia tradiciuli normebi, ufro

zustad, daarRvia isini uSualod avangardistuli xelovnebis da ara

masobrivi gemovnebis farglebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom avangardizmi

droSi gaxangrZlivebuli movlenaa, igi aTwleulebis Semdegac

garkveulwilad inarCunebs rogorc Tavis radikalurobas, iseve

moqmedebis principebs. is, rac XX saukunis daswyisSi aRiqmeboda normis

darRvevad, SeiZleba aseTad aRiqmebodes saukunis Semdegac. meore mxriv,

msgavsi Ziebebi droSi usasrulod ver ganmeordeba, radgan avangardizmSi

Tvisobrivad mniSvnelovania mxatvruli efeqti. Tuki normis darRvevis

pirveli precedentebis mxatvruloba avangardistul esTetikaSi

garantirebulia, xelovanis mier maTi usasrulod ganmeorebiT negaciuri

efeqti ikargeba. normis rRvevis principi SeiZleba moqmedebdes mxolod

am normis fonze. aranormatiuli xelovneba SeiZleba gaxdes Cveulebrivi

movlena, magram igi ver gaxdeba normatiuli, ufro zustad, aseT

SemTxvevaSi is dakargavs mxatvrulobas, mxatvrul efeqturobas ki

daibrunebs mis mier uaryofili norma. amgvarad, avangardizmi, xdeba

droSi dasazRvruli movlenac. misi Ziebani ver gagrZeldeba usasrulod

da usasrulo raodenobiT. is Tavis TavSi moicavs im radikalur

wertils, romlis Semdegac, uaryofis uaryofis kanoniT, xelovnebaSi

aRdgeba mis mier uaryofili normebis moqmedeba.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom postmodernizmi amgvari radikaluri

procesebis Semdeg xelovnebis sferoSi abrunebs tradiciul normebsac

da maTi masobrivi moxmarebis formasac. faqtobrivad xdeba modernizmis

mier uaryofili xelovnebis normebisa da masobrivi gemovnebis uflebebis

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aRdgena. magram postmodernistuli esTetikis Tanaxmad uaRresad

mniSvnelovania erTi pirobis gaTvaliswineba: am uflebebis aRdgena xdeba

xelovanis mxridan maTdami ndobis, maTi namdvili legitimaciis gareSe.

isini aRdgeba masisaTvis, Tumca ki avtoris mxridan specifiuri intresiT.

masobrivi momxmarebeli iRebs iseT qmnilebas, romelic TiTqos Seefereba

drois, tradiciis mier ganmtkicebul warmodgenebs mxatvruli

nawarmoebis bunebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, postmodernistul mxatvrobaSi

SeiZleba aRdges realisturi mxatvrobis kanonebi, postmodernistul

romanSi SeiZleba dabrundes siuJeti. aseTma teqstebma SeiZleba moipovon

popularoba, masobriv gemovnebas miizidavs nacnobi normebi, Cveuli

esTetikuri principebi, realur samyarosTan Sasabamisoba. magram Tavad

xelovanisaTvis is normebi, romelTa mixedviTac Tavad qmnis nawarmoebs,

mainc rCeba gadafasebul normebad. mis mexsierebaSi da, Sesabamisad, Tavad

teqstSi, garkveuli formiT mainc fiqsirdeba, rom es modernizmis mier

devalvirebuli normebia, rom maTdami rwmena Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi

dakargulia, iseve, rogorc dakargulia rwmena Tavad realuri, namdvili

samyarosadmi, romelTan SesabamisobaSic iqmneboda Tavis droze es

normebi. msgavsi poziciiT Seqmnili teqsti ukve aRar aris realisturi, am

cnebis Cveuli gagebiT. is aRar asaxavs realur samyaros. is

hiperrealisturi teqstia, romelic asaxavs swored imas, rom es namdvili,

realuri samyaro aRarsad arsebobs, rom realobis ndoba aRar SeiZleba,

iseve, rogorc aRar SeiZleba misi amsaxveli normebis ndoba. amgvarad,

postmodernizmi acocxlebs tradiciuli xelovnebis gamomsaxvelobiT

principebs ise, rom aRarc ki sjera maTi sicocxlisunarianobisa. am

principTa meSveobiT SeiZleba kvlav aigos teqsti, magram teqstSi ar

dabrundeba is arsebiTi, ideuri Tu sulieri principebi, romelTac

efuZneboda rogorc tradiciuli msoflmxedveloba da, Sesabamisad,

xelovneba.

ra Tqma unda, amgvari undoblobis niSans, garkveuli mxatvruli

kodebis meSveobiT, postmodernistuli teqsti sakmaod garkveviT iZleva,

magram sxva saqmea, Tu vis SeuZlia am niSnebis aRqma. bunebrivia, es

SeiZleba iyos Tavad avtori, romelic Tavis problemur mimarTebas

tradiciuli normebisa da faseulobebisadmi teqstSi afiqsirebs, magram,

26

meore mxriv, es SeiZleba iyos recipientic, romelic aRiqvams am kodebis

arsebobas, ramdenadac gaaCnia Sesabamisi codna, esTetikuri gamocdileba.

rac mTavaria, orive SemTxvevaSi es aris, uwinaresad, xelovnebis

istoriaSi modernizmis mier datovebuli jerac cocxali gamocdileba.

amgvarad, avtori SeiZleba qmnides teqsts modernizmis mier gadafasebuli

normebiT, magram axsovdes modernizmiseuli gamomsaxvelobiTi Ziebebi, am

normaTa gadafasebis precedentebi. analogiur gamocdilebas SeiZleba

flobdes recipientic, romlisTvisac, garda masobriv aRmqmelTaTvis

gasagebi mxatvruli informaciisa, tradiciuli mxatvruli kodebisa,

misawvdomia kidev erTi Sre – am tradiciuli kodebisadmi avtorisa da,

zogadad, xelovnebis damokidebuleba. es yovelive mxatvruli niSnebis im

rigis meSveobiT aris kodirebuli, romelTa gagebac winaswari

esTetikuri momzadebis gareSe rTulia. maT aRiqvams is recipienti,

romelic icnobs xelovnebis ganviTarebis ZiriTad fazebs, maT Soris, ra

Tqma unda, tradiciul xelovnebas da, meore mxriv, modernizmis sulier-

gamomsaxvelobiT Ziebebs, klasikuri, tradiciuli normebisadmi mis

mimarTebas. amgvarad, postmodernistuli teqsti, faqtobrivad, mainc

inarCunebs modernizmiseul elitarulobas. ubralod, is ikiTxeba or

sxvadasxva kulturul konteqstSi: masobrivi kulturis konteqstSi da

elitaruli kulturis konteqstSi. masobrivi kultura, romelic arc ki

icnobs an arc ki aRiarebs tradiciul-realisturi xelovnebis

gadafasebis modernizmiseul process, kmayofildeba teqstis

SesabamisoboT Cveul esTetikur moTxovnebTan. amasTanave, es teqsti

SeiZleba Seesabamebodes gamomsaxvelobiT procesebSi

gaTviTcnobierebuli recipientis kulturul-esTetikur moTxovnebs da

iZleodes pasuxs mis esTetikur Ziebebze, romlebic, Tavis mxriv,

Seesabameba avtoriseul Ziebebs. amgvarad, avtorisa da recipientis,

Semoqmedisa da aRmqmelis Sinagani gamocdilebis identuroba kvlav rCeba

mxatvruli nawarmoebis arsebobis pirobad, magram postmodernizmSi,

modernizmisagan gansaxvavebiT, es aRar aris erTaderTi piroba. Tuki

modernizmi uarmyofeli damokidebulebisa iyo im normebisadmi, romlebic

Semoqmedis Sinagan moTxovnebs aRar pasuxobda, postmodernizmis etapze

miiCneva, rom sazogadod SeuZlebelia am moTxovnebis dakmayofileba, ris

27

dasturadac miiCneva modernizmis istoria. am istoriis gamocdilebis

amsaxveli mxatvruli niSnebi, kodebi teqstSi ganTavsdeba tradiciuli

niSnebis gverdiT. tradiciul normebs postmodernizmi aRar uaryofs,

radgan uaryofis safuZveli aRar gaaCnia: modernistuli sulier-

gamomsaxvelobiTi Ziebani, risi saxeliTac maTi gadafaseba xdeboda, ukve

Tavadac gadafasebulia. amgvarad, postmodernistuli teqsti Sedgeba

mxatvruli niSnebisa da kulturuli kodebis ori sxvadasxva rigisagan.

erTi gaTvlilia masobriv moTxovnebze, meore _ elitarulze. erTi

imeorebs tradiciul kanonebs, meore amJRavnebs maTdami damokidebulebas.

kodebis erTi rigi TanxmobaSia sazogado moTxovnebTan, meore ki

miuTiTebs, rom Tanxmoba, realurad, ar Semdgara. erTi rigis kodebi

martivad miemarTeba masobriv kulturul areals, meore rigisa ki

sakmaod rTul da mravalmxriv miTiTebebs moicavs rogorc Tanadroul

kulturul situaciaze, ise istoriul kulturul gamocdilebaze. magram

modernizmis sulier-esTetikur gamocdileba mainc rCeba postmodernizmis

ZiriTadi interesis sferod da kulturuli kodebic umetesad mas

miemarTeba. ase formirdeba postmodernizmSi ormagi kodirebis sistema.

(siuzan sontagi**)

rasakvirvelia, ormagi kodireba ar aris yvela tipis

postmodernistuli teqstis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli. teqsti SeiZleba

iqmnebodes mxolod kulturul-inteleqtualuri referenciebis

safuZvelze da saerTod ar miemarTebodes masobriv sferos, saerTod ar

moicavdes popularul kodebs. meore mxriv, postmodernizmis arealSi

SeiZleba ganixilebodes iseTi teqstebi, romlebic mxolod masobriv

kulturaze an komerciul miznebzea gaTvlili da ar gulisxmobs kavSirs

inteleqtualur samyarosTan. miuxedavad amisa, postmodernizmSi amgvari

kavSiri mainc myardeba. yvela tipis Tanadrouli xelovneba moeqceva

postmodernistuli analitikuri diskursis sferoSi. popkultura (iseve,

rogorc socialuri kultura, yofierebis nebimieri forma) iseve xdeba

inteleqtualuri analizis sagani, rogorc uaRresad rTuli esTetikuri

struqturis mqone xelovneba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maskulturis mimarT

moqmedebs ormagi kodirebis iseTi forma, roca meore rigis (kulturul-

inteleqtualuri) kodebi mocemulia ara Tavad teqstSi, aramed

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inteleqtualis, analitikosis poziciaSi am teqstis mimarT.

inteleqtualuri analizis Sedegad, bunebrivia, ar icvleba popularuli

kulturis Tvisobrioba, arc misdami masobriv momxmarebelTa

damokidebuleba. rasakvirvelia, ar icvleba Tavad teqstTa struqtura.

kulturuli kodebi am SemTxvevaSi gare kodebia, romelTa aqtivobis

sferod rCeba mxolod Teoriuli sfero. amasTanave, amgvari analizi

gavlenas ar axdens arc popkulturis Semdgom ganviTarebaze, radgan mas

ganviTarebisa da gavrcelebis sakuTari mZlavri kanonebi aqvs, romelTac,

uwinaresad, misi momxmareblebi gansazRvraven. niSandoblivia, rom

postmodernizmis analitikosebi Tavadve gvevlinebian popkulturis

momxmareblebad, radgan postmodernizmSi kultura saerTo moxmarebis

sagania. marTalia, maTi analizis safuZvelze popkultura, dabali

kultura ar iqceva maRal kulturad, magram, SesaZloa, inteleqtualebi

iqcevian “dabali” momxmareblebidan “maRal” momxmareblebad. es,

faqtobrivad, warmoadgens kidec postmodernistuli Teoriuli

diskursisa da ormagi kodirebis principis erT-erT ZiriTad

Taviseburebas. ATuki tradiciisamebr yovelgvari kritikul-analitikuri

saqmianobis saboloo mizani iyo movlenaTa gaumjobeseba Tu

gakeTilSobileba, postmodernizmi uars am mizanze, iseve, rogorc yvela

sxva idealistur mizanze. am diskursis Sedegad ara Tu Tanamedrove

popularuli xelovneba da sociumi icvlis Tavis bunebas, aramed

inteleqtuali gamoeyofa mas. marTalia, is inarCunebs fizikur myofobas

masobrivi kulturisa Tu socialuri struqturebis sivrceSi, rCeba mis

momxmareblad da monawiled, misi cxovrebis wesi arafriT ar ganirCeva

ZiriTad momxmarebelTa cxovrebis wesisagan, magram ormagi kodebis

sistemis Seqmnisa da masSi orientirebis unari aZlevs mas imis

saSualebas, rom garkveuli formiT, Tundac mxolod poziciis,

mimarTebis safuZvelze, gamocalkevdes saerTo sivrcisagan.

rasakvirvelia, garesamyarosagan Sinagani gamoclkevebis msgavsi praqtika

moqmedebda, Tundac, sarwmunoebriv sazogadoebaSic, magram pirovnebis

sulieri gandgoma mas materialobidan sulier realobaSi aRamaRlebda.

potsmodernisti ki, romelic rCeba Tavisi drois materialuri realobis

monawiled, amasTanave SeiZleba Tavs acnobierebdes gansxvavebuli

29

kulturul-inteleqtualuri realobis nawiladac. es aris garkveuli

Sida, meoreuli sistema, metarealoba. am sistemaSi igi erTgvari

postmodernistuli metaenis, postmodernistuli kulturul-

inteleqtualuri kodebis codnis safuZvelze moeqceva da sakuTari

analizis meSveobiT amave sistemaSi moaqcevs im movlenebsac, romlebic

sxvagvarad ufro farTo, masobrivi aRqmi sagnad darCeboda.

