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NationalAademy of Sienes of UkrineM. S. Hrushevs'kyi lnstitute of Ukrainian

Arheography andSoure Studies

"Litopys UPA" Publishing HouseState Committee for Archives of Ukraine

Centrl State Arhive of Publi Assoiations ofUkraine

Litopys UPANew Series, Volume 6

he Struggle against the UPAnd the Nationalist Underground:Informational Douments of the

Central Committee of the CommunistParty (Bolshevik) of Ukraine, Partyobkoms, NKVD-MVD, MGB-KGB

1 948

Book Three: 1948

Kyiv 2003 Toronto

Haioaa Aaei ay paihl y ypaihcoT apeopail. a

epeoa i. M. C. pyeooHAH pai

Bo l,io yA''.Qep

i i6pi oye icoplf opo ioo pe-y po ypaioo aioao-ooo pyxy poo1948 poy. ci oai aepia a iopio-i xapa-ep i 6epia y oax [epaoo epaoo pxiy po-x o.ea paih (ooo Apxiy [K Kopji .pal).,Qo 6ipa yiru oye [K KoyioTapif (6i-toi) pi, ooi pI ox opi (M' Mt) a i.

fl iopi, apxiii' aai yi, yei a ix'xo ia icopie pai.

This publiation ontains douments from the history of the Stalinistregime.s struggIe against th Ukrainian nationa|-Iiberation movement during1948. All the materials are of an informational-reporting nature and are sto-red in the fonds of the CentraI State Archive of Civi Assoiations of Ukraine(the former arhive of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uk-raine). The co||ection ontains douments of the CC CP(b)U' ob|ast partyommittees, and power organs (Ministry of Internal Affairs, Ministry of StateSecurity), et al.

This work is intended for historians, arhivists, |eturers of highereduationa| institutions, students, and anone with an interest in the historof Ukraine.

Peaia paa:

. oxAH (iooa), . ol (iooa),. oyo, . oP, . AK, . oKv|,

P. Pl, M. Pl, . AoA

ditoral board:

P. soKHAN (o-hairman), P. PoTlHNY| (co.hairman),s. oHUNo H' BoRlAK, |a' DASHK\^/CH, V. LoZYs.t{/|' R.

PYRIH. M. RlPKfl. lu. SHAPOVAL

opA. ei, B. o, l. aeo, K. Apao

Com pilers:A. Kentij, V. Lozyts'kyi, l, Pavlenko, K. Abramova

Peop c. Hooopia-ae O' Coao

ditor S. NosovaLayout designer o. Sobahko

IsN 966.02.2846-6 (. 6, . 3) ( aihi)IsN o.920092-75.6 (Canad)

@..ioc A'' 2003oLitops UPA' 200

3o.pi ioy yA197-20o3

Ha epeoi. Pi 1948

po 'T aM'x poi i oo a, Ko pa-Ka oTaca api pooaa i po|1v| H, pay iHa opo po iepiaii epia i Mo, iaCo oy pao.i aocioI oopoi epa. o i .l 944 p. A aa epe oo e o.Hoo Bopoa - Mo.o io, o.,HaK i epeya y eii oeT iooooCI.

Bpoox 1946-1947 pp. opyaHM A i ii oH,i y ooe epio ao cai pepeeHa aoi- p Ha ypa eM, ao pMa -:eK oaiapoo p)M a oi aioao-BoHX. po oai i iii i He e oooKa opai HKBO_HK a ix piix ic, ae pop-oi aH a ,eHa Pao api, i oya Baxioy peioi pai'

Ha pa a axioypaii epeH epeBop HaapeH eopoicoo pooo poopa. l Hacee,Kope epeaHi ioci ao ipMao, ao x ciyoao o BBoHoo py, ao, o yi, o'eo ooxi. Ape i eopai ca a BeM. Mao ieHao, a oaoo ioT popa opi pe-M Hal .t],M, opl iopa y ipai oaHMii.'ia.

.l946_1947 pp, Cav1aoM Maooo epoy pii icapU.JH A, i.ii oH, opi, )ep oi M)|Hv| ep poB epeaxaM caM Bopoa. ocaii iiK eKa ai, o x ao)epoa opoaae iy i poyi y axix paTax, a i epeHaeeHH cxi.,x oace pai, BKe aioaipeoii peyiax CPP. oa ai oia HeCpa, Xo aTCoeTi pyx paia aiT (ai,a' oi) o eo ip ioia c oiio Moi oi paii.

o y epi ooei po oaiTapoM peM He aoiiya poT oH i A' a ocai i ii o a-|BH||'II i i aai pLa oii a eooii ao o-oT Ba] ai,, oax pai, poe epioiooii i pii oa a|^IJJv|| ypao px a Ha aM oo oi poHKoM.

I

Heaa Ha BCoK opa.x epeaoT a- ooooo Ka. opya A i ii oH, HeopoHo-o xapaKepy aya poi aepiao-exioo ae-eeHH pooo ii, KoMeKaHH oo a KoMaH.-o-poiK KapaM eoxioo axooo pi a ieo-oioo BKo. Pepei oeoi Ba. eai oiieBIta a apo HaeeHH axioo peioy, e epe oiepeHoo i apoo iy apoaoc pa.e o e-epceKoci iei opo, e oai i ii.

194B pi, i oepei a, pooaC eaHooi aoipoo Ha ioi a oi ypaTx o-ai i iii a ix epeax axioo peioy. Be oM . p. Ha epopiT.poooi oai po oH i Ayo poeeo 32 eico-icoi oepaii, aio xo 1 17 i axoeo B ooH 66 oi. Bpoo 7_9 oo 5.pKopoH ai aepB Tpa oepai o iiaioi A i oaBaHHM .'ipa'' (B. ae), Ka e epi 1947 p. pa i aepo o pa. opoKoi epioy o ay i oi 35 oa oap coil. epei ii a Tepoii yo poo B oo pA i iiH ocepei oH, o 63 i axoeo 70 oa-i i itHKi, pyoao 20 xpoi i epiz. a e eepio Caiai oaci ioKa .ao iiya10 opya A i iix opaiai oH, i axo ooll oa ]50 oi. Ha epopii PieH KapaHMipoia M Baoc po ooy p ,.aa''(. Xap), a ycio ia 1944 p' i.ica o .100acoex ai+. 3a | apa 194B p. ii oai xoi 164 oepai o iioaHo 20 py A i ocepei oH,

1 oe !,pootcoo ooa K() o Xoe BI1oe |1ocat1oB-e llK K|1() o 17 aca 1947 o,a ,' oe op c oaKa a t1oo KpacKo-t1eMeK aoHacol aal1tx oacx CCP'' aepa 1 948 oa' - lJ.Ao pai, , 1, o, 2, cp, 554, ap. 1 4_1 9

2,Qoaa acKa o oe opt ocaKaM a, otI1oKpaCKo-eeK aoaCo o Tepooo oac a ap 194Bo..a' _ lJApai, . 1' o 2, cp.5041' ap 197_205

3 oe o Xo,e opt c aoocK I1oI1oeM Ha eppopCalcaco oac 3a |vlap 1948 oa, _ L].Ao Kpa], , 1, o' 23, cp,5041, ap. 206-210

+,Qoaaa acKa o peaax poBee paot I1o KBtaol1oBcKoo aa a eppop Poeco oac a Map 1 94B oa. -lJAo pai, , 1, o' 2, cp' 5041, ap, 11_15

10

eHo i axoeo oHa 400 o.s.po epei oi i paavic opo a axiHoyKpa-

icx epea i.,a i coa yai. 3ay po 1948 p.a .{pooHi, KoMaH..p 24-o aHoo iy ''Maia.'A-axi pi a: .'Bopo poo i oa pKop.oHHX paoax, o o i oai. Bi xaxi.opoa He Hae eei... Hai ,ii pe y>eTpo)H poiy: o opo o iaa poo o6a icax i ceax. Hai pa eKi, ae opo)Ko-o oy .0,aeKo ii''0.

T aco oii Ki oiCHo 'BB Ha epceK-|B IpeH ypaToo aoioo py. Xapa-epy a opo oH i A ep epeap K K()M. Xpyo yci i 10 epe .|948 p. o ' Caia a, opoo) Tpox oaix poi iioai ci ei opyaA i aa ii iix oepei oH, a aK oB-ai epe KHo o epopHX i opeooa i pya 2_5 ii. o.,a, Ha Mlry epia ypa-ix oy il , aB.aH H ocao o i iat [ aioaiHo-o px axioy peioi BMaa ie aepiao aM. i, oKpea, .'ie oo poop)e 300 aHKHxaBoMaH Meo oceHH MaepeHoi i pxoi oepa-o-icKo p7.

