विद्यालयमा बालअधिकार संरक्षण सहयोगी पुस्तक

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sf/0fn] pd]/ cg';f/ pko'Qm zf/Ll/s j[l4 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g eg] #(k|ltztsf] pd]/ cg';f/ tf}n jl[4 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

#@ k|ltzt afnaflnsfx¿ -sl/a #) nfv_ cfwf/e"t ;"rgfsf]kx'FreGbf aflx/ /x]sf 5g\ .

sIff ! df egf{ x'g] pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfdWo] em08} % k|ltztljBfnosf] kx'FreGbf 6f9f /x]sf 5g\ eg] ljBfno egf{ ePsf dWo]klg sIff !) ;Dd k'Ubf k|To]s Ps;o hgfdf sl/a ^) hgfn]ljBfno 5f8\g] ub{5g\ .

g]kfne/ /x]sf sl/a !@ xhf/ afn Sna tyf ;d"xx¿df sl/a @nfv %) xhf/ afnaflnsfx¿ dfq ;+ul7t ePsf 5g\ .

g]kfndf sl/a !! nfv afnaflnsfx¿ 3/ kl/jf/eGbf aflx/ /x]sf 5g\ .

!* nfv afn >ldsx¿ /x]sf]df !$ k|ltzt afn >ldsx¿ ljBfnoaflx/ /x]sf 5g\, sIff r9\b} hfFbf sl/a @% k|ltzt !$ b]lv !& aif{pd]/ ;d"xsf afn>ldsx¿ ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf 5g\ .

ljBfnodf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cg'zf;gsf] gfddf ul/g] lx+;fo'Qm;hfo cEof; k|z:t dfqfdf AofKt /x]sf] 5 .

ljBfno uO/x]sf afnaflnsfx¿dWo] sl/a $) k|ltztn] s'g} g s'g}lsl;dsf] of}g b'Jo{jxf/sf] cg'ej u/]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .

cfh klg b]zsf sltko ljBfnox¿df afnaflnsfx¿dfdm ln+u,hft, ;Dk|bfo / cfly{s ;fdflhs x}l;otsf cfwf/df lje]bk"0f{Aoaxf/ ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

g]kfndf sl/a !! nfv afnaflnsfx¿ cfk\mgf] 3/ kl/jf/eGbf aflx//x]sf 5g\ h;sf] clwsf+z lx:;f #)=^ k|ltzt s]jn cWoogcj;/sf nflu dfq 3/ kl/jf/af6 5'l6P/ /x]sf 5g\ .

sl/a !& k|ltzt afnaflnsfx¿ ljjfxsf sf/0fn] ljBfno 5f8\g]u/]sf 5g\ .

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/fhgLlts åGåx¿df ljBfno / ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOPsf]5 eg], /hgLlts lqmosnfkx¿df afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ hah{:tL jfk|nf]egsf ;fy c;'/lIft cj:yfdf k|of]u ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

ljBfnosf gLlt lgdf{0f tyf lg0f{o k|lqmofx¿df afnaflnsfsf]k/fdz{ / ;xeflutfnfO{ gh/cGbfh u/]sf] kfOG5 .

ljBfnosf] sltko sIffsf kf7\ok':tsx¿df afn clwsf/sf tyfhLjgf]kof]uL ljifox¿ ;dfj]z ePklg To;sf] k|efjsf/L /Jofjxfl/s z}nLdf k7gkf7g x'g g;s]sf] kfOG5 .

-;|f]t M g]kfndf afn ul/aL, @)!), o'lg;]km, /fli6o afn >d k|ltj]bg,@)!!, s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu_

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g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# dfafnaflnsfsf] ;DaGwdf wf/f @@ df ljlzi6 df}lns xs clwsf/x¿sf]Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# sf] ;dfgtfsf] xs/ cGo gful/s clwsf/x¿ afnaflnsfsf] nflu klg nfu" x'g ;Sb5g\ . ;+ljwfgdf b]xfosf clwsf/x¿ k|Tofe"t ul/Psf 5g\ M

afnaflnsfsf] xs -wf/f @@_ M o; wf/fdf afnaflnsfsf] xs ;DaGwdfb]xfo adf]lhdsf k|fjwfgx¿ /x]sf 5g\ M

k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf] klxrfg tyf gfdsf] xs x'g]5 .

k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ kfngkf]]if0f, cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs;'/Iff k|fKt ug]{ xs x'g]5 .

k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf cGo s'g} klg lsl;dsf]zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs x'g]5 . o:tf zf]if0fhGo sfo{ sfg"gåf/f b08gLox'g]5g\ / To:tf sfo{af6 kLl8t ePsf JolQmnfO{ sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{ lbOg]5 .

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c;xfo, cgfy, ;':t dgl:ylto'Qm, åGå kLl8t, lj:yflkt Pj+hf]lvddf k/]sf, ;8s afnaflnsfnfO{ ;'lglZrt eljiosf nflu/fHoaf6 ljz]if ;'ljwf kfpg] xs x'g]5 .

s'g} klg gfafnsnfO{ s'g} snsf/vfgf, vfgL jf o:t} cGo s'g}hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf nufpg jf ;]gf, k|x/L jf åGådf k|of]u ug{ kfOg] 5}g .

afn clwsf/ dxf;lGw / o;sf P]lR5s k|n]vx¿

g]kfnn] afn clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGwnfO{ ;g\ !((! ;]K6]Da/ !$sflbg cg'df]bg u/]sf] xf] . o; dxf;lGwn] afnaflnsfsf] ;du| ljsf;;+/If0f ;xeflutfsf cj:ostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL kfl/jfl/s :ofxf/ /afnaflnsfsf] lxt, :jf:Yo tyf sNof0fsf/L Joj:yf, gful/s/fhgLlts clwsf/ tyf ljz]if ;+/If0fsf clwsf/x¿sf] Joj:yf u/]sf]5 . afn clwsf/ dxf;lGwdf pNn]v ul/Psf k|d'v s]xL clwsf/x¿lgDg /x]sf 5g\ M e]befj ug{ gx'g] -wf/f–@ _, gfd / /fli6«otf -wf/f–&_,cj}w :yfgfGt/0f / gkmsf{pg'sf] lj?4 -wf/f–!!_, uf]klgotf lglhkgsf];+/If0f -wf/f–!^_, b'Jo{Jfxf/ / pk]Iffaf6 ;+/If0f -wf/f–!(_, z/0ffyL{afnaflnsf - wf/f–@@_, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff -wf/f–@^_, afn>d /f]Sg] -wf/f–#@_, nfu" kbfy{sf] b'?kof]u / b'Jo{;gaf6 ;+/If0f -wf/f–##_, of}gzf]if0faf6 ;+/If0f -wf/f–#$_, a]rlJfvg, ;f}bfJffhL / ckx/0faf6 ;+/If0f-wf/f– #%_, cGo lsl;dsf zf]if0faf6 klg ;+/If0f -wf/f–#^_,oftgf /:JftGqtfsf] ckx/0f x'gaf6 ;+/If0f -wf/f–#&_, ;z:q ;+3if{df;xeflutf tyf o;sf gsf/fTds c;/x¿af6 ;+/If0f -wf/f–#*_,afnaflnsf ;DaGwL Gofok|zf;gsf] Joj:yf -wf/f–$)_ .

dxf;lGwsf ;fy} g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;g\ @))^ df o; dxf;lGwsf # dWo]@ j6f P]lR5s k|n]vx¿nfO{ klg cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sfn]cg'df]bg u/]sf] afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afnj]Zofj[lQ / cZnLnlrq0flj¿4 afnclwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s k|n]v, @))) n]/fHox¿nfO{ afnaflnsfsf] of}g zf]if0f, b'Jo{jxf/, a]rlavg tyf cZnLn

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lrq0f x'gaf6 /f]Sg, o:tf ;d:ofaf6 k|efljt ePsf afnaflnsfx¿sf];+/If0f, Gofo / k'g:yf{kgf ug{ tyf eljiodf o:tf ;d:ofaf6 vt/fdf/x]sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ljz]if ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{ lhDd]jf/ agfPsf] 5 . To;} u/L csf]{ P]lR5s k|n]v ;z:q åGådf afnalnsfx¿sf];+nUgtf /f]Sg] P]lR5s k|n]v @))! n] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ s'g} klg¿kdf ;z:q åGå, n8fO tyf ;+3if{x¿df ;xefuL x'gaf6 /f]Sg,afnaflnsf / pgLx¿n] k|of]u ug]{ :yfgx¿nfO{ o:tf åGåx¿sf]gsf/fTds k|efjx¿af6 ;+/If0f ug{ ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

;lGw P]g @)$& sf] bkmf !) n] g]kfn kIf ePsf cGt//fli6«o ;lGw;Demf}tfsf k|fjwfgx¿ g]kfn sfg"g;Fu aflemPdf cGt//fli6«o ;lGwsfk|fjwfgx¿ nfu" x'g] x'g] Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn kIf /fi6« ePsf] afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw, !(*( sf ;a} k|fjwfgx¿ g]kfndf /fli6«osfg"g;/x nfu" x'G5g\ .

dfgj clwsf/; Fu ;DalGwt cGo dxf;lGwx¿

g]kfn ;/sfn] afn >dsf] ;d:ofnfO{ ljz]if cleofgsf;fy ;dfwfgug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy lgs[i6 afn >d ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o >d ;+u7gsf]dxf;lGw g+= !*@ / >ddf k|j]z ug]{ Go'gtd pd]/ ;DaGwL g+= !#*b'a}nfO cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .

o; afx]s ;+o'Qm /fli6 ;+3af6 kfl/t tyf g]kfn ;/sf/n] cg'df]bgu/]sf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ljleGg dxf;lGwx¿ h:t} gful/s/fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw, cfly{s ;fdflhs ;f+:s[ltsclwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw, oftgflj?4sf] dxf;lGw, hftLo tyf /+ue]blj?4sf] dxf;lGw, dlxnflj?4 x'g] lx+;f lgd'{ng ug]{ dxf;lGw, ckfFutfePsf AolQmx¿sf] clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw, cfk|jf;L >ldsx¿sf]clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw cflbdf klg afnaflnsfsf] xs clwsf/sf]ljz]if Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lj

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afnaflnsfsf] lxt ;DaGwL Joj:yf ug]{ ;fs{ :t/Locle;lGw

blIf0f PlzofnL :t/df afnaflnsfx¿sf] xsclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f /pgLx¿sf] ;jf{l+u0f ljsf;sf] nflu If]qLo ;xsfo{ / ;dGjodf clej[l4ug{sf nflu ;g\ @))@ df blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;+u7g ;fs{n]afnaflnsfsf] lxt ;DaGwL If]qLo Joj:yf ug]{ ;fs{ :t/Lo cle;lGwkfl/t u/L nfu" u/]sf] 5 .

/fli6«o P]g tyf lgodfjnLx¿df ePsf k|fjwfgx¿

lzIff P]g @)@*

rf/ jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf jfnaflnsfnfO{ Ps jif]{ k"j{ k|fylds lzIff lbg]Joj:yf .

b[li6ljlxg, jlx/f, ;':t >j0f / jf}l4s jf zfl//Ls ?kn] ckfËafnaflnsfnfO{ ljz]if lsl;dsf] lzIff lbg] Joj:yf .

k|fylds txsf] lzIff dft[efiffdf lbg ;lsg] k|fjwfg

g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljs6 lxdfnL If]qdf 3'DtL ljBfno ;~rfng ug{;Sg] .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfsf] ;xof]udfvf]lnPsf lzz' ljsf; s]Gb|nfO{ tf]lsP adf]lhd cg'bfg lbg ;Sg] .

;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] k|fylds txsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns x'g] / To:tf]ljBfnodf egf{ x'g] ljBfyL{nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] kf7\ok':ts lgMz'NspknJw u/fpg] .

;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] lgDg dfWolds / dfWolds txdf cWoog ug]{ul/jLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf blnt hghflt / dlxnf nufot cGoljBfyL{nfO{ lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] Joj:yf .

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s'g} sIffdf egf{ ubf{ Ps k6s egf{ z'Ns lnO{ ;s]kl5 k'gM ;f]lxljBfnodf csf]{ sIffdf egf{ ug{sf] nflu z'Ns lng gkfpg] .

;+:yfut ljBfnon] s"n ljBfyL{ ;+Vofsf] bz k|ltztdf g36\g] u/Ltf]lsPjdf]lhd ljkGg, ckfË, dlxnf, blnt, jf hghflt ljBfyL{nfO{lgMz'Ns 5fqj[lQ pknJw u/fpg' kg]{ .

lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%(

ufpF lzIff ;ldltsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/

afnaflnsfnO{ sDtLdf k|fylds lzIff;Dd cWoog u/fpg k|f]T;fxgug]{ .

ljBfnodf egf{ ePsf jf gePsf afnaflnsf nufot cGo JolQmsf]pd]/,hft, ln+u ;d]tsf] cfwf/df ljj/0f agfO{ cWofjlws u/fO{/fVg] .

ljBfnosf] z}lIfs of]hgf ;DjGwL clen]v cWofjlws u/fO{ /fVg]tyf To:tf] of]hgfsf] cg'udg u/L ;DaGwLt lgsfodf ;'emfjk7fpg] .

Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] klxrfg / kl/rfngdf;xof]u k'¥ofpg] tyf ljBfnonfO{ k|fKt ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8 ug]{ .

ul/jLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf kl/jf/sf] nut /fvL To:tf jfnjflnsfnfO{lzIffdf ;xeflutf u/fpg cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] sfo{df ;dGjo ug]{ tyf lzIffsf] u'0ffTdsljsf;sf nflu ljBfnosf] ;'k/Lj]If0f / cg'udg u/L k|wfgfWofks,lzIfs nufot Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ cfjZos ;'emfj / ;xof]u ug]{ .

ljBfno :t/Lo cGt/v]ns'b tyf cltl/Qm z}lIfs lqmofsnfksf]ljsf; tyf ;~rfng u/fpg] / ;f]sf] nflu k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

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lzIff lgodfjnLdf ePsf cGo s]xL dxTjk"0f{ Joj:yfx¿

czQm ljBfyL{sf] nflu k/LIffdf ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg] .

ljBfnodf cWoog gu/]sf jf cWoog u/L aLr}df 5f8]sfafnaflnsfsf] nflu ljBfnosf] kf7\oqmdsf] cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf]kf7\o ;fdfu|Lsf] k|of]u u/L j}slNks z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{;lsg] .

cGwf, jlx/f, ;':t dgl:ylt ePsf jf zf/Ll/s sf/0fn] ckfËafnaflnsfnfO{ ljz]if lzIff k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] lzz' ljsf; s]Gb|nfO{ lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Lsf]l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df cg'bfg lbg ;Sg] .

ljBfnon] ljBfyL{x¿sf] l;h{gfTds k|ltefsf] ljsf;sf nfluljBfnodf cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ;Grfng ug'{ kg]{ . cltl/St lqmof-snfkdf lzIfs / ljBfyL{ b'a}n] efu lng' kg]{ .

ljBfnon] z'qmjf/sf] lbg b}lgs k7gkf7gsf] sfo{ ;dfKt ePkl5ljBfyL{nfO{ cltl/Qm lqmofsnfksf] sfo{qmddf ;xefuL u/fpg' kg]{ .

afnaflnsf ;DaGwL P]g, @)$*

afnaflnsfsf] xs, lxtsf] ;+/If0f u/L ltgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s /af}l4s ljsf; ug{ ;dofg's"n sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{ jf~5gLo ePsf]n]afnaflnsf ;DjGwL P]g, @)$* ag]sf] s'/f o; P]gsf] k|:tfjgfdfpNn]v 5 . of] P]g @)%) a}zfv ! ut]af6 nfu" ePsf] xf] . of] P]gn]afnaflnsfsf ;DjGwdf u/]sf s]xL d'Vo Joj:yfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]vug{ ;lsG5 .

;f]x| jif{sf] pd]/ k"/f gu/]sf] afnaflnsf afns eg]/ kl/efliftul/Psf] .

k|To]s afns hGd]kl5 afnssf] gfd /flvlbg' kg]{ .

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afa', cfdfn] cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf] cfly{s cj:yf cg';f/ k|To]safnssf] kfngkf]if0f ug'{sf] cltl/Qm lghsf] lzIff, :jf:Yof]krf/,v]ns'b tyf dgf]/~hg ;'ljwfx¿sf] Joj:yf klg ug'{kg]{

cfkm\gf afnsnfO{ /f]uaf6 arfpg lbg'kg]{ vf]kx¿ lbnfpg' kg]{ /o; sfo{df :yfgLo lgsfox¿ / ;/sf/sf ;Da4 lgsfox¿n];xof]u ug'{kg]{ .

afnssf] kfngkf]if0f lzIff tyf :jf:Yof]krf/df 5f]/f jf 5f]/Lsf]cfwf/df dfq jf 5f]/f 5f]/f jf 5f]/L 5f]/Lsf] aLr s'g} e]befjug'{gx'g] .

s'g} :qL k'?ifsf] aLrdf j}jflxs ;DaGw sfod x'g'cl3 jf j}jflxs;DaGw sfod e} ;s]kl5 hGd]sf afnsx¿sf] kfngkf]if0f, lzIff jf:jf:Yof]krf/df s'g} e]befj ug{' gx'g] .

cfkm"n] hGDffPsf] afns tyf cfkm"n] /fv]sf] wd{k'q jf wd{k'qLsf] aLrs'g} lsl;dsf] e]befj ug'{ gx'g].

afnsk|lt qm'/ jf oftgfk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug'{ gx'g] . j}jflxs ;DaGwljR5]b eO{ jf c? s'g} sf/0faf6 afa' / cfdf leGg a;]sf] cj:yfdfafa';+u a;]sf] afnsnfO{ cfdf;+u / cfdf;+u a;]sf] afnsnfO{afa';+u ;do;dodf e]63f6 ug{ jf s]xL ;dosf] lgldQ ;fy a:glbg' kg]{ .

s;}sf] 5f]/f jf 5f]/LnfO{ wd{k'q jf wd{k'qL /fVg] JolQmn] To:tf]wd{k'q jf wd{k'qLn] rfx]df ltgLx¿nfO{ hGd lbg] afa' cfdf;+u lgo-ldt ¿kdf e]6 ug{ jf kqrf/ ug{ lbg'kg]{ .

s'g} cf}krfl/s sfd sf/jfO{ jf lnvtdf sfg"gadf]lhd afa' /afh]sf] gfd v'nfpg' kg]{ cj:yfdf afa'sf] kQf gnfu];Dd afnsn]cfdf / cfdfsf] afa'sf] gfd pNn]v ug{ ;Sg] . afa' / cfdf b'j} kQfgnfu]sf] afnssf] xsdf lghnfO{ kfNg] JolQm jf ;+:yfn] afa' cfdf

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kQf gnfu]sf] egL n]lvlbPdf To:tf] afnsn] afa', cfdf jf afh]sf]gfd pNn]v gu/] klg x'g] .

sfg'gadf]lhd ck/fw 7xl/g] s'g} sfd bz jif{ d'lgsf] afnsn] u/]sf]/x]5 eg] lghnfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] ;hf+o gx'g] .

t/ afnssf] pd]/ bz jif{ jf ;f] eGbf dfly / rf}w jif{eGbf sd/x]5 eg] lghnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd hl/jfgf x'g] s'g} ck/fw u/]sf]dfxKsfO{, ;DemfO{ a'emfO{ / s}b x'g] u/]sf]df s;"/ x]/L 5 dlxgf;Dds}b x'g] / rf}w jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dfly / ;f]x| jif{ eGbf d'lgsf] afnsn]s'g} ck/fw u/] lghnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd pd]/ k'u]sf JolQmnfO{ x'g];hf+osf] cfwf ;hf+o dfq x'g] . afnsnfO{ l;sfO{ s;}n] s'g} ck/fwug{ nufPdf l;sfpg]nfO{ lgh cfkm}+n] ck/fw u/] ;/x sfg"gadf]lhdk"/f ;hf+o x'g] .

;hf+o ug]{ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ k6s sfod ubf{ afNofj:yfdf u/]sf]ck/fwsf] u0fgf gul/g] .

afnsn] Pp6} ck/fw Ps k6seGbf a9L u/]sf] eP klg k6ssf]cfwf/df yk ;hf+o gul/g] .

wfld{s jf ;f+:s[lts /Lltl:yltsf] kfng ubf{ afx]s s'g} klgafnsnfO{ leIff dfUg] sfddf nufpg' gx'g] .