inteleqtualur konteqstSi moTavsebis Sedegad popkultura xdeba

postmodernistuli movlena, postmodernistuli Teoriuli diskursis da,

Sesabmisad, postmodernistuli kulturis nawili.

amgvarad, masobrivi xelovneba postmodernis arealSi Semodis ara

mxolod droisadmi, aramed saerTo kulturuli sivrcisadmi kuTvnilebis

niSniT. Tavad postmodernuloba XX saukunis meore naxevridan Tavad

iqceva drois maxasiaTeblad da is xdeba rogor kulturul-esTetikuri,

ise inteleqtualuri Tu socialuri procesebis ganmsazRvreli. is

gavlenas axdens Tavad Tanamedroveobis aRqmaze. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

Tanamedroveobis, rogorc aseTis gageba droSi gadaadgildeba. is aRar

aRniSnavs uSualo awmyos, qronologiur Tu gramatikul dros, romelSic

mTqmeli imyofeba, aramed im sulier Tu socialur epoqas, romelic

modernulma msoflmxedvelobam moitana Tan, romelic jerac aRiqmeba

Tanamedroved da romelsac, faqtobrivad, ukve aswleuli gvaSorebs.

amitom uSualo awmyos dasaxasiaTeblad saWiroc ki xdeba iseTi cnebis

Semotana, rogoricaa postTanamedroveoba.

modernulobis, rogorc Tanamedroveobis idea xelovnebaSi

efuZneboda reprazentaciis erTianobas Tanamedroveobis sulier-

SemecnebiT samyaroSi mimdinare movlenebTan - cxovrebis organizaciis

axal, urbanistul formebTan, mecnierul Tu teqnikur aRmoCenebTan, rac

aRiqmeboda Tvisobriv cvlilebad dasavluri samyaros istoriaSi.

postmodernul epoqaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, msgavsi Tvisobrivi cvlilebebi

ar momxdara, magram moxda modernuli epoqis procesebis globalizeba.

is, rac aRiqmeboda, rogorc Tanamedrove, axla gaxda ufro masobrivi,

sayovelTao. marTalia, principuli cvlileba masSi ar SeimCneva, magram

cvlileba SeiniSneba inteleqtualuri poziciebis doneze. es swored is

poziciebia, romlebic postmodernizmis analitikur Tu kulturul

30

saqmianobas gansazRvravs. amitom postmodernizmi aRiqmeba, rogorc

postTanamedroveobis analizi sxvadasxva diskursebis meSveobiT.

Teoriul-kritikuli Tu esTetikuri moRvaweobis umTavresi amocana xdeba

individis pozicis dafiqsireba sakuTari drosTan, sociumTan,

kulturasTan mimarTebaSi. swored am niSniT gansaxvavdeba

postmodernuli epoqis xelovanisa da inteleqtualis pozicia modernuli

poziciisagan, radgan modernistuli periodis kultura da xelovneba

orientirebuli iyo individis, subieqtis Sinagan moRvaweobaze, sulier

problemebze, msoflmxedvelobriv Ziebebze. adamiani, misi Sinagani

konfliqti, SemecnebiTi da sarwmunoebrivi krizisi modernizmis ZiriTadi

interesis sagania. garesamyarosTan mimarTeba modernizmSi fiqsirdeba

imdenad, ramdenadac is individis sulier TavisTavadobaze axdens

zegavlenas, upirispirdeba mis Sinagan samyaros. maRal modernizmSi

garesamyaro isaxeba qaosis, disharmoniis, dezorganizebis sferod. is

mtruli samyaroa, masSi pirovneba kargavs Tavis orientirebs, Sinagan

mdgradobas, kargavs suls. simbolizmidan moyolebuli, amgvari mimarTeba

materialur samyarosTan gaiazreba, rogorc sarwmunoebrivi krizisis

Sedegi _ adamians aRar uguleba RmerTi, romelic aq kanonzomierebasa da

wesrigs daadgens, romelic daicavs pirovnebas miwieri samyaros

alogikurobisagan. eqspresionizmidan moyolebuli ki abstaqcionisturi

xelovnebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi amocana xdeba pirovnebis mier

garemomcveli nivTieri samyaros darRveuli erTianobis, samyaros

“damskdari zedapiris” saxeTa dafiqsireba, rac, ra Tqma unda,

avangardistuli xelovnebis gamomsaxvelobiT saqmianobasac gansazRvravs.

ramdenad icvleba postmodernul etapze pirovnebis mimarTeba

garesamyarosadmi an ra SeiZleba gamxdariyo amgvari cvlilebis mizezi?

rasakvirvelia, RvTis, rogorc samyaros maorganizebeli Zalis

rwmena postmodernnul msoflxedvaSi ar aRmdgara. amitom uSualod

postmodernistul esTetikaSi garesamyaro kvlav isaxeba Sinagan wesrigs

moklebul realobad, romlis qaoturobac pirovnebis aRqmiTi procesis

alogikurobasa gamomsaxvelobiT formaTa qaoturobaSi SeiZleba

gamoxatos. meore mxriv ki postmodernistuli reprezentaciis formebi

SeiZleba daukavSirdes realobis, rogorc maqsimalurad organizebuli

31

sistemis gamoxatvas da am mizniT gamoyenebul iqnas realisturi

xelovnebis normebi. magram yvelaze niSandoblivi am SemTxvevaSi aris is,

rom amgvari organizebulobis miRma avtori mogvcems imis cxad niSnebsac,

rom es wesrigi yalbia, araauTenturi, igi ar momdinareobs uzenaesi

Zlisagan da swored imgvari wesrigia, romelic teqnologiuri Tu

socialur-ekonomikuri iaraRebis mflobelma Tanamedrove adamianma

Caunacvla uzenaes wesrigs. amasTanave, es ACanacvleba moxda ara

individis Sinagan samyaroSi, aramed garesamyaroSi. nacvlad darRveuli

sulieri harmoniis aRdgenisa (rac, bunebrivia, sarwmunoebriv moRvaweobas

daefuZneboda), adamiani cdilobs garesamyaros organizebis axal-axali

formebis Seqmnas, nacvlad sulieri cxovelmyofelobis mopovebisa

eqsperimentacias eweva fizikuri sicosxlisunarianobisa da

cxovelmoqmedebis mopovebis mizniT. (swored am niSniT moeqceva

bodriarisaTvis adamianis klonirebisa Tu cxovelebze eqsperimentebis

problema postmodernistul konteqstSi) ?????. realobis organizebis

axali formebis meSveobiT postmodernul epoqaSi ar daZleula zogadi

sulieri problemebi, sulieri disharmonia, magram, meore mxriv,

modernizmisagan gansxvavebiT, postmodernistuli xelovneba da

msoflmxedveloba aRar aris orientirebuli problemaTa am sferoze.

siRmiseuli sulieri realobis wvdomisa da gaazrebis nacvlad individis

analitikuri saqmianoba mimarTulia xiluli zedapiris, organizebuli

materialuri realobisadmi. am zadapiruli sistemis moqmedebis

pricipebisa da individis cxovrebaze maTi zemoqmedebis Sedegebis

ganxilva postmodernistul Teoriasa da SemoqmedebaSi sakmao interesiTa

da azartiT mimdinareobs. ra Tqma unda, postmodernizmSi individis

skeptikuri pozicia Tanamedrove sociumis materialurad organizebuli

sinamdvilisadmi swored Sinagani dezorganizebis aRqmiT aris

ganpirobebuli, magram is ar axdens am ukanasknelis kultivirebas.

dauZlevel sulier problemebze miTiTeba postmodernistul diskurSi ar

iTvleba karg tonad, magram Tavad am diskursis kritikul-ironiul tons

swored es problemebi ganapirobebs. Tuki modernizmSi sajarod

ganixileboda pirovnebis Sinagani cxovreba da problemebi warmodgeboda

dramatizirebuli saxiT, postmodernizmSi ganixileba sociumis cxovreba,

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xolo problemebi warmodgeba ironizirebuli saxiT. amdenad,

postmodernistuli tipis individis gamomsaxvelobiT-analitikuri

saqmianoba xdeba uaRrsad eqstravertuli, garesamyarosadmi mimarTuli,

sakmaod koncentrirebuli sociumis, Tanamedroveobis arsebobis formebze,

maT kritikul Sefasebaze da maT kritikul asaxvaze xelovnebaSi.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es xdeba kidec postmodernizmisa da mis

gamocdilebaze aRmocenebuli Tanamdrove kulturismcodeobis

socialuri da sulieri, erTgvarad mamxilebeli misia, radgan winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi sxva diskursi ar daarRvevda momxmarebelTa sazogadoebis

kmayofil da organizebul atmosferos, sadac pirovnebis survilebisa da

Sinagani mdgomareobis kontrols masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebi

axorcieleben, romlebic, Tavis mxriv globaluri ekonomikis kanonTa

kontrols emorCilebian. swored am misiis SegnebiT umberto eko

acxadebs, rom sazogadoebam unda iswavlos, rogor SeewinaaRmdegos

masmedias. amasTanave, globaluri procesebis cvlilebasTan erTad am

winaaRmdegobis wesebis Secvlac xdeba saWiro. magaliTad, 60-70-ian

wlebSi moqmedebda masmediis modeli, romelic avtoritetTan,

ZalauflebasTan urTierTobaze iyo dafuZnebuli, kontroldeboda

avtoritetis mier da teqnologiuri saSualebebis meSveobiT Tavis

Setyobinebebs ugzavnida adresats - ideologiuri muSaobis msxverpls. am

SemTxvevaSi sakmarisi iyo, inteleqtuals eswavlebina adreatisaTvis am

SetyobinebaTa “wakiTxva”, gakritikeba da isini miaRwevdnen kidec

inteleqtualuri Tavisuflebis xanas. 90-ian wlebSi ki radio da

televizia iqca SetyobinebaTa ukontrolo pluralobad, romlisganac

TiToeuli individi sakuTar kompozicias qmnis distanciuri pultis

meSveobiT (eko, hip. 148). amgvarad, cxadia, rom 60-ian wlebSi dawyebuli

postmodernuli xanis procesebis intensifikaciasTan erTad masmediis,

ideologiis, globaluri ekonomikis zegavlena pirovnebasa Tu

sazogadoebaze sruliad upirovno, umarTavi, dauZleveli xdeba da sul

ufro da ufro Znelia imis gansazRvra, Tu ra Zalis kontrols

emorCileba adamiani. swored amitom Zalauflebisa da kontrolis

problemebs postmodernistuli Teoria sakmaod vrclad aanalizebs.

meore mxriv ki makontrolebeli da mtruli gareSe Zalis Tema, iqneba es

33

media, xelisufleba Tu romelime kosmosuri civilizacia, farTod

muSavdeba popkulturaSic, gansakuTrebiT holivudis mZafrsiuJetian

filmebSi, romlebSic, sazogadodac, fabulur masalad xSirad

gamoiyeneba postmodernistuli ideebi ( matrica). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

individis eqstravertuli saqmianoba postmodernis epoqaSi TavdacviT

saxes iZens, am gziT igi icavs adamianis Sinagan avtonomias, mis uflebas,

gamoucalkevdes, Seafasos, gaaanalizos masobrivi, globalizebuli,

depersonalizebuli socialuri realoba da, SesaZloa, personalizaciis

gziT ganaxorcielos humanizaciis amocanac. pirovnebis amgvari mimarTeba

samyarosadmi gansazRvravs kidec postmodernistuli literaturis

msoflmxedvelobriv fons. rogorc braian makhali aRniSnavs,

modernistuli mwerlobis epistemologiuri problemebi

postmodernistul mwerlobaSi ontologiuri problemebiT icvleba:

“modernistuli prozis dominanta epistemologiuria. anu, modernistuli

proza ganaviTarebs stretegias, romelic ukavSirdeba da gamokveTs amgvar

kiTxvebs: “rogor unda gaviazro is samyaro, romlis nawilic var? an ki

ra var me am samyaroSi?” [...] postmodernistuli literaturis dominanta

ki ontologouria. anu, postmodernistuli proza ganaviTarebs

strategias, romelic ukavSiredeba da gamokveTs imgvar kiTxvebs,

romelTac dik higinsi “post-kogniturs” (post-SemecnebiTs) uwodebs: “ra

samyaroa es? ra unda movuxerxo mas? Cemma romelma “mem” unda moaxerxos

es?” sxva tipiuri postmodernistuli kiTxvebi ukavSirdeba Tavad

literaturuli teqstis ontologias an im samyaros ontologias,

romelsac igi asaxavs. magaliTad: ra aris samyaro; ra saxis samyaroebi

arsebobs, rogor arian agebulni da riT gansaxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan?

ra xdeba, roca gansxvavebuli samyaroebi erTmaneTs upirirspirdebian, an

roca maT Soris sazRvrebi dairRveva?; ra saxisaa teqstis arseboba, da

ra saxisaa samyaros (an samyaroTa) arseboba, romelsac igi asaxavs?

rogori agebulebisaa asaxuli samyaro? (makhali gv.9,10, 26?)”. amgvarad,

braian makhali postmodernistuli mwerlobis tipologiur, ganmsazRvrel

niSnad miiCnevs swored msoflmxedvelobriv-SemecnebiTi problemebisadmi

mimarTebas. modernizmidan potsmodernizmze gardamavali zRvaric gadis,

uwinaresad, SemecnebiT problemebze da am problemisadmi teqstis

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mimarTebaze. “niSandoblivia, rom arsebobs erTgvari Sinagani logika an