3aaee poxaH poyi yo pe Moo.22 pa .1948 p. a. oo Pa Hapo Koiapi PCP. Kopie, CeKpeap K K() . Meio i iip epe-e C. Caeo ooi M. po, o ope M.[ ie-o 300 ao i o o y KopoBa i a pMMpHaeHHM, ''oo .0, oce opo6 aMoM',s'

1948 p. M' Ha Ke e Ha oay 1947 p' ya oaeaioiaic a oaoH iiai paicoo ajoa-icoo p, B ioy aepo epeyoy coix pyyp iaHoK. opoa po oH i A ayaa Ho pc. He i.-Molo i poe..eH ioo-oo oepai, oe-

5 oKa.a acKa o xoe opl c ocaKaM a pacKo-eMe-K aoacoB ooBKoo oo o oco oac a epo c 1Hap o 20 ape 1948 o,qa, - lJAo pai, ' 1' o,23' p. 5042' ap, 1-1 1

6 Xpi Cea, o epi. Coa-poia 1947/1948' - B, ''.t],opoj''' 1950. - ,126

7 Kei A.B. apc opo OH-I1A paii (1946_1956 pp')' _ K''1999. - C,52

K K()' Toap ' C' Xpe. 22 a 1948 . - l LAo pai, .1, o' 2, cp, 5174' ap, 1B-184

'11

cKa aa epoepooo aeH aa Haaa oa-loM BocKoaeHH ioc| ep i eKicKo-i-KoB p M., oeHH a o poo iyo aaeHH}o ool aeyp' aHo| poHKHy B epe.oeoai i iii, popa x .K, iec iyap epeaxa c. Baxe ie pai KapaHopai ioo poKoB ai Meo e iaoeHH iex yepi i xpoi' Kopca aaio aoii icoooapKoi poyii Kp Ha-ioaioo ii.

e io icop. ao, opa M! a-Maa a y- i ,'poHKHy i.iy opaiaiypaioo ooo py e i, o epeec opi-y poiy, ae o poa ji epe.H..g. Booa o-H piopex aa aaa iiai KoMaHHo-po-ioo a oH i A, a pai Heooi oo o-poeai. |-.[ aa Haryi po o'aac oMiipo epxee PCP M. Koayo ( 1949 p.)' po i pa a paBa a oKX ocaa opaaxicoo oppoi'.Cep''.

ao MBC PP oio po oi i ooB i y epii o pye ypaiKoo o-oo py. B oocoy i i 23 i 1948 p. o M. XpyoaeHepa-eea . Cpoa aB: ..epeoo poxa e-pe.a MBC oi opo aa oH, oepHy M.{ oepa Ka, epea MBC y MHoMy poi. 3ai-p' o a6 aco oio aMoM.'lo. oaaaHe poxaH e yo BpaoBaHe i aoc e i.HeHM axa eKx oK oaoi oaiapoo pe)

HKi i oaHi11. pooi a Piei oac C|v|oH i A cao ioi.o 110 ooX o.o,H i iixopaiai (866 oi)a 101 ooy oH i iiy opaia-i (659 oi i 239 oKpeMo ix Heeai)l2.

Heaxa a oe epeKoa ioBKoo epi-HTa poooi opa Hapei ypaK o-aH i iia, epi ii .|948 p. He pHec oiy-aHX peyai. xe 19 oo ooHoo poKy iopai ai' epoo eKpeap K K() M' pyoa po xi opo oH i A axi oacx pai a .l_]5 oo . p. p.oo oi.,oo po poca acai i c aioa-ioo px. aaaoc, o Ko pyi 1947 p. a ieB0 ai oy pooo ii, o cii oToHoo poy _ .| 10,a a 15 i oo _ 64. poopio oa iyac pa oeoT copo: pi eai i _ 51, peieai _77, a poo) 1_.|5 oo 1948 p' - 140 oi x iaxoeH oBaHM13.

poox ep opox ii 1948 p. a epopi ce. axix oae pai, a aHM oeoi opo, y-o aicoao 505 poi ioi opya A i iioH. p oy ix iic ocio pocaa: cie _ 1 10, - 1.l1' epee _ 12B, ie - 15614. e epio. oooaKHo .i ocai i ii Ha epopi PiecoToaci, e i HapaxoBa oa. 100 oox i iixp. Bo .i 92 aii' cpMoai po KooHooyia a iiai oo poii _ Koox arii i peaHi api o- paHKoo ai ipa Hoo aapay.ooo peoHaHHo Ba ai c. Kapia Po-Koo paoy, e oai pyoo epeap pa-oy K() Pyea a eaa ipa a i axo

11 Kei A.B' ap opo o-lA pai'i (1946-1956 pp.), - K''1999, - C,52

12 poolcKa oac. ocaoa paoa opaHo M (e a)'!,ot

)K eM yoBHoa>KeHoo pa Bii M BC TpeyoBa1 5.op oo i pax ocai i ii-

i epio pa ioi yo ypoae o-i poeeHM KoeiaiT iKoo ocoapa Baioy peioi. Cope 2313 ooci, io'rya -ue 14'6Yo ceHKX ooapcg16, H aao Mo pHoHoiipa Maoy ay aoioo py, ocoy Koo a-HoBo CeHBo' Kope Beo pBae oco.apaHH i Maooic aepiao ipya oH i A.

oo pooo ii, o oHo y oix aHa opo oaiapHM pexMo Ha,aao Ba)KBoo HaeH i-HeHH axoi, poa po oeiaii ioo o-oapa. B ii ''opaiaopaM, ea iiia pyt pai ooi'' ( -t g4B p. ), iai''ypaTi ocai,',icoc acepexeH Ha ape x oi, opi paya y pooi i ope ooi. oy oyei ipe-Bao' o po

,,oi po apo iye ii i-i aKoH _ Hya\c |vioIM aoa''lz.l e y e e oa' ae opei ii. B ooii aipai api K K() i22 i 194B p. a i' M. py-oa oioMoc, o' oKpeMa' epoici oai i-ic aioaiHoo i.i a oo pox py ''yapoBaa ool]M HoM oai a po oeia-iT',l. T aco ep poTB oH i A a aM epei o.iy axioy peioi He aoya oiiK\, e aa,o HKa HaaHa opea a o iyc.i apio-oeKX opai i cpyyp M._MBC o.oaHHi poyoai iiii. 23 i 1948 p' y oi a aepoo eKpeap K K() M. Xpoa iya ioacaHapaa epeapi ooi oapi i aai ypaiM i MBC axix oae pai. i paoo ooo-peH epoepoB aa opo aioaic py-

15 oKa,|1a tacKa o oco opt c ocaKaM a oo-KM oI1oe Poeco oac a epot a 1947 oa o 20 ape194B oa. _ l LAo pai, . 1, o, 23, p. 5041, ap' 123-134

16 opoa po A i aioaicoo ii: pei o-e l-tK Koapii pai 1943-1959, ioc A' Hoa cepi, o , _ Ki _Topoo, 2001. - ' 25

t Kei A,B, ap opo o- paii ( 1946-1956 pp.), - K.,1999. - C.54

18 Ta cao. - c, 54

14

oM aHKaM Hapal yo apoooaHo o.a o K K()pooiT ooHo aoi, eoxix aepeHH popo-y ai A a ii oH.

Cepe aaH pooi pepTa a axo Ca-iacoo ooy K(). B oy oyei Haooyaoca eoxioi io||c i aa iox oepaipo oH iA' ii i pa oKaii aeex HK-a eKx apioi i MBC, a aoi pooBaope Kopoa eH i oi oii oyoi py,aiya pooy yoi ep i aei-ooi,paKKa i a.qai eopai poH ei oH i A iipao PP' ea..Ho Be eai x ci, e a i-e aioaii poB19.

o 1 94B p. aHH, o'ai oM ioy aci opoo po ypaToo pooo ii, 7 pai po-aIc a aciax K K(), cepe H epae ieHae)Kao ocaoi ''po oie Maoo.oioipoo, oa poToK ooCHoo ia iiiai ai a pao-ieKx aioaii yaxix oa PP',, yaei .| ep 1948 p. oipoK K()'

aaei ocaoi epyao, o apii opa-iaiT aioo peioy oi opaiaio-apiy iacoBo-oiy poo, i icei oei opaH aaia i ii a i.'Ka oolapKoo i ypo-o ia, a opaH M. poe HaH pooy iiaiiai opya A i ii oH.

Pao L{K K() BHa, o pi oii o-cTaH' o op||c' e HeoaHo Kopoapio-oecKM epio axix oae poop-aHH KooHoo ia a poyao oioi pooep HaeeHH. Biiaoc, o eaoio icepio poeoM oeiaii.[poo, Pie iCaia oo apii. a eoio y pooi ap-ix i oecx opai Haao oae opo opya A a aioai ii, i oaoMBecH aia o .ii, i epopi a- po apio-oeTcKoo a ooHoo aKy, HaaaHa Kooc a ici pa.

19 Mepop CacaKoo oKoa K() Ce op oCaKaM aoocoo I1oI1o, 28 ape 1948 ' - LlAo pa|, ' 1, o,2' cp' 5041' ap' 71-78

'15

3epaa aKo aa Ha e, o opa M. py axi-x oae i aaox paoi eaoio epeyoyo poo .y i ia ai oH i A' He poop-H o-cpaoM oepaHo, yo i aepeo opo- po ypaTcx aioaici M, o apaiya xiic i pop ocaoHy iiai oHoH BoH,e KoHeHpC c oTai i iii.

ocoe ie oaoi K K() pio aaiyeoii opaiaii poo opai M. aeHypo. p o-y ipecBao, o pai epeeK He BBiiia, axioi, i ooaio, o pBo. opoKp iiiaiT aeHp. Tai ta, oKpeMa, pa- .[pooi, ii i epoii oax. Kp-o oiaa aHi M.[ poKa epil pyyp iep oHoo p, o i tcoaii oo-x ipoii A i ii oH, oepe.QKya iH|v|v| lepi o-epop x ai .

K K() aooBa a oM, o eaoiHo ocTa-ea iooa eio-icox oepai, epioHMI. Baio oo, He lB Ha aoy epea, Mao oepai poBaBaoc, Ma ie pa .e,a oBai i ii yKo HKa i xoa. HeoaoHaaa oopoa ooni, paoi' MT a i iaai oai. ipeBao, o M.Q KopoyeHyai aaoH yai oepaTo-iox i-X, o x ooM aaHHM e aC ci a KoocHo-pa-ooo aa, B epo pa aaaoc, o axix o-ac Ma ice pyi opye coiaio aKoHHoi,eiai ape poMaH, HaKa.aHH Ha Hx pai a i.

eo yeHH eH eoii, oie Maco-o - o i oi poo, a LlJoo poopa H Koo Hoo yi-Ha i oaooi iiaiT ai opya A i aioa-icoo ii K K() oca epe apio-co6c-KM opaa axix oace, epio M.[ i MBPCP y eiaH a.t].aH. Cepe x ie ie a-Ma aH opo oH i A.

Haaepe iip epxee PCP C. Caeo oo.'a ic ao oo oi|.eH poo opaiM.Q axix oae, o KoHpo a ix ii,oMeKrya apa a payHo eHpaHoo aapay i o-pai M. cix oace, aa paKHy ..ooMoyic i pao iia ooHo ie pi xoioepaHo.eioT poo. epoepo i HeBiKa.HM

16

aBaHHM Ba)Kaa ocaoa |KB|a| ep|HX cpKTp IaHoK oH i A a paXHoK CeiHoo ..oKoHaeHH aeHpHo-oepaTBHoi poo, poK op i eoi poo aeHTypo,oeH i i iopix eeei. Bae aeHH Ha-aao KoTpo a KoHaHM oepao-eiK a-i, aaiy poeeH oepai, BeHH pH i poai tp|.