;Gof;L, leIf' / kmsL/ agfpg] p2]Zon] s'g} klg afnsnfO{ d'8\g'gx'g] .

s;}n] cfkm\gf] jf c? s;}sf] afnsnfO{ lsgL jf s'g} k|nf]eg lbO{ jfc? s'g} lsl;dsf] s/sfk jf cg'lrt k|efjdf kf/L cfkm\gf] s'g}efsn jf cGo s'g} wfld{s clek|fo k"/f ug]{ p2]Zon] s'g} b]jLb]jtfsf] gfp+df r9fpg' jf ;dk{0f ug'{ gx'g] .

afnsnfO{ g]n, xts8L nufpg, PsfGt sf/fjf;df /fVg jf s'g}ck/fw u/] jfkt s}bsf] ;hfFo kfPdf pd]/ k'u]sf s}bLsf] ;fydf/fVg gx'g] .

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s;}n] klg afnsnfO{ cg}lts k]zfdf nufpg jf k|of]u ug{ gx'g] /afnsnfO{ cg}lts k]zfdf nufpg] p2]Zon] lghsf] kmf]6f] lvRg] jflvRg] cg'dlt lbg] jf To:tf] kmf]6f] ljt/0f ug]{ jf k|bz{g ug]{ sfo{ug'{ gx'g] .

s'g} afnssf] rl/qdf cf3ft kg]{ lsl;dsf] lghsf] JolQmut 36gf,ljj/0f jf kmf]6f]sf] k|sfzg, d'b|0f, k|bz{g jf ljt/0f ug'{ gx'g] .

afnsnfO{ dfbs kbfy{ nfu" cf}ifw jf o:t} cGo gzfn' kbfy{sf]laqmL ljt/0f jf cf];f/k;f/ ug]{ sfddf nufpg' gx'g] .

s'g} afnssf] lj?4 nufOPsf] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf lghsf] k|lt/Iffug]{ sfg"gJoj;foL gePdf cbfntn] d'2fsf] sf/jfxL jf lsgf/f ug{gx'g] / pNn]lvt cj:yfdf ;DaGwLt cbfntn] g} ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6lgo'Qm ePsf] j}tlgs sfg"gJoj;foL jf cGo s'g} OR5'ssfg"gJoj;foLsf] ;]jf pknAw u/fOlbg'kg]{ .

jfnssf] xssf] k|rngsf] nflu afnssf] tkm{af6 hf];'s}n] klgafns /x] a;]sf] Onfsfsf] lhNnf cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg;Sg] .

s'g} afnssf] x]/rfx ug{ Psf3/sf sf]xL gft]bf/ gePsf] s'/fsf]hfgsf/L afn sNof0f clwsf/L jf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ k|fKtx'g cfPdf lghn] To:tf] afnssf] kfngkf]if0fsf] ;DaGwdf cfjZosJoj:yf ldnfpg'kg]{ . To:tf] Joj:yf ldnfp+bf ;se/ afnsnfO{lghsf] glhssf] gft]bf/sf] lhDdf nufOlbg' kg]{ .

x]/rfx ug{] Psf3/sf sf]xL gft]bf/ gePsf] afnssf] s'g} ;DklQePdf afn sNof0f clwsf/L jf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] To;sf]kmfF6jf/L tof/ u/L To;df slDtdf b'O{ hgf :yfgLo JolQmnfO{ ;fIfL/fvL To;sf] Ps k|lt cfkm\gf] sfof{nodf /fv]/ csf]{ k|lt afnssf]kfngkf]if0fsf] lhDdf lng] JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{ .

afa', cfdf jf Psf3/sf pd]/ k'u]sf sf]xL gft]bf/ hLljt g/x]sf] jf

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ePklg zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s czQmtfsf] sf/0fn] afnssf]kfngkf]if0f tyf /]vb]v ug{ g;Sg] ePdf To:tf] afnsnfO{ s'g};+/Ifssf] lhDdf nufpgsf] lgldQ hf];'s}n] klg afn sNof0fclwsf/L ;dIf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] . o:tf] lgj]bg kg{ cfPdf afnsNof0f clwsf/Ln] cfjZos hf+ra'em u/L To:tf] afnssf] lgldQo; bkmfsf] cGo s'/fsf] cwLgdf /xL ;+/Ifs lgo'lQm ul/lbg' kg]{ .

s]Gb|df s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldltsf] Joj:yf / k|d'v lhNnfclwsf/Lsf] ;+of]hsTjdf k|To]s lhNnfdf Ps lhNnf afn sNof0f;ldltsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZostfg';f/ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ljleGg If]qdfafnsNof0f u[xsf] :yfkgf ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

g]kn ;/sf/n] cfjZostfg';f/ afn ;'wf/ u[xsf] :yfkgf ug{ ;Sg]

afns;DaGwL s'g} d'2fsf] sf/jfO{ rNbf sfg"g Joj;foL, afnssf]afa', cfdf gft]bf/ jf ;+/Ifs / d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/Ln] pko'Qm b]vLcg'dlt lbPdf afnssf] xslxt ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg s'g} JolQmjf ;fdflhs ;+:yfsf] k|ltlglw Ohnf;df pkl:yt x'g;Sg] .

s'g} afns jfbL jf k|ltjfbL ePsf] d'2fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ sf/jfxL/ lsgf/f ug'{kg]{ .

afn>d -lgif]w / lgoldt ug]{_ P]g, @)%^

of] P]g d+l;/ !, @)^! b]lv nfu" ePsf] xf] . o; P]gdf afns eGgfn]afns / aflnsf b'j}nfO{ hgfpg] egL kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 .

o; P]gdf ePsf d'Vo Joj:yfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

s;}n] klg !$ jif{ pd]/ k"/f gu/]sf afnsnfO{ >ldssf] ¿kdfsfddf nufpg' x'Fb}g .

s;}n] klg afnsnfO{ hf]lvdk"0f{{ egL pNn]lvt Joj;fo jf sfddfnufpg' x'Fb}g .

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s;}n] klg afnsnfO{ nnfO{—kmsfO{ jf e'mSofP/ jf s'g} k|nf]egdfjf 8/, qf; jf bafadf kf/L jf cGo s'g} tl/sfn] lghsf] OR5flj¿4>ldssf] ¿kdf sfddf nufpg' x'Fb}g .

s'g} k|lti7fgn] !% aif{eGbf dfly pd]/sf] afnsnfO{ sfddf nufpg'k/]df ;DaGwLt >d sfof{no jf ;f] sfof{non] tf]s]sf] cGo s'g}lgsfo jf clwsf/L / afnssf] afa', cfdf jf ;+/Ifssf] :jLs[ltlng'kg]{5 . afnsnfO{ a]n'sf ^ ah]kl5 ljxfg ^ ah];Ddsf] cjlwe/sfddf nufpg' x'Fb}g .

!% aif{eGbf dfly pd]/sf afnsnfO{ sfddf nufpFbf lbgdf ^ 306f/ Ps ;Ktfxdf #^306feGbf a9L cltl/Qm kfl/>lds lbO{ jf glbO{sfddf nfufpg' xFb}g .

afnsnfO{ k|To]s lbg nuftf/ tLg 306f sfd u/]kl5 cfwf 306fcf/fd ug]{ ;do / k|To]s ;Ktfxdf Ps lbgsf] labf lbg' kg]{5 .

Ps}lbg Pp6f k|lti7fgdf sfd ul/;s]sf] afnsnfO{ ;f]xL lbg k'gMcsf]{ k|lti7fgdf sfddf nufpg' xF'b}g .

k|lti7fgn] >ldssf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ afnssnfO{ lnª\u, j0f{, wd{ jfhft hfltsf] cfwf/df s'g} e]befj gu/L ;dfg sfdsf] nflu ;dfgkfl/>lds / ;'ljwf lbg' kg]{5 .

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%%

:yfgLo :joQ zf;g P]g, @)%% n] ufpF kl/ifb\, gu/ kl/ifb\ / lhNNffkl/ifb\ sf] u7g ;DjGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To;} u/L o; P]gn] j8f;ldlt, ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] u7g;DaGwL klg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

oL kl/ifb\ tyf ;ldltx¿sf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/nfO{ cnu cnu¿kdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . P]gdf df plNnlvt sfd st{Jo /clwsf/nfO{ x]bf{ afnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Djw{gdf :yfgLo lgsfon]

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w]/} sfd ug'[{ kg]{ / ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvG5 . afn clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f/ ;+Djw{g df ;xof]u k'Ug] oL lgsfosf sfdx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf5g\ .

j8f ;ldltsf] sfd st{Jo

j8fdf :jf:Yo s]Gb|, :jf:Yo rf}sL cflbsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]uk'¥ofpg] .

j8fdf ljBfno tyf k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf / ;~rfngdf ;xof]uk'¥ofpg] .

ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt / gu/kflnsfsf] sfd st{Jo

cfkm\gf] ;|f]taf6 k"j{ k|fylds ljBfnox¿ :Yffkgf ug]{, :yfkgf ug{cg'dlt lbg] tyf ;Grfng / Joj:yfkg ug]{ .

;Grfng ePsf ljBfnox¿sf] /]vb]v / Joj:yfkg ug]{ .

dft[efiffdf k|fylds txsf] lzIff pknJw u/fpg ;xof]u ug]{ .

k|f}9 lzIff tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIff ;DaGwL sfo{qmd agfO{ ;Grfngug]{ u/fpg] .

k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng ug]{ u/fpg] .

v]ns'b ljsf; ;DjGwL of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

cfly{s b[li6n] cToGt lk5l8Psf pTkLl8t hghfltx¿sf5fq–5fqfx¿nfO{ 5fqj[lQ lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

ufpF:t/Lo :jf:Yo s]Gb|, :jf:Yo rf}sL tyf pk :jf:Yo rf}sLx¿;Grfng / Joj:yfkg ug]{ .

kl/jf/ lgof]hg tyf dft[–lzz'sNof0f ;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfngug]{ .

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k|rlnt sfg"g jdf]lhd hGd, d[To' tyf cGo JolQmut 36gf btf{ug]{ .

c;xfo, cgfy / ckfË afnaflnsfx¿sf] nut /fVg] / ltgLx¿nfO{pko'Qm 7fpFdf /fVg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfd st{Jo clwsf/

/fli6«o gLltcg'¿k cgfy afnaflnsf, cgfy, c;xfo, dlxnf, j[4,ckfË tyf c;Qmx¿sf] ;/If0f ;DjGwL sfo{ ug]{ / ;fdflhss'/Lltx6fpg] tyf r]nLj]6L tyf gf/Lsf] ;+/If0f;DjGwL sfd ug]{u/fpg] .

lhNnf ljsf; If]qleq ljBfno :yfkgf ug{ k|fyldstf tf]sL;Lkmfl/; ug]{ .

cfkm\g] If]q leqsf ljBfnox¿sf] /]vb]v / cg'udg u/L ;~rfng /Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u ug]{ .

v]ns'b / zf/Ll/s ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{qmd agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{u/fpg] .

jfn>d lgjf/0f tyf p4f/;DaGwL sfo{qmd agfO{ ;Grfng ug]{ .

kl/jf/ lgof]hg, dft[ lzz' sNof0f, lj:tfl/t vf]k, kf]if0f tyfhg;+Vof lzIff hg:jf:Yo h:tf sfo{qmdx¿sf] th'{df / sfof{Gjogug]{ .

dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)^$

o; P]gn] s'g}klg afnaflnsfnfO{ nnfO{ kmsfO{, wfs wSdL, ckx/0f,nf]e jf k|nf]egdf kf/L o}fg zf]if0f s'g} k|sf/sf cfly{s nfe lngsfnflu s/sfkdf kf/L s;}nfO{ al;/x]sf] 3/, :yfg jf JolQmaf6 5'6fO{nUg] jf cfk"m;Fu /fVg] jf cfˆgf] lgoGq0fdf lng] jf s'g} :yfgdf /fVg]jf g]kfnleqsf] Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf jf ljb]zdf n}hfg] jf c?s;}nfO{ lbg] h:tf sfo{ ug{ gkfOg] s'/fx¿sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

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3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g, @)^^

o; P]gn] k|To]s afnaflnsfx¿n] ;'/lIft / ;Ddfghgs tj/n] afFRgkfpg] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ub}{ 3/ kl/jf/leq jf 3/ kl/jf/;Fu ufFl;P/x'g] lx+;fhGo sfo{nfO{ b08gLo agfPsf] 5 . o; cGt/ut s'g}klgafnaflnsfx¿nfO{ dfgl;s, of}ghGo, cfly{s oftgf tyf efjgfTds¿kdf rf]6 jf c;/ kg]{ s'g}klg sfo{nfO{ b08gLo dfgL kLl8t JolQmnfO{;+/If0f u/L Gofo k|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{ o; P]gsf]Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] .

afnGofo -sfo{ljlw_ lgodfjnL, @)^#

o; sfo{ljlwn] s'g} klg afnaflnsfx¿ sfg"gL ljjfbdf k/]sf] cj:yfdfpgLx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{sf] nflu ckgfpg' kg]{ s'/fnfO{ pNn]v ul/Psf]5 . h:fdf afnaflnsfsf] nflu 5'§} ;'wf/ u[x, afn Ohnf;, afndgf]ljdz{stf{, dlxnf k|x/L h:tf s'/fsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] o;dfk|x/L ,cbfnt h:tf lgsfo n] cjnDjg ug'{ kg]{ s'/f nfO{ Joj:yf u/]sf]5 .

gLlt tyf sfo{of]hgfx¿M

afnaflnsf;DaGwL !) aifL{o /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf, -@)^!÷^@–@)&!÷&@_

afnaflnsf;DaGwL !) aifL{o /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf, -@)^!÷^@–@)&!÷&@_n] afnaflnsfn] cfkm" ;'xfpFbf] ;d'bfodf cfkm\gf clwsf/x¿ e/k"/pkof]u ug]{5g\ / ltgLx¿sf] k"0f{ ;fdYo{sf] pkof]u / dxz'; ug]{5g\egL bL3{sfnLg ;f]r (Vision) lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . o:t} afnd}qLjftfj/0fsf] k|j4{g ub}{ afnaflnsflj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf zf]if0fsf] cGTou/L afnaflnsfsf] hLjg:t/ pRr kfg{ k|To]s afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/;'lglZrt ul/g] nIo tf]lsPsf] 5 . o; sfo{of]hgfn] lzIff, afnljsf;,:jf:Yo, kf]if0f / cGo ;DaGwLt If]qdf s]lGb|t eO{{ afnd}qL jftfj/0fsf]k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 .

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afnd}qL :yfgLo zf;g sfof{Gjog sfoljlw tyf lgb{]lzsf, @)^*

g]kfn ;/sf/n] :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ afnd}qL agfpg] clek|fon] afnd}qL:yfgLo zf;g sfof{Gjog sfo{ljlw, @)^* tof/ u/L sfof{GjogdfNofPsf] 5 . sfo{ljlw cg';f/ :yfgLo lgsfox¿n] sfo{qmd ;~rfngubf{ afnd}qL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;lgb]{lzsfn] :yfgLo lgsfox¿n] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ nlIft u/LpgLx¿sf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / afnclwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttfsf lglDt x'g]sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ afnd}qL agfpg' kg]{ Joj:yfu/]sf] 5 . pQm sfo{ljlwdf afnd}qL :yfgLo zf;gsf] kl/efiff, g]kfndfafnd}qL :yfgLo zf;gsf] yfngL, afnd}qL :yfgLo zf;gsf] dxTj tyf;fem]bf/x¿sf] af/]df lgDg cg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

afn>d lgjf/0f ;DaGwL u'? of]hgf

afn>d lgjf/0f u'? of]hgf afn>dLs sf] lgjf/0f nfO{ nlIft ul/lgdf0f{ ul/Psf] of]hgf xf] . h:fdf ;g\ @)!^ ;Dd lgs[i6 k|sf/sf]afn>d tyf ;g\ @)@) ;Dddf ;a} k|sf/sf afn>Dfsf] cGTo ug]{ nIo/flvPsf] 5 .

ljBfno zflGt If]q gLlt tyf sfo{qmd

ljBfno zflGt If]q /fli6|o gLltn] ljBfnodf x'g] ;a} k|sf/sflx+;f,e]befj,jGb jf x8tfn h:tf ljifonfO{ cGTo ug{ NofOPsf]sfo{qmd xf] . o; gLltn] ljBfnodf afn;+/If0f ;ldltsf] lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{,ljBfnodf s'g} /fhg}lts ;ef tyf ;Dd]ng ug{ gkfOg],afnaflnsfnfO{ aGb x8tfndf ;xefuL u/fpg gx'g], s'g}klg ;z:q;d"xsf] k|j]znfO{ lgif]w ug]{ h:tf ljifonfO{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf

ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf g]kfn ;/sf/, lzIff dGqfnoåf/f kl/nlIftcfwf/e"t tyf dfWolds lzIffsf nIo tyf p2]Zox¿ k|fKt ug{ cf=j=

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23

@)^^÷)^& b]lv @)&@÷)&# ;Ddsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] Pp6fbL3{sfnLg /0fgLlts of]hgf xf] . o; of]hgfn] afnaflnsfsf] lzIffsf]clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ k|f/lDes tx b]lv p=df=lj= tx ;Ddsf];+/rgfTds cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojl:yt u/L cufl8 Nofpg'sf] ;fy}, ljBfyL{egf{ b/ j9fpg, lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ ug{, afnd}qL lzIf0f ljlwcjnDjg ug{, ljleGg sf/0fn] ljBfnoeGbf aflx/ /x]sf afnaflns-fx¿nfO{ ljBfnodf Nofpg, lzIff If]qdf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;xeflutfj9fpg, ljBfno Joj:yfkgnfO{ Jojl:yt / ;do;fk]If agfpg ljleGg/0fgLltsf ;fy j[xt\ sfo{of]hgf cufl8 ;f/]sf] 5 .

ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfn] ul/j tyf lk5l8Psf ju{ tyf ;d'bfosfafnaflnsfsf nflu,blnt afnaflnsfx¿sf ;fy} ;a} aflnsfx¿sfnflu ljz]if 5fqj[lt dfkm{t lzIffsf] clwsf/ nfO{ ;Djf]wg ug]{ k|of;u/]sf] 5 . ljBfnodf egf{ b/ j9fpgsf nflu dft[efiff lzIff tyf cfocfh{gsf sfo{qmd, ljBfnosf] ef}lts k'jf{wf/ ;'wf/ tyf lzIffdf nufgLa9fpg :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;xeflutf, lzIffsf] u'0f:tl/otf j[l4;do;fk]If lzIf0f l;sfO{ lqmofsnfksf nflu lzIfs tflnd h:tfs'/fnfO{ dxTjsf ;fy o; of]hgfn] cufl8 ;f/]sf] 5 .

afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o sfo{9fFrf

@)^& df g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f nfu" ul/Psf] afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«osfo{9fFrfn] afn clwsf/ dxf;lGw, ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo tyf lzIff;DaGwdf /fli6«o nIonfO{ k|fKt ug{sf nflu afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu;xh, ;/n d}qLk"0f{, ;'/lIft / :j:y jftfj/0f Pj+ ef}lts ;+/rfgfx¿;lxtsf] ljBfnosf] dfu{bz{g u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf ;a} ljBfnox¿dfnfu" x'g] o; sfo{9fFrfn] ljBfno Joj:yfkgdf ljleGg ( kIfx¿dfGo"gtd / clwstd ck]lIft ;"rsx¿ to u/L nfu" u/]sf] 5 . o;sfo{9fFrfn] to u/]sf Go"gtd / clwstd ;"rsx¿ tn ljifoj:t'cg';f/ g} pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . lj

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;+/rgfx¿

g]kfndf afnclwsf/sf] k|j4{gsf nflu gLlt tyf sfo{qmd th'{dfsfnflu dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfnosf] u7g u/]sf] 5eg] s]Gb|Lo :t/df afnaflnsf / To; If]qdf sfd ug]{ lgsfosf] ;~rf/,;"rgf tyf ;dGjo / cg'udgsf nflu s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldlt /o;sf] ;lrjfno lqmofzLn 5 . &% j6} lhNnfdf lhNnf afnsNof0f;ldlt / & ;oeGbf a9L ufFpm ljsf; ;ldltx¿df ufFpm afnclwsf/;ldltx¿ sfo{/t 5g\ . b]zsf %) eGbfa9L lhNnfx¿df afnclwsf/sf]sfof{Gjog / k|j4{gsf nflu afnclwsf/ clws[tx¿sf] lgo'lSt /kl/rfng ul/Psf] 5 . To;} u/L lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt, lhNnf afn;+/If0f pk;ldlt, ufFp tyf gu/ afn;+/If0f ;ldlt, ljBfno:t/Lo afn;+/If0f ;ldlt, afn Snax¿ tyf :yfgLo lgsfox¿df klg afnaflns-fsf] ;xeflutfsf nflu gLltut Aoj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 .

o;sf] ;fy} k|x/L lgsfodf s]Gb|Lo :t/df dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ;]jflgb]{zgfno / lhNnf:t/df dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ;]jf s]Gb|x¿ u7gu/L ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} afn Gofo ;]jfnfO{ cdm a9L k|efjs-fl/tfsf ;fy ;~rfng ug{ cbfntx¿df afn Ohnf; tyf lhNnf Pj+s]Gb|Lo :t/df afn Gofo ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g u/L kl/rfng ul/Psf]5 .

blIf0f PlzofnL :t/df g} afnaflnsflj?4sf] lx+;f cGTo ug{sf nfluSouth Asian Initiaves to End Violence against Children (SAIVAC)u7g ul/Psf] 5 / To;sf] sfof{no klg g]kfndf g} /xg] Joj:yf ePsf]5 .

ljBfnodf afn clwsf/sf k|d'v l;4fGtx¿sf] kfngf

afn clwsf/ dxf;lGwn] cfkm\gf rf/ k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ -hLjg /Iff /ljsf;, e]befj/lxt, ;jf]{Qd lxt, ;xeflutf_ nfO{ l;4fGtsf] ¿kdf:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . logLx¿ cfkm}df dxf;lGwdf Joj:yf ePsf

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clwsf/sf k|fjwfgx¿ ;d]t x'g\ . oL l;4fGtx¿ dxf;lGwdf Joj:yfePsf ;a} xs–clwsf/ sfof{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df ;d]t ;dfg ¿kdf nfu"x'G5g\ . o;y{ ljBfno tyf ljBfno Aoj:yfkg ;ldltn] afnclwsf/sf]k|j4{g;DaGwL sfo{ ubf{ oL l;4fGtx¿nfO{ cfwf/:tDesf] ¿kdf lng'kb{5 M

!_ e]befj ug{ gx'g] -afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] wf/f @_M o;l;4fGtn] s'g} klg lsl;dsf] afwf cj/f]w ljgf ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/x¿ ;a}afnaflnsfnfO{ ;Fw} pknAw x'g]5 / x'g'kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /fVb5 .afnaflnsfnfO{ p;sf] jf p;sf afa'–cfdfsf] jf cleefjssf] hflt,/ª\u, lnª\u, efiff, wd{, /fhg}lts jf cGo ljrf/x¿, /fli6«o, hftLo jf;fdflhs pTklQ, ;DklQ, czQmtf, hGd jf cGo x}l;otsf] cfwf/dfe]befj gu/L ;dfg clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt lbg'kb{5 . ;fdfGotofpQ/bfloTj jxgstf{ /fHosf lgsfo jf jo:ssf ;+3–;+:yf tyfJolQmx¿n] afnaflnsfsf] xs–clwsf/sf] nflu sfo{ ubf{ pgLx¿nfO{s'g} klg lsl;dsf] e]befjaf6 hf]ufpg' kb{5 . of] ;a}sf] st{Jo x'g]5 .

ljBfno tyf :yfgLo txsf lgsfodf afn;xeflutf k|j4{g ubf{ jfafnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ubf{ afnaflnsfsf]e]befjlj?4sf] clwsf/ k|a4{gsf] nflu ;d]t ;sf/fTds sfo{ ug'{kb{5 . o;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] ljBfno tyf ;d'bfo;Fu sfd ubf{cfˆgf] clwsf/sf] k|flKtdf lje]b ef]lu/x]sf s'g} afns jf aflnsf /afnaflnsfsf] ;d"xsf] klxrfg u/L pgLx¿sf] clwsf/ k|fKt u/fpgljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ljBfnon] cfkm\gf] ;]jfIf]qleqsf] >lds afnaflnsf, aflnsfx¿, ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsf,hghflt cyjf blnt ;d'bfosf afnaflnsf cflbnfO{ ljBfno lzIffsf]kx'Fr a9fpg tyf cj;/x¿ pknAw u/fpg]{ ljz]if sfo{qmd tyf cle-ofg th'{df u/L nfu" u/fpg ;Sb5g\ .

@_ afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxt -afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] wf/f #_ M o;l;4fGtn] afnaflnsfsf] ;DaGwdf ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfkx¿n]pgLx¿sf] ;jf]{Qd lxtnfO{ dWogh/ /flvg]5 eGg] dfGotf /fv]sf] 5 .

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afa' cfdf jf cGo lhDd]jf/ dflg;x¿n] afnaflnsfsf] lxtdf sfdu/]gg\ eg] To:tf] l:yltdf :yfgLo lgsfo tyf ljBfnon] To:tfafnaflnsfsf] kof{Kt :ofxf/;';f/ ug]{ of :ofxf/stf{sf] ;Ifdtfa9fpg'kb{5 jf To;sf] nflu j}slNks Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . o;/L x]bf{ of]l;4fGtsf] kl/kfngfsf nflu /fHo jf ljBfnon] afnaflnsfsf kl/jf/,cleefjs tyf ;d'bfosf cGo lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf cfˆgflhDd]jf/L af]w u/fO{ afnaflnsfk|ltsf cf–cfˆgf] bfloTj lgjf{x ug{;Ifd agfpFg' kb{5 eGg] b]lvG5 .

ljBfno tyf :yfgLo lgsfox¿n] cfˆgf sfd, st{Jo tyf lg0f{ox¿dfafnaflnsfsf] pRrtd lxtnfO{ k|fyldstfdf kfl/Psf] 5 eGg] ;'lglZrtul/g'kb{5 . csf]{ ;jfn eg]sf] ;|f]tsf] af8kmfF8 clg of]hgfx¿sf]k|fyldstfqmd lgwf{/0f ubf{ afnaflnsfnfO{ cu|kª\ltdf /flvPsf] 5eGg] ;'lglZrt ug'{ xf] . ljBfnon] cfkm\gf x/]s ultljlwx¿, lqmofs-nfkx¿ tyf Jojxf/n] afnaflnsfsf] hLjgdf k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kdfk|efj kfg]{ ePsf]n] cfˆgf] sfdsf] ;Gbe{df o;nfO{ uDeL/tfsf ;fylnOg' kb{5 .

#_ afFRg kfpg] xs, bL3{ hLjg / ljsf; -afnclwsf/;DaGwLdxf;lGwsf] wf/f ^_ M o; l;4fGtn] k|To]s afnaflnsfsf] :jfefljsafnfkgsf] ;'lglZrttf ug'{ clg pgLx¿sf] afFRg kfpg], bL3{ hLjg /ljsf;sf] hGdl;4 clwsf/sf] k"0f{ k|flKtdf hf]8 lbG5 . ljBfnon] cfk-mgf ljBfyL{x¿sf] afFRg kfpg], bL3{ hLjg / ljsf;sf] clwsf/nfO{oyf;Dej k"/f ug]{ kxn ug'k5{ . k|To]s kl/jf/ / cleefjsnfO{afnaflnsfsf] bL3{ hLjg / ;d'lrt ljsf;sf] lglDt ;xof]u ug{k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf cj;/, u'0f:t/Lo lzIff, :jf:Yo, v]n, dgf]/~hgcflb ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg] jf kx'Fr a9fpg] cfˆgf] bfloTj ljBfnon] a'emLTo;nfO{ k"/f ug{ sf]lz; ug'{kb{5 . afnaflnsfsf] ljsf; eGgfn]afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf ;+j]ufTds, cfWoflTds, g}lts,dgf]j}1flgs / ;fdflhs ljsf; ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .

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ljBfnon] cfˆgf sfd, sfo{ljlw tyf lg0f{o k|lqmofsf ;a} r/0fx¿dfafnalnsfsf] afFRg kfpg], bL3{ hLjg / ljsf;sf] clwsf/sf] k|flKtsfnflu pRr k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5 . ;a} afnaflnsfn] :jfefljsafNosfnsf nflu rflxg] plrt jftfj/0f, lzIff / ljsf;sf cj;/x¿;dfg?kn] pknAw u/fpg' k5{ . afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx¿ eljiodf ;Ifdgful/ssf]] ¿kdf ljsf; eO/x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/fx¿nfO{ ljBfnon] k|d'v;jfnsf ¿kdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 .

$_ afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/ cleJolQm / To;sf] sb/ -afnclwsf/;DaGwLdxf;lGwsf] wf/f !@_ M o; l;4fGtn] afnaflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf] hLjg;Fu;DaGwLt s'g} klg s'/f jf sfo{ljlwsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ k|s6 ug{ kfpg]clwsf/ 5 eGb5 . To;}u/L afnaflnsfn] JoQm u/]sf ljrf/ clgcleJolQmnfO{ lhDd]jf/ JolQm tyf lgsfon] pgLx¿sf] a9\bf] pd]/ /kl/kSjtfcg'¿k plrt sb/ ul/g'kb{5 . afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/cleJolQmsf] clwsf/nfO{ kl/kfngf ug{, u/fpg pgLx¿nfO{ lg0f{ok|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] jftfj/0f / cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ pQ/bfloTjjo:s JolQm / ;+3–;+:yfsf] xf] .

ljBfno tyf :yfgLo lgsfox¿ eg]sf] /fHosf] tkm{af6 afnaflnsfnfO{;aeGbf glhsaf6 x]g{ / ;'Gg ;Sg] tx xf] . o;y{ cf̂ gf x/]s lqmofsnfksf;Gbe{df ltgLx¿n] afnaflnsfsf ljrf/nfO{ ;'Gg] ug'{ kb{5 . afnaflnsfnfO{clwsf/sf wf/ssf ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/L / ;d'bfosf gful/ssf x}l;otn]ljBfnosf x/]s lqmofsnfkdf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xefuL x'gsf] nflu k|f]T;fxgug'{kb{5 . ;d'bfodf afnaflnsfnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ h'g;'s} ljifodf klg pgLx¿nfO{ljrf/ cleJolQm ug{sf] nflu :jtGqtf lbOg'kb{5 . ltgsf ljrf/x¿nfO{ljBfnosf] sfdsf] ;Gbe{df uDeL/tfsf;fy ;'lgg] / sb/ ul/g] s'/fnfO{;'lglZrt ul/g' kb{5 . lgrf]8df eGg'kbf{ ljBfnosf] ;Gbe{df afnaflnsfnfO{Ps lqmofzLn / ;';"lrt ;xefuLsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/g'kb{5 . o;sf] nfluljBfnosf] of]hgf th'{df, gLlt tyf cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f, ltgsf] sfof{Gjog tyfcg'udgsf ljleGg tx, ljlw, k|lqmof / tf}/t/Lsfdf ;xefuL u/fpg' kb{5 .

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afnclwsf/sf] sfof{Gjog / k|j4{gdf ljBfnosf] e"ldsf

lzIfs afnclwsf/ sfof{Gjogsf s'zn ;xhstf{ x'g\ . x/]s ljBfnotyf ;d'bfon] afnclwsf/ tyf afn;+/If0fsf If]qdf lgDg lqmofs-nfkx¿ ug{ u/fpg ;Sb5g\ M

!_ afnclwsf/sf] k|rf/k|;f/M afnclwsf/sf] af/]df ljBfnodfljBfyL{x¿aLr sIff lng], 5nkmn rnfpg], cleefjsx¿nfO{hfgsf/L u/fpg] tyf afnclwsf/sf]af/]df k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{,u/fpg] .

@_ hGdbtf{M cfˆgf] ;]jf If]q leqsf ;a} afnaflnsfsf] hGdbtf{;'lglZrt ug{, u/fpg cfjZos ;a} sfo{ ug]{, u/fpg] . t/hGdbtf{ gePs} sf/0fn] afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfno egf{ x'gaf6a+lrt eg] ug{ x'Fb}g .

#_ lzIffM cfˆgf] ;]jfIf]qsf ljBfno hfg] pd]/sf ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ljBfnodf Nofpg] tyf pgLx¿sf] lgoldt pkl:ylt u/fpg],z}lIfs pknlAw ;'wf/ ug{ ;a} sfo{ ug]{, u/fpg] .

$_ :jf:YoM

c_ afnaflnsfnfO{ /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds vf]k lbnfpg, :jf:Yok/LIf0f ug{ tyf pkrf/fTds :jf:Yo ;]jf k'¥ofpg] Joj:yfug{ glhssf] :jf:Yo ;+:yf;Fu ;dGjo u/L sfo{ ug]{, u/fpg] .

cf_ ;d'bfosf afnaflnsf tyf cleefjsx¿df :jf:Yo r]tgfa9fpg ;DaGwLt ;+3–;+:yf / afnSnax¿;Fu ldn]/hgr]tgf cleofg ;~rfng ug]{, u/fpg] .

O_ afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo / ljsf;df gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{xflgsf/s k/Dk/fut cEof;x¿lj?4 hgr]tgf a9fpg] sfo{ug]{, u/fpg] .

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%_ cleefjsljxLg afnaflnsfsf] x]/rfxdf ;dGjoM ljBfno;]jfIf]q leqsf afa'cfdf—cleefjslaxLg afnaflnsfsf]:ofxf/;';f/, kfngkf]if0f, lzIffbLIff, :jf:Yo:ofxf/ /pkrf/nufotsf s'/fx¿sf] plrt k|aGw ug{ ;DaGwLt lgsfo jf;+3–;+:yf;Fu ;dGjo ug]{, ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ / cfjZos;]jf pknAw u/fpg] .

^_ afn;+/If0fM

c_ cfˆgf] ;]jf If]qaf6 !^ jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfnfO{ afn>lds,;8s afnaflnsf, of}gJoj;fo jf cGo s'g} klg lgs[i6k|sf/sf] >d jf hf]lvdk"0f{ sfo{af6 ;+/If0f ug{sf] nflur]tgfd"ns Pj+ /f]syfdd"ns sfo{ ug]{, u/fpg] . o;sf] nflu:yfgLo tx;Fu ldn]/ cfjZos gLlt agfP/ nfu" u/fpg] tyfhf]lvddf k/]sf afnaflnsfsf] p4f/ u/L ljBfnodf k9\g]jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ sfo{ ug]{, u/fpg] .

cf_ cfˆgf] ljBfno / ;]jf If]qdf /x]sf afnaflnsfdfly x'g;Sg]b"Jo{jxf/, zf]if0f, x]nfF jf pk]Iff, e]befj jf lx+;faf6pgLx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ ;DefJo hf]lvdL cj:yfsf] cfFsngu/L To;nfO{ a]n}df ;Daf]wg ug]{ .

O_ s'g} klg afnaflnsf b"Jo{jxf/, zf]if0f, x]nfF jf pk]Iff, e]befj/ lx+;fh:tf ck/fwaf6 kLl8t ePdf ltgLx¿sf] plrt:ofxf/, pkrf/, ;fdflhs ;+/If0f, sfg"gL pkrf/nufotcfjZos ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] k|flKtsf nflu kxn / ;dGjo ug]{ .To;}u/L kL8snfO{ sfg"gsf] bfo/fdf NofO{ ;hfo u/fpg;DaGwLt lgsfo;Fusf] ;dGjodf cfjZos sfo{x¿ ug]{,u/fpg] .

&_ afnaflnsfsf] p4f/ tyf dfgjLo ;xof]u M

c_ ljkQL, k|fs[lts k|sf]k, ;z:q åGå nufot s'g} klg dfgjLo;ª\s6sf] cj:yfaf6 afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f ug{, kLl8t

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afnaflnsfnfO{ p4f/ ug]{ tyf dfgjLo ;xof]u /dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{ ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ljBfnon] ;xhstf{sf]e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ .

cf_ ljBfno tyf ;d'bfo:t/df afnp4f/ sf]ifsf] :yfkgf /;~rfngsf] lhDd]jf/L lng] .

*_ afn;xeflutf M

c_ cfˆgf] ljBfno tyf ;]jf If]qdf afn;xeflutf a9fpgkl/jf/, ;d'bfo, tyf :yfgLo lgsfodf hgr]tgf hufpg] /afn;xeflutfsf If]qx¿ / ljlwx¿sf] af/]df k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{,u/fpg] .

cf_ ;d'bfo tyf ljBfnosf] ;ldlt tyf ;+/rgf tyf lqmofsnfkdf afn;xeflutf a9fpg k|f]T;fxg / ;xof]u ug]{,u/fpg] .

O_ ljBfno tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf] lg0f{o k|lqmof / of]hgfk|lqmofdf afn;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ lzIff, r]tgf a9fpg]tyf afnaflnsf / afn;+:yfx¿sf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf a9fpgsfo{ ug]{ .

O{_ cfˆgf] ljBfno tyf ;]jf If]qdf ePsf afnaflnsfn] g]t[Tju/]sf ;+:yfx¿ -afn Snax¿_ tyf ltgLx¿sf] ;~hfnnfO{uflj; jf gu/kflnsfdf ;"rLs[t ug]{ / cGo cfjZos;xof]usf] nflu ;dGjo ug]{.

(_ afnclwsf/ xggaf/] ph'/L / ;'g'jfOsf] Joj:yf M afnclwsf/pnª\3gsf] af/]df afnaflnsf / cleefjsn] ph'/L ug]{ ;+oGqsf]ljsf; ljBfno tyf :yfgLo lgsfodf ug]{, ltgnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{tyf k/]sf ph'/L Pj+ hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf clwsf/ xgg\sfl:yltnfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ ;Daf]wg ug]{ s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

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!)_ afnd}qL ljBfno tyf ;d'bfo agfpg] cleofgdf ;lqmotfMcfˆgf] ljBfno tyf ;]jf If]qsf ;d'bfo / uflj; jfgu/kflnsfnfO{ nfO{ lzIff dGqfno / :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon]hf/L u/]sf] lgb]{lzsfadf]lhd afnd}qL agfpg ;lqmotfk"j{slqmofzLn /xg] .

!!_ afnclwsf/sf] l:ylt;DaGwL k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ M cfˆgf] ljBfnotyf ;]jf If]qsf ;d'bfodf afnaflnsf;DaGwL oyfy{ ;+Vof,pgLx¿sf] lzIff, :jf:Yonufotsf cfwf/e"t clwsf/df kx'Frsf]cj:yf, afnclwsf/sf] kl/k"lt{ tyf xgg\sf] cj:yf;d]tsf] oyfy{ljj/0f tof/ u/L jflif{s ¿kdf tof/ ul/Psf] k|ltj]bgnfO{ uflj;jf gu/kflnsfdf ! k|lt, ;|f]t s]Gb|df ! k|lt, lhNnf lzIffsfof{nodf ! k|lt / lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldltdf ! k|lt a'emfpg] . ;fy} k|ltj]bgdf b]lvPsf afnclwsf/;DaGwL;d:ofnfO{ s] s;/L ;+Daf]wg ug'{kb{5 / ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] af/]dfljBfno Aoj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf lzIfsx¿sf] /fo;'emfa ;d]ttof/ kf/L afnclwsf/ clws[tnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] / To;sf]sfof{Gjogsf] nflu bafa lbg] .

ljBfnodf afn clwsf/ ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug{ s;n]

s] s] ug{ ;S5 <

lhNnf lzIff sfof{no M

ljBfnodf afnclwsf/sf] cj:yfsf] af/]df cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ug]{ .

afnclwsf/ k|j4{g / ;+/If0fsf] nflu ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug{ ;s'{n/ hf/Lug{] .

ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿sf] nflu afnclwsf/;DaGwL tflndsf]cfof]hgf ug]{ .

ljBfnonfO{ afn clwsf/ ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g sfo{sf nflu ;|f]tpknAw u/fpg] .