Sinagani dinamika, romelic ganapirobebs dominantis cvlilebas

modernistulidan postmodernistul mwerlobamde. Zneladasatani

epistemologiuri ganusazRvreloba iqceva ontologiuri pluralobisa da

arastabilurobis gansazRvrul wertilad. metismetad Sorsmimavali

epistemologiuri kiTxvebi ontologiur kiTxvebSi gadaizrdeba. amave

principiT, metismetad Sorsmimavali ontologiuri kiTxvebi

epistemologiur kiTxvebad iqceva _ Tanmimdevroba aris ara linearuli

da erTmxrivi, aramed ormxrivi da urTierTgardamavali” (makhali, 26).

swored am niSniT SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT rogorc modernistul da

postmodernistul msoflmxedvelobaTa, ise gamomsaxvelobiT principTa

urTierTmimarTeba da urTierTganpirobebuloba. postmodernizmi, rogorc

sulier-SemecnebiTi da reprezentaciuli etapi, modernistul arealSive

mzaddeba. modernizmis problemebi gamwvavebisa Tu droSi xangrZlivobis

garkveul zRvarze Tvisobrivad gadaizrdebian postmodernistul

problemebSi, magram, meore mxriv, es cvlileba ar aris Seuqcevadi da

saboloo da ar niSnavs winare problemaTa daZlevasa Tu gadawyvetas.

swored amitom SeiZleba SevxvdeT postmodernistul epoqaSic iseT

teqstebs, romlebic Tematuri an stiluri niSniT modernizmis areals

ubrundeba, an, ufro zustad, swored amitom SeiZleba vimsjeloT

modernistuli da postmodernistul arealTa erTgvar mTlianobaze.

mkvlevrebi xSirad arc ki miiCneven postmodernizms axal paradigmad.

magaliTad, linda haTCons amis argumentad mohyavs misi

winaaRmdegobrioba da is, rom postmodernizmi muSaobs im sistemaTa

farglebSi, romelTa darRvevasac cdilobs. ( haTConi, 4-5). amgvari

sistemebia, uwinaresad, ra Tqma unda, modernizmi, aseve realizmi,

klasikuri xelovneba, Suasaukuneebis xelovneba. Tuki modernizmma Tavad

Seqmna da gansazRvra sakuTari samuSao sistema (rogorc

msoflmxedvlobriv, ise esTetikur planSi), postmodernizmi, faqtobrivad,

ise sargeblobs am memkvidreobiT, rom aRar miiCnevs mas unitarul

sistemad. postmodernistuli teqsti SeiZleba iqmnebodes da ikiTxebodes

ara mxolod erTi, aramed ramdenime gansxvavebuli sistemis farglebSi

ise, rom arc erTisadmi ar amJRavnebdes erTgulebas an calsaxa

35

mimarTebas. nebismieri esTetikuri Tu saazrovno sistemisadmi igi

momxmareblur da araSemoqmedebiT damokidebulebaSia. igi mxolod

moixmars im sistemaTa principebs, romlebic Tavad ar Seuqmnia. amgvarad,

postmodernzmi, modernizmisagan gansaxvavebiT, sakmaod Semwynarebluria

kidec im esTetikuri principebisadmi, romlebic gansxvavebul sistemaTa

farglebSi yalibdeboda, radgan arc erT princips ar mimarTavs

absoluturobis moTxovniT. es ganapirobebs postmodernizmis, rogorc

mimarTulebis ekleqtizms, rac SeiZleba SesamCnevi iyos TviT calkeul

teqstTa farglebSic. rac mTavaria, amgvari pluralobisa da

cvalebadobis gamo, faqtobrivad, arc ganisazRvreba postmodernizmis

erTiani esTetikuri, stilur-poetikuri sistema da am movlenis

farglebSi moqcevian iseTi urTierTgansxvavebuli teqstebi, romelTac ar

aerTianebT raime msoflmxedvelobrivi an esTetikuri principebi. amave

mizeziT postmodernizmSi, modernizmisagan gansxvavebiT, ar Camoyalibda

calkeuli gamokveTili skolebi da mimdinareobebi, romelTa

warmomadgenlebi erTad Seqmnidnen sakuTar samuSao principebs da

daicavdnen maTdami erTgulebas. am fonze, faqtobrivad

postmodernulobis ganmsazRvrel niSnad SeiZleba miviCnioT, uwinaresad,

avtoris garkveuli pozicia realobisdmi, reprezentacisadmi, SemecnebiTi

an esTetikuri tradiciisadmi, mis winaSe arsebuli sistemebisadmi.

amasTanave, avtori eZebs ara erT romelime, misTvis misaReb samuSao

sistemas, aramed sakuTar pozicias am sistemebisadmi. swored amitom es

pozicia SeiZleba iyos sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivi. postmodernizmi

erTdroulad iRebs da gadaafasebs kidec msoflmxedvelobriv Tu

gamomsaxvelobiT principebs. amitom postmodernizmSi xelovanisaTvis

aRar arsebobs Tavsmoxveuli principebi, anu iseTi principebi, romelTac

romelime avtoritatuli sistema moaxvevda Tavs, radgan am epoqaSi arc

erTi esTetikuri sistema aRar aris avtoritetuli. amave dros arc Tavad

postmodernizmi acxadebs Tavs avtoritarul sistemad, radgan eWviT aris

ganwyobili yovelgvari calkeuli principisadmi, maTi erTianobis

SesaZleblobisadmi, Tavad sisworisa da universalobis ideisadmi.

analogiuria postmodernizmis damokidebuleba tradiciuli esTetikuri

sistemisadmi. maSinac ki, roca xelovani sakmaod Tanmimdevruladac

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sargeblobs am sistemis prncipebiT, is ar iRebs mas, rogorc normas.

tradiciuli sistema mxolod erT-erTi, Tanabaruflebiani, ufro zustad

ki Tanabrad uuflebo sistemaa. Tuki modernistul xelovnebas sakuTari

esTetikis dasamkvidreblad namdvili brZola mouxda klasikur

reprezentaciasTan, postmodernizmi AaRar saWiroebs amgvar ukidures

zomebs. tradiciuli esTetika, iseve, rogorc klasikurad miCneuli

xelovnebis memkvidreoba postmodernizmis poziciidan aRar ukavSirdeba

tradiciis, normis, nimuSis, etalonis ideebs, Tumca, SesaZloa, dasavluri

kulturis sivrceSi is mainc aRiqmeba tradiciul esTetikur sistemad.

sayuradReboa, rom dasavlur samyaroSi klasikur, tradiciul esTetikur-

reprezentaciul sistemad rCeba is sistema, romelic Seiqmna da

ganviTarda antikur samyaroSi da aRdga renesansis epoqaSi.

rasakvirvelia, saukuneebis manZilze am tradicias gansxvavebuli formiT

ganaaxlebdnen gansxvavebuli mimdinareobani, iqneboda es klasicizmi Tu

realizmi. yoveli axali gamomsaxvelobiTi epoqa dasavluri kulturis

istoriaSi ama Tu im saxiT mainc inarCunebda mimarTebas antikur

esTetikasTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom modernizmma, ukiduresi formiT ki, ra

Tqma unda, avangardizmma moindoma sabolood gandgomoda am esTetikur

sistemas (rac gansakuTrebiT agresiuli formiT gamovlinda marinetis

lozungebSi muzemebisa da, sazogadod, mTeli kulturuli memkvidreobis

ganadgurebis moTxovniT) ????, is mainc ganagrZobs aqtivobas

postmodernizmis epoqaSi. esTetikur faseulobebad rCeba klasikuri

xelovnebis qmnilebani. realisturi Tu masobrivi xelovnebis farglebSi

ki, faqtobrivad, esTetikur normebad rCeba klasikuri reprzentaciis

principebi. rasakvirvelia, postmodernizmis poziciidan es principebi

aRar warmoadgens normas, magram maT mainc vxvdebiT postmodernistul

xelovnebaSi, Tumca xazgasmulia isic, rom amjerad xelovani, ubralod,

manipulirebs maTiT da moaqcevs maT sakuTari esTetikis sistemaSi,

nacvlad imisa, rom Tavad moeqces klasikuri sistemis farglebSi.

magaliTad, postmodernistuli erqiteqturis erT-erT gamomsaxvelobiT

xerxad iqca klasikuri (antikuri) xuroTmoZRvrebis detalebis gamoyeneba,

maTi kombinireba da, rac maTavaria, maTi warmodgena gansxvavebul,

araauTentur stilur konteqstSi. AaseT SemTxvevaSi aqcentirebulia, rom

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avtori mimarTavs swored calkeul detalebs da ara mTels esTetikur

sistemas. danawevrebul formebs igi uqvemdebarebs sakuTar

gamomsaxvelobiT interess da misi erT-erTi amocana xdeba kidec imis

miTiTeba, rom warsulis esTetikuri memkvideoba postmodernizmSi

cocxlobs decentralizebuli, denaturalizebuli saxiT.

swored aseve manipulirebs postmodernizmi klasikuri

SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobiT. klasikuri xelovnebis Sedevrebi

postmodernistul konteqstSi kargaven normisa da idealis avtoritets

da, faqtobrivad, ganixilebian, rogorc masobrivi xelovnebis nimuSebi.

postmodernizmi aRar ebrZvis am avtoritets, radgan Tavisufalia swored

avtoritetulobis zegavlenisagan _ es Tavisufleba jer kidev

modernizmis mier iqna miRweuli. amitom warsulis Sedevri

postmodernistul konteqstSi SeiZleba mowodebuli iqnas ironizirebuli

formiT, rogorc banaluri, yvelasTvis misawvdomi da gasagebi

esTetikuri feseuloba. am TvalsazrisiT modernizmisa da

postmodernizmis damokidebuleba klasikuri memkvidreobisadmi sruliad

gansaxvavebulia. magaliTad, marsel diuSanis ulvaSebmixatuli jokonda

warmoadgens Rrmad gaazrebul avangardistul esTetikur aqts, romliTac

avangardi gamoxatavs Tavis damokidebulebas klasikuri

reprezentaciisadmi da, zogadad, klasikuri memkvidreobisadmi: klasika

aRar aRiqmeba absolutur faseulobad da misi gamomsaxvelobiTi

miRwevebi Tanadroul gamomsaxvelobiT miznebTan SesabamisobaSi aRarc ki

aRiqmeba raime miRwevad. magram postmodernul epoqaSi jokonda, romelic

sareklamo suraTze picas miirTmevs, an italiis safexburTo msoflio

Cempionatis sareklemo rgolSi TaviT burTs igeriebs, warmoadgens,

ubralod, momxmareblur, komerciul aqts (romelic, TavisTavad,

esTetikuri zemoqmedebis principiT moqmedebs). klasikur kulturul

memkvidreobaze postmodernistul epoqaSi aravin ambobs uars, magram,

saWiroebisamebr, maRali kultura SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos sruliad

gansxvavebul konteqstSi. amave dros, niSandoblivia swored is, am

konteqstSi aRar mJRavndeba misdami amaRlebuli damokidebuleba. magram,

amasTanave, Tanamedroveoba mainc cxaddeba am kulturis memkvidred.

uSualod postmodernisti avtoris mierac klasikuri xelovnebis

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Sedevrebze miTiTeba SeiZleba moxdes sakuTari gamomsaxvelobiTi

poziciis Sesabamisad. Tuki avangardSi axali reprezentaciis

asamoqmedeblad aucilebeli iyo klasikuri xelovnebis miRwevebis

anulireba, postmodernizmSi avtoris gamomsaxvelobiTi amocanis

Sesasruleblad SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes am miRwevebis damcroba. ufro

zustad, damcroba aRarc ki warmoadgens avtoris mizans. klasikuri

xelovnebis auTenturi misiis Secvla, rasakvirvelia, SeiZleba

aRiqmebodes damcrobad, magram mxolod amave auTentur konteqstSi.

postmodernistul konteqstSi ki am memkvidreobT manipulireba ar

gaiazreba avtoris personalur SemoqmedebiT amocanad. meore mxriv ki es

konteqsti Tavadve warmogvidgens nebismier faseulobas, rogorc

damcirebuls da gadafasebuls. amaRlebuli sulieri misiis nacvlad

Sedevrebi gansxvavebuli misiiT warmodgebian: maTze miTiTeba xdeba im

mizniT, rom xazgamuli iqnas raime amaRlebuli ideis amaoeba, an,

ubralod, ironiuli formiT naCvenebi iqnas yofieri ideebis realuroba

da komfortuloba warsulis amaRlebul idealebTan SedarebiT.

rasakvirvelia, postmodernul epoqaSi klasikisadmi amgvari

damokidebuleba modernizmis mier mopovebuli gamomsaxvelobiTi

uflebebis uSualo Sedegia. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavad modernizmis,

gansakuTrebiT ki maRali modenizmis Sedevrebic SeiZleba moeqcnen

klasikuri, warsulisagan memkvidreobiT miRebuli Sedevrebis siaSi, anu

gamocxaddnen Seuval avtoritetebad, romelTac aRaravin epyroba,

rogorc avtoritets. modernistuli memkvidreoba postmodernistul

epoqaSi ukve warsulis zogad sivrceSi eqceva, modernizmis

gamomsaxvelobiTi siTamame an avangardis agresiac gardasuli movlena

xdeba. modernizmis sistemas postmodernizmi iseve arRvevs, rogorc

nabismier sxva kulturul sistemas, xolo modernizmis esTetikuri

principebiT an misi esTetikuri miRwevebiT iseve manipulirebs, rogorc

nebismieri gardasuli epoqis SedevrebiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TavisTavad

Sedevris, anu warmatebiT ganxorcielebuli gamomsaxvelobiTi saqmianobis

idea xdeba postmodernizmSi manipulirebis sagani, rac, TavisaTavad,

ironizirebis gancdasac aRZravs.