Bea yaa epTaa Ha oae copeHH i iicioax i ipaoHH pXoMx eico-iox py'epe KML caBc aaHH poo)K eBHoo epM|H B- i iiya i pooo ii a ix epii y i-e,eHoM oepaBoy iy. .Q popoe i eei i yioepi epaHoo poo oH ayao op.aiya ioay oepaHo-ei p' e oja peeHo aocipoai.

oei oieH Kopo a ii paoiii M oxi oai opBa oepaTi eop,i o'eya p-ov:.plt pao. epe ioo-ei- paM, i i Ha epeHa, e aa oHoHi oHi A, aa Moa ceio aia co iiczo.

Booa 1 ep 194B p. oipo K K() yBaoocaHo..po axo o eeeHH ii, i .a cie- cio-CoB opaHa, i pepeci oy a ypaio-iex aioaii''. oa oo oKMeHa ya aa, o poox 1947 p. axix oacx PCP oai iii iiya 195 oi, i a ie oeTKcoo-ci. opaax po yai oHoo pyxy. l-{ia Ca| poKo ioi, i aa aK Baoo ieoo aKoaa Ha yai oBX poea Ha eHaM oH-AK iKiB21 .

ra epei oi e i cBopBa epeoH Ha xoi i aeo aooi popa Ha oTaHM i i.i-HKaM, ae aepia ei ep aee axioopeio i ipai oaiap peMoM. a ax oaK K() oo'a i.oi.i iaii popo i iHK ao.'i, pMoax a eeeH ii i apo oy pooo ii, oeH aeMoi ia, coea-

20 opoa po A i aioaic11oo ip,l1l: t'peKioKMe K Koapii pai 1943-1959' iol1c A. Hoa cepi, o 3. _Ki'_Topoo' 2001' _ c' 324-40

21 Ta cao. - . 341

17

HoM KpT i a.QKeHH eHiB oH_A2,.oi aai oCTaHoB K K() paoM i pe-

KBHM loKMeHaM 1948 p. a popao poop-aHH CCTeMaHoo l oloBHoo HaC oalTapHoopM a oii ypaioo aoiKoo pX Mooo oaooi iiai. oii K.t eepiM eKaoi oioe i oKX oaoi a epeiaxioo peioy po yix opoi i po iiypax aioaii a oHeHH B KooHo yi-H T|.

o epX ipaopaoc pai api L-[KK()' KoTpe 3 1948 p. ooio epoM epeap |-{KM. po, o io Mfl PCP iipao i apaeHo Haoi pooy opa epe axix oae 280oepaBHx ipoii, oy i 160 oi i xix oa-e i .l20 yi io o M CPCP oio-oC Tao, o poBe.eo aiy 1B aai paiiiMfl, i KoMpoMeBa cee i e aeeBa o iypoo. !, aaH paTo ooo ie opaHaMepee M.[ ip ,oopae ip)eH 72 e-piBH oepaH paiBHi82.

Heaapo ia (K K()' paHy loI|/l ooiopai MBC oo ipa poaCKoo op axio-y peioi, BepHB 1.1 ep 194B p. o . Caia poaH-HM BeT.olaKoo o ai pai MBC axi.x oa-e pai 30-1 9 oa ix oHoaex iiiT.' o-o, o api a KoHM H eH ipayz+, oepaoi Mo, K K() Ha oaK 1949 p. yxaB eiayoTaHov25.

22 opoa por A i aioaicoo i,i: ,peKBt.lioKIveH llK Koapii pai. 194-1959. io A, oa cepi, o ' _Ki.-Topoo, 2001 ' - C. 41 -46

2 ,Qoaa laKa o Xo.e Blloe|4 |1oaoBe K K() o1.06'48 ' ,,o lLueH MaoBo-oeco paot, aeLue paBKoo|loo cpoeCBa KB,a oaKoB a pacKo-eeKaoHaoB B aal oac CCP'' ac Kpee l1oooKoMeKoBa opaol aa oace CCP''' _ L!A pai, '1 ' o. 2' cp' 54' ap, 87-88

z Kei ' B' ap opo ol1-lA paii (1946-1956 pp.) _K., 1999. - C.52

25 ioc ' oa epi, o opoa po A i aioaic-oo ii:,l4peKBi oe I-tK Koapii pai 1943_1959'Ki'-Topoo' 2001. _ C. 53_55

18

epe e ac po pea y pai oKapaH aCH-i oHoo p ooi Bio pa i MBC -pao oKp. B iopaii, aicai K K()Y oio-oC' o Bpo.oB epo ooBH 194B p. a.xeo o piepii 'HeHH oHa, 2'2 c' ei oH i A a

.l625 xix

cMaK|B26.oa H 1948 p.' o K K() Meo.Ho o-

ioi oa HaXo. iopai po epei opoi oaiap pe)

. .,oa (Mpo)a oo aHKa . poo,ea (Cea) pa.oM poMa oXopoHM. iiai . TepaKo Baaaco.0, ai /oHeH ix eeii. o xii opaH epxee/1 Bv|Kpvl ooiy iiy aioa-iy opaiai ''opi a oe pa.. (9 oi), ocKaaa paii pyapi AH PP y oi i y oo-a .l 8-pi Poa ex. Moox iii yeo 5 -ce Heeao ae '.py'' (76 pipi), pyape o-aHaHH, aioaicy iepaypy.

xoi iax i e pooo iti ica ii a epe_)oeH ] 0B ai po peaiapio-oBeKoo aapa, KooHoo ay, aa o.oi i ipa. Cepe peoHaHHX pa oo epioy yo y oi iooo epKoHoo ia . Koea aiiai . Ho p opioo paoy 5 o 194B p.eyaa Bepoo Pa PCP Mapi Maoz.

Ha Caiai a epio epH o coa,, .l 94B p.po oH i A yo poeeHo K oepai, aio xiioao 65 oox py A i iix oepei oH, -o i aapeoao 1623 oa i iia, pxH ox oci. 3_5 py . p. aM ceipoii 2.|5-o pi-eKoo oKy ypiix ic M.[ oy c. Toa e-pecKoo paoy y e pao pyxo peepeC pooy oH Kapaoo Kpa B. i (Map).

oa oryx Hary ioi a oii oH-A papai e aa o i cpo oai i iii.3a ao a20 coaa 1948 p.,txic ocac22ooi p A (149 ii), 168 itiHx opaiai oH(817 oi) i o 500 opeo ix ooi i eeai. Ca-Me BoH HaHo iai yap o o.eax oeoi a.Ta, oai_pyi . p. eH oH iA ic 38 ai,y oM i 25 epopx aai po apio-oe-oo a KooHoo aKy29.

Bepe poopo poopo a Tepoii, poo epH-p 1948 p' c|/1 oaiapoo pe)Myipaopya po ii.ai 95 oox p A i iix

28 ipaxoao a ia a iopai icoo oo K|1(6)a epe-oa, 1948 p. - l1Ao pai,, ' 1 ' o' 23' cp, 5045' ap. 6- 12',cnp. 5046' ap' 15_21 ' 73-77' 87-92' 109-1 12; cp' 5047, ap' 5-929 itpaoao a ia a iopai Caicaoo ooK() a epBe-pe 1948 p. - l |4Ao pai, . 1, o. 2, cp. 5045, ap'31-5; cp' 5o46' ap,28-43; p. 504v, ap, 1-4' 24-32

20

KiH oH, pyBaHH 182 cxpoi i yepi iii, H-eH i apa 131B ei oH i A a oci, o Tx ip-a' o ep a epeH-peH ' p. oai i ii- i 161 aoBoK ai, aio oo yo Bo,opaHeo i eeo o iy oa 190 oi a apio-oe-Koo a ooHoo aK' oepax paii. 3ai6 aeei oocM o'eao.

.Qpaao cKaaa opoa i ix oax axi-oo peioy pa. ooo oKa oei ai pe-a epcio-epopHa pya''.ipo'' poo Cxioopa oH ('.oea'') a 3, a ia poo) 1946_1948 poiHa Kop.oHi Pieo i Ka'e.oio oae. |-{pa ica 46 ai, oM i popoTa p py BV|H|'/I-BaH aaoiB, aa p pie ipa i i-x i, B|^I1a ao o paoHx pKape, iiyaa37 oci apio-orKoo aK. ue Ha oa epH194B p. opaa M aoc iKBiya epilJKa pA. yooo (,,.ipo'.) a oo ayHKa' a oi iaapea 38 oci -oi ei py. B oy x iio paaM e pe e K ao Bpt ooixi aioai iopaiaii . oi (7 oci)' eax 3o 3oicKoopaoy (4 oco),.Qoi Pieoo pao (3 oo), e-HaM x ya yiKa Moo. Hapii 1948 p. a epopiiCoicoo paoy a iioaa epio-epopHaoa pooy oH Cxioo Kpa (..oeca'.) a 33 i oa-aHH ''poaeKa.. Kai B oil.

xe aaaoc, o apo opo i oaiapHMpeoM i ca BoHoo pyx o ooe yio.oai i ii cia a IAHIII po axoaoco Ba| y pai oeiai ioo ooapBa.o'ea xix aai He e epi i aicKooHoo yia, ae aepiaa aa Bopax yaxio peioi KoeKTHX ocoap. i cepi-pyi194B p. oai ic 155 aai Ha Koo Meo

o ipaxoao a ia a iopai Tepoicoo ooK() a epBe-p,e 1948 p' - l LAo pai, . 1 ' on, 23, cp' 5043' ap.93-1 14: cp. 5044, ap' 70-88: cp, 5045' ap. 36_77: cp. 5046, ap. 47-59; cp,5047, ap, 17-23' 3-40

31 floKaa anKa o peaa KBa ooBcx a, aeppop Poeco oac a ec 1948 . - LAo Kpai' . 1 ' o,23, cp' 5043, ap' 54-69