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zf/Ll/s ;hfonfO{ lgif]w ug{ ljBfnox¿nfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] .

hf]lvd cj:yfsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ltgLx¿sf];+/If0fsf nflu sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug]{ . pgLx¿sf nflu ;sf/fTdslje]bsf pkfox¿ nfu" ug]{ .

ljBfnosf] ef}lts jftfj/0f afnd}qL agfpg cfjZos pkfox¿ckgfpg] / ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .

;d'bfonfO{ afnljsf; s]Gb| :yfkgf / ;+rfngdf ;xof]u ug]{ .

ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf afnaflnsfx¿sf] z}lIfs ;'lglZrttfsf nflusfo{qmd agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

lhNnf:t/Lo afnSnj ;~hfnsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ .

lhNnf lzIff ;ldltsf] a}7sdf afnaflnsfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpgkxn ug]{ .

afnaflnsfx¿sf] u'gf;f ;'g'jfO ug{ lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf 5'§}8]:ssf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{uL+0f ljsf;sf nflu lhNnf:t/Lo v]ns'b,;f+:s[lts tyf ;flxlTos k|ltof]lutfx¿ ;+rfng ug]{ .

lhNnfsf ;a} ljBfnox¿df cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog ug{kxn ug]{ .

pTs[i6 ¿kdf afn clwsf/ ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug]{ ljBfnonfO{k'/:s[t ug]{ .

;|f]t s]Gb| txdf

cfkm\gf] ;|f]t s]Gb| cGt/utsf hf]lvdo'Qm 7fpFsf] klxrfg u/Llgu/fgL ug]{ .

afnd}qL jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ lzIfsx¿nfO{ tflnd lbg] .

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;|f]t s]Gb|:t/Lo ;flxlTos, ;f+:s[lts tyf v]ns'b sfo{qmdx¿cfof]hgf ug]{ .

afnclwsf/;DaGwL jst[Tjsnf, afbljjfb, lrqsnf h:tfsfo{qmdx¿ cfof]hgf u/L afnaflnsfx¿df ;r]tgf hufpFg] .

lhNnfsf gLlt lgodx¿ sfof{Gjog eP gePsf] cg'udg ug]{ /lhNnfdf hfgsf/L u/fpFg] .

Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, lzIfsx¿nfO{ jfnSnax¿ u7g ug{, afnd}qLjftfj/0f tof/ ug{ tflnd tyf sfo{zfnf cfof]hgf ug]{ .

ljBfnodf /x]sf ;fdflhs ljljwtfx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ltgLx¿sf]plrt Joj:yfkg ug]{ .

lzIfsx¿nfO{ lzIfs s]lGb|t lzIf0f ljlwsf] ;f6f] afnaflnsf s]lGb|tlzIf0f ljlw k|of]u ug{ pT;flxt ug]{ .

lhNnf lzIff sfof{noaf6 pknAw 5fqj[lQ, kf]zfs, k':ts cflb;dod} ljBfyL{sf] xft;Dd k'u]sf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

cfkm\gf] ;|f]t s]Gb|leq afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] ;+rfng ug{ ;d'bfonfO{clek|]l/t ug]{ .

ljBfnoleq x'g] n}lUfs lje]b x6fpg kxn ug]{ .

lzIfsx¿nfO{ ljBfyL{x¿;Fu ;Ddfghgs Jojxf/ ug{ pTk|]l/t ug]{ .

pTs[i6 ¿kdf afn clwsf/ ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug]{ ljBfnonfO{k'/:s[t ug]{ .

lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt

ljBfnodf afn ;xeflutf k|j4{g ug{ u7g ul/Psf] afnSnanfO{;"rLs[t ug]{ .

afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;d"xn] ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug{ kxn ug]{ .

ljBfnod

f afnclwsf/ ;

+/If0f ;xo

fuL k':ts


34

ljBfnodf afnclwsf/ ;+/If0f / k|j4{gsf] nflu jsfnt ug]{ tyfljBfnox¿nfO{ k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .

ljBfnodf ePsf afnSnax¿sf] ;~hfn lgdf{0f u/L ;fd"lxs cle-ofg ;~rfng ug{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{ .

uf=lj=;= tyf gu/kflnsf

ljBfnodf /x]sf afnaflnsfx¿sf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ :yfgLo:t/df ah]6sf] ljlgof]hg ug]{ . o;sf] nflu ljBfno jf :yfgLo;+3;+:yfx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{ .

afn clwsf/ ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gdf 6]jf k'/\ofpg ljBfnon] ;~rfngu/]sf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg] .

cfk\mgf] If]qnfO{ afnb'Jo{jxf//lxt If]q 3f]if0ff u/L ;f]xL cg'¿ksfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .

cfk\mgf] If]qdf afnclwsf/sf] k|j4{g / ;+/If0f ug{ pRr:t/sf];dGjosf/L ;+oGq jf k4ltsf] lgdf{0f ug{] .

afnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{gsf] nflu ljBfnox¿nfO{ ;d]t ;d]6\g]u/L :yfgLo gLlt lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ug]{ .

ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt÷cleefjs lzIfs ;+3

ljBfnodf afnclwsf/ / afn;+/If0f ;'lglZrt ug{ gLlt, of]hgftyf ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug]{ / nfu" ug]{ .

afnaflnsfdfly x'g ;Sg] lx+;f tyf b'Jo{jxf/nfO{ dWogh/ /fvLTo;sf] cjnf]sg ug{ afn;+/If0f ;ldlt lgdf{0f u/L kl/rfng ug]{ .

afn;+/If0f ;ldltsf] dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfsf cleefjsx¿nfO{;r]t kfg]{ sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf th'{df ug]{ .

ljBfnod

f afnclwsf/ ;

+/If0f ;xo

fuL k':ts


35

ljBfnodf afnSnasf] u7g ug]{, k|lzlIft ug]{ / afn Snasfsfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .

afn;+/If0f ;ldlt / afnSnanfO{ kl/rfng ug{ ljBfno :t/dfah]6 ljlgof]hg ug{].

ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / cleefjs lzIfs ;+3df afnSnasf]k|ltlglw /fVg] .

ljBfnodf ul/g] ;a} k|sf/sf lg0f{ox¿ afnaflnsfsf] nflu ul/g]x'Fbf afnaflnsfsf] /fo tyf ;Nnfx lng' cfjZos ePsf]n]ljBfnodf afn ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt u7g u/L ;lqmo agfpg] .

ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿sf] nflu afnclwsf/, afn;+/If0fsf] tflndcfof]hgf ug]{ .

ljBfnonfO{ lx+;f d'Qm 3f]if0ff ug{] .

ljBfnodf afnd}qL tyf u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|j4{g ug]{ .

afn Sna

ljBfnodf afnSnasf] dfWodaf6 ljleGg /rgfTds tyf l;h{gfTdssfo{qmdx¿sf] cfof]hgf ug]{ .

ljBfnodf cWoog/t ljleGg hfthflt, ;d'bfosf ;fyLx¿nfO{afnSnasf] ;b:o agfO{ ;lqmo agfpg] .

ln+u, hflt, j0f{, wd{ jf cGo s'g} klg cfwf/df s;}nfO{ e]befj gug]{ .

ljBfnodf x'g] lx+;f, b'Jo{jxf/ jf afnclwsf/ lj?4sf 36gf ePdfafn;+/If0f ;ldltnfO{ ph'/L ug]{ .

afnclwsf/, afn;+/If0f / afnb'Jo{jxf/;DaGwL ljBfnosf cGo;fyLx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg] . lj

Bfnod

f afnclwsf/ ;

+/If0f ;xo

fuL k':ts


36

ljBfnodf cWoogsf] nflu lgoldt cfpg] / lgoldt cfpg] cGoljBfyL{ ;fyLx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{] .

ljBfnosf] z}lIfs ultljlwdf ;xefuL x'g] .

:yfgLo ;+3;+:yfx¿

ljBfnodf afnclwsf/ k|j4{g / ;+/If0fsf] nflu of]hgf th'{df u/Lsfof{Gjog ug]{ .

ljBfnodf ul/g] sfo{qmdsf] nflu cGo ;+3;+:yfx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{ .

afn;+/If0f ;ldlt

ljBfnodf afnclwsf/ / afn;+/If0fsf cj:yfsf] cg'udg ug]{ .

afnclwsf/sf] k|j4{gsf] nflu ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿sf] cfof]hgf ug]{ .

ljBfnodf cWoog/t afnaflnsfsf cleefjsx¿sf] nflu :yfgLo:t/df r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx¿sf] cfof]hgf ug]{ .

;d'bfo

ljBfnosf] lgoldt cg'udg tyf e|d0f ug]{ .

ljBfnon] cfof]hgf u/]sf] sfo{qmdx¿df ;s[o ;xefuL x'g] tyf;s/fTds ;'emfj / k|ltlqmofx¿ k|bfg ug]{ .

afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ lgoldt ljBfno k7fpg] .

afnclwsf/ / afn;+/If0fsf] ljifodf ;r]t x'g], c?nfO{ ;r]tagfpg] / ;d'bfodf afnd}qL jftfj/0fsf] k|j4{g ug{ ;lqmo /xg] .

afnaflnsfsf] k9fOsf] ljifodf lzIfsx¿;Fu lgoldt 5nkmn tyfcGt{lqmof ug{] .

ljBfnod

f afnclwsf/ ;

+/If0f ;xo

fuL k':ts


37

#= ljBfnodf afn arfpsf]clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g

afn arfpsf] clwsf/

;a} afnaflnsfx¿sf] afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ 5 . s'g} klg sf/0fn]afnaflnsfx¿sf] d[To' x'gaf6 /f]Sg' xfdL ;a}sf] st{Ao xf] . o; cGtu{tafnaflnsfx¿ :j:y / ;'/lIft hGdgsf nflu ue{jtL cfdfsf] ;'/Iff/ :ofxf/, hGd]kl5 /f]ux¿;Fu n8\gsf nflu vf]k tyf cfjZostf k/]sf];dodf plrt cf}ifwL pkrf/ kfpg] clwsf/x¿ kb{5g\ . o;clwsf/nfO{ afn clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] wf/f ^, * / @& df pNn]vul/Psf] 5 .

afn arfpsf] clwsf/n] z}lIfs ;Dkfbgdf kfg]{ k|efj

zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s :jf:Yosf lx;fan] c:j:y afnaflnsfx¿ k|foljBfnodf cg'kl:yt /xg] tyf sIffdf pkl:yt ePklg Wofg cWoogdfWofg s]lGb|t ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . To;}u/L s'kf]if0fsf] lzsf/ ePsf afnaflns-fx¿df zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s tyf ;+j]ufTds ljsf; g} sdhf]/ /x]sf] x'FbfpgLx¿sf] u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf tyf :d/0f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf klgsdhf]/ x'g] ub{5 .

olb ljBfnodf pko'Qm :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfOsf] Joj:yf 5}g eg]afnaflnsfx¿ ljleGg /f]u tyf dxfdf/Lsf] lzsf/ x'g ;S5g\ h;n]ubf{ clwsf+z afnaflnsfx¿ ljBfno gcfpg] tyf ljBfyL{x¿ klg Hofg}hfg ;Sg] u/L /f]usf] lzsf/ klg x'g ;S5g\ .

ljBfnod

f afnclwsf/ ;

+/If0f ;xo

fuL k':ts


38

sdhf]/ kf]if0f, :jf:Yo tyf pko'Qm ;/;kmfOsf] cefjdf afnaflnsfsf]z}lIfs ;Dkfbgdf kg{ ;Sg] k|efjnfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf o;/L pNn]v ug{;lsG5 M

hLjgsf] klxnf] # aif{df k|fKt u/]sf] kf]if0f, :ofxf/ / :jf:yjftfj/0fn] afnaflnsfsf] cf}krfl/s lzIf0f l;sfO Ifdtfdfk|efljt ug]{ s'/f cg';Gwfgx¿n] k|dfl0ft u/]sf 5g\ .

afnaflnsf ljBfnodf lgoldt ¿kdf pkl:yt x'g g;Sbf p;sf]l;sfO k|lqmofdf cToGt} gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ hfG5 . cWoogx¿n]b]vfPcg';f/ afnflnsfx¿ ljBfnodf uon x'g] Ps k|d'v sf/0flj/fdL kg'{ klg xf] . g]kfnsf] tYof+sn] klg s] b]vfpF5 eg] k|To]slbg kfFr aif{ d'lgsf &) hgf afnaflnsfsf] d[To' b'lift kfgLsfsf/0fn] / k|To]s aif{ s/La @ nfv afnaflnsfx¿ b'liftvfg]s'/fx¿sf sf/0fn] 6fOkmfO8sf] la/fdL kg]{ ub{5g\ .

pko'Qm dfqfdf k|sfz gePsf], kof{Kt xfjf k|;f/ x'g g;Sg] tyfkmf]xf]/ / b'u{lGwt kl/;/ ePsf sIff sf]7fx¿df cWoog ug]{afnaflnsfx¿df lgoldt h:tf] ¿kdf ljleGg /f]ux¿ b]vf kg]{u/]sf 5g\ .

kf]ifLnf] / kof{Kt vfgfsf] cefjdf afnaflnsfx¿sf] kof{Kt zf/Ll/s,dfgl;s tyf lbdfuL ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿sf]l;sfO:t/ sdhf]/ x'g ;Sb5 .

ljleGg b]zx¿df ul/Psf] cWoogn] ljBfnodf lgoldt ¿kdf h's-fsf] cf}ifwL ;]jg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ dfq klg afnaflnsfx¿sf]z}lIfs ;Dkfbgdf !) b]lv !% k|ltzt ;'wf/ cfPsf] kfOPsf] 5 eg]le6fldg P, cfof]l8g, cfO/g rSsL ljt/0f tyf ;/;kmfO / lgo-ldt ¿kdf ljBfno :jf:Yo sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/PsfljBfnox¿df afnaflnsfsf] k]mn x'g], sIff 5f8\g] / ljBfnocg'kl:ytL x'g] b/ cToGt} Go"g x'g uPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

ljBfnod

f afnclwsf/ ;

+/If0f ;xo

fuL k':ts


39

ljBfnodf afn arfpsf] clwsf/ ;DaGwL gLltutcfwf/x¿

/fli6«o kf]if0f gLlt tyf /0fgLlt M o; gLltn] s'kf]if0fsf] ;d:of dfgjclwsf/sf] xggsf ;fy} k|yflds lzIffsf] ;x;|fAbL nIo k|fKtLsf nfluPs dxTjk"0f{{ cj/f]wsf] ¿kdf lnO ljleGg !# j6f p2]Zox¿sf ;fyafnaflnsf / dlxnfdf b]lvPsf] kf]if0fsf] cefjsf] ;d:ofnfO{ cGtlq{mof;dGjo / ;xsfo{sf] cjwf/0ffaf6 ;Daf]wg ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 .

ljBfno :jf:Yo sfo{qmd M g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jf:Yo tyf hg;+VofdGqfno / lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnosf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df ;~rfngul/Psf] o; sfo{qmdn] ljBfno ;/;kmfO, lgoldt :jf:Yo hFfr tyfcf}ifwL ljt/0f / :yfgLo ;t/df :jf;Yo hgr]tgf / Aoaxf/ kl/jt{gdfljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?k M g]kfn ;/sf/ lzIff dGqfno lzIffljefu4f/f nfu" ul/Psf] o; lgb]{lzsf afnaflnsfsf] nflu ;'xfpFbf],;'/lIft tyf pRr l;sfO cj;/ ePsf] ljBfno ljsf;sf nflu / ;a}sfnflu lzIff tyf lgMz'Ns / u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{sf nfluljBfnoleq kf]if0f, ;/;kmfO / :j:y jftfj/0fsf] ;"rs tyfk|lqmofx¿sf af/]df dfu{bz{g k|bfg ub{5 . o; sfo{9fFrfn] afnaflns-fsf] :jf:Yo, kf]if0f tyf ;/;kmfOsf af/]df to u/]sf] Go"gtd / ck]lIft;"rsx¿ lgDg /x]sf 5g\ M

ljBfnod

f afnclwsf/ ;

+/If0f ;xo

fuL k':ts


40

ljBfnod

f afnclwsf/ ;

+/If0f ;xo

fuL k':ts

Go"gtd ;"rsx¿ ck]lIft ;"rsx¿

jif{sf] ! k6s ljBfnodftflnd k|fKt :jf:YosdL{af6 afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0fu/]sf]

k|fylds pkrf/ afs;pknAw ePsf] / ;f] afs;leqk|fylds pkrf/, h'sfsf]cf}ifwL, / ;'O{sf] Joj:yf ePsf]

w'dkfg, dBkfg, nfu"kbfy{lgif]wsf nflu cfrf/;+lxtflgdf{0f ePsf]

ljBfno ;/;kmfO{ ug{ sf]xL gsf]xL lhDd]jf/ ePsf]

afnaflnsf ;kmf;'U3/ eP/cfPsf]÷gcfPsf] x]g]{ u/]sf]

ljBfno xftfdf kfgL ghDg]aGbf]j:t ldnfPsf]

afnaflnsfn] kf]lifnf] vfhfNofP gNofPsf] hfFr ug]{ u/]sf]

kmf]xf]/ a6'Ng] lglZrt 7fpF jfkmf]]xf]/ kmfNg] efF8f]sf] Joj:yfePsf]

jif{sf] @ k6s ljBfnosf ;a}afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0fu/]sf] / x/]s afnaflnsfsf]JolQmut :jf:Yo ljj/0f b'?:t/fv]sf]

k|fylds pkrf/ afs;pknAw ePsf], k|fyldspkrf/ s;/L ul/G5 eGg] ljifodf ;a} lzIfs÷lzlIfsfPj+ 7"nf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{tflnd lbPsf], jif{sf] Ps k6scfFvf, d'v / sfgsf] k/LIf0fug]{ u/]sf] / l;sfOdf ljz]if;d:of ePsf afnaflnsfsf]zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s /;+j]ufTds cj:yfsf] k/LIf0fug]{ u/]sf] tyf lgoldt h's-fsf] cf}ifwL ljt/0f ePsf]

ljBfnodf k|To]s jif{ vf]ksfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] /afnaflnsfn] vf]k lnPsf]÷glnPsf] /]s8{ /fv]sf] /:jf:Yo;Fu ;DaGwLt kmf]xf]/x¿kmfNg afs;sf] Joj:yf ePsf]

w'dkfg, dBkfg, nfu"kbfy{lgif]wsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf]cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf ePgePsf] d"Nof+sg ePsf] .


41

ljBfnodf afn arfpsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'Fbfsf

;Defljt ;"rsx¿

s'g} klg ljBfnon] afn arfpsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gul//x]s]f cj:yf klxrfg ug{sf nflu lgDg ;"rsx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/lgSof}{n ug{ ;lsG5 M lj

Bfnod

f afnclwsf/ ;

+/If0f ;xo

fuL k':ts


ljBfno xftfleq lkpg of]UokfgL ePsf] .

ljBfnodf lbglbg} ;kmf ug]{sfddf afnaflnsf nufot;a}nfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf ;+nUgu/fPsf]

afnaflnsfsf] JolQmut;/;kmfOsf] lgoldt hfFr u/LJolQmut ;/;kmfO cjnDagug{ l;sfPsf] /cfjZostfg';f/ cleefjsnfO{klg ;Dks{ u/]sf] .

ljBfno xftfdf kfgL ghDg]9nsf] Joj:yfsf ;fy}zf}rfnosf] kmf]xf]/ / wf/fsf]kfgLsf] lgsf;sf] plrt k|aGwePsf]

ljBfno :jo+n] kf]lifnf] vfhfsf]Joj:yf u/]sf] / afnaflnsfsf]kf]if0fsf] :t/ k|To]s #÷#dlxgfdf hfFRg] u/]sf]


42

ljBfnod

f afnclwsf/ ;

+/If0f ;xo

fuL k':ts

gLltut ;"rsx¿

ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf tyf aflif{s sfo{qmd of]hgfdf ljBfnokf]if0f, ljBfno :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO{ ;DaGwdf sfo{qmdx¿ ;|f]t;lxt pNn]v ul/Psf] .

ljBfnosf lzIfs, k|zf;s, cleefjs tyf ljBfyL{x¿sf nfluljBfno ;/;kmfO{ cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ul/Psf] .

glhs}sf] :jf:Yo s]Gb| tyf ;+:yf;Fu lgoldt ¿kdf :jf:Yo hfFr,lgMz'Ns cf}ifwL ljt/0f tyf :jf:Yo r]tgfsf sfo{qmd ;~rfngug{ ;Ddm}ftf ePsf] .

ljBfnoleq / jl/kl/ c:j:ys/ vfgf, h+s k'm8 tyf b'lift x'g]cj:yfdf vfgfx¿ ljqmLljt/0f ug{ gkfOg] gLlt nfu" ul/Psf] .