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ironia marTlac warmoadgens postmodernistuli xelovnebis erT-

erT ZiriTad emociur fons. aq araferi ar miewodeba recipients

pirdapiri formiT, anu araferi ar iqmneba SinaarsTan pirdapir

SesabamisobaSi. yoveli mxatvruli Tu socialuri saxe, yoveli mxatvruli

ganacxadi gaiazreba imave esTetikur da saazrovno sistemebTan farul Tu

aSkara, ironiul winaaRmdegobaSi, romlis farglebSic Tavad moqmedebs.

zogadi TvalsazrisiTac, aRar arsebobs erTi Sinaarsi, erTi saTqmeli,

romelic SesabamisobaSi iqneboda erT WeSmarit ideur sistemasTan,

absolutur WeSmaritebasTan. es logikuri Sedegia sistemaTa im

pluralobisa, romlis viTarebaSic ganagrZo arseboba xelovnebam

modernizmis mier aRiarebuli da gamokveTili sulier-

soflmxedvelobrivi krizisis Semdeg. modernistul epoqaSi krizisi

ukavSirdeboda uwinaresad erT sferos, sarwmunoebriv sistemas.

Semecnebis, racionaluri azrovnebis, gamomsaxvelobis yvela sxva

dasavlur sistemas modernizmis mier undobloba gamoucxadda imdenad,

ramdenadac maT daarRvies sarwmunoebrivi sistemis unitaruloba da,

Tavis mxriv, ver Seqmnes damajerebuli, srulyofili sistemebi.

modernistuli xelovnebisa da msoflmxedvelobis krizisuloba vlindeba

swored imdenad, ramdenadac am epoqis adamiani isurvebda, magram Zala

aRar Seswevs aRadginos sarwmunoebrivi sistemis mTlianoba, sakuTari

erTianoba sarwmunoebriv sivrcesTan. ra Tqma unda, postmodernul

epoqaSi ar aRmdgara romelime sistemis prioriteti. piriqiT, daSvebuli

iqna yvela urTierTgansxvavebuli sistemis arseboba romelime maTganis

WeSmaritebis rwmenisa da, Sesabamisad, prioritetulobis gareSe. amitom

xelovani, romelic nebismieri maTganis farglebSi moqmedebis uflebas

aZlevs Tavs, yoveli maTganisadmi undoblobiTa da ironiiT aris

ganwyobili. swored amitom, stiuart simis Tanaxmad, postmodernuli

kulturis kritikuli istoria ironiisa da krizisis cnebebis fonze

iwereba. (simi, 253). jeimsoni ki postmodernistuli ironiis filosofiur

ideologias ainStainis fardobiTobis Teoriis vulgarul aTvisebas

adarebs (jeims. 412). fardobiTobis principiT am SemTxvevaSi gaazrebulia

yovelgvari codnis, yovelgvari sistemis, samyaros aRqmisa Tu asaxvis

yovelgvari formis araabsoluturoba. postmodernistul periodSi

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“ironistebi acnobiereben samyaroSi Cveni arsebobis SemTxveviTobasa da

simyifes da amitom ver iReben did narativTa ganacxadebs metismetad

seriozulad. maT ician, rom sxva aRwerebi, sxva narativebi maTTvis

yovelTvis misawvdomia” (rorTi, *** simi. gv.71). TavisTavad

postmodernuli epoqa Jan fransua liotarma gansazRvra, rogorc epoqa,

romlSic dasrulda “istoriis filosofiis didi narativebi” (didi

monaTxrobebi an metanarativebi), mZlavri msoflmxedvelobriv-

ideologiuri sistemebi, romelTa mixedviTac xdeboda “adamianiseul da

araadamianiseul samyaroTagan momdinare movlenaTa masis organizeba maTi

mimarTviT kacobriobis universaluri arsebobis ideisadmi” (liotari,

gv.24). dasavluri samyaros istoriaSi liotari gamohyofs ramdenime did

narativs, romlebic “cdilobdnen am movlenaTa organizebas: qristianuli

narativi _ pirvelcodvis gamosyidviT siyvarulis meSveobiT;

ganmanaTleblobis narativi _ emansipaciiT, umecrebisa da morCilebis

daZleviT codnisa da Tanabaruflebianobis meSveobiT; spekulatiuri

narativi _ universaluri ideis realizaciiT konkretulis dialeqtikis

meSveobiT, marqsistuli narativi _ emansipaciiT eqspluataciisa da

gaucxoebisagan Sromis socializaciis meSveobiT, kapitalisturi narativi

_ siRaribisagan daxsniT teqnoindustriuli ganviTarebis meSveobiT (iqve,

25). TiToeuli maTgani ukavSirdeboda “universaluri Tavisuflebis,

mTeli kacobriobis mizanTa xorcSesxmis ideebs” (iqve, gv. 25). did

narativTa dasasruli TavisTavad gulisxmobs didi, zogadi,

universaluri ideebis dasasruls, adamianis mier maTi moZiebisa da

xorcSesxmis mcdelobaze uaris Tqmas, imedgacruebas. swored amitom ar

iqmneba postmodernul epoqaSi romelime axali sistema. liotarisaTvis

sazogadodac sakiTxavia, SegviZlia Tu ara Cven dRes ganvagrZoT

universaluri ideis safuZvelze movlenaTa organizeba. (gv. 25). amitom

postmodernistuli ironia mimarTulia rogorc warsulis dasrulebuli

metanarativebisadmi, ise maTi aRdgenis nebismieri mcdelobisadmi,

ramdenadac amgvari mcdelobebi SeiZleba daeyrdnos mxolod

avtoritarulobas, Zalauflebas, terors. amave Zalebs eyrdnoba

postindustriul samyaroSi movlenaTa organizebis axali, ara ideuri,

aramed ideologiuri sistemebi, romlebic TavianT iaraRad iyeneben

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ekonomikur da teqnologiur miRwevebs. amdenad, ironia, rogorc

msoflmxedvelobrivi pozicia, postmodernizmSi ewinaaRmdegeba rogorc

warsulis, ise Tanamedroveobis romelime sistemis avtoritets, radgan

arc erTi maTgani ar esaxeba universalur, sando, imedismomcem realobad.

magram ironia postmodernizmSi vlindeba ara mxolod

msoflmxedvelobriv, aramed esTetikur donezec, rogorc esTetikuri

kategoria. es ori done urTierTdakavSirebulia imdenad, ramdenadac

erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba adamianis sulier-SemecnebiTi da gamomsaxvelobiTi

saqmianoba. postmodernistul xelovnebaSi ironizacias eqvemdebareba,

erTi mxriv, arsebuli esTetikuri sistemebi (romelTa farglebSic es

xelovneba mainc muSaobs), meore mxriv ki, bunebrivia, TavisTavad

reprezentaciis idea, avtoris mier Tavisi saTqmelis srulfasovani

gamoTqmis SesaZlebloba. ra Tqma unda, am SesaZleblobaSi daeWveba ar

warmoadgens uSualod postmodernistul pozicias, ramdenadac es

pozicia modernizmisa da avangardizmis etapidan momdinareobs. arc

avtoris mier Tavisive teqstisadmi ironiuli mimarTeba gvevlineba

posmodernistul novaciad, radganac SeiZleba iTqvas, rom swored am

mimarTebis dafiqsirebiT daiwyo XX saukunis xelovnebis istoriaSi

maRali modernizmidan avangardizmze gadasvla. magram am etapze avtori

axdenda, uwinaresad, sakuTari tqstis, sakuTari individualuri

SesaZleblobebis ironizirebas saTqmelis srulfasovnad gamoTqmis

SeuZleblobis gancdiT. postmodernizmSi ki ironia mimarTulia ara

imdenad sakuTari teqstisadmi, ara imdenad avtoris indiviualuri

SesaZleblobebisadmi, aramed zogadad gamomsaxvelobiTi tradiciisadmi,

esTetikuri sistemebisadmi. reprzentaciuli miznebis miuRwevloba aRar

aRiqmeba, rogorc uSualod individis an misi drois Sinagani

arasrulfasovnebis Sedegi, rogorc amas aRiqvamda modernistuli epoqis

xelovani. postmodernizmSi es, SesaZloa, nebismieri epoqis, nebismieri

esTetikuri sistemis, nebismieri individis mcdelobaTa arsebobis

formadac gamocxaddes. yovel SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba aRiarebuli iqnas,

rom garkveul etapze, ama Tu im mxatvruli sistemis farglebSi, kidec

xdeboda saTqmelis srulfasovnad gamoTqma, sityvisa da saTqmelis

SesabamisobiT, magram postmodernul xanaSi anaqronizmia TavisTavad am

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miznis dasaxva misi tradiciuli formiT. amitom, erTi mxriv, individi

Tavisufldeba braleulobis SegrZnebisagan, meore mxriv ki Tavad es

problema warmoCndeba nakleb dramatizirebuli saxiT, rogor bunebrivi

esTetikuri sakiTxi, postmodernistuli esTetikis kanonzomieri

maxasiaTebeli. gamomsaxvelobiTi problemebisadmi amgvari mimarTebis

Sedegad amjeradac xdeba xelovanis eqstravertuli poziciis

dafiqsireba, xolo am problemis gadawyvetis gzebis Ziebas igi mihyavs

mravalferovani SesaZleblobebis, ironizirebuli mxatvruli svlebis

aRmoCenamde. rogorc ihab hasani aRniSnavs, modernistuli xelovnebis

ukiduresi wertili, romelic mdumarebiT mTavrdeba da romlis

metaforac swored mdumareba xdeba, “warmoadgens preludias

postmodernizmisaTvis. amgvari momentis Semdeg, roca samyaro autaneli

xdeba, gonebas SeuZlia mimarTos radikalur ironias, raTa warmoaCinos

xelovneba mis ukidures zRvarze” (hasani, Tern. 10). umberto ekoc

analogiur TanmimdevrobiT gaiazrebs ironiuli momentis aqtualobas.

misTvis ironia xdeba metalingvistuli TamaSi, romliTac

postmodernizmma gaagrZela arseboba avangardizmis gamomsaxvelobiTi

krizisis Semdeg. “postmodernzmi pasuxobs Tanamedroveobis aRiarebas:

Tuki warsulis ganadgureba SeuZlebelia, radgan amas mdumarebamde

mivyavarT, maSin kvlav SeiZleba vewvioT warsuls, magram ironiiT, da ara

umankod. postmodernuli damokidebuleba im kacs magonebs, romelsac

Zalzed ganviTarebuli qalbatoni uyvars da icis, rom mas ubralod ver

etyvis “me Sen sigiJemde miyvarxar”, radgan icis, rom qalma icis (qalma ki

icis, rom kacmac icis), rom es sityvebi ukve daiwera barbara qarTlandis

mier. magram gamosavali mainc aris. Kkacs SeuZlia Tqvas: “ rogorc amas

barbara qarTlandi ityoda, me Sen sigiJemde miyvarxar”. am gziT man Tavi

daaRwia yalb umankoebas. naTlad miuTiTa ra, rom umankod saubari ukve

SeuZlebelia, man mainc uTxra qals is, risi Tqmac undoda: mas is uyvars,

magram uyvars dakarguli umankoebis xanaSi” (minaw. 67). umankoebis xanad,

rasakvirvelia, gaiazreba is epoqa literaturis istoriaSi, romelSic

naTqvami sityva miiCneva saTqmelis gamoxatvis SemZled da mis

adekvaturad, roca adamianis arseboba SesabamisobaSia absoltur

ideebTan da sazogadodac, aravis Seaqvs eWvi am ideebis absoluturobaSi.

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amgvari harmonis darRveva, ra Tqma unda, modernizmma amxila, Tavadve

Seecada mis aRdgenas, an axali Tanxmobis damyarebas, an, sabolood,

msgavs mcdelobebze uaris Tqmas, rac niSnavs kidec mdumarebas, anu

reprezentaciis ideis uaryofas. postmodernizmi swored ironiuli

diskursis meSveobiT ganagrZobs am mxilebas. Tanxmobis, Sasabamisobis,

adekvaturobis SesaZleblobebis dakargvis aRiarebiT igi aRiarebs, rom

arsebobas ganagrZobs dakarguli umankoebis xanaSi. is, rac modernizmis

periodSi aRiqmeboda danakargad, axla miiReba, rogorc norma. amgvari

aRiareba postmodernizms aTavisuflebs umankoebis AaRdgenis

survilisagan da am viTarebas iRebs, rogorc realobas, romelSiac

gamosavali aris ara axali gamocdilebis, axali Sesabamisobis, axali

gamoTqmis saSualebebis Zieba, aramed arsebuli saSualebebis

ganmeorebiTi moxmareba, naTqvamis citireba ironiuli poziciiT, roca

ironia miemarTeba ara uSualod naTqvams, citatas, aramed im konteqsts,

romelSic citata moeqceva, anu, faqtobrivad, postmodernul mankier

dros. postmodernistuli ironia amiTic gansxvavdeba im modernistuli

ironiisagan, roca avtori ironiuliad iyo ganwyobili warsulSi

arsebuli yovelgvari gamomsaxvelobiTi gamocdilebisadmi, Znelad Tu

aRiarebda gamosaxvisa da gamoTqmis romelime precedentis

warmatebulobas, uayofda maTi ganmeorebis sargeblobas. amasTanave,

modernisti avtori sakuTar qmnilebas mainc akisrebda amaRlebul mizans,

qmnida mas ideasTan Sesabamisobis moTxovniT, anu im moTxovniT, rom

amjerad mainc nawarmoebis TavisTavadi gamomsaxvelobiTi forma iqneboda

avtoris TavisTavadi saTqmelis Sesabamisi. swored amitom modernistuli

teqsti xdeboda ufro daxSuli, mimarTuli avtoris pirad mizanze, mis

pirad sulier mdgomareobaze da, meore mxriv, mxolod modernizmis

kulturul sivrceze, modernistul gamomsaxvelobiT sistemaze.