21

HeHH icKooco.apKoo peMaHeH, pMieH a iH-oo MaHa2.

poi oaM epi KooHoo yia oai aaepe py oopoH poMaKoo op-y, opaioai a ai oix yaH aaoi. Ha1 py 194B p. PCP yo opeo 6343 aK py, opi a.paoya oa 85,4 . ei i a a opoi o50 . oH po. Ca p oopo poMa.CKoo o-pK a epio 1 cep o 1 py . p. o io 93 aa- ei oH iA' xo.i oo o 4.l iaoeo oo 170oai i iii.

oa y 194B p., i B oepeHi a, yix oeoia a i oeiaii cicoo ooapcBa axioacx B|B||/|c 'oT HeHaHM i po e epeKoBoia iopai ooi api, i axo o K K(). oKMeHTa aHHM BopeH ooi io.,o )Keao i i ooa Baa p.ia iya pooTopo po oH i A. aax iopaix o epe-Baxo po iic BopeH Kooi i e oHoMy-oBa.a oaBa ioo oeioBa oo,apcT Mexa oai. Hai i y Tepoici oaci i acaoM a 20 o 1948 p. cao 22,9o/o i. aao i-oci ceCK ocoap34,

e i ica ep.Kya, o oii e KoeK-iaii ioo oco.apa axix oax, op e-i y oecoi a, ca peao ax ipooo ii pax aioaii.

eopoMicH apaKep Hoca, Bo cyac-Ho Moo, iopaia ia i ypaT aoci-HKM pxoM i oaiapHM pexMo. o, pipo, 1941_1944 pp. a oKoai aca epopii pai oH iA ao oM oca aiaiHo-poaaipooi ioaM, o ooei poK oaHi a eepeyepea Ha oBcaHM iia. .[o o oec-

2 Kei A, B. Hapc opo o-I1A paii ( 1946-1956 pp.), -K,'1999, - , 54-55

3 Cpaa o oa eeoc a eppop aa,t oaepaco CCP p I1o oxpae oeceoo opt,Ka, 17 ,eap 1948 ,-l LAo pai, , 1 ' o' 2, cp. 5044' ap, 68-69

4 oKJla,Ha acKa o oe opt c ocaa a oto Kpa-l4l1cKo-eMeK aoaco o Tepooco oac a op 1948o,a, -lJ,tl,Ao pai., , 1, o. 2, p, 5046' ap. 47-59

22

Koi a. y i ooai aco aooi iopail (pea,paio, aHa), poa epe)Ka i i ypi aplo-oi-oi oi' i aiaopi i poaaci.

|opaia ia aa epaHe ie Maoo-o-ii pooi apio-oecKX opai epe HaeeHH a-xioo peioy. piopee aeHH i opoi aaaocaiai o- poaaH.,ci ioi y op i x oo oa, .oo poo ayao iee HaeeHH. Maoo-oiapooa Maa a ei pe MeKa axix oace i-p B Co|aic iea i oyii ioi, Kaopoe CaBeH ..o ei oH i A. io ooo aaoi pay.

epei aiaio-poaaHlo aaii axioypeioi apaKeprTc, HapKa' aKM aHM. Bepi-i 1 948 p. Tepoii oaci apii opa po-e ] 81 eiap epiaM a ea aiaix oei,aaHa ii K cTaHoa oHa. 1B . oi; Hacee- yo poaHo 3 269 ei iooie ooe 3.|2c.ois. oy x epioi Caiai aax aioeiH apao yBa o o 22 c. o i, a t^ Kvl, po a o 4 452ei l.ooii (660 . oci) i poeeo 17c' ei (.l,6 .oci). ii oai a epeH -|948 p' iyo 40 ei ooeHHM o 350 . oiz.

Heaa Ha oT) ay oaiapHoo peMa ypai aioaHo-Bo px, po o x

aKi o, Bi.oBiHo, 136 i 144 Bi. aaHoT ioi. poM ii A, pi axix oae, i ao Ha ep-opi oae _ opoT, Ka'e-oioi, Kc-o, epiioT a epeecoi (peoi) oai iopyci,e BH 42aa a o.e poHKa.

Xo i pooo ii i ai oox p A o-c aK|BH xapaep i aa ao Koo oi a-i, ae e y epea>Ko pii aiT, o oo epio HeeHMaio. o ei opei pa. Ta, ''25'7 '4B p. c.i (p- Kooa, Tepo. o.) ya y|-Ka ix iiKaMv| itio eei''; ''26.7.48 p. . Cry (p- .[y,,poo. o.) iitlK| opi ii eei.'; ''2.B.4B p, c. Mai (p- opoo, i. o.) iiI1KV1 opieei, i oo eMBec| BeK cea.., ''.8.48 p. .Apeci (p- Mio, Pi. o.) ocai popoi i apa oxapii Ha Mep a HaHH Ha HaeeHM''. i B:aM aii o.o HeHH Koooo aa, pie ipa,pix ipec, ii eeooo B'K oo9.

oy a eaaei aii ix oxHa oapaKepa- K aKy ''py'. yapi. Boa, aHo, He pBoeoep.Ho o oaH peyai, HeaTHa ooapoHKa' ae ope oo cepe.oBi, i ooo ''H-a.', aMoep p ieoi, oci oo i oo Ha p)eH - i xoaHKoBoo oiya HaH yapi, a i apoK epe6a HeMo)Bo. L{ aa poTBHa (y oyaK oH iA)' Koo He MoXHa BB|v| i coeaco aTaKBa-, HeCr Hepoo poTBH copoH (ec po oc- ay), HeaHo BBa a i ieai. o epeKo-Ha ii po i, Ma pa apTaHa, oyi-HM t aloaiTHM ti, Teep xoy aoionvi|1| C i o .

o.a paa opoa i aoai ap M.[_MBC o-Tyoo HeKpoBaV| C|4 oHoo p, ipa ioeai. 1948 p. o pyK M.[ opa oKye a 1946 p.i ao.'Caoe oH Kapaoy pai,,. B o oo-po ae: ,.Baxi yo ), Hapxea epoo-iapooa, a ao) cae i epeype apyaH pe .0,o o-o, o ae o e oH_A ae cepei aop-aHH. .[yxe aco . opi a H''. | ai: '.Hapoi

ao e, aaa npa' - C. 178-1809 ioc A. To 10. paj,ca ooa Boa Paa; a

pe: 1949_1952' - Topoo' 1984. - ' 250-2524

oH-A He y>e aopi, Ko)

.[o peo KH ooo oM ''ioc A'' yio B1loKMeHT, aia o K K() api a pa.,HcKMopaa a., MBC' M, oKpeMM paHKM ia,ioiaHM paia aapaT K K(). ci ioKyMeH i y coi iopai opaiaii a poeeioK pe)Mo opo ypai aioHaHo-BBoHM pxoM 3axii paii poo) 1948 p. pea-ei oy epiaC oa [epaoo .0,epaBHo-o apxiy poacKx o'a pa (L|Ao pa), yaKya o apiy K K.

i oye MaT aooK, aei opHKaM, K aHaeo op,o HoMep oKMea, oo , ape-aH, aBop, Mi, aa Ta xi HoMep. o .aa Boy o-KMea e ya caHoBeHa, i ay a io, po-i aepiaa, ao Hao.)KeH o K K() oo.

ai MaKcMao epeea eKKa' aopi apeaopi oooi ei. 3io HopMaM ioo pa-Bo paei e aepee opopaii a yai-i oM, HepaHe )aHH .eKX eopai HaB.

e oyei i aepiai olaHo a ocoi CacXpa yiai icopx oei. Bcai i py ac- ei i a yiai aaei .Boa KypHM iepa-M a aeo ("-X-"). ipecei ac eK (opea,iaoo) ieo poptKo iep. pai BpaT, poKaH eKT ocai, a cpoeH x a, iop- i epea y KBapaH yKa (t]).

Ha Ha oMeHa, peoiT (o o a io-pH ii) iopeiy'.piax'.. Ta ao y ''pi-ax', oioMe, a a oi yao yo aicaooKyMeH, i y epea o B*. ea '' afl... ''B apxi.'e iopc.

o oye y ica, pie H, Ka epoa, epec tXK - (Cpoa)' o i. Hapopia iyi, e oHaae aKo) a ooMoo oK_ (-) Cpoa. oyeHTa, epe.aX o B, o.aec ep|e.

Koxe lo.oKMeT poo)e eeo, i aHa-eo ie oo epia (opoeHa HaBa apxiy, oep o-

26

* B cooa co ,o

, o, paB, apKi), Kayec aTeHi oKeHi(opia, aipea oi, oi). oci i oe, pe.-caei y ip, y apai a pyapci ai, - ixoaKa He aHaae.

aooHx eax B)Ko oioay eMy paH-iepaii iioe Kopecy CA.

3ip, aoBo-apxeopaiy ioo oyei a Ha-caH pio oM KoHa Aaoi Kei, Boopo, lpa aeo a Kaepa Apaoa. Boeoocoy oKy a HaaHy exiy oooy Moi lepay aoi Coao.

27

The Turning Point: 1948

Five memorabIe years had eIapsed sine the UkrainianInsurgent Army |aunhed its armed endeavour, a bloody, exhaustingstrugg|e against the imperialisms of Ber|in and Mosow, on the slo-gan of a Ukrainian independent, united state. Although from late.l944 the UPA only had one enem.Musovite Communism-theSoviet Union was then at the zenith of its military might.

Throughout 1946-1947 UPA formations and the OUN under-ground, whih in fat represented the independene movement inthe Ukrainian |ands during the postwar period, suceeded in with-standing the frenzied pressure of the totalitarian regime on the posi-tions of the national-liberation forces. Not only were the personnel ofthe NKVD-NKGB organs and Interior troops thrown against theUkrainian insurgents and members of the underground but also unitsof Frontier Guards and Soviet Arm formations, whih were deployedto Ukraine's western region.