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf ;fy ljBfno glhs / kl/;/df kmf]xf]/ y'kfg]{,xg{ ahfpg], w]/} w'jfF k\mof+Sg] sn sf/vfgf ;~rfng ug{df /ljiffbLx¿sf] e08f/0f / ljt/0f ug]{ s]Gb|x¿ ;~rfng ug{ lgif]wul/Psf] gLlt .

;+/rgfut ;"rsx¿

ljBfnosf glhs}, jl/kl/ jf k|efljt kfg{ ;lsg] :yfgdf a;:6k, w]/} uf8Lsf] cf]x/bf]x/ x'g], kmf]xf]/ y'kfg]{ h:tf :yfgx¿gePsf] .

ljBfnosf sIff sf]7f, 8]:s a]Gr h:tf ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿tf]lsPsf] dfkb08 k"/f u/]sf] .

sIff sf]7f tyf ljBfno kl/;/df kmf]xf]/ kmfNg] 8:6ljg Pj+ b}lgs¿kdf hDdf ePsf] kmf]xf]/sf] pko'Qm Joj:yfkg ug]{ :yfg tf]lsPsf] .


43

ljBfnodf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ;kmf lkpg] kfgL tyf kof{KtkfgL, ;'/lIft e\mofn 9f]sf ;lxtsf] afns / aflnsfsf] nflu5'6\6f 5'6\6} zf}rfnosf] Joj:yf ePsf] .

ljBfnodf g} ;kmf vfhf vfgsf] nflu ;kmfO{ dfkb08 k"/f u/]sf/ :j:ys/ vfgfx¿dfq vfg] Joj:yf ePsf] SoflG6g jf vfhfvfgf laqmLljt/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ePsf] .

ljBfnodf k|fylds pkrf/ tyf k|f/lDes cf/fd ug]{ Joj:yf;lxtsf] k|fylds pkrf/ sf]7f pknAw /x]sf] .

;]jf tyf sfo{qmd ;DaGwL ;"rsx¿

lgoldt ¿kdf ljBfno :jf:Yo hfFr, vf]k, lgMz'Ns cf}ifwL ljt/0ftyf :jf:YosdL{ jf k|lzlIft AolQmx¿af6 :jf:Yo r]tgfsfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ePsf] .

lgoldt ¿kdf cleefjsx¿sf nflu cleefjs lzIff, kf]if0flzIff tyf lszf]/fj:yf :jf:Yo lzIff h:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ePsf] .

ljBfnodf lzIfs, ljBfno k|zfifs tyf ljBfyL{x¿sf nflulgMz'Ns ¿kdf k|fylds pkrf/ pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ePsf] .

lgoldt ¿kdf ljBfno ;/;kmfO tyf :jf:Yo ;Ktfx ;~rfngug]{ ul/Psf] .

afnaflnsfx¿dfdm pd]/ cg';f/ ;/;kmfO, kf]lifnf] vfgf, Jofofd,k|hgg :jf:Yo tyf Pr cfO{ eL P8\;sf af/]df sIff ;~rfngul/Psf] .

ljBfnosf] ks8 If]qdf lgoldt ¿kdf :jf:Yo hgr]tgf tyf;/;kmfO{ cleofgx¿ ;~rfng ul/Psf] .

afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo / ljsf;df gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{ xfgLsf/s

ljBfnod

f afnclwsf/ ;

+/If0f ;xo

fuL k':ts


44

k/Dk/fut cEof;x¿lj?4 hgr]tgf sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;~rfngul/Psf] .

;Dej eP;Dd ljBfyL{ afnaflnsfx¿sf] :jf:Yo tyf b'3{6\gfladf ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/Psf] .

lgoldt ¿kdf lzIfs tyf Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ljBfno :jf:Yo tyf kf]if0f ;DaGwL k|lzIf0f tyf cg'lzIf0fsfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/Psf] .

lgoldt ¿kdf ljBfno :jf:yodf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] :yfgLo :t/sflgsfo tyf ;]jf k|bfosx¿;Fu cfk\mgf] ljBfno / ks8 If]qsf]:jf:Yo, kf]if0f / ;/;kmfOdf ;'wf/sf nflu cGtlqm{of tyf ;xsfo{of]hgf 5nkmn sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/Psf] .

ljBfyL{ tyf ;d'bfodf kg]{ k|efj ;DaGwL ;"rsx¿

zf/Ll/s c:j:ytfsf sf/0fn] afnaflnsfx¿ ljBfnodfcg'kl:yt x'g] b/ 36]sf] .

ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;/;kmfO, kf]if0f / :jf:Yo l:ylt

tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd dfkb08eGbf pRr /x]sf] .

cleefjs tyf ;d'bfosf AolQmx¿ ;/;kmfO ty :j:yJofjxf/sf] kfngfdf cu|;/ ePsf] .

afnaflnsfsf] cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk tyf z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx¿df;xeflutfsf] b/ a9]sf] .

:yfgLo txdf /x]sf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo tyf ;]jf k|bfos;+:yfx¿;Fu ljBfno :jf:Yo, kf]if0f / ;/;kmfO{ sfo{qmdk|lt;sf/fTds wf/0ff / pT;fx k}bf ePsf] .

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45

ljBfnodf afn arfpsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;xof]uLlgsfox¿

glhsdf /x]sf :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿ M :yfgLo :t/df /x]sf :jf:yo;+:yfx¿ h:t} M :jf:Yo rf}sL, :jf:Yo s]Gb|, k|fylds :jf:Yo s]Gb|,lhNnf c:ktfn tyf ;fd'bflos c:ktfnx¿ ljBfnodf afn :jf:Yotyf kf]if0f clwsf/ k|fj4{g ug]{ sfo{df cToGt ;xof]uL x'g ;Sb5g\ .oL lgsfox¿n] :jf:Yo hfFr / kf]if0f k/LIf0f tyf hgr]tgfsf nflucfjZos hgzlQm Pj+ ;"rgf ;fdfu|Lx¿ lgMz'Ns ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg;Sb5g\ . :yfgLo txsf ljBfnox¿df afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ :jf:Yo;]jfsf] kx'Frleq Nofpg' oL lgsfox¿sf] klg bfloTjleq kb{5 .

lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{no M lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{non] lhNnfsf];du| :jf:Yo If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu sfo{ ug]{ ub{5 . ljBfno :jf:YolhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfo{fnosf] klg Ps dxTjk"0f{ ;/f]sf/sf] If]q xf] . o;sfof{non] o; cGtu{tsf lgsfox¿nfO{ :yfgLo txsf ljBfnox¿dfljBfno :jf:Yo sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{sf nflu cfjZos lgb]{zg, ;|f]t/ k|ljlw pknAw u/fpg ;Sb5 .

:yfgLo lgsfo -lhlj;, uflj; tyf gu/kflnsf_ M lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt,ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt tyf gu/fkflnsfx¿ :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿ x'g\ . oLlgsfox¿n] lhNnfsf] ;du| ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf nflujflif{s Pj+ cfjlws sfo{of]hgfx¿ agfpg], ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug]{ tyf;DaGwLt lgsfox¿sf] ;xsfo{df ljleGg kl/of]hgfx¿ ;~rfng ug{;Sb5g\ . ljBfno kf]if0f / :jf:Yo sfo{df oL lgsfox¿n] jflif{ssfo{of]hgfdf ;DaGwLt k|fjwfg /fVg], ah]6 ljlgo]hg ug]{, cfly{s;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ tyf ljzf]if kl/of]hgfx¿ ;~rfng u/]/ ;xof]u ug{;Sb5g\ . jt{dfg lgb]{lzsfsf] cfwf/df oL lgsfox¿n] lzIff, :jf:Yo /afnaflnsfsf] If]qdf lglZrt sfo{qmdx¿ to ug]{ / cfjZos lglZrtk|ltzt ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug{ clgjfo{ ul/Psf] klg 5 .

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46

afn ;d"xx¿ M afn ;d"xx¿ g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljsf; / kl/jt{gsf;+jfxs eP/ b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . afnaflnsfs} g]t[Tj of]hgf /;xeflutfdf ;~rfng ul/Psf afn clwsf/ / afn ljsf;;Fu;DaGwLt sfo{qmdx¿ a9L k|efjsf/L / kmnbfoL b]lvPsf 5g\ .afnaflnsfsf] arfpsf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug]{ k|lqmofdf ;d:ofx¿sf]klxrfg ug{, ;fyL lzIff ;~rfng ug{ tyf ;fd'bflos k}/jLsfk|lqmofx¿df afn ;d"xx¿ cToGt} k|efjsf/L / g]t[TjbfoL ;fem]bf/ x'g;Sb5g\ . t/ o;/L afn ;d"xx¿sf] ;fem]bf/Ldf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfngul/Fbf pgLx¿sf] cGo clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] xgg gxf]; / hf]lvddfgk¿g egL ;r]t x'g' kb{5 .

u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx¿ M u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ ljsf;sf ;fdm]bf/,;'zf;gsf kx/]bf/ / ;fd'bflos ;zlQms/0fsf sfo{df lgs} k|efjsf/L/ ;xof]uL ;d"xsf ¿kdf g]kfnL ;dfhdf cfPsf 5g\ . o:tf u}/;/sf/L;+:yfx¿n] klg :jf:Yo, kf]if0f, lzIff tyf afn clwsf/sf If]qdf ljleGgsfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf x'g ;S5g\ . afn arfp, afn :jf:Yo,kf]if0f / lzIffsf If]qdf sfo{/t o:tf u};;x¿sf] klxrfg u/LpgLx¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{df klg ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo / afFRgkfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ljleGg sfo{qmd tyf cleofgx¿;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 .

5nkmn÷;f]Rgsf nflu k|Zgx¿

!= tkfO{sf] jf tkfO{sf] sfo{If]qsf ljBfnox¿df afn arfpsf]clwsf/sf] cj:yf s:tf] /x]sf] 5 <

@= arfpsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ tkfO{sf] ljBfnon] s] s:tf]sfo{x¿ ul//x]sf] 5 <

#= arfpsf] clwsf/nfO{ cdm a9L k|j4{g ug{ tkfO{sf] ljBfnon] s]s:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ug{ ;S5g\ <

$= tkfO{sf] ljBfnonfO{ afn arfpsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;xof]uug{ ;Sg] ;Defljt lgsfox¿ sf] sf] 5g\ <

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47

$= ljBfnodf afn ljsf;sf] clwsf/sf];+/If0f / ;Dj4{g

afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;sf] clwsf/

s'g}klg e]befjlagf g} afnaflnsfx¿n] cfk\mgf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s,;fdflhs, efjgfTds tyf g}lts ljsf; ug]{ cj;/x¿ kfpg'kb{5 .o;sf nflu ;a} afnaflnsfx¿n] lzIff kfpg], cfk"mn] hfg]sf] / ?lr/fVg] v]ns'bdf Ifdtf cg';f/ ;xefuL x'g kfpg], dgf]/~hg ug{ kfpg],;Lk l;Sg kfpg'kb{5 . o;}nfO afnaflnsfsf] lasf; ug{ kfpg] clwsf/elgG5 . o; clwsf/nfO{ afn clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] wf/f !*, !(,@*, @(, #) / #! df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

afn ljsf;sf] clwsf/n] z}lIfs ;Dkfbgdf kfg]{ k|efj

afnaflnsfn] ;du| ¿kdf zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs, z}lIfs, af}l4styf ;+j]ufTds ljsf;sf cj;/x¿ k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yfdf ks8If]qsf 7"nf] ;+Vofdf afnaflnsfx¿ ljBfno cfpg] u5{g, ljBfno5f8\g] qmd 36\b5 / pgLx¿sf] l;sfO pknlAw klg pRr /xg] ub{5 .t/ afnaflnsfx¿n] ljBfnoleq jf kl/j]zdf e]befjk"0f{,cfnf]rgfTds, xtf]T;fxL Pj+ o:t} vfnsf cGo Jojxf/x¿ ef]Ug'k/]dfpgLx¿sf] ;du| ljsf;df cj/f]w k'Ub5 / tL afnaflnsfx¿sf] l;sfOpknAwL sdhf]/ x'g'sf ;fy} ljBfno 5f8\g] vt/fdf klg k'Ub5g\ .

ljZjsf ljleGg efux¿df tyf g]kfnleq} ePsf ljleGg cWoogx¿n]b]vfPcg';f/ ljsf;sf] cj;/ / clwsf/sf] ;Ddfgn] ljBfnoleqsf]

ljBfnod

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48

z}lIfs u'0f:t/df kfg{ ;Sg] k|efjnfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf o;/L pNn]v ug{;lsG5 M

g]kfn / cGo b]zx¿df ePsf cWoogx¿af6 k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 lsafn ljsf; s]Gb|sf] /dfOnf] cg'ejaf6 ljBfno k|j]z u/]sfafnaflnsfx¿sf] lgoldttf / l;sfO pknAwL b/ cGosf] eGbf a9L/x]sf] 5 .

ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu v]ns'b, dgf]/~hg / l;h{gfTds cEof;sfsfo{qmdx¿ ePsf ljBfnox¿ Affnaflnsfsf nflu a9L cfsif{s /kmnbfoL ePsf 5g\ .

k|z+;gLo cEof; u/fOPsf sIffsf ljBfyL{x¿ ;lhn} km/s dtnfO{klg ;Ddfg ug{ ;Sg], ;xgzLn, cfTdljZjf;L / ;lqmo b]lvPsf 5g\ .

ljBfnodf x'g] u/]sf ljleGg lje]b afnaflnsfx¿n] ljBfno 5f8\g]Ps dxTjk"0f{ sf/0fsf ¿kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 .

ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu klg d}qLk"0f{ x'g] ef}lts;+/rgfsf] cefj tyf r]tgfsf] sdL / ljBfno lzIfs, Joj:yfkstyf ljBfyL{x¿df g} klg ckfËd}qL Jojxf/sf] sdLsf sf/0fn] s]jn! k|ltzt ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfx¿dfq ljBfnoleq /x]sf 5g\ .

ljBfnodf dgf];fdflhs dgf]ljdz{sf] Joj:yf ePsf ljBfnox¿dfafnaflnsfx¿n] ug]{ ljHofO tyf l;sfOdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿dfsdL cfPsf] 5 .

ljBfnodf kof{Kt ;+Vofdf dlxnf lzIfs gePsf] tyf n}+lusd}qLjftfj/0f gePsf sf/0fn] klg w]/} aflnsfx¿ ljBfno;DdcfOk'Ub}gg\ / 5f]6f] ;dodf g} ljBfno 5f8\g] u/]sf] tYof+sx¿ /x]sf5g\ .

ljBfnod

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49

3/kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf zflGtk"0f{ jftfj/0f, k|f]T;fxgd'ns Jojxf/ tyf;d'bfo / cleefjssf] afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO / ljBfnosf] ljsf;df;sf/fTds ;lqmo ;xeflutf ePsf] cj:yfdf afnaflnsfx¿sf]l;sfO a9L k|efjsf/L / b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ tt\sfn lg/fs/0fug{ ;lsPsf] kfOG5 .

ljBfnodf afn ljsf;sf] clwsf/;DaGwL gLltutcfwf/x¿

afnaflnsf ;DaGwL /fi6«Lo gLlt M afnaflnsf ;DaGwL g]kfn ;/sf/sf]/fi6«Lo gLltn] afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;du| zf/Ll/s dfgl;s tyf af}l4sljsf;df hf]8 lbgsf nflu ljBfnodf afnd}qL jftfj/0fsf] k|j4{g ug]{,cfwf/e"t lzIff dft[efiffdf kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{, ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{lgMz'Ns ¿kdf dfWolds lzIff tyf clgjfo{ k|fylds lzIffsf] cj;/k|bfg ug]{, afn ljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf / ljsf; ug]{ tyf afn-clwsf/d'vL lzIffsf] Joj:yf ub}{ ljBfnodf x'g] afn clwsf/ xggsf36\gfx¿nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{, afnaflnsfdfem hLjgf]kof]uL / zflGtlzIffsf] k|j4{g ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] 5 .

ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd M g]kfnsf] z}lIfs ;+/rgfdf g} cfjZos;'wf/ u/L afnaflnsfx¿sf] lgMz'Ns / u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf clwsf/nfO{;'/lIft ug{sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f ;~rflnt ljBfno If]q ;'wf/sfo{qmdn] afnaflnsfx¿sf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf nflu cfwf/e"t lzIffsf]hu a;fNg] nIo lnPsf] 5 . o; cGtu{t o; sfo{qmdn] ;d'bfosf ;a}pd]/ k'u]sf afnaflnsfx¿sf] ljBfno lzIffdf ;dfg kx'Fr / cj;/k|bfg ug{ cfjZos ljBfno ;'wf/ tyf ljsf;, z}lIfs hgzlQmsf]ljsf; / kf7\qmdx¿df cfjZos kl/dfh{g ug]{ of]hgf lnPsf] 5 .

afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o sfo{ 9fFrf M o; sfo{ 9fFrfn] afnaflnsfsf]ljsf;sf clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug{sf nflu klg Go"gtd /ck]lIft ;"rsx¿ to u/]sf] 5, h'g o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

ljBfnod

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50

ljBfnod

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;j} ckf+utf ePsfnfO{ljBfnosf] kxF'rsf nflu;xof]usf] Joj:yf

;j} lzIfsx¿n];dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL tflndk|fKt u/]sf]

;a} afnaflnsfsf nflue]befj/lxt l;sfOsf]jftfj/0f, Ifdtfsf cfwf/dflzIf0f l;sfO jftfj/0f,afnaflnsfsf] ult cg';f/sf]l;sfO jftfj/0f /afnaflnsfx¿sf] JolQmutsl7gfOnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{lzIf0f l;sfO u/]sf]

ljleGg ;d"x / ;d'bfonfO{lgodfg';f/ 5fqj[lQ pknAw u/fOPsf] .

n]Vg / k9\g jfwf gk'Ug]vfnsf] kof{Kt pHofnf] ePsfsf]7fx¿ ePsf]

ejg tyf sIffsf]7f afn tyfckf+utfd}qL ePsf]

;a} ljBfyL{x¿ Ps}k6sdfc6fpg;Sg] / Ps k6sdfPp6f v]n v]Ng ;Sg] ePsf]

;j} ckf+utf ePsfnfO{ljBfnosf] kx'Fr

;j} l;Ifsx¿sf] ;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL tflndsf]k'gtf{huLs/0f / lg/Gt/cg'udg u/]sf] .

;j} afnaflnsfsf nflue]befj/xLt l;sfOsf]jftfj/0f, Ifdtfsf cfwf/dflzIf0f l;sfO jftfj/0f,afnaflnsfsf] ult cg';f/sf]l;sfO jftfj/0f /afnaflnsfx¿sf] JolQmutsl7gfO kQf nufO{ JolQmutljleGgtfsf cfwf/dfpkrf/fTds pkfo ;lxtsf]lzIf0f l;sfOsf] ;'lglZrttfePsf]

ejg, sIffsf]7f, / cGoef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿ afnd}qLtyf ckf+utfd}qL ePsf]

v]nd}bfg ;kmf;'U3/, xl/ofnL,afnd}qL / n}+lusd}qL ePsf] .