dakarguli umankoebis xanaSi axal realobasTan SeguebiT

postmodernizmi xdeba ufro gaxsnili warsulis kulturuli

tradiciebisadmi, aqamde arsebuli reprezentaciuli sistemebisadmi, sxva

avtorTa gamomsaxvelobiTi gamocdilebebisadmi. amjerad avtori aRar

akisrebs sakuTar teqsts absolutur mizans, amitom ufro advilad iRebs

yvela sxva teqstis gamocdilebas da aRiarebs warsulSi maT

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warmatebulobas. sxvadasxvagvari formebiT: am teqstTa pirdapiri

citirebiT, maTi gadamuSavebiT, perifraziT, maTze miTiTebiT, am

mimarTebaTa dafiqsirebiT xdeba am gamocdilebaTa gadmotana sakuTar

teqstSi da sakuTar droSi, anu xdeba axali teqstis Seqmna. amasTanave, es

iTvleba ara plagiatobad, aramed axal gamomsaxvelobiT poziciad.

axali am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos ironiuli foni, drois konteqsti, an,

rac mTavaria, avtoris persona, romelic kvlav axorcielebs kulturul-

esTetikur, gamomsaxvelobiT Tu pirovnul arCevans. amave dros, am

arCevanis, rogorc axali SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobis gacnobierebiT

postmodernizmi xdeba axali, Ria kulturul-esTetikuri sistema,

romelic iRebs, iTvisebs, amuSavebs, interesdeba Yyvela arsebuli

warsuli sistemiT da maSinac, roca arRvevs maT, gamoxatavs ironias maTi

miRwevebisadmi, is, faqtobrivad, droSi ganaaxlebs maT moqmedebas,

aRiarebs am miRwevebs da awvdis maT im recipients, romelsac sxva

SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, arc eqneboda raime interesi am sisitemebisadmi.

magaliTad, igive umberto eko Tavis romanebSi “vardis saxeli” da “fukos

qanqara” sargeblobs antikuri Tu Suasaukuneobrivi, Zvelebrauli Tu

qristianuli periodis sxvadasxva esTetikuri Tu saazrovno sistemaTa

monapovrebiT, gansaxvavebul epoqaTa tradiciebiT, ufro zustad ki am

tradiciaTa detalebiT, romelTa arsebobasa da warmomavlobas, SesaZloa,

inteleqtualuri mkiTxveli Tu daafiqsirebs, magram isini, Tundac

maTganve gaucnobiereblad, masobriv mkiTxvelsac miewodeba, maTTvisac

ganagrZobs moqmedebas, vinc am romanebs savsebiT sxva, teqstis

deteqtiuri plastisadmi interesiT kiTxulobs. swored amitom

postmodernistuli nawarmoebi xdeba sakmaod savse kulturuli movlena

da Tavad postmodernizmic aRiqmeba, rogorc saerTo kulturul

tradiciasTan sakmaod mWidrod dakavSirebuli kulturuli procesi.

amasTanave, Tuki modernistul periodSi tradiciuli kulturul-

esTetikuri formebi negaciis gziT aisaxeboda axal teqstSi,

postmodernistul periodSi maTdami negacia, faqtobrivad, ar vlindeba

da teqstiseuli ironia, rogorc aRiniSna, maT arc miemarTeba. amdenad,

marTalia, postmodernistuli nawarmoebi, zogadi TavlsazrisiT,

marTlac arRvevs im sistemebs, romelTa farglebSiac moqmedebs, is mainc

45

saWiroebs am sistemaTa codnas, maTTan kavSirs, maTi gamocdilebis

gaTvaliswinebas. Tuki maRali modernizmis periodSi avtors amgvari

gamocdileba aRarafers aZlevda da igi cdilobda sakuTari, unikaluri

gamocdilebis mopovebas, Tuki avangardizmi acxadebda, rom misTvis

tradicia is tvirTia, romlisganac unda gaTavisufldes axali xelovneba,

postmodernizmi iwyebs am mitovebuli memkvidreobis ganCxrekas,

miviwyebuli faseulobebis dabrunebas. marTalia, isini moeqcevian

araauTentur, ironiul konteqstSi, emsaxurebian avtoris pirad Canafiqrs,

magram maTi moqmedeba, faqtobrivad, mainc ganaxldeba. am gziT

postmodernistul teqstSi gacxadebulia tradiciis, warsulis,

gamocdilebis, codnis mniSvneloba. gacxadebulia isic, rom yoveli

teqsti arsebobs rogorc warsulisa Tu Tanamedroveobis kulturul-

esTetikuri sistemebis, rogorc saerTo kulturuli tradiciis mier

ganazRvruli da ganpirobebuli movlena. teqsti ar aris zogadi,

mravalsaukunovani kulturuli sivrcisagan gamocalkeebuli, hermetuli

sivrce an mxolod erTi esTetikuri sistemis nawili. garda sakuTari

teqstualuri sivrcisa is iqmneba, ikiTxeba, moqmedebs vrcel, mravalSrian

kulturul arealSi, teqstTa erTian interteqstualur…sivrceSi, sadac

urTierTqmedeben gansxvavebuli teqstebi. Sesabamisad, TiToeuli teqstSi

asaxulia teqstTaSorisi kavSirebi, rac xdeba kidec postmodernizmis

gansakuTrebuli interesis sagani da MmuSavdeba interteqstualizmis

ideis safuZvelze. interteqstualizmi, faqtobrivad, erTaderTi formaa,

romliTac vlindeba postmodernizmSi zogad kavSirTa arsebobis

SesaZlebloba. ufro zustad, im epoqaSi roca darRveulia zogadi

kavSirebi adamianisa RmerTTan, moyvasTan, sazogadoebasTan,

garesamyarosTan, sakuTar TavTan da, sabolood, enasTan, mxolod

teqstebi inarCuneben erTmaneTTan kavSirs da literaturis arsebobis

principi xdeba ara nawarmoebis mimarTeba RmerTTan (rogorc

sarwmunoebriv xelovnebaSi), sinamdvilesTan (rogorc realizmSi) an

Semoqmedis Sinagan arsebasTan (rogorc maRal modernizmSi), aramed sxva

teqstebTan, teqstTa saerTo sivrcesTan. urTierTSoris saubroben

mxolod teqstebi, da TiToeuli teqsti iwereba sxva teqstebis mier. es

idea, romlis Teoriuli damuSavebac modernizmis gamocdilebis

46

safuZvelze daiwyo valter beniaminma, mxatvrulad realizdeba

postmodernis epoqis TiTqmis yvela mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi,

rasakvirvelia, xorxe luis borxesis, gabriel garsia markesisa Tu

umberto ekos prozaSi. interteqstualur mimarTebaTa mravalricxovneba

da mravalferovneba, maTi dafiqsireba da aluzireba, maTi organizeba

avtoris zogadi Canafiqris Tanaxmad garkveulwilad xdeba kidec

postmodernistuli teqstis TavisTavadobis sazomi. avtoris kulturul-

esTetikuri pozicia ukavSirdeba saerTo kulturul sivrceSi

integracias da am sivrcis aTvisebas sakuTari esTetikuri arCevanis

Sesabamisad. uSualod teqstis esTetika da, amave dros, misi

TavisTavadoba ki am SemTxvevaSi yalibdeba codnisa da informaciis

organizebis Sesabamisad. teqsti aris “masala, romelic amJRavnebs

sakuTar bunebriv kanonebs, magram amave dros moicavs xsovnas im

kulturisa, romliTac datvirTulia” (eko. monaw,11). postmodernistuli

teqsti xdeba is sivrce, romelSic erTiandebian gansaxvavebuli teqstebi,

sistemebi, diskursebi da is SeiZleba amTlianebdes ara mxolod

mxatvrul teqstTagan miRebul informacias, aramed, rac yvelaze

niSandoblivia, axdendes kritikul da naratiul diskursTa Serevas, anu,

rogorc mark qari aRniSnavs, “kriticizmis xedvis asimilirebas TxrobiT,

naratiul procesSi”; “akademiuri kriticizmis imports teqstSi” (qari, 53)

qaris Tanaxmad, es realizdeba im mwerlebTan, romlebic

literaturismcodneobiT ganaTlebas floben (martin amisi, jon faulzi,

salman ruSdi), magram kidev ufro gansxvavebul praqtikas axorcieleben

is avtorebi, romlebic swored akademiuri gamocdilebis, kritikosis

karieris Sedegad iwyeben romanis Seqmnas: devid lodji, iulia kristeva,

jon apdaiki, umberto eko. maT SemoqmedebaSi ara Tu iSleba zRvari

kriticizmsa da mxatvrulobas Soris, aramed “amgvari Teoretikul-

mxatvruli nawarmoebi SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc diskursi, romelic

axdens arsebuli zRvaris dramatizirebas an iyenebs, mas, rogorc

energias mxatvruli qmnilebisaTvis” (qari, 53). amdenadve,

postmodernistuli interteqstic, romelic teqstTa, kulturaTa,

diskursTa gamaerTianebel funqcias unda asrulebdes, faqtobrivad,

gamokveTs zRvars maT Soris, rac Seesabameba postmodernistuli epoqis

47

saerTo suliskveTebas, romelSic erTianobis yovelgvari forma,

realurad, ganxeTqilebis gamovlinebaa.

miuxedavad amisa, sakuTar erudicias, kulturul orientacias,

filosofiis, sociologiis, kriticizmis problemebiT dainteresebas

postmodernisti mwerlebi sruliad gamiznulad avlenen teqstSi, raTa am

formiT kvlav miuTiTon teqstTaSorisi mimarTebebis mniSvneloba

originalur SemoqmedebaSi. ra Tqma unda, “aucilebelia ganvasxvavoT

gamiznuli interteqstualoba, romelic axdens teqstis zedapiris

organizebas da faruli interteqstualoba, romelic, xelSeuxebels

stovebs ra intrateqstis zedapirs, mainc gansazRvravs, Tu rogor iqneba

Sedgenili teqstis mniSvneloba” (laxmani, 29). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

postmodernizmSi mxatvruli principi xdeba swored gamiznuli

interteqstualoba, roca avtori Segnebulad eZiebs mravalferovan

teqstTaSoris kavSirebs, afiqsirebs sxva teqstebTan mimarTebebs, sakuTar

teqstSi miuTiTebs yovelives da qmnis “interteqstualurad organizebul

teqsts” (laxm. 30). ra formiTac moxdeba teqstSi interteqstualuri

kavSirebis fiqsacia, im formas miiRebs Tavad teqsti. UsakuTriv teqstis

struqtura aigeba swored am kavSirTa mowesrigebis, maTi sistematizaciis

safuZvelze. am saxiT avtori, romelic erTi mxriv uars ambobs axali,

auTenturi teqstis Seqmnaze, misive piradi gamocdilebis warmoCenaze,

meore mxriv mainc afiqsirebs sakuTar Tavs, radgan aCvenebs ara mxolod

kavSirTa arsebobas, aramed am kavSirTa arsebobas Tavis TavSi da Tavis

droSi, sakuTar Tavs amJRavnebs sakuTari arCevaniTa da organizaciuli

funciiT. swored amitom SeiZleba vilaparakoT postmodernizmSi avtoris

subieqturobasa da individualurobaze. amasTanave, postmodernisti

avtori ormxrivad iTavisuflebs Tavs raime pasuxismgeblobisagan: is

erTgvarad Tavisufalia sakuTar teqstze pasuxismgeblobisagan, romelic

garkveulwilad kompilaciuri produqtia da ar warmoadgens mis pirad,

pirovnul monapovars, gansaxvavebiT modernistuli, teqstisagan, romelic

iqmneboda avtoris unikaluri individualuri gamocdilebis gamosaxvis

mizniT. garda amisa, is Tavisufalia pasuxismgeblobisagan im kulturul

sistemaTa winaSe, romelTaganac sesxulobs da amuSavebs informacias,

radgan es aris nasesxoba pirveladi funqciis SenarCunebis gareSe.

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interteqstualuri kavSirebis fiqsacia xdeba diaqronul da ara

sinqronul sistemaSi, anu gamokveTilia ara originalur teqstTa

mniSvneloba maT auTentur drosa da kulturaSi, aramed maTi arseboba,

gavlenisunarianoba, saxecvlileba mravalsaukunovani, mravalTaobiani

kulturuli procesis farglebSi. garda amisa, am SemTxvevaSi kulturuli

memkvidreobisadmi damokidebuleba sruliad Tavisufali da arCeviTia.