For a significant period of time the Western Ukrainian landswere transformed into an arena of unompromising, armed resist-ane. ln fat, the population of these |ands, the preponderant major-ity of which supported or sympathized with the liberation movement,beame the target of ombat ations. Arrests and deportationsbeame commonplace ocUrrences' as did incidents of vioIene andextralega| reprisa|s by the Soviet authorities, whih were carried outagainst people suspeted of ooperating with the insurgents andmembers of the underground.

The period of 1946-1947 was marked by the mass heroism ofUPA privates and offiers, and members of the oUN underground'who risked their lives, waging a resistane to the enemy's numerial-| superior fores. The insurgents and underground members cher-ished the hope that their self-sacrifiing struggle wou|d find aresponse and understanding both in the West and among the inhab-itants of Ukraine's eastern oblasts, and that it would spark nationalrevoIutions in the republis of the USSR. However, these hopes werenot fulfilled, although anti-Soviet movements in the Baltic republisof Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia to a certain extent def|eted theattention of Soviet fores from events transpiring in Ukraine.

Although the Soviet totalitarian regime did not succeed in liq-uidating the oUN and the UPA.s resistane in the first postwar years,when the insurgents and underground members ontinued to disruptthe Soviet government's poIitica| and eonomic measures in the heTurning Point: 1948.

28

Five memorab|e years had eIapsed sine the UkrainianInsurgent Army |aunhed its armed endeavour, a b|oody, exhaustingstruggle against the imperialisms of Berlin and Moscow, on the sloganof a Ukrainian independent, united state. Although from late 1944 theUPA only had one enemy-Muscovite Communism-the Soviet Unionwas then at the zenith of its military might.

Throughout '1946-1947 UPA formations and the OUN under-ground, whih in fat represented the independence movement in theUkrainian |ands during the postwar period, suceeded in withstandingthe frenzied pressure of the totalitarian regime on the positions of thenational-|iberation fores. Not on|y were the personne| of theNKVD-NKGB organs and Interior troops thrown against the ukrainianinsurgents and members of the underground but also units of FrontierGuards and Soviet Army formations, whih were dep|oyed to Ukraine'swestern region.

For a signifiant period of time the Western Ukrainian |ands weretransformed into an arena of unompromising, armed resistane. Infat, the popuIation of these Iands, the preponderant majority of whihsupported or sympathized with the liberation movement, beame thtarget of ombat ations. Arrests and deportations became common-pIae occurrenes, as did inidents of vioIene and extralega| reprisaIsby the Soviet authorities, whih were arried out against people sus-peted of cooperating with the insurgents and members of the under-ground.

The period of '1 946-'l 947 was marked by the mass heroism ofUPA privates and offiers, and members of the oUN underground,who risked their lives, waging a resistane to the enemy's numeri-cally superior forces. The insurgents and underground memberscherished the hope that their se|f-sarifiing strugg|e wou|d find aresponse and understanding both in the West and among the inhab-itants of Ukraine's eastern oblasts, and that it would spark nationalrevolutions in the republis of the UssR. However, these hopesWere not fu|fi||ed, although anti-Soviet movements in the Ba|tirepublics of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia to a certain extentdef|eted the attention of Soviet fores from events transpiring inUkraine.

Although the Soviet totalitarian regime did not succeed in liqui-dating the oUN and the UPA.s resistance in the first postwar ears,when the insurgents and underground members ontinued to disruptthe Soviet government,s politial and economic measures in the west-ern ob|asts of Ukraine, the unfavourable politia| situation in the worIdand at home meant that the Ukrainian liberation movement was left tofight alone against a mighty adversary.

29

Despite the superior moral fortitude demonstrated by the greatmajority of the personnel in UPA formations and the OUN under-ground, the diffiuIties of providing the armed underground withmateria|-tehnia| supplies and filIing its ranks with ommanders andleaders of a cruia|, professiona| ca|iber and ideologia| training werebecoming insurmountable. Soviet repressions were taking aninreasing|y heav to|l on the mood of the popu|ation in the westernregion, where the middle-aged and the elderly were betraying asense of utter hopelessness vis-a-vis the insurgents' struggle.

As in preeding years' the year 1948 began with the Commu-nists' systematic and planned attack on the positions of the Ukrainianinsurgents and underground members in alI the |ands of the westrnregion. As early as February of that year thirty-two Chekist-militaryoperations had been arried out against the oUN and the UPA on theterritory of Drohobyh obIast, as a result of whih 1 17 insurgents we-re killed and 66 captured. During February 7-9 the 5th Frontier Guarddetahment con|uded a |engthy operation to |iquidate an UPAompany led b ''Bir.' (V Shyshkanynets'), whih had come to Ukrai.ne from Zakerzonnia in June 1947. The ommander of the companyand his thirty-five soldiers were killed in a savage, unequal battler. InMarh, eight UPA fighting groups and |andestine oUN centers weresmashed in the Ternopil region. As a result of this action, 63 insur-gents were killed, 70 insurgents and underground members wereaptured, and 20 hideouts and bunkers Were destroed2. During thesame period the Communists suceeded in liquidating ten UPA for-mations and c|andestine oUN organizations and kilIing and apturingmore than 150 peop|e in Stanys|aviv ob|ast [toda: |vano-Fran-kivs'k1. on the territory of Rivne MGB punitive subunits succeeded insmashing the fighting group of ''Chad'' (. Kharhuk), whih hadoperated effetively sine 1944' arrying out near|y 100 anti-Sovietations+. During the first quafter of 194B, as a resu|t of .l64 ope-

1 otchet Drogobchskogo obkoma KP(b)U o khode vpolneniiapostanov|niia TsK KP(b)U ot 17 avgusta 1947 goda',o khode borb s ostatkami bandi podpol,ia ukrainsko-nemetskikh natsionalistov v zapadnkh oblastiakh USSR,, zafevral' 1948 goda, - TsDAHo Ukrain, fond 1, list 2' file 554' fols, 14-19

2 Dokladnaia zapiska o khode borb s ostatkami band i podpol'ia ukainsko.nemetskikh natsionalistov po Ternopol'skoi oblasti za mart 1948 goda - TsDAHUkrain, fond 1' list 23' file 5041 '-fols. 197-2053 otchet o khode borb c bandounovskim podpol'em na territoriiStanislavskoi oblasti za mart 1948 goda' - TsDAHo Ukrain, fond 1' list 23' file 5041 'fols.206-210

a Dokladnaia zapiska o rezultatakh provedeniia rabot po likvidatsiiounovskogo banditizma na territorii Rovenskoi oblasti za mart 1948 goda. TsDoUkrain, fond 1 ' list 2, file 5041 ' fols, 1 1-1530

rations carried out in Lviv oblast, 20 OUN groups and OUN centerswere liquidated, with more than 400 insurgents killed and captured.s

he memoirs of partiipants in thes ations aIso provide infor-mation on the course of this struggle in the Western Ukrainian landsand its dramati nature. Rea||ing the ear.l94B in the Drohobchregion, ''Khrin.., the commander of UPA-West's actial Setor 24-''Makivka'', wrote: '.The enemy is onduting bruta| roundups in thefrontier counties to clear them of insurgents, The news is horrifying.he strugg|e does not aknow|edge sentiments...our ouriers havebrought a Very troub|ing piee of intelligene: in Februar the enem,with a fore of more than 1 1,000, is onduting raids in forests and vil-|ages. our |osses are great, but far greater on the enemy side'..

MeanwhiIe, offiial Kyiv was looking forward optimistia|ly to theprospect of crushing the Ukrainian independene movement'Charaterizing the state of the strugg|e against the oUN and the UPAin a letter to Stalin, dated 10 Marh 1948, the first seretary of the CCP(b)U Nikita Khrushchev wrote that in the |ast three years a|l the |argeUPA formations and a signifiant number of |andestine oUN organi-zations had been liquidated. Remaining insurgents had switched toec|usive|y terrorist ations that were being arried out by individualfighting groups of two to five fighters. However, in the opinion of theUkrainian Communist leadet the ultimate liquidation of the nationalistmovement in the western region was a task that required strengtheningthe MGB's materiaI base and alIocating 300 truks to the Ministry ofState Security in order to increase the maneuverability and mobility ofthe operational- military groupsT.

Khrushhev.s request was favourably received in Mosow. n22May .1948 L. Korniiets, the deputy head of the Couni| of Peop|e,sCommissars of the Ukrainian ssR, L. MeI'nikov, the seretary of the CCP(b)U' and S. Savchenko, the Minister of State Seurity, repofted toKhrushhev that 300 vehlcles had been a|located for use b the MGBand that they would be used on|y aording to the designated purpose,''i.e,, for intensifying the strugg|e against banditr..,.

5 Dok|adnaia zapiska o khode borb s ostatkami band ukrainsko-nemetskikhnatsionalistov i ounovskogo podpol'ia vo L'vovskoi oblasti za period c 1 ianvaria po 20aprelia 1948 goda, TsDAo Ukrain, fond 1' list 2' tile 5042' fols' 1_ 1 1

6 Stepn Khrin, Zmoiu v bunkri, Spohad-khronika 1947/1948. unich, Dozbroi, 1950, p. 126

7 A, V. Kentii' Nars borot'b )UN-UPv Ukraini (1946-1956 rr,), Kiv' 1999'p.52

CC CP(b)U. Tovaishchu M. S, Khrushchevu' 22 maia 1948 g' - TsDAHUkrain' fond 1, list 2' file 5174' fols. 183-184

3'1

|n 1948 the MGB, whih in ear| 1947 was assigned responsibi|-ity for the ultimate liquidation of the Ukrainian nationalist movement,completed the restruturing of its entire organization and aIl its branh-es. he strugg|e againstthe oUN and the UPAwas acquiring a new pro-file. Without abandoning military-combat operations, the Soviet gov-ernment began to attribute paramount impoftance to fufther improvingthe ativit of speia| groups and Chekist-mi|itary groups of the MGB,fousing greater attention on work with the existing intelligene service'expanding the ranks of agents apab|e of penetrating the insurgent andundrground miIieus, deiphering their ommunications, and strikingb|ows at them with numerially superior forces. An important roie in thepratial work of the punitive organs was p|ayed by searh ations thatwere aimed at exposing and apturing underground bunkers and hide-outs, and by ampaigns organized with the goa| of prouring agricu|-tural products in order to epose the nationa|ist underground.