51

ljBfnod

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ljBfnosf] Ps sf]7fdfkf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts, ;Gbe{;fdu|L /flvPsf] Psk6sdf@) hgf ;Ddn] cWoog ug{;Sg] kmlg{r/ ;lxtsf]k':tsfno ePsf]

ljBfnosf] Pp6f sf]7fdf lji-fout k|of]u ;fdu|Lx¿;lxtsf] Psk6sdf @% hgf;Ddn] k|of]ufTds sfo{ ug{;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf]

slDtdf k|f=lj=txsf lzIfs -! b]lv # sIff_ nfO{ ;DjlGwtdft[efiffsf] tflnd lbPsf]

;a} lzIfsx¿n] ax'eflifstflnd k|fKt u/]sf]

x/]s dlxgfdf !.! j6fdft[efiffsf cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ;+rfng ePsf]


52

gLltut ;"rsx¿

ljBfnosf] ks8 If]q leqsf ljBfno hfg] pd]/ k'u]sf ;a}afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ egf{ lnOg] gLlt /x]sf] .

ljBfnosf] ks8 If]qleqsf ljleGg sf/0fn] ljBfno aflx/ /xgk'u]sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ljBfno lzIff leq Nofpg cfjZosof]hgf / sfo{qmd to ul/Psf] .

ljleGg sf/0fn] z}lIfs cj;/af6 a+lrt tyf hf]lvd kl/l:yltdf/x]sf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu 5fqj[lQ ;DaGwL gLlt nfu" ul/Psf] .

ljBfnosf] lzIf0f l;sfO gLltdf lg/Gt/ sIff cWoog dfqgu/fO{ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;[hgfTds, k|ltef k|:km'6g, v]ns'b,cjsnf]sg tyf k|ToIf ;fdflhs k|lqmofdf ;+nUg u/fOk|of]ufTds cWoog cWofkg u/fpg] gLlt ePsf] .

sdhf]/ jf ;':t l;sfO Ifdtf ePsf afnaflnsfx¿sf nfluljz]if k|f]T;fxg sfo{qmd tyf lg?T;fxg ug]{ cEof;nfO{ lgif]w ug]{gLlt ePsf] .

afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;[hgfTds, cg';GwgfTds / ;xeflutfTdscWoog k|lqmofdf k|f]T;fxg ug]{ / 3f]sGt] cWoog z}nL tyfaf]lemnf] u[xsfo{ z}nLnfO{ lg?T;fxg ug]{ gLlt ePsf] .

afnaflnsfx¿sf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; / l;sfOsf] dfkg ug{sf nflulg/Gt/ d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL nfu" ePsf] .

afnd}qL tyf afn s]lGb|t lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofnfO{ lg/Gt/ nfu"ug{sf nflu lzIfs, k|zf;s, cleefjs tyf ljBfno Joj:yfkg

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53

;ldltsf ;b:ox¿sf nflu ljleGg cg'lzIf0f tyf k|lzIf0fsfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ of]hgf tyf gLlt /x]sf] .

;+/rgfut ;"rsx¿

ljBfnodf afnaflnsfx¿sf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; / cWoog k|lqmofsfnflu afnaflnsfsf nflu pko'Qm / kof{Kt cWoog;fdfu|Lx¿;lxtsf] k':tsfno, lj1fg k|of]uzfnf, v]ns'b ;fdu|L,cGo z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿ / ;Dej eP;Dd sDKo'6/ lzIffsf] Joj:yfePsf] .

ljBfnosf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu pko'Qm, ;'/lIft / kof{Kt v'nfv]n d}bfg pknAw /x]sf] .

ljBfnosf] xftfleq g} pko'Qm / afnd}qL tflnd k|fKt ;xhstf{;lxtsf] afn ljsf; s]Gb|sf] :yfkg / ;~rfng ug]{ gLlt tyfof]hgf ePsf] .

ljleGg sf/0fn] z}lIfs cj;/af6 a+lrt tyf hf]lvd kl/l:yltdf/x]sf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu 5fqj[lQ sf]if tyf ;ldlt /x]sf] .

dft[efiffdf cfwf/e"t lzIff ;~rfng ug{ ;DaGwLt eflifs 1fgePsf lzIfs tyf sIffx¿sf] Joj:yf ePsf] .


ljBfno xftfleq} tflnd k|fKt ;xhstf{ tyf cfjZos afnd}qL;fdu|L / lbjf vfhf ;lxtsf] afn ljsf; s]Gb|sf] ;~rfng .

b}lgs ¿kdf afnaflnsfx¿n] v]ns'bsf cEof; ug{ v]n;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljt/0f / ;xeflutf u/fpg] ul/Psf] .

afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu lgoldt kf7\oqmdsf cltl/Qm ;+uLt, g[To,;[hgfTds tyf ;flxTo n]vg tyf jfrg, clego, jSt[Tjsnf,;fdfGo 1fg, ljleGg v]ns'b tyf zf/Ll/s Jofofd Pj+ :sfp6 tyfh'lgo/ /]8qm; sfo{qmdx¿ tyf k|lt:kwf{x¿ ;~rfng ul/Psf] .

ljBfnod

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54

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lgjf{w ¿kdf k':tsfnodf uO{ cWoog ug{ tyf;Dej eP;Dd cWoog ;fdu|Lx¿ lkmtf{ Nofpg] u/L 3/d} nu]/cWoog ug]{ ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/Psf] .

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ljleGg :j:km"{t ¿kdf ;fdflhs cWoog, lj1fgsf]k|of]u cjnf]sg tyf cEof;df ;+nUg u/fpg] ul/Psf] .

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] 1fg ;Dej eP;Dd k|of]ufTdssIff ;lxt sDKo'6/ lzIff ;~rfng ul/Psf] .

sdhf]/ tyf ;':t l;sfO ePsf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ljz]ifcltl/Qm sIff ;~rfng ul/Psf] .

ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ljBfnoleq Nofpgsfnflu ljleGg lsl;dsf j}slNks z}lIfs sfo{qmd tyf /f]huf/lzIffx¿ / hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/Psf]] .

ul/aLdf /x]sf, k5fl8 kfl/Psf tyf ljleGg sf/0fn] z}lIfscj;/af6 a+lrt x'g ;Sg] hf]lvddf /x]sf afnaflnsfx¿sf nfluljz]if 5fqj[lQx¿ pknAw u/fpg] ul/Psf] .

ljBfnosf ef}lts ;+/rgf tyf lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkx¿ckfËtfd}qL, n}+lusd}qL, Pj+ ;dfj]zL / ;fdflhs ;befj k|;f/ug]{ vfnsf ePsf] .

ljBfnosf lzIfs, k|zfiffs, Joj:yfks, cleefjs tyfljBfyL{x¿sf nflu k|z+;gLo / ;sf/fTds Aoaxf/sf] cEof;gLlt nfu" ul/Psf] xtf]T;fxL cEof; tyf Jojxf/nfO{ lgif]wul/Psf] .

afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf afn clwsf/, lszf]/fj:yf,zflGt lzIff, kof{j/0f kl/jt{g, ;dfj]lztf, nf]stGq / ;fdflhs;befj / ;b\jojxf/af/] h]tgfd'ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ul/Psf] .

ljBfnod

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55

cfjZostf cg';f/ tflnd k|fKt lzIfsx¿af6 dft[efiffdfcfwf/e"t txsf sIffx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ ul/Psf] .

:yfgLo ;d'bfosf AolQmx¿nfO{ g} ljBfnodf ;|f]t JolQm agfO{pQm ;d'bfosf ljleGg ;+:s[lt, rf8 kj{ tyf efiffx¿sf af/]dfljBfyL{ Pj+ lzIfsx¿dfem cGtlq{mof ;~rfng ug]{ ul/Psf] .

lgoldt ¿kdf lzIfs, k|zf;s, Joj:yfks tyf cleefjsx¿nfO{afn ljsf;sf ljleGg r/0fx¿, jo:sx¿sf] Jojxf/ / To;n] kfg]{k|efj tyf ;sf/fTds / ;xof]ufTds lzIf0f l;sfO tyfJofjxfl/s cEof;x¿sf af/]df k|lzIf0f tyf cg'lzIf0fx¿sf];~rfng ug]{ ul/Psf] .


ljBfnosf] ks8 If]qleqsf ljBfno hfg] pd]/ k'u]sf ;a}afnaflnsfx¿ ljBfno egf{ x'g] u/]sf] .

ljBfnosf] ks8 If]q leqsf ljz]if sf/0fn] ljBfno cfpgaf6a+lrt h:t} ckfFutf ePsf afnaflnsf, ;fdflhs tyf kfl/jfl/slje]bdf k/]df afnaflnsf Pj+ >lds afnaflnsfx¿sf] pNn]vgLocg'kft ljBfno leq /x]sf] .

lar}df ljBfno 5f8\g], cg'kl:yt x'g] tyf sIff bf]xf]/\ofpg]afnaflnsfsf] b/ !) k|ltzt eGbf klg sd ePsf] .

ljleGg ;[hgfTds tyf v]ns'b sfo{qmdx¿df ljBfyL{x¿sf];lqmo ;xeflutf / pTs[i6 k|bz{gL /xg] u/]sf] .

;d'bfo tyf ljBfyL{x¿ dfemdf ljljw efiff, ;+:s[lt, ;Dk|bfotyf ;d'bfox¿ dfem ;d ;Ddfg / hfgsf/L /x]sf] .

afnaflnsfx¿dfdm k|z+;gLo b[li6sf]0f, ;sf/fTds tyf Pscfk;df ;xof]uL Jojxf/sf] ljsf; ePsf] .

ljBfnod

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56

ljBfnodf afn ljsf;sf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{;xof]uL lgsfox¿

lhNnf lzIff sfof{no M lhNnf lzIff sfof{no ljBfno lzIffsf nflulhNnfl:yt d'Vo ljifout sfof{no xf] . lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] lhNnflzIff ;ldltsf] ;dGjodf lhNnfsf] z}lIfs ljsf; / pGgltsf nflusfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{ / sfof{Gjog ug]{ ub{5 . o;sf ;fy} g]kfn;/sf/ lzIff ljefu tyf lzIff dGqfnosf] gLlt cg'?k ljBfnolzIffsf] ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg cfly{s ;|f]tx¿sf] kl/rfng, 5fqj[lQsfo{qmdx¿ Tyf kl/of]hgfx¿ Klg ;~rfng ug]{ ub{5 . afnaflnsfsf]ljsf;sf] clwsf/nfO{ ljBfnoleq ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug{sf nflu lhNnflzIff sfo{no tyf ;DaGwLt ;|]t s]Gb|x¿;Fu ;xsfo{ / ;dGjo ug{;lsG5 .

lhNnfl:yt v]ns'b tyf :sfp6sf sfof{nox¿ M g]kfnsf ;a}lhNnfx¿df lhNnf v]ns'b tyf :sfp6sf sfo{fnox¿ / ljsf;;ldltx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . oL sfof{nox¿n] v]ns'b tyf :sfp6nfO{ljBfno:t/;Dd kx'Fr agfpgsf nflu sfo{qmd, dfgjLo ;|f]t / sltkocj:yfdf cfly{s ;xfotf klg k|bfg ug{ ;S5g\ . ;fy} oL sfof{nox¿n]ljleGg ;dodf k|ltof]lutfx¿ tyf ljleGg ljwfdf cEof; sfo{qmdx¿;~rfng ul//x]sf x'G5g\ h;af6 ljBfnon] cfk\mgf afnaflnsfx¿sfnflu nfe p7fpg ;Sb5 .

:yfgLo lgsfo -lhlj;, uflj; tyf gu/kflnsf_M lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt,ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt tyf gu/fkflnsfx¿ :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿ x'g\ . oLlgsfox¿n] lhNnfsf] ;du| ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf nfluaflif{s Pj+ cfjlws sfo{of]hgfx¿ agfpg], ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug]{ tyf;DaGwLt lgsfox¿sf] ;xsfo{df ljleGg kl/of]hgfx¿ ;~rfng ug{;Sb5g\ . ljBfnodf aflnaflnsfsf] ljsf;sf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f /;Dj4{g ug{sf nflu oL lgsfox¿n] aflif{s sfo{of]hgfdf ;DaGwLt

ljBfnod

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57

k|fjwfg /fVg], jh]6 ljlgof]hg ug]{, cfly{s ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ tyf ljz]ifkl/of]hgfx¿ ;~rfng u/]/ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ . jt{dfg lgb]{lzsfsf]cfwf/df oL lgsfox¿n] lzIff, :jf:Yo / afnaflnsfsf] If]qdf lglZrtsfo{qmdx¿ to ug]{ / cfjZos lglZrt k|ltzt ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug{cgLjfo{ ul/Psf] klg 5 .

afn ;d"xx¿ M afn ;d"xx¿ g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljsf; / kl/jt{gsf;+jfxs eP/ b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . afnaflnsfs} g]t[Tj of]hgf /;xeflutfdf ;~rfng ul/Psf afn clwsf/ / afn ljsf;;Fu ;DaGwLtsfo{qmdx¿ a9L k|efjsf/L / kmnbfoL b]lvPsf 5g\ . afnaflnsfsf]ljsf;sf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug]{ k|lqmofdf ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg ug{,a+lrtLs/0fdf k/]sf tyf ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf afnaflnsfx¿sf] klxrfg ug{, ;fyL lzIff ;~rfng ug{, ;[hgfTds sfo{qmdx¿ tyfk|lt:kwf{x¿ cfof]hgf ug{, ljljw ;fdflhs ;+:s[lt tyf efiffx¿k|lt;d ;Ddfg k|j4{g ug{, ;fd'bflos k}/jLsf k|lqmofx¿df afn ;d"xx¿cToGt} k|efjsf/L / g]t[TjbfoL ;fdm]bf/ x'g ;Sb5g\ . t/ o;/L afn;d"xx¿sf] ;fdm]bf/Ldf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/Fbf pgLx¿sf] cGoclwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] xgg gxf]; / hf]lvddf gk¿g egL ;r]t x'g'kb{5 .

:yfgLo ;d"x tyf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿ M g]kfnsf u|fdL0f tyf zx/LOnfsfx¿df ;fd"lxsLs/0f tyf ;fd'lxs lxtsf nflu ;d'bfosfdflg;x¿ ;+ul7t ¿kdf cu|;/ x'g] k|lqmof lgs} Jofks /x]sf] 5 . o;k|lqmofdf dlxnf ;d"x, cfdf ;d"x, o'jf ;d"x, jg pkef]Qmf, l;rfOpkef]Qm, 6f]n ;'wf/ ;ldlt tyf 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yfx¿ Pj+ ;fd'bflos;xsf/Lx¿ tyf lghL If]qsf pBdL Joj;foLx¿ lgs} cu|k+lQmdfb]lvPsf 5g\ . afnaflnsfx¿sf] ljsf;sf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f ;Dj4{gug{sf nflu ;fd'bflos r]tgfd"ns cleofgx¿, z}lIfs 5fqj[lQ tyfef}lts ;+/rgf Pj+ lzIfs ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfngug{ o:tf ;d"xx¿n] klg cfly{s, ef}lts / ;fdflhs kl/rfngsfdfWodfaf6 ;xof]u k'/\ofpg ;Sb5g\ . t;y{ logLx¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{ /

ljBfnod

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58

;fe]mbf/Ldf klg ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;sf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fug{sf nflu cfjZos sfo{x¿ ug{ ;lsG5 .

u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx¿ M u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/,;'zf;gsf kx/]bf/ / ;fd'bflos ;zlQms/0fsf sfo{df lgs} k|efjsf/L/ ;xof]uL ;d"xsf ¿kdf g]kfnL ;dfhdf cfPsf 5g\ . o:tf u}/;/sf/L;+:yfx¿n] klg afnaflnsfsf] z}lIfs, ;fdflhs tyf ;[hgfTds /;+j]ufTds ljsf;sf If]qdf tyf afn clwsf/sf If]qdf ljleGgsfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf x'g ;S5g\ . afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;sf]clwsf/ / lzIffsf If]qdf sfo{/t o:tf u};;x¿sf] klxrfg u/LpgLx¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{df klg ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;sfcj;/x¿sf nflu { ljleGg sfo{qmd tyf cleofgx¿ ;~rfng ug{;lsG5 .


!= tkfO{ jf tkfO{sf] sfo{If]qsf ljBfnox¿df afn ljsf;sf] clwsf/sf]cj:yf s:tf] /x]sf] 5 <

@= ljsf;sf] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ tkfO{sf] ljBfnon] s] s:tf]sfo{x¿ ul//x]sf] 5 <

#= ljsf;sf] clwsf/nfO{ cem a9L k|j4{g ug{ tkfO{sf] ljBfnon] s]s:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ug{ ;S5g\ <

$= tkfO{sf] ljBfnonfO{ afn ljsf;sf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;xof]uug{ ;Sg] ;Defljt lgsfox¿ sf] sf] 5g\ <

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59

%= ljBfnodf afn ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/sf];+/If0f / ;Dj4{g

afn ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/

afnaflnsfx¿ zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s lx;fan] x's{b} u/]sf] cj:yfsfJolQmx¿ ePsfn] pgLx¿nfO{ xfd|f] ;dfh 3/ tyf ljZjdf y'k|} cK7Øf/ftyf hf]lvdtfx¿ cfOkg{ ;S5g\ . tL ;a} cK7Øf/f kl/l:yltaf6pgLx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft ug'{kb{5 . o; cGtu{t pd]/ gk'u]sf afnaflns-fx¿nfO{ >ddf nfUg af6 hf]ufpg], a]ralvg, of}g b'Jo{axf/, of}gzf]if0f, lx+;f, n8fO emu8f, ul/aL, k|fs[lts k|sf]k / o;af6 pTkGgePsf cK7Øf/fx¿, s'nt, b'Jo{;g cflbaf6 pgLx¿n] ;'/Iff kfpg'kg]{clwsf/ kb{5g\ . o;/L pgLx¿nfO{ ljleGg hf]lvdx¿af6 ;+/If0f ug{;/sf/n] sfg"g agfP/ nfu" ug'{kg]{ s'/f klg o;} cGtu{t kb{5 . o;clwsf/nfO{ afn clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] wf/f (, @), @!, @@, @#,@^, #@, ##, #$, #%, #^, #&, #*, #( / $) df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

afn ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/n] z}lIfs ;Dkfbgdf kfg]{ k|efj

afnaflnsfx¿sf] nflu ljBfno ;'/lIft, ;xof]uL / k|f]T;fxgd"ns x'g'h?/L 5 . c;'/lIft ljBfno, hxfF åGå, lx+;f, zf/Ll/s ;hfoF, b'Jo{jxf/,of}g b'Jo{jxf/, x]kfO tyf e]befj / c;'/IfLt tyf hf]lvd cj:yfsf;+/rgfx¿ /x]sf 5g\, To:tf ljBfnox¿df afnaflnsf cfk}m klgljBfno cfpg rfxFb}gg / cleefjsx¿ klg ljBfno k7fpg rfxFb}gg\. o:tf ljBfnodf pkl:yt ljBfyL{x¿ klg tgfj / eodf /xg] x'FbfpgLx¿sf] dgf]efjgf / l;sfO:t/ sdhf]/ x'g] ub{5 . sltko :yfgdf

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60

ljBfnoleq ePsf o:tf Jojxf/sf sf/0f afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ zf/Ll/srf]6k6s nfu]sf], dfgl;s ;d:ofx¿ b]lvPsf] tyf s]xL :yfgdf d[To'ePsf] klg kfOPsf] 5 .

ljBfnoleqsf] jftfj/0f dfq xf]Og ljBfnosf] jl/kl/sf] kl/j]z /;dfh klg afnaflnsfsf] nflu ;'/lIft / ;xof]uL x'g cfjZos 5 .lje]bk"0f{, lx+;fTds tyf b'Jo{jxf/sf cEof;x¿ ePsf ;dfh /kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfx¿ ljBfnoleq klg tgfjk"0f{ dfgl;s cj:yfdf/xg] x'Fbf pgLx¿sf] l;sfO sdhf]/ x'g], ljBfno 5f8\g], s'ntdf km:g]vt/f /lx/xG5 .