Sasabamisad, im mxrivac, rom aRar aris saWiro calkeul teqstTa

mxatvruli mTlianobisa da CanafiqrTan erTianobis SenarCuneba,

dasaSvebia maTi fragmentireba, daSla da danawevreba, kombinireba.

postmodernizmSi interteqstualizmis, rogorc mxatvruli principis

kultivirebis Sedegad teqsti marTlac xdeba kolaJi. swored amgvarad

daxasiaTda teqsti interteqstualur arealTan mimarTebaSi

poststruqturalistebis mier, romelTac Camoayalibes am movlenis

ZiriTadi gansazRvrebani (kristeva, barti). ????? interteqstualurobis

Tanamedrove gageba, ra Tqma unda, postmodernistuli epoqis zogad

suliskveTebas Seesabameba, rac ganapirobebs kidev faseulobebisadmi,

memkvidreobisadmi, ideisadmi, auTenturobisadmi Tavisufal, arCeviT

mimarTebas. meore mxriv, interteqstualurobis es forma

postmodernistul xelovnebaSi Sedegad iZleva teqstis organizebisa da

aRqmis garkveul principebs, romelTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovania

interpretaciuli procesis Tavisufleba, TamaSis principi, avtoris

niRbis Semotana teqstSi.

postmodernizmSi interpretaciis Tavisufleba da, amave dros, misi

gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelovneba TavisTavadi Sedegia imisa, rom am epoqaSi

aRar arsebobs absoluturi WeSmaritebis, universaluri ideis an erTiani

sistemis gageba da, Sesabamisad, maTdami erTgulebis aucilebloba.

sarwmunoebiv epoqaSi zogad movlenaTa Tu literaturul teqstTa

gaazreba xdeboda RvTisadmi, absolutisadmi mimarTebiT. amdenad,

interpretacia, am cnebis Tanamedrove gagebiT, anu movlenaTa gaazreba

individualuri poziciis Tanaxmad, mizezobrivi safuZvlebis

individualuri SerCeviT, faqtobrivad dauSvebeli iyo da eresis

safrTxemde midioda. azrobrivi moRvaweobis mizani am SemTxvevaSi iyo

ara TiToeuli movlenisaTvis sakuTari mizezis, sakuTari saarsebo

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sivrcis moZieba, aramed maTi aRqma RvTiuri Canafiqris safuZvelze,

Sefardeba RvTiuri WeSmaritebis ideasTan da erTian sarwmunoebriv

sivrceSi maTi adgilis moZebna. postmodernistuli interpretacia ki aris

swored is, rac amgvari erTianobis darRvevis Sedegad SeiZleba miviRoT.

magram niSandoblivia, rom am SemTxvevaSiac postmodernizmis procesi

modernizmSi iRebs saTaves, ramdenadac swored am epoqaSi moxda erTiani

sarwmunoebriv- msoflmxedvelobrivi sivrcis daSla, individis mowyveta

am sivrcisagan, individualuri poziciis dapirispireba zogad,

tradiciul (sarwmunoebriv Tu sazogadoebriv) poziciasTan da

subieqturi WeSmeritebis prioritetis aRiareba obieqturi WeSmaritebis

“yavlgasul” ideasTan mimarTebaSi. interpretaciis mniSvnelovneba

rogorc SemoqmedebiT, ise aRqmiT processSi swored modernizmis, yvelaze

uwin ki simbolizmis Teoriasa da sulier-SemoqmedebiT Ziebebs

ukavSirdeba. postmodernizmi amjeradac aTavisuflebs modernizmiseul

princips dramatizirebuli intonaciebisagan, magram sargeblobs

simbolisturi Tu zogadad modernistuli Teoriuli gamocdilebiT.

Tavisufali interpretaciis ufleba xdeba postmodernistuli xelovnebis

erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli principi. aq farTod moqmedebs rolan bartis

mier damuSavebuli idea, rom “literaturuli naSromis (literaturis,

rogorc Sromis) mizania, rom mkiTxveli aRar gaxados momxmarebeli,

aramed teqstis Semqmneli” (barti, 4). postmodernizmSiac interpretacia

uwinaresad mkiTxvelis Sinagan moRvaweobazea gaTvlili. teqstis aRqmisas

mkiTxvelis cnobierebasa da emociur samyaroSi mimdinare

interpretaciuli procesi ganmsazRvreli xdeba Tavad teqstisaTvis.

teqstis saTqmeli ar daiyvaneba erT konkretul ideamde, romelic am

teqstTan mimarTebaSi absolutur funqcias SeiZenda, daiqvemdebarebda

Tavad teqsts, mkiTxvels gzas dauxSobda yvela SesaZlo ganazrebisaken

da am formiT SezRudavda teqstis saarsebo sivrces. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

am mxriv postmodernizmi TiTqmis Tanmimdevrulad iziarebs

simbolizmiseul principebs, magram amjeradac salaRobo intonaciebs

aniWebs maT da Tavisufali interpretaciis ufleba gardaisaxeba SesaZlo

saTqmelTa kombinaciis, maTi varirebis uflebad. AniSandoblivia, rom rac

ufro izrdeba mkiTxvelis interpretaciuli uflebebi, miT ufro

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gaucxovdeba am procesisagan avtori. magaliTad, umberto eko calsaxad

acxadebs, rom avtorma interpretireba ar unda moaxdinos. misTvis

sainteresoa teqsti, romelsac SeuZlia ganxvavebul wakiTxvaTa

generireba ise, rom arasodes ar iqnas bolomde moxmarebuli (minaw. gv. 8).

ekosaTvis romani xdeba manqana, interpretaciaTaA generatori. avtoris

mizani ki xdeba mkiTxvelis dezorientacia. mas SeuZlia saTauris

meSveobiT ara moawesrigos, aramed aur-daurios mkiTxvelis azrebi.

araferia avtorisaTvis imaze didi nugeSi, vidre im wakiTxvaTa aRmoCena,

romlebic mas ar Caufiqrebia, magram misma mkiTxvelma ukarnaxa (iqve. gv. 2-

3). postmodernisti mwerlisa da Teoretikosis am poziciidan naTelia,

rom avtori, romelic TiTqos ganze dgeba interpretaciuli procesisagan,

sinamdvileSi sruliadac ar warmoadens dauinteresebel mxares,

gansaxvavebiT modernisti avtorisagan, romlisaTvisac mniSvnelovani iyo,

uwinaresad, SemoqmedebiTi procesi sakuTar TavSi, Sinagani svla

sakuTari teqstisaken. postmodernizmSi avtori, romelic TiTqos

sakuTari Tavis impersonalizacias axdens, amave dros provocirebas uwevs

Tavisi teqstis SesaZlo wakiTxvaTa mravalferovnebas, ramdenadac es

TavisTavadobas sZens teqsts, qmnis mis saarsebo areals da amave dros,

SesaZloa, avtorsac ayenebs interpretatoris poziciaSi. amgvarad,

postmodernizmis saerTo antiavtoritatuli suliskveTebis Tanaxmad,

Tavad avtoric iseTive uflebebiT sargeblobs teqstisadmi, rogorc

mkiTxveli. is ar warmoadgens sainterpretacio centrs, magram arc

romelime wakiTxvas aniWebs centris funqcias. amjeradac xorcieldeba

decentraciis amocana, romelic Teoriuliad damuSavda

poststuqturalizmSi da mxatvrulad xorcSesxmuli iqna

postmodernizmSi. sazogadodac, postmodernistuli xelovneba farTod

sargeblobs XX saukunis meore naxevris filosofiur, esTetikur,

literaturismcodneobiT azrovnebaSi damuSavebuli ideebiT, magram am

SemTxvevaSiac romelime saazrovno sistemis Tanmimdevrobis dacva ar

warmoadgens xelovanis misias. interteqstualobisa da interpretaciis

principebi mxatvrul-maorganizebel funqcias SeiZleba asrulebdenen

teqstSi, magram avtors SeuZlia daarRvios Tavisive wesebi da

mkiTxvelsac SesTavazos maTi darRveva. nebismier SemTxvevaSi wakiTxva ar

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saboloo da MmTel teqsts mainc ver moicavs, radgan, zogadi

TvalsazrisiTac, “arasodes ar arsebobs mTeli teqsti” (barti, 6). avtori

mianiSnebs mkiTxvels, rom interpretacia, iseve, rogorc Tavad

SemoqmedebiTi procesi, aRar emorCileba erT Zireul amocanas, erT

ZiriTad mizans an ideas da, amdenad, warmoadgens TamaSs, iseve, rogorc

TamaSia adamianis nebismieri saqmianoba im epoqaSi, romelSic aRar

aRdgeba gamaerTianebeli, universaluri, absoluturi ideisadmi swrafva.

“postmodernul da post-metafizikur konteqstSi TamaSis cneba

Caenacvleba metafizikur miswrafebas, daafuZnos sagnebi principebze,

moaxdinos movlenaTa stabilizeba kanonis safuZvelze, moaxdinos

orazrovnebis neitralizeba dadgenili mniSvnelobisaken hermenevtikuli

gadanacvlebiT da, sabolood, daiyvanos fenomenis mravalgvaroba da

mravcalricxovneba erT SemTxvevamde, romelic yvela maTganisaTvis

saerToa” (kiuxleri.Ggv. 1). rasakvirvelia, amgvar saerTo, mastabilizebel

movlenad SeiZleboda aRiarebuli yofiliyo mxolod RmerTi.

postmodernistuli epoqa, romelic stabilurobisa da erTianobis raime

garantiis gareSe rCeba, sxvadasxvagvari saazrovno Tu mxatvruli formiT

gamoxatvs, rom sagan-movlenebi garesamyaroSi, iseve rogorc azrovnebiTi

da SemoqmedebiTi procesebi adamianis Sinagan samyaroSi, swored TamaSis

principiT organizdeba. TamaSi xdeba erTaderTi piroba, romliTac

adamianma SeiZleba daadginos Tavisi mimarTebis wesebi erTi mxriv

garesamyarosTan, meore mxriv ki sakuTar saqmianobasTan. qaoturi da

zedapirulad organizebuli garesamyaro misTvis misaRebi xdeba imdenad,

ramdenadac sakuTar Tavs gaiazrebs arsebad, romelic Cabmulia TamaSSi

garemocemulobebTan. modernistul msoflmxedvelobaSi, simbolizmidan

moyolebuli, pirovneba miznad isaxavda TiToeuli sagan-movlenis

WeSmariti saxis ganWvretas, arsis wvdomas. am absoluturi miznis

ganuxorcieleblobis SegnebiT postmodernistul epoqaSi aRiarebulia,

rom movlenaTa arsi adamianisaTvis miuwvdomelia, an, SesaZloa, maT arc

gaaCniaT raime arsi. maTi mniSvnelobis wvdomis nebismieri mcdeloba

adamianisaTvis sakuTari iluziebiT operirebaSi gadaizrdeba. jer kidev

modernizmis mier aiTvisebuli Sopenhaueriseuli idea _ “samyaro aris

Cemi warmodgena” _ postmodernizmSi gadaizrdeba poziciaSi, romlis

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Tanaxmadac adamiani Cabmulia TamaSSi sakuTari warmodgenebTan,

materialur sagan-movlenebTan, dro-sivrcesTan da, rac mTavaria, enasTan,

romelic misTvis, faqtobrivad, erTaderTi realuri mocemulobaa.

liotaris mixedviT, ubralod, enobrivi TamaSia adamianis nebismieri

(SemoqmedebiTi Tu azrovnebiTi) moRvaweoba postmodernul epoqaSi, magram

es aris calkeuli, urTierTgansxvavebul TamaSebi. misTvis “yovel TamaSs

sakuTari gansazRvruli da gansazRvradi wesebi aqvs, rac Seadgens mis

dadgenil mxolobiTobas” (Jan-lup tibo, 103). XX saukunis filosofiasa

Tu xelovnebaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki semiologiaSi ganviTarebuli da

ganmtkicebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad adamians samyaro mxolod enis,

sityvebis, saxelebis, cnebebis saxiT eZleva da misi SesaZleblobebic

mxolod enaSi operirebas ukavSirdeba. ena aris niSanTa pirveladi

sistema, romlis safuZvelzec iTvisebs adamiani samyaros. magram

postmodernistuli msoflxedvisaTvis yvelaze niSandoblivia, is, rom am

epoqaSi aRaravin iZleva imis garantias, rom es niSnebi zustad

Seesabamebian sinamdviles, WeSmaritebas, an, saerTodac, raime Sesabamisoba

aqvT realobasTan da, ubralod, simulakras ar warmoadgenen. aqedan

gamomdinare, adamiani, romelic niSnebis mixedviT msjelobs, veRar xedavs

raime dasturs, rom misi msjeloba an mcdaria, an marTebuli. amitom mis

winaSe arsebul niSanTa interpretacias, saganTa ganlagebas, movlenaTa

gaazrebas, sakuTar SesaZleblobaTa fiqsacias is aRiqvams, rogorc

TamaSs. ra Tqma unda, am TamaSis erT-erTi piroba aris is, rom adamiani

ar Seecdeba garemocemulobaTa organizebas, ramdenadac miiCnevs, rom

amgvari mcdelobebi kacobriobis istoriul gamocdilebaSi marcxiT

mTavrdeboda. is ar eZebs movlenaTa mizezs, arc maT Sedegs, ar

ganixilavs maT arc sarwmunoebrivi sistemis, arc racionalisturi mizez-

Sedegobriobis sistemis farglebSi. Sesabamisad, adamianis SemoqmedebiTi

saqmianobac, tradiciuli, sarwmunoebrivi Tu realisturi SemoqmedebiTi

moRvawobisagan gansxvavebiT, aRar gulismobs, rom man Tavis qmnilebaSi

unda moaxdinos garerealobaSi arsebuli movlenebis asaxva, organizeba,

arsis warmoCena. aq arc modernizmiseuli poziciaa qmediTi, romlis

Tanaxmadac Semoqmedis misia igive rCeba, mxolod amjerad igi

garerealobis nacvlad Sinagan realobazea fokusirebuli.