As the renowned historian Lew Shankovsk has written, theMGB organs strove at aIl osts ''to penetrate the landestine organi-zation of the Ukrainian liberation movement not only in order to con-dut neessary intelligene, but a|so to ause its disintegration fromwithin"s. At the same time one of the top-priority tasks was to liqui-date the leading members and ommand staff of the oUN and theUPA or, if this proved impossible, to ompromise it. ln the fo||owingyears this tactic was assoiated with the new Minister of StateSeurityof the Ukrainian SSR M' Kova|'huk (from 1949)' who duringthe war years had held important posts in the organs of the militarcounter-inte||igene force known as SMRSH.

In the meantime, the MVD of the Ukrainian SSR was aggrievedby the new changes in the |eadership responsib|e for rushing theUkrainian liberation movement. In a personal letter to Khrushchev,dated 23 Apri| .t94B, Lieutenant-Genera|T. Strokah wrote: ''l urgent-ly request that the struggle against the OUN bands be entirely trans-ferred to the Ministry of InternalAffairs, [that] the operative personaltransferred by the Ministry of Internal Affairs last year be returnedfrom the MGB' I give my assuranes that we sha|l finish with the ban-ditry in the very near future"10. However, this request was ignored,and the desire of ertain highly p|aed offiiaIs in the tota|itarianregime to put an end to oUN and UPA resistane in the Very nearfuture remained unrealized,

9 Lew Shankovsk, lstoriia ukrains'koho viis,ka, 2nd ep' ed', Kiv' 1991 ,p. 182

10 Pismo T. Strokacha N. Khrushchevu, 23 aprelia 1948 g, TsDAHo Ukrain'fond 1, list 23, file 504' tol. 18

2

As in preeding years, in 194B the strugg|e between the Sovietgovernment and the Iibration movement was conducted in the mi|ita-ry, politia|-ideologia|, and eonomi spheres, patiular|y in thedomain of co|letive farm building, where in essene the fate of theresistane on both sides was to be deided. During this period Ukrai-nian nationa|ist fores in the wstern region numbered over 5,000 peo-p|e. The most numerous fores were in Stanys|aviv ob|ast, the fie|d ofoperations of 't58 OUN organizations (688 people) and 26 UPA fightinggroups (345 people), and 859 members of the underground and insur-gents operating independently'l. In Drohobyh and Rivne ob|asts oUNand UPA forces consisted of '110 fighting units and undergroundorganizations (866 people) and '101 fighting units and undergroundorganizations (659 people and 239 illegals operating independently),respectiVe|12.

Despite the Communist |eadership's profound convition that itwou|d fina||y be able to dea| deisive|y with the Ukrainian insurgentsand underground members, the first months of 1948 did not bring theexpected resuIts. Apprehension about the growth of the sope of thenationaIists' fores was fe|t as earI as 19 Februar, when informationconerning the ourse of the strugg|e against the oUN and the UPA inthe western oblasts of Ukraine for the period 1-15 February 1948 wassent to the First Seretary Nikita Khrushhev. The report noted thatwhereas the armed underground had arried out 80 ations inDecember 1947 , in January 194B' 1 10 actions were arried out, andin the next fifteen das, 64 more. Soviet |osses a|so began to rise pro-portionately: in the middle-third of January, 51 Soviet troops werekiI|ed, in the |ast third, 7, and in the two-week period of 1-15February ]948, the Ukrainian insurgents ki|led and aptured 140Soviet troopst.

Aording to Soviet soures, during the first four months of 1948the Soviet authorities noted 505 examp|es of ativity on the paft of UPAformations and the oUN underground on the territor of seven WesternUkrainian oblasts. At the same time the inidene of suh activit wascontinually rising: in January there were 'l'10 incidents, in February-

11 Kentii, Narys borot,b 1UN-UPA' p. 5212 Drogobchskaia oblast' obstanovka i rabota organov MGB (bez dat)'

Dokladnaia zapiska o sostoianii bofb s ostatkami band i ounovskim podpol'em vRovenskoi oblasti za period s maia 1947 goda po 20 aprelia 1948 goda. TsDAHOUkrain, fond 1, list 23' file 5041' fols 113-| 15' 12-134

1 lnformatsiia o khode bor,b s bandami 1UN-UP v zapadnkh ob|astiakhUSSB s 1 po 15 fevra|ia 1948 g. - TsDAHo Ukrain, fond 1,list 2, file 5040' fols.162-170

33

.ll1, in March-128, and in April-'156r+. During this period insurgentsand underground members Were partiular|y ative on the territory ofRivne oblast, where their forces numbered over 100 fighting andunderground groups. hey arried out 92 ations directed againsto|lective farm bui|ding and the liquidation of its leaders, i.e., o||e-tive farm activists and representatives of the Soviet part administra-tive apparatus. one espeia||y important ation was carried out in thevillage of Karpylivka in Rokytne raion, where insurgents killedRudenko, the second seretar of the raion party ommittee of theCP(b)U' and Blzniuk, the deputy of the vi||age soviet, and capturedTrehubov, the representative of the raion division of the Ministry oflnternal Affairsrs.

Besides the ombat ations of Ukrainian insurgents and under-ground members, the Ukrainian Communist leadership was alsoalarmed by the slow imp|ementation of the o||ectivization of agriul-ture in the western region. The reation of 2,313 oIIetive farms,whih omprised only 14,6 percent of a|| peasant homesteadsl6' pre-luded the Soviet government from fundamenta|ly disrupting themass base of the independene movement, the foundation of whihwas the peasantr, whih was engaged in private farming and thusable to provide material suppofi to the OUN and the UPA,

In its plans for the struggle against the totalitarian regime thearmed resistane paid speia| attention to the implementation ofmeasures directed against the olIectivization of agriu|ture. A Ieafletentitled '.o organizers, Members of Initiative Groups, and theAdministration of Co|tetive Farms'' (194B) and signed ,'Ukrainian

insurgents'' ontained a warning addressed to those individuaIs whowould be taking part in the work of setting up olIetive farms. Thisdoument stressed that against ''enemies of the people there existsa sing|e Iaw in the whoIe wor|d-to destro them by a|| means possi-bIe'.lz. These Were not mere words but conrete ations. |n a memo-randum sent to Nikita Khrushhev on 22 pri| .|94B the Directorate of

1a Spravka o rezul'tatakh bor'b s bandami 1UN_UP v zapadnkh oblasti-kh USS,9 s 1 ianvaria po 28 aprelia 1948 goda, TsDA Ukrain, fond 1, |ist 23, fi|e5041 , fol. 174

15 Dok|adnaia zapiska o sostoianii bor'b s ostatkami band iounovskim pod-pol'em v Rovenskoi oblasti za period s maia 1947 goda po 20 aprelia 1948 goda. -TsDA Ukrain' fond 1, list 2, tile 5041 ' fols, 123-14

16 Boot'ba prot UPA i natsionalistchnoho pidpillia: drektvni dokumentTsK Kompartii Ukrain 194-1959. Litops UPA, Nova seriia, vol. 3' Kiv-Toronto,2001, p.325

17 Kentii, Narys borot'b 1UN-UPA' p, 54

4

Cadres of the C cP(b)U reported that in Ternopi|, oblast in partiu|arthe ativity of the nationa|ist underground and its armed groups ''Wasdireted primari|y in the Iast while against olIectivization.'l'

In the meantime the intractable resistance of the OUN and theUPA and the very ourse of evnts in the western region were ausinggreat disp|easure in officia| Kyiv, whih rea|ized the urgent need to giverenewed impetus to the ations of Soviet party organs and struturesof the MGB and Ministry of Interna| Affairs in order to rush the resist-ane of the insurgents and underground members. on 23 April 1948Nikita Khrushhev attended an inter.ob|ast meeting of secretaries ofoblast part ommittees and heads of the directorates of the ministriesof state security and internal affairs of the Western Ukrainian oblasts.After a |engthy disussion of the most important tasks of the strugg|eagainst the nationalist movement' it was suggested that the partii-pants of the meeting submit proposa|s to the P(b)U conerningmeasures that were ruiaI to smashing the remnants of the UPAfores and the oUN underground.

Among the above-mentroned proposals, measures underlakenby the Stanyslaviv ob|ast ommittee of the CP(b)U are worth mention-ing. This doument stressed the necessit of forsaking Iarge-sa|e mil-itary operations against the OUN and the UPA and abandoning thepratie of deploying |arge garrisons of |nterior troops to popu|atedareas. lnstead, it was proposed to expand the use of mobile searchgroups during the day and the night, ativate the work of the notoriousspecial groups and seret agent fighters, ontinue the pratie ofdeporting the families of OUN and UPA members to the easternregions of the USSR, and carry out merciless expulsions of residents inviIlages where nationa|isti inidents were taking PIaets.

A|though questions that were onneted in one Way or anotherto the struggle against the Ukrainian armed underground were dis-ussed seven times during 1948 at various meetings of the CCP(b)U' chief among them was a resolution entitled ..Conerning thelmprovement of Mass-Po|itial Work, the Further Development ofCo||etive Farm Bui|ding, and the Liquidation of Remnants of Bands ofUkrainian-German Nationalists in the Western Oblasts of the UkrainianSSR," approved by the Politburo of the CC CP(b)U on 1 June '1948.

his reso|ution confirmed that party organizations in the westernregion had improved their organizational-party and mass-political

18 Kentii, Nars borot'b 1UN_UPA' p. 5419 Meropriiatiia Stanislavskogo obkoma KP(b)U dlia usileniia bor'b s ostatka-

mi bandounovskogo podpo|'ia, 28 aprelia 194B g' - TsDo Ukrain, fond 1' list 2' file5041 , fols, 71-78

35

Work, strengthened |oal Soviet organs, and energized their ativityin the agricu|tura| and culture-bui|ding setors. |n addition, the statesecurity organs had made onsiderable progress in |iquidating theremnants of UPA formations and the OUN underground.