;du|df eGg'kbf{ ljBfnon] afn ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f /;Dj4{g ubf{ / gubf{ afnaflnsfsf] z}lIfs sfo{;Dkfbg tyf ljBfnodflgDg k|efjx¿ kg{ ;S5g\ M

ljBfnodf lbOg] lx+;fTds ;hfoFsf] cEof;n] afnaflnsfx¿dfljBfno, lzIfs / ;fyLx¿lj?4 gsf/fTds tyf abnfsf] efjgf k}bfub{5 .

ljBfnodf afnaflnsfnfO{ xf]Rofpg], luHofpg] tyf e]befj ugf{n]afnaflnsfsf] cfTdljZjf; sdhf]/ x'g hfG5 / l;sfO k|lqmof emgsdhf]/ x'g] ub{5 .

ljBfnodf jf ljBfno kl/;/ tyf cfpg] af6f]x¿ c;'/lIft x'Fbf;fgf afnaflnsf tyf aflnsfx¿ ljz]if u/L ljBfno cgfpg;s5g\ jf ljBfno 5f8\g ;S5g\ .

ljBfnodf jf ljBfno kl/;/df jo:s jf 7"nf afnaflnsfx¿af6of}g b'Jo{jxf/ h:tf unt Jojxf/x¿sf sf/0fn] afnaflnsfx¿ljBfno cfpg aGb ug]{, k9fOdf Wofg s]lGb|t ug{ g;Sg] /ljHofOsf sfo{x¿ ug]{ x'g ;S5g\ .

ljBfno kl/;/, dfu{ tyf jl/kl/ cZnLn ;fdfu|Lx¿sf] lalqmljt/0f,

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jo:s rnlrqx¿sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ Pj+ ;'tL{, r'/f]6, v}lg,hfF8/S;L,ljo/ h:tf dfbs kbfy{ tyf nfu" cf}ifwsf] ljlqmljt/0fn]ubf{ afnaflnsfx¿ unt dfu{df nfUg ;Sg] / cWoog k|lqmofdfcj/f]w pTkGg x'g ;Sb5 .

ljBfnosf ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿ sdhf]/, c;'/lIft tyf e'sDkLob[li6sf]0faf6 klg c;'/lIft /x]sf] tyf vf]nf glhs, agh+un glhs/x]sf 5g\ eg] afnaflnsfx¿ ;b}j k|fs[lts tyf dfgjLob'3{6\gfx¿sf] vt/fdf /xG5g\ .

ljBfnonfO{ ;fDk|bflos tyf /fhgLlts åGå jf ;}lgs ;'/Iffansf]cfjf;sf nflu k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 eg] afnaflnsfx¿ ;Defljt lx+;f/ xltof/ k|of]usf] vt/faf6 c;'/lIft dx;'z ug]{ ub{5g\ / o;n]pgLx¿sf] ;Demg ;Sg], aed\mg] / lgoldt ljBfno pkl:yltdf klggsf/fTds k|efj kfb{5 .

ljBfnodf afn ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/ ;DaGwL gLltut

cfwf/x¿

ljBfno zflGt If]q lgb]{lzsf M g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)^* df nfu" u/]sf]ljBfno zflGt If]q lgb]{lzsfn] afnaflnsfx¿ k9\g] :yn, v]ns'b d}bfgafnaflnsfx¿ r9\g] ;jf/L ;fwgx¿nfO{ ;a}vfn] lx+;f, åGå /gsf/fTds /fhgLlts x:tIf]kaf6 d'Qm /fVgsf nflu ljleGgk|fjwfgx¿sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ljz]ift ljBfno / ljBfno,kl/;/ / ljBfnosf ;jf/L ;fwgx¿nfO{ /fhgLlts tyf lx+;fTdsåGåsf k|efjx¿ / x:tIf]kx¿af6 aflx/ /fVgsf nflu cfjZos Joj:yfu/]sf] 5 .

afnaflnsf;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt M afnaflnsf ;DaGwL /fli6«o gLltn] 3/kl/jf/, ;dfh tyf ljBfnox¿df x'g]u/]sf afnaflnsflj?4sf ;a}vfn]lx+;f b'Jo{jxf/ / e]befjnfO{ b08gLo agfpg], afnaflnsfnfO{ ;Defljtfhf]lvdtfx¿af6 ;+/If0f k|bfg ug]{ tyf cgfjZos ¿kdf kl/jaf/af6

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62

5'l6g'kg]{ afWotfnfO{ x6fpgsf nflu ljleGg sfo{qmlds tyf gLltutk|fjwfgx¿sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;n] sfg"gsf] ljjfbdf k/]sf ljleGglx+;f tyf b'Jo{jxf/sf sf/0f sfg"gsf] ;Dks{df cfPsfafnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ljz]if ;+/If0f, ;'/Iff / ;fdflhs k'g:yf{kgf tyfkfl/jfl/s PsLs/0fsf] k|fjwfgx¿ to u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ljBfno tyfafnaflnsf;Fu k|ToIf sfo{ ug]{ ;+3;+:yfx¿df pko'Qm afn ;+/If0f gLltnfu" ug'kg]{ Joj:yf klg u/]sf] 5 .

afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o sfo{9fFrf M afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o sfo{9fFrfn]ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ljBfnoleq jf jl/kl/sf kl/;/x¿df ;Defljt lx+;fb'Jo{jxf/af6 ;+/If0f ug]{, ef}lts ;+/rgfsf sf/0fx¿af6 x'g ;Sg];DefjLt IftLx¿af6 ;+/If0f ug]{ tyf ljBfnoleq e]befjsf]jftfj/0fnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug]{ / afnaflnsflj?4 lbOg] zf/Ll/s;hfonfO{ lgif]w ug]{ k|fjwfgx¿ ;d]6]sf] 5 . o; sfo{9fFrfn] to u/]sfGo"gtd / ck]lIft ;"rsx¿ tn lbOPsf 5g\ M

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;a} vfnsf z}lIfs ultljlwdf n}+lus kIfnfO{ljz]if hf]8 lbOPsf]] .

ljBfnodf ef}lts, zf/Ll/sb08÷;hfo lgif]w ul/Psf]

ljBfno xftfleq vfN8fv'N8Lg/x]sf] / ljBfno xftfnfO{s]xL g s]xLn] 3]/faf/ u/]sf]

xfjf, kfgLaf6 aRgljBfnosf sIffsf]7fdf 9f]sf/ e\mofnsf] Joj:yf ePsf]

z}lIfs ultljlwsf x/]s lqmofsnfkdf n}+lus kIfcleGg c+usf] ¿kdf :yfkLtePsf] .

ljBfnodf zf/Ll/sb08÷;hfo lbg gkfOg] /afnaflnsfsf] k[i7e"ld /Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df s;}nfO{dfgl;s si6, b'Jo{jxf/, 3[0ffug{ gkfOg] gLlt lgod agfOnfu" u/]sf] / ;f]sf] cg'udgtyf d"NofÍg u/]sf]


63

ljBfnod

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e"sDk cfpFbf s;/L aRg;lsG5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/Lafnaflnsfx¿nfO{ lbPsf]

;fd'bflos gSzf+sgaf/]afnaflnsfnfO{ hfgsf/LlbOPsf]

e"sDk lg/f]ws ejg ePsf],3fdkfgL 5]Sg] 5fgf ePsf]

5fq tyf 5fqfsf] nflu5'§f5§} emofn9f]sf ;lxtsf]r's'n nufpg / vf]Ng ;lsg]

zf}rfno ePsf] .

ljBfnoleq / ;d'bfodf;d]t afnaflnsfdfly x'g]zf/Ll/s ;hfo, x]kfO, of}gzf]if0f Pj+ b'/Jojxf/sf]cGTosf nflu ljBfnodf:ki6 of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿ePsf]

vfN8fv'N8L k'g'{sf ;fy}ljBfno xftfdf kvf{n jfaf/ nufOPsf] / cfjZosdd{t ;Def/ ug]{ u/]sf]

sIffsf]7fsf] e\mofndf u|Lnx'g'sf ;fy} a/08f Pj+e¥of+udf /]ln+usf] Joj:yfePsf]

e"sDk cfPsf] v08df s] ug]{eGg]af/] afnaflnsf /lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;do–;dodfcEof; ;d]t u/fpg] u/]sf]

ljBfnon] ;d'bfodf /x]sf;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfx¿ h:t},k|x/L, :jf:Yorf}sL, clUglgoGqs cflbsf] ;fd'bflosgS;fÍg u/]sf .


64

gLltut ;"rsx¿

ljBfnodf afn;+/If0f gLlt tyf cfrf/;+lxtf nfu" ePsf] .

ljBfno tyf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ gsf/fTds /fhgLlts x:tIf]k tyfc;'/lIft lx;fan] /fhgLlts k|of]hgdf k|of]u ug{ lgif]w ul/Psf] .

ljBfnoleq zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfoF, e]befj tyf x]kfOsf sfo{x¿lgif]w ug]{ gLlt ePsf] .

;+/rgfut ;"rsx¿

ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltaf6 clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] lgikIf/ :jtGq afn ;+/If0f ;ldlt u7g ePsf] .

ljBfnodf ph'/L tyf ;'dmfj k]l6sfsf] Joj:yf / k|efjsf/L;~rfng ePsf] .

ljBfnosf ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿ e'sDkLo b[li6sf]0f tyf cGolx;fan] ;'/lIft, ckf+ud}qL ePsf] .

ljBfnodf cfuhgL tyf cGo o:t} ljkQL ePsf avt tt\sfnk|of]u ug{sf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿ pknAw /x]sf] .

ljBfnosf] 5t, e/\of+u sIff sf]7f cflbdf pko'Qm af/, d\mofn,9f]sf tyf cGo ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] .

ljBfno kl/;/nfO{ kvf{n jf tf/af/ u/L ;'/lIft u/LPsf] .

ljBfnodf 5'6\\6} cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿ ;lxtsf] afnd}qL dgf]ljdz{sIff /x]sf] .

ljBfnod

f afnclwsf/ ;

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fuL k':ts

ljBfnodf afn ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'Fbfsf

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65


lzIfs, Joj:yfks, k|zf;s tyf cleefjsx¿nfO{ lx+;f/lxtlzIf0f ljlw, afn ;+/If0f tyf ph'/L k|lqmofx¿sf af/]df lgoldtk|lzIf0f Pj+ cg'lzIf0f ;~rfng ug]{ ul/Psf] .

ljBfnodf cfjZoQmf k/]sf] cj:yfdf dgf]ljdz{ ;]jf k|fKt ug{;lsg] tflndk|fKt dgf]ljdz{stf{af6 dgf]ljdz{ ;]jf ;~rfng ePsf] .

ljBfyL{, lzIfs tyf k|zf;sx¿nfO{ e"sDkLo tyf cGo ljkQLdf;+oldt Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf ljleGg k|lzIf0f tyf cg'lzIf0fsfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/Psf] .

ljBfyL{x¿ ;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf ph'/L k]l6fsfdf k|fKtph'/Lx¿df 5nkmn / lg0f{o u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ ul/Psf] .

ljBfyL{, lzIfs, k|zf;s tyf cleefjsx¿nfO{ afn ;+/If0fsfljleGg ljifox¿ tyf, ;s/fTds cEof; Pj+ sfg"gL k|lqmofx¿sfaf/]df k|x/L lgsfo jf pknAw ;fdflhs sfo{stf{ tyfsfg"gljb\af6 cg'lzIf0f ug]{ ul/Psf] .

ljleGg ;+:yfx¿af6 ;~rfng ul/Psf] afn x]NknfO{g ;]jfx¿sfaf/]df ;a}n] yfxf kfpg] u/L leQ] n]vg, Aofg/ jf cGo tl/sfaf6;"rgf k|;f/ ul/Psf] .

:yfgLo :t/df afn >d, afn b'Jo{jxf/, afn ljjfx, Pr cfO eLP8\; h:tf ljifox¿df hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ul/Psf] .

afnaflnsf tyf cleefjsx¿nfO{ ;s];Dd cWoogsf nflu dfqkl/jf/af6 5'l6P/, afn u[x jf cGo To:t} cfjf;u[xx¿df ga:g/ kl/jf/df g} a;]/ cWoog ubf{ x'g] kmfObfx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/Llbg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] .

ljBfnod

f afnclwsf/ ;

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fuL k':ts


66

ljBfnodf afn ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{

;xof]uL lgsfox¿

lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no tyf :yfgLo k|x/L lgsfox¿ M afnaflnsfsf];+/If0fsf ljifox¿df ;xsfo{ ug{ :yfgLo k|x/L lgsfox¿ h:t} k|x/Lrf}sL, ;fd'bflos k|x/L tyf lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nox¿n] afnaflnsf,cleefjs Pj+ lzIfsx¿nfO{ afn ;+/If0f, sfg"gL Joj:yf / pknAw;]jfx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L lbP/ tyf cfjZostf k/]sf] cj:yfdf lx+;ftyf b'Jo{jxf/ ug]{ AolQmx¿nfO{ sfg"gL k|lqmofdf Nofpg ;xof]u u/]/

ljBfnod

f afnclwsf/ ;

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lx+;f, e]befj / b'Jo{jxf/sf sf/0f ljBfno cg'kl:yt x'g], sIffbfxf]/\ofpg], cg'tL0f{ x'g] / ljBfno 5f8\g] afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vofdflg/Gt/ sdL cfPsf] .

ljBfnoleq afnaflnsfx¿n] Ps cfk;df ;Ddfg, ljZjf; /;xof]usf] efjgf JoQm ug]{ u/]sf] .

ljBfno, cleefj, ljBfyL{ / ;d'bfolarsf] åGå / c;dembf/LdfsdL cfO{ ;fdflhs ;xsfo{ / ;xof]udf clej[l4 ePsf] .

ks8If]qleq afn >d, afn ljjfx, e]befj, lx+;f Pj+ b'Jo{jxf/sf36\gfx¿df sdL cfPsf] .

ks8If]qleq cWoogsf sf/0fn] dfq 3/ 5f8\g] afnaflnsfx¿sf];+Vofdf sdL cfPsf] .

afnaflnsf, cleefjs tyf lzIfsx¿df ;sf/fTds cg'zf;gsfcEof;x¿sf af/]df tyf afn b'Jo{jxf/sf ph'/L k|lqmof Pj+;fdfGo sfg"gL k|fjwfgx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L /x]sf] .


67

dxTjk"0f{{ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ . lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nox¿df dlxnf tyfafnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf ;jfnx¿nfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbgsf nflu dlxnftyf afnaflnsf ;]jf s]Gb|x¿ klg ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ .

lhNnf afn sNof0f ;ldlt M lhNnf afn sNof0f ;ldlt afnaflnsfsf];+/If0fsf nflu tf]lsPsf] lgsfo xf] . afn clwsf/ clws[t tyf dlxnftyf afnaflnsf ljsf; clws[t ;d]t /x]sf] lhNnf afn sNof0f;dltdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L cWoIf / dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ljsf;clws[t afn sNof0f clwsf/Lsf] ¿kdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldltn] afn clwsf/ / afn ;+/If0fsf ;jfndf hgr]tgfd"nstyf cfjZostf kbf{ p4f/, /fxt / k'g:yf{kgfsf sfo{x¿ klg ub{5 .o; ;ldltn] g} afnaflnsfx¿sf] c:yfoL jf :yfoL ;+/Ifs tf]lslbg]Joj:yf klg ub{5 . ljBfnox¿n] cfk\mgf ljBfnox¿df o:tf ljifodfr]tgfd"ns, ;[hgfTds tyf p4f/ /fxtsf] ;xof]usf] cfjZostf k/]dflhNnf afn sNof0f ;ldltdf ;Dks{ /fVg ;Sb5g\ .

lhNnf afn Gofo ;dGjo ;ldlt M sfg"gsf] ;Dks{df cfPsf afnaflns-fx¿nfO{ pko'Qm 9+un] afnd}qL Gofo k|lqmofåf/f Gofo k|bfg ug{sf nflu;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;+nUg /x]sf] lhNnf afn Gofo ;dGjo ;ldlt /x]sf] 5 . o; ;ldlt;Fusf] ;xof]udf ljBfnodf afn Gofo k|lqmofsf af/]dfhfgsf/Lx¿ lbg ;lsG5 .

:yfgLo lgsfo -lhjL;, uflj; tyf gu/kflnsf_M lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt,ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt tyf gu/kflnsfx¿ :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿ x'g\ . oLlgsfox¿n] lhNnfsf] ;du| ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf nflujflif{s Pj+ cfjlws sfo{of]hgfx¿ agfpg], ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug]{ tyf;DaGwLt lgsfox¿sf] ;xsfo{df ljleGg kl/of]hgfx¿ ;~rfng ug{;Sb5g\ . ljBfnodf aflnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f /;Dj4{g ug{sf nflu oL lgsfox¿n] jflif{s sfo{of]hgfdf ;DaGwLtk|fjwfg /fVg], ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug]{, cfly{s ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ tyfljzf]if kl/of]hgfx¿ ;~rfng u/]/ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ . jt{dfglgb]{lzsfsf] cfwf/df oL lgsfox¿n] lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;+/If0f /

ljBfnod

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fuL k':ts


68

afnaflnsfsf] If]qdf lglZrt sfo{qmdx¿ to ug]{ / cfjZos lglZrtk|ltzt ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug{ clgjfo{ ul/Psf] klg 5 .

ufpF tyf gu/ afn ;+/If0f ;ldlt Pj+ kf/flnun sldl6x¿ M g]kfn;/sf/sf] lgb]{lzsfcg';f/ :yfgLo txdf ePsf åGå, lx+;f tyfe]befjsf 36\gfx¿df :yfgLo txdf g} dWo:ytf ug{, dWo:ytf ug{gldNG] ck/fwsf 36\gfx¿nfO{ ;DaGwLt lgsfox¿df k'/ofpg tyflk8Lt, k|efljt / ;fIfLx¿sf] nflu ;fdflhs ;+/If0f tyf k'g:yf{kgfdf;xof]u ug{sf nflu / dfgj clwsf/ / sfg"gsf ljifodf ;fdfGohgr]tgf clej[l4 ug{sf nflu ljleGg ufpF, 6f]n tyf gu/:t/df afn;+/If ;ldlt, kf/f lnun sldl6 tyf dWo:ytf ;ldltx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .oL ;ldltx¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{df ljBfnodf hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd, afn;+/If0fsf ;jfndf ;[hgfTds sfo{qmdx¿ tyf cfjZostfcg';f/dWo:ytf / sfg"gL pkrf/sf sfo{x¿ ug{ ;lsG5 .

afn ;d"xx¿ M afn ;d"xx¿ g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljsf; / kl/jt{gsf;+jfxs eP/ b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . afnaflnsfs} g]t[Tj of]hgf /;xeflutfdf ;~rfng ul/Psf afn clwsf/ / afn ljsf;;Fu;DalGwt sfo{qmdx¿ a9L k|efjsf/L / kmnbfoL b]lvPsf 5g\ .afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug]{ k|lqmofdf ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg ug{,lx+;f b'Jo{jxf/af6 k|efljt Pj+ hf]vddf /x]sf afnaflnsfx¿sf] klxr-fg ug{, ;fyL lzIff ;~rfng ug{, ;[hgTds sfo{qmdx¿ tyfk|lt:kwf{x¿ cfof]hgf ug{ / ;fd'bflos k}/jLsf k|lqmofx¿df afn;d"xx¿ cToGt} k|efjsf/L / g]t[TjbfoL ;fdm]bf/ x'g ;Sb5g\ . t/o;/L afn ;d"xx¿sf] ;fdm]bf/Ldf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/FbfpgLx¿sf] cGo clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] xgg gxf]; / hf]lvddf gk¿gegL ;r]t x'g' kb{5 .

:yfgLo ;d"x tyf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿ M g]kfnsf u|fdL0f tyf zx/LOnfsfx¿df ;fd"lxsLs/0f tyf ;fd'lxs lxtsf nflu ;d'bfosfdflg;x¿ ;+ul7t ¿kdf cu|;/ x'g] k|lqmof lgs} Jofks /x]sf] 5 . o;k|lqmofdf dlxnf ;d"x, cfdf ;d"x, o'jf ;d"x, jg pkef]Qmf, l;rfO

ljBfnod

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69

pkef]Qmf, 6f]n ;'wf/ ;ldlt tyf 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yfx¿ Pj+ ;fd'bflos;xsf/Lx¿ tyf lghL If]qsf pBdL JojzfoLx¿ lgs} cu|k+lQmdfb]lvPsf 5g\ . afnaflnsfx¿sf] ljsf;sf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f ;Dj4{gug{sf nflu ;fd'bflos r]tgfd"ns cleofgx¿, z}lIfs 5fqj[lQ tyfef}lts ;+/rgf Pj+ lzIfs ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfngug{ o:tf ;d"xx¿n] klg cfly{s, ef}lts / ;fdflhs kl/rfngsfdfWodfaf6 ;xof]u k'/\ofpg ;Sb5g\ . t;y{ logLx¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{ /;fe]mbf/Ldf klg ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fug{sf nflu cfjZos sfo{x¿ ug{ ;lsG5 .

u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx¿ M u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/,;'zf;gsf kx/]bf/ / ;fd'bflos ;zlQms/0fsf sfo{df lgs} k|efjsf/L/ ;xof]uL ;d"xsf ¿kdf g]kfnL ;dfhdf cfPsf 5g\ . o:tf u}/;/sf/L;+:yfx¿n] klg afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f, hf]lvdtf Go'gLs/0f, k'g:yf{kgf/ Gofodf kx'Frsf If]qdf tyf afn clwsf/sf If]qdf ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿;~rfng ul//x]sf x'g ;S5g\ . afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/ /lzIffsf If]qdf sfo{/t o:tf u};;x¿sf] klxrfg u/L pgLx¿;Fusf];xsfo{df klg ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;sf cj;/x¿sf nfluljleGg sfo{qmd tyf cleofgx¿ ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 .