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postmodernistul xelovnebaSi, gansakuTrebiT prozasa (iqneba es umberto

ekos “fukos qanqara” Tu viqtor pelevinis moTxrobebi) da

kinematografSi ki araerTxel aris xazgasmuli, rom adamiani

garesamyarosTan (sazogadoebasTan, ideologiasTan sistemasTan,

mTavrobasTan, romelime jgufTan) imgvar TamaSSia Cabmuli, romelsac

mxolod ori ZiriTadi forma aqvs: erT SemTxvevaSi gmirma icis, rom

TamaSis monawilea da amitom movlenebi misTvis SeiZleba nakleb

dramatulad ganviTardes; meore SemTxvevaSi ki man es ar icis da

dramatizmi ukavSirdeba swored im moments, roca amas gaacnobierebs, misi

ndoba realobisadmi ikargeba da am ndobaze dafuZnebuli mcdelobebi

marcxiT mTavrdeba. TamaSis, rogorc adamianis garesamyarosTan

mimarTebis idea sakamod aSkarad aris gamoxatuli postmodernizmSi,

magram niSandoblivia, rom es idea ufro metad gamoyenebulia siuJeturi

xazis gasaviTareblad. xolo TamaSis, rogorc SemoqmedebiT

saqmianobasTan mimarTebis idea safuZvlad edeba postmodernistuli

xelovnebis mxatvrul-esTetikur struqturas. avtorisa Tu recipientis

damokidebuleba mxatvruli teqstisadmi ganisazRvreba swored im

principiT, rom TamaSia rogorc SemoqmedebiTi, ise aRqmiTi procesi.

avtori reciepients teqstis meSveobiT, ubralod, sTavazobs im TamaSSi

Cabmas, romelic mimdinareobs yvela doneze: rogorc yofier, ise

mxatvrul realobaSi. amdenad, teqsti ar iqmneba raime “seriozuli”

mizanmimarTulebiT, rogorc es xdeboda tradiciul xelovnebaSi an,

Tundac maRal modernizmSi, roca saTqmelis mxatvruli gamosaxva

adamianis sicocxlis mizanTan Tu sxva universalur ideebTan iyo

SesabamisobaSi. postmodernizmis pozicia sruliad aSkarad eyrdnoba

avangardizmis gamocdilebas, romelmac daiwyo kidec gamomsaxvelobiTi

SeasZleblobebiT TamaSi, eqsperimentacia, Ziebebis dakavSireba logikuri

kavSirebis rRvevasTan, (avangardistul poeziaSi), realobisa da

mxatvrulobis sazRvarTa moSlasTan (avangardistul mxatvrobaSi) da, ra

Tqma unda, tradiciuli esTetikis uaryofasTan. magram niSandoblivia,

rom avangardizmSi TamaSis, rogorc mxatvruli principis moqmedeba mainc

ukavSirdeboda reprezentaciuli miznebis miuRwevlobas, sasowarkveTas.

xelovani TamaSs iwyebda im gamocdilebis fonze, rom sruli saxiT

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gamomsaxvelobiTi miswrafeba ver ganxorcieldeboda. rasakvirvelia,

amgvari gamocdilebis fonze ganagrZobs arsebobas postmodernistuli

xelovnebac. magram am SemTxvevaSi Tavad es principi ganixileba, rogorc

mocemuloba. masTan ar aris dakavSirebuli avtoris, rogorc individis

frustracia. es, ubralod, am epoqaSi xelovnebis arsebobis formaa.

swored amitom TamaSis principis meSveobiT postmodernistul

xelovnebaSi gacilebiT ufro rTuli mxatvruli struqturebi iqmneba.

avtori SeiZleba TamaSobdes, manipulirebdes realobisa da ieralobis

SegrZnebiT da recipients amyofebdes am zRvarze. naratiul xelovnebaSi,

prozasa Tu kinematografSi, es, kvlav da kvlav, gmiris Tavgadasavlebs

SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes, saxviT xelovnebaSi ki mxatvari Tu

arqiteqtori SeiZleba arRvevdes recipientisaTvis yvelaze arsebiT

principebs, ara Tu esTetikur, aremed ukeve SegrZnebiT doneze,

magaliTad, ganzomilebis, perspeqtivis kanonebs. magram, avangardistuli

xelovnebisagan gansxvavebiT, es darRveva Tu manipulireba SeiZleba iyos

ara agresiulad gamokveTili, aramed Sefaruli, aracnobier doneze

aRsaqmeli. magaliTad, fredrik jeimsoni ganixilavs Tanamedrove

arqiteqtorTa (sqaidmori, ouingsi, merili) namuSevars, romelSiac Senoba

yvela kuTxidan aRiqmeba ara Cveul sam ganzomilebaSi, aramed mxolod or

ganzomilebaSi. aRmqmeli xedavs mas ara sivrceSi, aramed sibrtyeze da

“zedapiri gaumagrebelia raime moculoboT” (jeimsoni, 13). xelovani,

SeasaZloa, TamaSobs vizualuri efeqtis SesaZleblobebiT, aRqmelis

faruli diskomfortiT, romlis mizezic Znelad fiqsirdeba, magram

sabolood, garkveulad, ukavSirdeba im ideas, rom rom pirovneba TamaSSia

Cabmuli ara mxolod xelovnebasTan, aramed TviT bunebasTan, an, Tundac,

sazogadoebasTan, romelSiac is mainc ver daaRwevs Tavs TamaSs, radgan,

daniel belis Tanaxmad, postindustriul epoqaSi, sayovelTao servisis

pirobebSi, sazogadoeba pirovnebaTa Soris TamaSad iqceva (beli, 127).

rasakvirvelia, amgvari TamaSis gasabmelad uaRresad

mosaxerxebelia rogorc interteqstualizmis, ise interpretaciis

principebi. avtors am gziT TiTqmis ganusazRvreli SesaZleblobebi

eZleva. mas SeuZlia gansxvavebuli kulturuli kodebiT,

interteqstualuri referenciebiT, citatebiT, miTiTebebiT datvirTis

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teqsti, anu Tavadve miudges mas, rogorc TamaSs da rac mTavaria,

elodos am TamaSis gagrZelebas mkiTxvelis mier, romelic, Tavis mxriv,

gaigebs an ver gaigebs avtoris Canafiqrs, miuxvdeba an ver miuxvdeba mas

ama Tu im xriks, SesTavazebs iseT interpretacias, romelic mas ar

ufiqria an am intrepretaciaTa meSveobiT Seqmnis iseT teqsts, romelic

avtors ar dauweria. kombinaciaTa da SesaZleblobaTa mravlricxovneba

TamaSis principiT aris ganpirobebuli da SemoqmedebiT-aRmqmelobiTi

saqmianobac albaTobis iseTive zRvarze mimdinareobs, rogorc cxovreba.

bunebrivia, rac ufro daostatebulia am ATamaSSi avtori an mkiTxveli,

anu rac ufro did kulturul gamocdilebas flobs da rac ufro

gaTviTcnobierebulia TamaSis SesaZleblobebSi, miT ufro warmatebulia

misTvis TamaSi da, rac mTavaria, miT ufro meti mondomebiT ebmeba masSi,

miT ufro met siamovnebasa da axal gamocdilebas iRebs. am SemTxvevaSi

SemoqmedebiTi an aRmqmelobiTi saqmianoba ar ukavSirdeba raime didi an

diadi miznisaken svlas, materialur realobaSi ganmtkicebas an sulier

realobasTan SekavSirebas. TamaSi Tavad xdeba mizani da kulturuli

moRvaweoba xdeba TviTkmari movlena, faqtobrivad, simulakra, romelsac

aranairi kavSiri aRara aqvs cxovrebasTan, ideasTan. SesaZloa, misi mizani

aris kidec is, rom kulturul kavSirTa mravalricxovnebis meSveobiT

gvaCvenos realur kavSirTa, anu realobis ararseboba.

ra Tqma unda, mxare, romelic postmodernistul TamaSSi

gamudmebiT Segvaxsenebs, rom amgvar samyaroSi araferi, maT Soris arc

teqsti, aRar aris ndobis Rirsi, aris TviT avtori. es ar aris imgvari

TamaSi, romelSic mkiTxvelisagan Zveleburi gulwrfeli aRqma iqneboda

mosalodneli da mxolod avtori Seecdeboda misi gancdebis marTvas.

piriqiT, avtoriseuli diskursi, SesaZloa, swored imazea gaTvlili, rom

mkiTxvels “Tvali auxilos” Zveli, sando samyaros, sando urTierTobebis

ararsebobaze. aq arc avtori ar qmnis Tavis nawarmoebs tradiciuli

mimarTebiT da arc mkiTxvels ar moeTxoveba, rom sjerodes amgvar

mimarTebebis, anu sjerodes imis, rom teqstis meSveobiT is amoicnobs

WeSmaritebas, romelic am WeSmaritebis mcodne mweralma gulmodgined

Cado masSi. rogorc karl deril malmgreni aRniSnavs, dRes “avtori

veRar imoqmedebs ise, TiTqos meoce saukune ar momxdara da veRar aiRebs

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Tavis Tavze avtoritetis, ganmsjelis, privilegias, romelic viqtoriuli

epoqis avtorebs dabadebiT miniWebul uflebad esaxebodaT. [...]

postmodernisti avtori acnobierebs, rom mxatvruli (fiqciuri)

nawarmoebi sul cota orgzis gamoeyofa “realobas”. jer erTi, is

gamonagonia, Seqmnilia, meorec, is Seqmnilia sityvebisagan” (malm. gv 164).

malmgrenis Tanaxmad, postmodernisti xedavs im ufskruls, romelic

arsebobs sityvasa da “sinamdviles” Soris, aRmniSvnelsa da aRsaniSns

Soris (164). cxadia, miniSneba sityvisa da sinamdvilis (iqneba es namdvili

gancda Tu namdvili mSveneba) Seusabamobaze yoveli epoqis literaturaSi

SeiZleba Segvxvdes, rom araferi vTqvaT sarwmunoebriv azrovnebaze,

romelSiac adamianuri sityva imTaviTve ar aris SemZle, gamoxatos

absoluturi WeSmariteba, RvTis arseba. magram tradiciulad amgvari

gancda adamians saxeobrivi moRvaweobisaken, sityvis metaforuli

SesaZleblobebis gamovlenisaken ubiZgebda. swored amgvari moRvaweobis

maqsimalizaciis Semdeg mivida simbolizmi sityvieri gamoxatvis

SeuZleblobebis aRiarebamde, rac, cxadia, avangardizmSi gagrZelda

gansakuTrebiT radikaluri formiT: alogikurobiT, sintaqsuri kavSirebis

da, sazogadod, teqstis tradiciuli struqturebis rRveviT.

postmodernistuli literatura, romelic am gamocdilebis matareblad

gvevlineba, da, garda amisa, icnobs XX saukunis filosofiis (nicSedan

haidegeramde), semiologiis, sturqturalizmisa Tu poststruqturalizmis

Sexedulebebs sityvisa da enis bunebaze, cxadia, ar aRadgens arc sityvis

adekvaturobis, arc teqstis tradiciuli kavSirebis rwmenas.

postmodernistuli poezia xSir SemTxevevaSi kvlavac agrZelebs teqstze

eqsperimentacias, magram, avangardizmisagan gansaxvavebiT, is kargavs

agresias da sul ufro da ufro hgavs TamaSs. proza ki amgvari

TamaSisaTvis kidev ufro mosaxerxebel pirobebs qmnis, ramdenadac

avtors SeuZlia iTamaSos ara mxolod enobrivi kavSirebiTa Tu sityvaTa

grafikuli ganlagebiT, aramed epikuri formis struqturuli kanonebiT,

gmirebiT, siuJetiT da rac mTavaria, mkiTxvelisa da avtoris tradiciuli

urTierTobebiTa da Tavad avtoris figuriT, romelic Semodis teqstSi

da, tradiciuli prozisagan gansxvavebiT, SeiZleba mogvevlinis ara

situaciis warmmarTvelad, aramed, mkiTvelisa da gmirebis msgavsad,

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ubralod, erT-erT moTamaSe mxared da moirgos avtoris niRabi. is

SeiZleba figurirebdes nawarmoebSi “avtoris” saxeliT, romelic,

rasakvirvelia, ar Tanxvdeba realuri avtoris personas, warmoadgens

kidev erT gamaSualebel rgols mkiTxvelTan komunikaciaSi. am formiT

postmodernistul teqstSi xSirad aRdgeba tradiciuli prozis is

figura, romelic odesRac Tavis ATavze iRebda WeSmaritebis mcodnis,

saqmeSi Caxeduli mxaris funqciebs. magram, rasakvirvelia, am SemTxvevaSi

is sruliad sapirispiro funqciis matarebelia da misi saTqmelic swored

is aris, rom ar flobs raime codnas da amgvari araSefardebiTi codnis

arsebobas arc Tvlis SesaZleblad. “avtors SeuZlia kvlav daikavos

Tavisi mxatvruli sivrcis winaswar gamoTavisuflebuli adgilebi, magram

viqtoriuli epoqis winaparTa umankoebis gareSe. ironiulad, aSkara

pranWviT is kvlav irgebs avtoris niRabs da mogvmarTavs kiTxvebiT

fiqciurobis (gamonagonis), teqstualobis, avtorobis, mkiTxvelis

gamopasuxebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb” _ wers malmgreni da miiCnevs, rom

am gziT avtori kvlav miapyrobs yuradRebas sakuTar Tavs, rogorc

avtors da sakuTar naSroms, rogorc mxatvrul nawarmoebs da, amave

dros, daamcrobs Tavisi wamowyebis seriozulobasa da mniSvnelovnebas

(malm. gv.164).