At the same time the CC P(b)U admitted that reentfavourabIe poIitiaI cirumstanes Were stiII being inadequate|yexploited by the Soviet party leadership in the western oblasts withthe aim of expanding oI|etive farm bui|ding and p|anned po|itia|work among the population. The part leadership sing|ed out theinadequate management of the olletivization proess on the partof the Drohobych, Rivne, and Stanyslaviv ob|ast part ommittees. |tnoted a signifiant f |aw in the work of party and Soviet organs, i.e., aweakening of the struggle against UPA formations and the national-ist underground, whih sine ear|y spring had increased their ativi-ty, arrying out terrorist acts against the most active members of theSoviet party and o||etive farm sstem by attaking ol|ective farmsand village soviets.

Attention was a|so direted to the fat that in a number of west-ern ob|asts and many raion MGB organs were inadequate|y restru-turing their work in onnetion with the hanges introdued into oUNand UPA tatis. These organs had not developed a genuine|y oper-ational, flexible, and maneuverable struggle against the Ukrainiannationalists in order to para|yze their ativity and hasten the u|timateliquidation of key hotspots, where the fores of the insurgents andunderground members Were onentrated.

A signifiant part of the CC CP(b)U.s reso|ution is devoted toan anaIsis of f|aws in the organization of the MGB organs. work withthe agentura. Stress was aIso Iaid on the fat that seurity servicepersonnel were not demonstrating initiative or inventiveness andwere operating in an unvarying manner, leading to the exposure and|iquidation of agentura agents. Suh inidents had ourred in par-tiular in Drohobyh, Lviv, and Ternopil ob|asts. The reso|ution a|soritiized the MGB's inability to penetrate the leading strutures andenters of the Iiberation movement in order to uncover the |oation ofUPA ombat subunits and the oUN underground, and to pre-empttheir terrorist ats.

The Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine alsoemphasized the insuffiient groundwork of mi|itary-Chekist opera-tions and their management. As a result, despite the absolutenumerial superiorit of Soviet fores, a considerabIe number ofoperations ended in failure and loss of life, whereas the insurgentsand underground members wou|d swift|y disappear and hide. hesstem of proteting o||etive farms, state farms, Mahine-Trator

36

Stations [MS], and vi||ages from insurgents. attacks was a|so shownto be inadequate. Also stressed was the fact that the GB was using''Istrebite|'nye battalions., in operationa|-miIitary ations, a|though theirprincipa| task was to protet vi||ages and o||ective and state farmpropert. Another point that was broahed yet again was the questionof gross violations of soia|ist |egality taking p|ae in the westernob|asts, unjustified arrests of itizens' and fines issued to them, et.

In order to eliminate the indicated flaws, improve mass-politicalwork, further the development of co|letive farm bui|ding, and ulti-mately liquidate the remnants of UPA formations and the nationalistunderground, the CC CP(b)U assigned a number of urgent tasks to theSoviet party organs in the Western oblasts, Prinipa| among them wasthe question of the struggle against the OUN and the UPA.

First, the Minister of State Security of the Ukrainian SSR S.Savhenko undertook the imp|ementation of measures to improve thework of the state seurit organs in the western ob|asts, inrease theontro| over their ativity, provide the MGB with adres from the east-ern obIasts and from the entraI apparatus , and offer pratial assis-tane to urban and raion divisions with a view to raising the level of theiroperational-Chekist work, The primary and most urgent task was theu|timate |iquidation of the Ieading strutures and |inks of the oUN andthe UPA b omprehensively improving agentura work, deve|oping aform and methods for work with the agentura, and ridding it of suspi-ious e|ements. lmportant significane Was attributed to questions ofcontrol over the implementation of operational-Chekist plans, analyz-ing ompleted operations, and indicating the auses of their faiIure anddisruotion.

Much attention was paid to the ontinuing reation and ativitof inter-obIast and inter-raion mobi|e mi|itary.Chekist groups, whihWere now assigned the task of |oating and liquidating cel|s of thearmed underground and their Ieaders in a designated operationa| se-tor and within a ceftain time-frame. ln order to process and destroy themembers and offiers of the entra| oUN |eadership, p|ans were drawnup to organize an inter-oblast operational-Chekist group whose mem-ber were to operate in omplete serey.

In terms of improving ontro|overthe activit of raion divisions ofthe MGB, operationa| setors |inking three or four raions were createdwithin each oblast. Military-Chekist groups operating in territories,where the main OUN and UPA forces were based, were assigned thetask of thoroughl boosting their ativity.

ln connetion With the neessity of intensifying agentura andintel|igene work, whih was onsidered a top priority, MGB organswere released from ertain of their funtions, partiularly arrying out

7

pUbIi order patroI servie' According|y,,'Istrebite.ne battalions''were re-subordinated to the Ministry of lnternal Affairs and reorgan-ized into pub|ic order maintenance groups. he main task of thesegroups was to organize the protetion of state and pub|i property,the defene of vi||ages, oI|ective farms, and their residents-primari-ly those with a friend| attitude toward the Soviet authorities-frominsurgents' attaks. The Ministry of Interna| Affairs also p|edged toimprove the work of militia organs, to staff its subunits with cadres,and improve poIitia|-eduationaI work with personne|.

he Centra| Committee of the Communist Party of Ukrainedireted secretaries of obIast, city, and raion pafiy ommittees, asweII as heads of the ministries of state seurity and interna| affairs, toregard each anti-Soviet inident and every terrorist at against themost ative members of the Soviet part and o|letive farm sstemas an extraordinary ourrene requiring thorough investigation andpunishment of the guilty.

ln order to put a decisive end to the Ukrainian armed under-ground resistane, the Soviet authorities' undertook by means ofmass-politica| work the task of inciting hostiIit between the wea|thyand poor strata of the rura| population, and inu|ating hatred amongthe Iatter toward the insurgents and underground members and thedesire to vanquish them as quick| as possible. |n order to ompro-mise the members of the liberation movement, the Soviet govern-ment once again began to propagate the notion that the Ukrainiannationa|ists, who in the past were al|eged| under the contro| of theGerman fascists, Were now in the servie of the Ang|o-Ameriansand were carrying out espionage and terrorist activity at theirbehestzo.

SimuItaneousl, on 1 June 194B the Politburo of the CCP(b)U passed a reso|ution entitled ''on Measures Conerning theSafety of Witnesses Providing Evidene to |nvestigative-Courtorgans from the Bands of Ukrainian-German NationaIists.,'This do-ument stemmed diret|y from the fat that in the western ob|asts ofUkraine during 1947 insurgents and underground members had liq-uidated 195 individuals who were about to provide evidence to theSoviet investigative-ourt organs against the members of the Iibera-tion movement. These facts beame wide| known, and some so-al|ed leading |oca| members began evading participation as wit.nesses in trials of members of the OUN and the UPAzt.

20 Borot,ba prot UPA i natsionalistchnoho pidpillia' pp. 324-40zt lbid, pp' 41

B

Suh a course of events not on|y reated obstaIes to speedyand allegedly legal reprisals against the insurgents and undergroundmembers, but also autioned certain strata of the population in thewestern region against collaborating with the totalitarian regime. Underthese irumstanes the CC P(b)U obliged the appropriate authori-ties to develop and implement a number of measures aimed at ensur-ing the safety of witnesses from threats from the armed underground,increasing the secrey of investigations and ensuring the time|y dis-overy and sentening of oUN and UPA memberszz.

Both of the above-mentioned reso|utions of the C P(b)U,together with other directive douments issued in 194B, onstituted aprogram for the sstemati and onsistent ons|aught of totalitarianfores against the positions of the Ukrainian independene movement,its u|timate goa| being the omplete Iiquidation of this movement,offiial Kyiv waited impatient|y for enouraging reports from highlyplaed offiiaIs and from the western territories conerning sUessesin the struggle against the Ukrainian nationalist armed undergroundand about ahievements in co||etive farm buiIding.

one of the first to report was the Diretorate of Cadres of the CCP(b)U, whih on 3 Ju|y ]948 informed Nikita Khrushchev that joint|ywith the MGB of the Ukrainian SSR, 289 operational personneI, in|ud.ing '160 people from the eastern oblasts and 120 graduates of the L'viv-based shoo| of the MGB USSR, had been selected and dispatched forpermanent work in the state security organs of the western oblasts.The report also announced the replacement of eighteen directors ofMGB ount branhes, who had ompromised themse|ves and hadfailed to seure their sphere of work. In order to provide pratial assis-tance to |oa| state securit organs, the MGB dispathed sevent-two|eading operationa| personnel on |ong-term serviez.

Shortly afterwards, on .l 1 August .l94B' the P(b)U itse|f, stri-ving to inrease the |nterior Ministry's oppoftunities to upho|d pub|iorder in the western region, requested Stalin to enlarge the staff of theministry's directorates in the Western Ukrainian oblasts by 3,019 addi-tionaI mi|itia station ommissioners, each one of whom wou|d be in

22 Borot'ba pot UP i natsionalisthnoho pidpillia' pp, 341-3462 Dokladnaia zapiska o khode vpolneniia postanovleniia TsK KP(b)U ot

1.06.48 g, ',ob uluhshenii massovo-politicheskoi rabot, dalneishem razvitii koIkhozno-go stoitel'stva i likvidatsii ostatkov band ukainsko-nemetskikh natsionalistov v zapad-nkh oblastiakh Uss'. v chasti ukrepleniia i polnogo ukomplektovaniia organov GBzapadnkh oblastei USSR. TsDAHo Ukrain, fond 1, list 2' file 5043' fols' 87-88.

39

harge of a vi||age soviet24. After obtaining permission from Mosow,in ear|y .|949 the P(b)U passed a speia| reso|utionzs'

After some time the Military Tribunal of the Interior troops ofthe Ukrainian distrit repofted on the question of punishment metedout to the participants of the |iberation movement. he c P(b)Ureeived information that during the first haIf of 194B more than2,200 members of the OUN and the UPA and 1,625 of their sympa-thizers had been sentenced to various terms of imorisonmentz.

Beginning in Ju|y ]948, the C P(b)U began to reeivemethodia||y dispathed information about the ourse of the strug-gle between the totalitarian regime and the armed underground.These documents reonstruct a panorama of brutal and uncompro-mising resistane in whih ountIess insurgents and undergroundmembers with ourage and se|f-sacrifie attempted to endure thefrenetic pressure of the enem,s numeria|l superior forces, there-by demonstrating that there is no higher prie than Iife in the strugg|efor freedom and liberty.