!= tkfO{sf] jf tkfO{sf] sfo{If]qsf ljBfnox¿df afnaflnsfx¿n] s:tfs:tf b'Jo{jxf/ tyf hf]lvdtfx¿ ef]Ug' kl//x]sf]] 5 <

@= afnaflnsfsf oL hf]lvdtfx¿nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ / b'Jo{jxf/x¿af6;+/If0f ug{sf nflu tkfO{sf] ljBfnon] s] s:tf] sfo{x¿ ul//x]sf] 5 <

#= afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;+/If0f / hf]lvdtf Go"gLs/0fsf nflu tkfO{sf]ljBfnon] yk s] s:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ug{ ;S5g\ <

$= tkfO{sf] ljBfnonfO{ o:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u ug{;Sg] ;Defljt lgsfox¿ sf] sf] 5g <

ljBfnod

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70

^= ljBfnodf afn ;xeflutfsf]clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g

afn ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/

afnaflnsfx¿n] cfk\mgf] hLjgdf c;/ kfg]{ ljifo / ultljlwx¿df /To; ;DaGwL gLlt lg0f{ox¿ ubf{ cfk"m ;xefuL x'g / cfk\mgf] larf//fVg kfpg'kb{5 . o;}nfO{ afnaflnsfsf] ;xefuLtfsf] clwsf/ elgG5 . afnaflnsfx¿n] cfk\mgf] 3/, 6f]n ;dfh, ljBfno, ;+:yf, ;d"x/fi6« / cGt/f{li6«o txdf klg afnaflnsfsf ljifodf x'g] 5nkmn,s'/fsfgL tyf lgod sfg"g / sfo{qmdx¿ agfpFbf cfk\mgf] larf/ 7Lstl/sfn] 7Ls 7fpFdf /fVg kfpg] clwsf/ g} o; clwsf/leq kb{5 . o;cGtu{t afnaflnsfx¿n] ;"rgf kfpg] / k|bfg ug]{ tyf cfk\mgf] ;+u7g/ ;d"xx¿ agfP/ afn clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / nfu" ug]{ sfd klg ug{ ;S5g\ . o; clwsf/nfO{ afn clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] wf/f !@, !#,!$ / !% df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

afn ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/n] z}lIfs ;Dkfbgdf kfg]{

k|efj

afn ;xeflutfsf] cEof;n] afnaflnsfx¿sf] lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofdfcToGt} ;s/fTds k|efj kfg]{ s'/f ljleGg cWoogx¿n] k|dfl0ft u/]sf5g\ . cWoogx¿sf cg';f/ ;xeflutfTds cEof; ul/Psf lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfkx¿af6 afnaflnsfx¿ a9L l;h{gfTds ePsf],:jcg'zfl;t ePsf] tyf lhDd]jf/L lng ;Sg] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] kfOPsf]5 . oltdfq} xf]Og lzIf0f l;sfOsf cEof;x¿df afnaflnsfx¿ ;lqmo

ljBfnod

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71

;xefuL x'Fbf pgLx¿n] ljifo j:t'sf] 1fg klg ;lhn} a'e\mg] u/]sf]kfOPsf] 5 .

;xeflutf afnaflnsfsf] Ps k|d'v clwsf/ xf] o; cGtu{t zflGtk"0f{{¿kdf ;+ul7t x'g kfpg], ;[hgfTds tyf /rgfTds lqmofsnfkx¿;~rfng ug{ kfpg], ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ / cleJoQm ug]{ xs tyfafnaflnsfsf] ljifodf x'g] lg0f{ox¿df cfk\mgf] ljrf/ JoQm ug{ kfpg]clwsf/x¿ kb{5g\ . olb afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/nfO{;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug{ ;lsPg eg] pgLx¿sf] z}lIfs ;DkfbgdflgDg c;/x¿ kg{ ;Sb5 M

afnaflnsfsf] ;[hgfTds cleJolQm ;Lk / snf s'l07t x'g hfG5/ pgLx¿ cfTd ljZjf;sf ;fy cfk\mgf s'/fx¿ /fVg ;Sb}gg\ .

afnaflnsfx¿sf] laHofO ug]{ jf cg'zf;gsf lgodx¿ pNn+3g ug]{cEof; a9\g ;S5 .

afnaflnsfx¿n] Ps cfk;df ;ddmbf/L sfod gug]{ / km/sljrf/x¿nfO{ lgif]w ug]{ afgL ljsf; ug{ ;S5g\ .

ljifoj:t'x¿df afnaflnsfsf] :j:k'mt{ hfgsf/L / 1fgeGbf klgs07:y kfg]{ cWoog afgL ljsf; x'g ;Sb5 .

afnaflnsfx¿n] cfk"mn] kfPsf] 1fgsf] Jofjxfl/s k|of]u / cEof;tyf pkfb]otfsf] af/]df hfgsf/ gx'g ;Sb5g\ .

ljBfnodf afn ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ ;DaGwL gLltut

cfwf/x¿

afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o sfo{9fFRff M afnd}lq ljBfno /fli6«o sfo{9fFrfn]ljBfnodf afnaflnsfx¿;Fu ;feflutfTds cEof; x'g h?/L 7fgLlgDg lnlv Go"gtd / ck]lIft ;"rsx¿ to u/]sf] 5 M lj

Bfnod

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72

ljBfnod

f afnclwsf/ ;

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ljljwtfk"0f{ ljz]iftf ePsfafnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf];'lglZrttf ePsf]

afnSnasf] u7g ePsf]

ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgflgdf{0fdf afnaflnsfsf];xeflutf ePsf]

afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwtcfGtl/s lgod agfpFbfafnaflnsfx¿sf] ;xeflutfePsf]

ljBfno Joj:yfkgåf/fafnSna u7g / Ifdtf a[l4ug]{ sfo{qmd :ki6 ePsf]

afnSnasf] lgoldt a}7s /sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f ePsf]

ljBfnoåf/f cfof]lhtcltl/Qm lqmofsnfkdf;dfj]zLs/0f eP gePsf]cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg u/]sf]

afnSna u7g ePsf] / ;f]Snan] ;~rflntsfo{qmdx¿sf] cg'udg tyf;dLIff u/]sf] .

ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgflgdf{0fdf afnaflnsfx¿åf/fk|]lift ;'emfjx¿sf] k"0f{sfof{Gjog ePsf]

afnaflnsf;Fu ;DaGwLtcfGtl/s lgod agfpFbfafnaflnsfx¿sf] ;xeflutfePsf] / lgodsf]sfof{Gjogdf n]vfhf]vfePsf]

ljBfno Joj:yfkgåf/fafnSnasf ;b:ox¿nfO{Ifdtf clej[l4 sfo{qmdu/fPsf

;a}h;f] lg0f{ox¿dfafnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfePsf] / pgLx¿sf];'emfjnfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf]


73

afnaflnsf;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt M afnaflnsf;DaGwL /fli6«o gLltn] 3/kl/jf/, ;d'bfo / ljBfno x'Fb} /fli6«o:t/ ;Dd afnaflnsfsf ;jfndful/g] of]hgf tyf lg0f{o k|lqmofx¿df afnaflnsfsf] k|efjsf/L / g}lts;xeflutf k|j4{g ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu o; gLltn]afnaflnsfsf] ;+u7gx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{, ;"lrs[t ug]{, of]hgf rqmdfafn k/fdz{x¿ ;~rfng ug]{ tyf afnaflnsf;Fu ;DaGwL lg0f{o ug]{lgsfox¿df afnaflnsfs]f k|ltlglwTj ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] k|fjwfgx¿To u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;"rgfsf] kxF'rnfO{ k|j4{gug]{ / ;~rf/ dfWodx¿nfO{ afn d}qL sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{k|f]T;flxt ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] 5 .

ljBfnodf afn ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'Fbfsf

;Defljt ;"rsx¿

ljBfnod

f afnclwsf/ ;

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fuL k':ts

gLltut ;"rsx¿

ljBfnosf] ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf tyf jflif{s of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{k|lqmofdf clgjfo{ afn k/fdz{ ug]{ gLlt /x]sf] .

ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k|ToIf k|efljt kfg]{ sfo{qmd tyfof]hgfx¿ agfpFbf afnaflnsfsf] cgjfo{ k/fdz{ ug]{ gLlt /x]sf] .

ljBfnodf /x]sf] afn ;d"xsf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ah]6ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] .

;+/rgfut ;"rsx¿

ljBfnodf afn ;d"x u7g ePsf] / afn clwsf/ ;+/If0f /;Dj4{gsf nflu ljleGg ;[hgfTds tyf /rgfTdssfo{qmdx¿;lxt lqmoflzn ePsf] .


74

ljBfnodf afn ;d"xsf sfo{qmdx¿sf nflu ;+/Ifs lzIfstf]lslbPsf] .

afnaflnsfx¿n] leQ] klqsf h:tf ;[hgfTds cEof;x¿ ug{sfnflu lglZrt :yfgx¿ Tf]lslbPsf] .


ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] afnaflnsfnfO{ c;/ kg]{ s'g} klglg0f{o tyf of]hgf ul//xFbf, sfof{Gjog ubf{ / d"Nof+sg ubf{k|efljt afnaflnsfx¿;Fu k/fdz{ ug]{ u/]sf] .

ljBfnodf afn ;d"xx¿n] ljBfnosf] cfly{s tyf k|fljlws;xof]udf ljleGg hgr]tgfd'ns, /rgfTds tyf ;[hgfTdssfo{qmdx¿ ug]{ u/]sf] .

lgoldt ¿kdf afn leQ] klqsfx¿ k|sflzt x'g] u/]sf] .

afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;"rgfsf] kx'Fr k|bfg ug{ lgoldt kqklqsftyf cWoog ;fdu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yf ;lxtsf] k':tsfnodf kx'FrePsf] .

lzIfsx¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ cfk\mgf] ljifoj:t'sf] lzIf0f l;sfOk|lqmofsf af/]df d}qLk"0f{{ tl/sfn] lgoldt k|ltlqmof lng] u/]sf] .

afnaflnsfs} ;xeflutfdf cfrf/;+lxtf tyf cg'zf;gsflgodx¿ lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ul/Psf] .

5fqj[lQ ljt/0f k|lqmofsf] of]Uotf lgwf{/0fdf afnaflnsfsf];'dmfjnfO{ sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] .

ljBfno egf{ cleofg tyf ljBfnodf lg/Gt/tfsf nfluafnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfdf ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/Psf] .

ljBfnod

f afnclwsf/ ;

+/If0f ;xo

fuL k':ts


75


afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ x's{bf]+ Ifdtf ePsf kl/jt{gzLn / ;lqmo;d"xsf] ¿kdf ljBfno tyf ;d'bfodf klxrfg ul/Psf] .

afnaflnsfsf] g]t[Tjdf ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿sf sf/0fn]hgr]tgfdf clej[l4 tyf afn clwsf/ xggsf 36\gfx¿df sdLcfPsf] .

afnaflnsfx¿sf] jfs snf, ;[hgfTds cleJolQm tyf cfTdljZjf; a9]sf] / nf]stflGqs zflGtk"0f{{ cEof;x¿sf] k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] .

afnaflnsfx¿df ;d;fdlos ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts tyf gful/sxs / st{Ao tyf ;d:of / eO/x]sf ultljlwx¿sf af/]dfhfgsf/L ePsf] .

ljBfnod

f afnclwsf/ ;

+/If0f ;xo

fuL k':ts

ljBfnodf afn ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{

;xof]uL lgsfox¿

lhNnf afn sNof0f ;ldlt M lhNnf afn sNof0f ;ldltn] afnSnax¿sf] ;"rLs/0f ug]{, afn Sna u7g ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ , afn SnasfljleGg sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg], k|lzIf0f k|bfg ug]{ tyflhNnfe/sf afn Snax¿sf] e]nf cfof]hgf ug]{ sfo{x¿ ub{5 .ljBfnon] lhNnf afn sNof0f ;ldlt;Fu cfk\mgf] ljBfnodf afn Snau7g ug{sf nflu, ;"rLs/0f ug{sf nflu, k|lzIf0f sfo{qmdx¿df;xefuL u/fpgsf nflu / afn Snasf cGo sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfngug{sf nflu ;xof]u dfUg ;Sb5 .

lhNnf lzIff sfof{no M lhNnf lzIff sfof{no lzIff If]qsf] ljifoutsfof{no ePsf] lx;fan] afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o sfo{9fFrfsf ;"rsx¿k|fKt ug{ ljBfnonfO{ ljleGg ;xof]u pknAw u/fO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5 .


76

:yfgLo lgsfo -lhlj;, uflj; tyf gu/kflnsf_M lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt,ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt tyf gu/kflnsfx¿ :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿ x'g\ . oLlgsfox¿n] lhNnfsf] ;du| ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf nflujflif{s Pj+ cfjlws sfo{of]hgfx¿ agfpg], ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug]{ tyf;DaGwLt lgsfox¿sf] ;xsfo{df ljleGg kl/of]hgfx¿ ;~rfng ug{;Sb5g\ . ljBfnodf aflnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f /;Dj4{g ug{sf nflu oL lgsfox¿n] jflif{s sfo{of]hgfdf ;DaGwLtk|fjwfg /fVg], ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug]{, cfly{s ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ tyf ljz]ifkl/of]hgfx¿ ;~rfng u/]/ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ . jt{dfg lgb]{lzsfsf]cfwf/df oL lgsfox¿n] afnaflnsfsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;+/If0f /;xeflutfsf] If]qdf lglZrt sfo{qmdx¿ to ug]{ / cfjZos lglZrtk|ltzt ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug{ clgjfo{ ul/Psf] klg 5 .

lhNnf tyf :yfgLo :t/df /x]sf cfd ;~rf/ dfWodx¿ M lhNnf tyf:yfgLo txdf /x]sf cfd ;~rf/ dfWodx¿ Afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ lgMz'Ns¿kdf ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg tyf pgLx¿sf dfWoddf afnaflnsfsf];xeflutf a9fO afnd}qL ;'rgfx¿ k|rf/k|;f/ ug{ ;xof]uL x'g ;Sb5g\ . oL lgsfodf sfo{/t ;~rf/sdL{x¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ afnkqsfl/tfsf k|lzIf0fx¿ klg pknAw u/fpg ;Sb5g\ .

lhNnf Pj+ ufpF tyf gu/ afn Sna g]6js{ tyf ;~hfn M afn Snax¿,afn ;d"x u7g ug]{ tof/Ldf nfu]sf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ;xof]uLl;4 x'g ;Sb5g\ . afn Sna ;~hfnx¿n] w]/} afn Snax¿nfO{ Ps}7fpFdf Nofpg] x'Fbf afnaflnsfx¿n] oxfFaf6 afn Sna ;~rfngsfljljw cg'ejx¿ k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ / pQm l;sfOaf6 cfk\mgf] afnSnadf w]/} c;n cEof;x¿ klg ug{ ;S5g\ .

afn ;d"xx¿ M afn ;d"x cfk}+mdf afn ;xeflutfsf] k|efjsf/L cEof;xf] . afn ;d"xx¿ g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljsf; / kl/jt{gsf ;+jfxs eP/b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . afnaflnsfs} g]t[Tj of]hgf / ;xeflutfdf ;~rfngul/Psf afn clwsf/ / afn ljsf;;Fu ;DaGwLt sfo{qmdx¿ a9Lk|efjsf/L / kmnbfoL b]lvPsf 5g\ . afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf]

ljBfnod

f afnclwsf/ ;

+/If0f ;xo

fuL k':ts


77

clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug]{ k|lqmofdf ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg ug{, a+lrtLs/0fdfk/]sf afnaflnsfx¿sf] klxrfg ug{] / ;d"xdf ;dfj]z ug]{, ;fyL lzIff;~rfng ug{, ;[hgfTds sfo{qmdx¿ tyf k|lt:kwf{x¿ cfof]hgf ug{,ljljw ;fdflhs ;+:s[tL tyf efiffx¿k|lt ;d ;Ddfg k|j4{g ug{,;fd'bflos k}/jLsf k|lqmofx¿df afn ;d"xx¿ cToGt} k|efjsf/L /g]t[TjbfoL ;fdm]bf/ x'g ;Sb5g\ . t/ o;/L afn ;d"xx¿sf] ;fdm]bf/Ldfsfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/Fbf pgLx¿sf] cGo clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] xgggxf]; / hf]lvddf gk¿g egL ;r]t x'g' kb{5.

u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfx¿ M u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/,;'zf;gsf kx/]bf/ / ;fd'bflos ;zlQms/0fsf sfo{df lgs} k|efjsf/L/ ;xof]uL ;d"xsf ¿kdf g]kfnL ;dfhdf cfPsf 5g\ . o:tf u}/;/sf/L;+:yfx¿n] klg afnaflnsfsf] z}lIfs, ;fdflhs tyf ;[hgfTds /;+j]ufTds ljsf;sf If]qdf tyf afn clwsf/sf If]qdf ljleGgsfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf x'g ;S5g\ . afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf]clwsf/ / lzIffsf If]qdf sfo{/t o:tf u};;x¿sf] klxrfg u/LpgLx¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{df klg ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;sfcj;/x¿sf nflu ljleGg sfo{qmd tyf cleofgx¿ ;~rfng ug{;lsG5 .


!= tkfO{sf] jf tkfO{sf] sfo{If]qsf ljBfnox¿df afnaflnsfx¿n] s:tfs:tf b'Jo{jxf/ tyf hf]lvdtfx¿ ef]Ug'kl//x]sf]] 5 <

@= afnaflnsfsf oL hf]lvdtfx¿nfO{ Go'lgs/0f ug{ / b'Jo{jxf/x¿af6;+/If0f ug{sf nflu tkfO{sf] ljBfnon] s] s:tf] sfo{x¿ ul//x]sf] 5 <

#= afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;+/If0f / hf]lvdtf Go"gLs/0fsf nflu tkfOsf]ljBfnon] yk s] s:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ug{ ;S5g\ <

$= tkfO{sf] ljBfnonfO{ o:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u ug{;Sg] ;Defljt lgsfox¿ sf] sf] 5g\ <

ljBfnod

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78

cg';"rLxx¿ljBfnod

f afnclwsf/ ;

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;DaGwLtafn clwsf/

s] sfo{qmdug]{ <

slxn];Ddug]{ <

ljBfnosf]tkm{af6lhDd]jf/ s]fxf] <

;xof]uLlgsfo s'g}eP <

arfj6sf]clwsf/

ljsf;sf]clwsf/

;+/If0fsf]clwsf/

;xeflutfsf]clwsf/

cg';"rL ! M

ljBfnodf afn clwsf/ ;+/If0f tyf ;Dj4{g sfo{of]hgf kmf/d

k|wfgfWofks Joj:yfkg ;ldlt cWoIf

cleefjs lzIfs ;+3 afn Sna k|ltlglw


79

ljBfnod

f afnclwsf/ ;

+/If0f ;xo

fuL k':ts

;"rsx¿ jt{dfg cj:yf ;'dmfj ul/Psf] sfo{ s}lkmot

cg';"rL @ M

ljBfnodf afn clwsf/ cg'udg tyf ;'emfj kmf/d

cg'udg ldlt M

cg'udg ug]{ M

ljBfno lg/LIfs


80

ljBfnod

f afnclwsf/ ;

+/If0f ;xo

fuL k':ts


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