rasakvirvelia, postmodernul epoqaSi amgvari manipulaciebi

saWiro xdeba imdenad, ramdenadac darRveulia Cveuli bunebrivi,

pirdapiri mimarTebani avtorisa sakuTar teqstTan da mkiTxvelTan,

mkiTxvelisa teqstTan da avtorTan da, zogadad, adamianisa mxatvrul

qmnilebasTan, enasTan, realobasTan. ramdenadac postmodernizmSi avtori,

modernizmisagan gansxvevebiT, ar cdilobs Caanacvlos an, miT ufro,

aRadginos tradiciuli xelovnebis droindeli Tanxmoba, is

gadaaTamaSebs arsebul gamomsaxvelobiT SesaZleblobebs, magram am

TamaSSi winaswarve axdens sakuTari mdgomareobisa da mcdelobis

ironizirebas, raTa am gziT mzadyofniT dauxvdes recipientis mxridan

wamosul undoblobas, ironias, daukmayofileblobas da Tavidan aicilos

komunikaciuri Cavardna, anu is situacia, roca avtori da mkiTxveli ver

SeTanxmdebodnen teqstis aRqmis principebze. Tavis mxriv avtoric ar

malavs msgavs grZnobebs rogorc sakuTari teqstisadmi, ise adamianis

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nebismieri saqmianobisadmi, romelic postmodernul epoqaSi ver aRwevs

srulyofilebas da, zogadi TvalsazrisiT, ver aRadgens dakargul

harmonias. swored amitom is Tavisufalia Tavis TamaSSi, radgan

movlenebis ganviTarebis kontrols, tradiciuli avtorisagan

gansaxvavebiT, imTaviTve ar iRebs Tavis Tavze. rac Zalzed

niSandoblivia, am TamaSis elementebis SerCevisas postmodernizmSi

sagangebo daintereseba igrZnoba swored im tradiciuli TxrobiTi

xerxebiT, romlebic Tavis droze modernizmis mier iqna uaryofili,

ramdanadac Tvisobrivad modernizmma Tvisobrivad Secvala teqstis

mxatvruli organizaciis principebi prozaSi, iseve, rogorc poeziaSi,

ferwerasa da qandakebaSi Tu musikaSi. am cvlilebebis meSveobiT

modernistulma esTetikam teqsti Seusabama individis Secvlil Sinagan

mdgomareobas da gamoxata tradiciuli Tanxmobis darRveva. bunebrivia,

modernizmis mier gadafasebuli pricipebiT postmodernizmi interesdeba

mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac gatacebulia TamaSis mza SesaZleblobebiT.

amjerad am SesaZleblobebs isini moiZieben swored miviwyebul arealSi

da akisreben maT sruliad gansaxvavebul mxatvrul efeqts. rogorc

aRiniSna, prozauli forma am SemTxvevaSi kombinatorikis met saSualebas

iZleva, Tumca Tavad postmodernisti mwerlebis mierac aRmoCenad

CaiTvala is, rom maT SeeZloT kvlav daebrunebinaT prozaul teqstSi is

xerxebi, romlebic, TiTqosda, sabolood gandevna modernizmma. 1967 wels

jon barti acxadebda “danarCenebis saxeliTac, rom gamoricxuli ar aris,

xelaxla iqnas aRmoCenili enisa da literaturis xerxebis

qmediTunarianoba _ iseTi Soreuli cnebebisa, rogoricaa gramatika,

punqtuacia... TviT xasiaTebi! TviT siuJeti!” (barti, 74). marTlac,

modernistuli prozis batonobis Semdeg, romelmac mTeli yuradReba

mimarTa gmiris Sinagani konfliqtisaken, subieqtivisturi Ziebebisaken da

amiT gza dauxSo prozaSi tradiciul konfliqts, personaJTa Soris

mimarTebebs, siuJets, postmodernizmma ganaaxla maTi moxmareba, Tumca

mniSvnelovani gansxvavebiT. umberto ekos Tanaxmad, 1965 wels, “jguf 63”-

is Sekrebaze, did siaxled iqna aRqmuli siuJetTan dabrunebis idea: “da

ra Tqva renato barilim? rom aqamde siuJetisa da moqmedebis gauqmeba iyo

waqezebuli, [...] magram axla narativis axali faza iwyeboda: moqmedeba

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isev sanqcirebuli iyo, Tumca es iyo sxva moqmedeba” (eko, 62). sxvaoba am

SemTxvevaSi aris “iq, sadac tradiciuli moqmedebis logikuri da

droebiTi Sedegebi gamotovebulia da publikis molodini Zaladobrivad

aris gacruebuli” (eko, 63). sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, miuxedavad imisa rom

postmodernistul romanistikaSi aRdgeba moqmedebisadmi interesi,

SesaZloa, is mainc migvaniSnebs, rom am epoqaSi, roca adamiani agrZelebs

moqmedebas, es qmedeba mainc ar miuZRvis saboloo miznisaken, radgan,

zogadadac, dacilebulia mizans. amitomac siuJetis tradiciuli

ganviTareba xSirad darRveulia da misi mxatvruli funqcia kavSirSia

postmodernuli drois saerTo mgrZnobelobasTan. am gziT avtori

asrulebs ara mxolod mxatvrul, aramed, erTgvarad, sugestur

amocanasac, ramdenadac mkiTxvels STaagonebs, rom iq, sadac elis

movlenaTa mizez-Sedegobriv ganviTarebas, logikur Tanmimidevrobas,

SeiZleba daxvdes alogikuroba da usafuZvloba. am SemTxvevaSiac

mxatvruli principis zemoqmedebiT postmdenistuli teqsti SeiZleba

migviZRodes msoflaRqmiTi principebisaken, romlebic postmodernul

mgrZnobelobaSi ukavSirdeba garesamyarosadmi SiSis, undoblobis,

daucvelobis gancdebs. rasakvirvelia, garesamyarosadmi amgvari mimarTeba

modernul epoqaSi iRebs saTaves da modernistul literaturaSic

gamokveTilad fiqsirdeba. sazogadodac, modernistul azrovnebaSi

naTlad ganisazRvreba, rom garesamyaroSi adamiani daucvelia xdeba

imdenad, ramdenadac man dakarga RvTis mfarveloba. daculobis gancdis,

imedis dabruneba im epoqaSi SesaZlebeli iyo rwmenis aRdgeniT (es

tendencia umetesad xelovnebis arealSi moqmedebs) an, piriqiT,

msoflxedvis dafuZnebiT racionalur principebze (rac sazogadoebrivi

procesebis ganviTarebis principi xdeba). postmodernul epoqaSi xelovani

swored imgvar memkvidreobas iRebs, romelSic ar aRmdgara zegardmo

Zalis mfarvelobis gancda da gamZafrda garemosadmi SiSi. magram

amjerad es SiSi miemarTeba swored im racionalurad organizebul

samyaros, romelic sinamdvileSi individis makontrolebel, damTrgunvel

Zalad gadaiqceva. daucvelobis, mRelvarebis, mSfoTvarebis gancdebis

aRsaniSnavad postmodernizmSi mkvidrdeba termini paranoia. es xdeba

postmodernuli mgrZnobelobis erT-erTi niSani da xSirad gamoiyeneba

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siuJeturi struqturis asagebad. “postmodernistuli mwerloba mravali

gziT asaxavs paranoiul mSfoTvarebas. maT Sorisaa:

mowesrigebulobisadmi undobloba, romelime kerZo adgiliTa Tu

identurobiT dasazRvrulobis SiSi, darwmunebuloba, rom sazogadoeba

SeTqmulebas awyobs individis winaaRndeg, sakuTari SeTqmulebebis

Cafiqreba sxvaTaA sqemebis dasarRvevad” _ aRniSnavs bari luisi da amgvar

sqemaze dafuZnebul teqstTa Soris uwinaresad gamohyofs ken kizis

romans “viRacam guguli budes gadaufrina” (luisi, 121). Tumca devnis,

daucvelobis, SeTqmulebis Tema postmodernul epoqaSi sakmaod farTod

iqna aTvisebuli masobrivi kinematografis mierac da mZafrsiuJetiani

filmebis masalad iqca. Tuki masobiv xelovnebaSi aqcenti siuJetze,

moqmedebaze ganpirobebulia Janruli Tu komerciuli kanonebiT,

mwerlobaSi siuJeturi, TxrobiTi xazis ganviTarebiT avtori gamoxatavs

Tavisi epoqis dainteresebas adamianis bediT, misi qmediTunarianobiT.

modernistuli epoqis Sinagani sirTuleebiT mocul gmirs

postmodernizmSi enacvleba gmiri, romelic alogikur, mtrul viTarebaSi

axorcielebs sakuTar warmosaxvaSi argumentirebul qmedebebs. amgvarad,

realobisa da warmosaxvis, logikurobisa da alogikurobis

modernizmiseuli mimarTebani kvlav aqtualuria postmodernistul

mwerlobaSi. garda imisa, rom avtori am mimarTebebis safuZvelze agebs

siuJets, is garTulebuli teqstualuri struqturis meSveobiTac

gamokveTs postmodernuli mgrZnobelobis sirTules. teqstis

fragmentacia ganixileba, rogorc erT-erTi amgvari mxatvruli xerxi.

movlenaTa fragmentirebuli, gaumTlianebeli aRqma, roca pirovnebas

uWirs realuri mizezebis aRmoCena da, Sesabamisad, ndobas kargavs

yovelgvari movlenisadmi, postmodernistul literaturaSi iZleva

fragmentirebul diskurss. bari luisis Tanaxmad postmodernisti

mwerali ar endoba tradiciul moTxrobebis mTlianobasa da

dasrulebulobas da amjobinebs mimarTos Txrobis struqturirebis sxva

xerxebs. amgvar xerxTa Soris is gamohyofs mravlobiT dasasruls (jon

faulzis “frangi leitenantis sayvareli qali”), teqstis dayofas mokle

fragmentebad an seqciebad saTaurebis, nomrebis, sxvadasxva simboloebis,

daSorebebis meSveobiT (riCard broTigenis, donald barTlemis

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romanebSi). Tumca avtori SeiZleba ufro Sorsac wavides da teqstSi

gamoiyenos citatebi, diagramebi, dizinis SesaZleblobebi, TviT qaRaldis

ferebi (uiliam gasis romenebSi) (luisi, 127). niSandoblivia, rom amgvari

gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis amoqmedeba teqstSi modernizmis,

avangardizmis poetur Ziebebs ukavSirdeba, magram postmodernizmSi es

SesaZleblobebi ufro mondomebiT gamoiyeneba prozaSi, romanebSi, rac

kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom postmodernistuli mwerlobis erT-erTi

mTavari formd iqca swored romani. magram umTavresi Tavisebureba, ris

gamoc romani postmodernul epoqaSi mweralTa Tu TeoretikosTa

gansakuTrebuli interesis sagani xdeba, aris naratiuli, TxrobiTi

struqtura. sazogadodac, “umTavres kritikul naSromebSi

postmodernizmis Sesaxeb Cveulebriv swored narativia _ iqneba es

literaturaSi, istoriasa Tu TeoriaSi _ yuradRebis mTavari fokusi”

(haTConi, 5). did narativTa dasasrulis epoqaSi postmodernistuli romani

iqceva mcire narativad adamianis moqmedebis Sesaxeb sayovelTao,

universaluri motivaciis ararsebobis fonze. amgvar mcire narativebs

sakuTari, mwerlisa Tu, zogadad, kulturuli tendenciebis mier

dadgenili kanonebi aqvT da amis meSveobiT gamoeyofian did, sazogado

narativiebs. amasTanave, avtoris mier dadgenili kanonebi, garTulebuli

TamaSis wesebi, teqstis struqtura iseve aireklavs mxatvruli

nawarmoebis sruli organizebis SeuZleblobis ideas, rogorc

organizebuli realobis xedva aireklavs zogadi qaosis aRqmas

postmodernul samyaroSi. jozef qonTi postmodernistul amerikul

romans Seiswavlis swored qaosisa da wesrigis, mowesrigebuli

uwesrigobis, disciplinisa da anarqiis dizainisa da namsxvrevebis

urTierTmimarTebaTa fonze. modernist avtorebs is ganixilavs, rogorc

“wesrigis mwarmoeblebs”, maSin, roca postmodernisti gatacebulia

“uwesrigobis formebiT” (qonTi, 8). amasTanave, postmodernizmSi (qeTi

ekqeris, don de lilos, Tomas pinConis romanebSi) “fenomenuri samyaros

uwesrigo aRreuloba, mdgradi da myari struqturebis rRveva

ganapirobebs axali da ufri sasurveli wesrigis warmoqmnis moTxovnas”.

amitomac, informaciis mozRvavebisa da teqnologiuri nevrasTeniis xanaSi

“romani aris inteleqtualuri da warmosaxviTi kompetenciis xelSesaxebi

62

manifestacia, azrTa rTuli, kompleqsuri sistema, romelic Seqmnilia

individis mier da realizebulia meore individis gonebaSi instruqciebze

miTiTebis gareSe” (qonTi, 4; 219).

amasTanave, romanis struqturis swored amgvari garTulebiT,

realobasTan garTulebuli urTierTobis teqstualuri gamosaxvis

surviliT, teqstisa Tu realobis tradiciuli struqturebis rRvevis

aRweris kvaldakval postmodernizmSi iqmneba kidec axali struqturebi,

axali gamomsaxvelobiTi sistemebi. aSkara xdeba mwerlis mcdeloba,

gascdes “teqstualuri usulgulobis negatiuri implikaciebs –

rogoricaa teqstis arastabiluroba, mwerlis uunaroba, gansazRvros

“konkretuli” miznebi, daikavos teqstisadmi erTi “pozicia” da a.S. –

mxatvruli teqstis pozitiuri esTetikis Seqmnis survili

eqsperimentator postmodernist mwerlebs miuZRvis teqstis

TandaTanobiTi ganviTarebis xazgasmisaken” (fandei, 2003; gv 54). amdenad,

postmodernistuli literaturis yvela Tavisebureba, misi negatiuri Tu

pozitiuri konotaciebi, struqturis rRveva Tu axleburad

struqturirebis mcdeloba qmnis kidec mis bunebas da mis Rirebulebebs.

industriuli sazogadoebidan postindustriul sazogadoebamde,

egzistencialuri kiTxvebidan epistemologiur kiTxvebamde, mxatvrul

xerxTa seleqcionizmidan nonseleqcionizmamde _ SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

amgvaria gza, romelsac literatura gadis modernistuli etapidan

postmodernistul etapamde. yoveli calkeuli literaturuli areali,

yoveli konkretuli avtori, romelic raime formiT avlens Tavis

mimarTebas postmodernuli epoqis saerTo msoflmxedvelobriv-esTetikur

sivrcesTan, postmodernuli kritikis mier ganixileba kidec am epoqaluri

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