In the course of ombat ations and seret agent-operationaImeasures that were arried oUt on the territories of Drohobych obIastduring June-October -1948, MGB organs and troops liquidated 40UPA fighting groups and oUN underground enters; destroyed 21hideouts; captured 12 hand machine guns, 92 sub-machine guns,and 96 pistols; killed and arrested more than 740 members of theOUN and the UPA, and their sympathizers. In response, the insur-gents and underground members arried out 169 anti.Sovietations, ki|ling 171 people, in|uding 38 MGB operatives and soldiersand 9 o|Ietive farm headszz.

Acording to inomp|ete data of the L.viv oblast committe ofthe CP(b)U' during the ourse of battles and speia| operations ar-ried out against the armed underground on the territory of this oblastduring June_otober 1948, near|y 90 UPA fighting groups and oUNunderground groups were smashed, resulting in the deaths and ap-ture of more than 1,.130 insurgents, underground members, andsmpathizers. During the first ten das of November 194B the MGBsueeded in liquidating two key members of the L'viv krai leadership

2a Kentii, Narys boot'b 1UN-UP' p, 5225 Borot'ba prot UPA i natsionalistchnoho pidpillia' pp, 353_5526 Dokument bez nazv' Sekretariu TsK KP(b)U tov. Khrushchevu N. S' 2

sentiabria 1948 goda' TsDAHo Ukrain, fond 1, list 23' file 5045' fols, 1-1627 Calculated on the basis of repofts and information of the Drohobch

oblast ommittee of the P(b)U for June-october 1948' _ TsDAo Ukrain, fond 1,list 23, file 504, fols, 70_74; file 5045' fols, 22-27; file 5046' fols 22-27' 81-86; fi|e554' fols' 64-65

40

of the oUN. During a brief batt|e that took p|ae in forest|and near thevil|age of Ve|kyi Liubin' in Horodok ount, a Chekist-military group ofthe Ukrainian MGB kiIIed Z. Tershakovets', ('.Fedir,.. ..Rusyh,.'..Chyhryn'.), the |eader of the L'viv krai oUN |eadership, together withhis escort. Shortly afterwards, near the viIIage of Hryniv in Bibrka oun-ty, the MGB liquidated the hideout of the krai leader responsible for theSecurit Servie Ya' D.iakon (.'yron'.) and his deputy B. Prokof.iev("Stepan"), together with three bodyguards. The liquidation ofTershakovets'Was onsidered one of the greatest achievements of theLviv branh of the MGB. hat same month, November, the state seu-rity organs uncovered an underground nationalist youth organizationa||ed .,Fighters for the Liberation of Ukraine.. IBortsi za vzvo|enniaUkrainy]. his tiny organization, headed by eighteen-year-old RomanChekh, consisted of nine members, who worked in the printing houseof the Aademy of Sienes of the Ukrainian SSR in L'viv, and. Theauthorities confisated five issues ot an iIlegal newspaper alIedrzub (76 copies), printing equipment, and nationalist Iiterature.

In the ourse of reprisa|s. during June_otober members of thearmed underground arried out .|0B ations in the L'viv region againstrepresentatives of the Soviet party apparatus, leading members of col-lective farms, and property belonging to collective farms and villagesoviets. A partiuIar|y important inident during this period was themurder in L'viv of the weI| known hurh ativist HavriI Koste|'nyk andthe |iquidation of the deput of the Supreme Soviet of the UkrainianSSR Maria Mats'ko on 5 October 't941 in the village of Novyi Yar inYavoriv raionzs.

Between June and November 1948 a number of operations werearried out against the oUN and the UPA in the Stanys|aviv region, as aresult of whih 65 UPA fighting groups and landestine oUN enterswere liquidated, and 1,623 insurgents, underground members, andtheir sympathizers were killed and arrested. During 3-5 November ofthat year' near the vi||age of opy|'sk, the specia|.fores units of the2'tsth Riflemen's Regiment of the Interior troops killed V. Livyi('.Mytar'.), the |eader responsible for the Seurity Servie of the oUNleadership in the Carpathian krai, together with his wife.

However, the Communists' powerful offensive against OUN andUPA positions in Sub-Carpathia did not u|timate|y smash the resistaneof the insurgents and underground members. As of 20 November 1948their forces consisted of twenty-two UPA fighting groups (149 sol-

28 Calculated on the basis of reports and information of the L'viv oblast com-mittee of the CP(b)U for June_November 1948' - TsDAHo Ukrain, fond 1' list 23' file5045, fols. 6-12: tile 5046, fols. 15-21, 73-77, 87-92, 109-112; file 5047, fols. 5-9

41

diers), 168 OUN underground organizations (817 people), and near-ly 500 fighters and illegals operating independently. These were thevery people who were arrying out reprisa|s against Soviet instaI|a-tions. hus' during November_December 1948 members of theoUN and the UPA arried out 38 ations, in|uding 25 terroristattaks against the leading members of the Soviet part and ol|ec-tive farm sstem29.

An intractab|e onflit deve|oped in the ernopi| region. Hereduring June_November 1948 the fores of the tota|itarian regimerepofted on the liquidation of 95 OUN fighting groups and OUNunderground cells, the destruction of '182 underground bunkers andhideout, and the liquidation and arrests of 1 ,3'18 OUN and UPA mem-bers and their sympathizers. ln their turn, during June-December ofthat year insurgents and underground members carried out I61 anti-Soviet ations resulting in the deaths, wounding, disappearancesand summary eeutions of more than 190 |eading members of theSoviet party and oI|etive farm system and operationa| personne|'CoIletive farm insta||ations also suffered significant damage0.

The struggle in other western oblasts of Ukraine was alsodeveIoping d ramatiaIly. he diversionary-terrorist group''Dni pro'' ofthe eastern OUN krai leadership ("Odesa") in the NorthwesternUkrainian Lands [PZ|'JZ\, whih operated in 1946-.|94B on the borderof Rivne and Kam,ianets,-PodiI's'ki ob|asts, was a partiular thorn inthe side of the Soviet government. This group arried out for1y-sixactions' in|uding the disarming of three groups of ''Istrebite|'nyebattalions", burning down three village soviet buildings and villageclubs, onfisating the property of two raion printing houses, and Iiq-uidating thirty-seven leading members of the Soviet party system.he MGB organs sueeded in |iquidating the Ieader of this group, A.Luchkovskyi ("Dnipro"), and his deputy, and then destroying andarresting thirt-eight of the group's mem bers only in early June .1 948.That month the state seurity organs unovered nationa|ist outhorganizations in the town of Hoshcha (seven members), the village ofZdolbtsia in ZdoIbuniv raion (four members), the vilIage ofDiatkovyhi in Rivne ob|ast (three persons), whose members were

29 Calculated on the basis of reports and information of the Stanslavivoblast committee ot the CP( b)U for June.December 1948. - TsDAo Ukrain, fond 1 ,list 23' file 5045, fols,31-5; file 5046, fols,2B-4; fil 5047' fols. 1_4' 24-32

0 Calculated on the basis of reports and infomation of the Ternopil' oblastcommittee of the CP(b)|J for June_December 1948. _ TsDAHo Ukrain, fond 1, list23, tile 504, fols.9-114; file 5044, fols.70-88; file 5045, fols. 6-77;file 5046' fols,47-59; file 5047' fols, 17-2' 33_40

42

students. In late 1948 a diversionary-terrorist fighting group (eightmembers) of the oUN leadership of the astern Iands ('.odesa'.) in theNorthwestern Ukrainian Lands, led by 'Yaroslavenko," was liquidatedon the territory of the ount of Sosnivkal.

As mentioned earlier, the struggle between the totalitarianregime and the fores of the liberation movement was foused on thedeve|opment of coI|etive farms. With alI their might the insurgents andunderground members resisted the Soviet government's measuresconcerning the ol|etivization of agriu|ture. he targets of theirattaks were not only |eaders and ativists of co||etive farm bui|dingbut also the materia| base of oI|etive farms that had been estab-Iished in the western region. In the period between August andDeember .|94B a|one the insurgents carried out 155 attaks on col-Ietive farms with the aim of destroying the tota| inventory of farms,buildings, and other propertys2.

In order to ounterat insurgent ations in the sphere of o||ectivefarm buiIding, pub|i order maintenane groups organized on the basisof former ''lstrebitel'nye batta|ions'' Were the first fores to be engagedin this aspet of the strugg|e. By 1 Deember 1948, 6,343 suh groups'numbering more than 85,400 members armed with nearly 50,000Weapons, had been reated in the Ukrainian SSR. ln the period from 1Augustto 1 Decembr .|94B these fores had deterred 93 attaks byoUN and UPA members, in the ourse of whih 41 insurgents andunderground members were ki||ed and 170 aptured.

Nevefthe|ess, in .194B, as in past ears, the Soviet government'ssuesses in the sphere of olIectivization in the western obIasts turnedout to be rather insignifiant, as onviningly attested by information thatobJast pafty committees were forwarding to the CP(b)U. ln thesedouments very |itt|e spae was devoted to questions onerning thereation of co||etive farms. Instead, they foused mainly on summariesof the armed struggle against the OUN and the UPA, This informationgeneral| disussed the number of coI|etive farms that had been set up.The perentage of o|letiv|zed farms within a given ob|ast was notedonly in one or two information items. he largest perentage was in

1 Dokladnaia zapiska o rezul,tatakh likvidatsii ounovskikh band na territoiiRovenskoi oblasti za iiun' mesiats 1948 g, - TsDA Ukrain' fond 1' list 23' file 504'fols. 54-69

2 Kntii, Nars borot'b OUN-UPA' pp 54_55 Spravka ob itogakh deiatel'nosti na territorii zapadnkh oblastei Ukrainskoi

SSR grupp po okhrae obshchestvnnogo poriadka' 17 dekabria 1948 g' - TsDAHoUkrain, fond 1, list 2' file 5044' fols, 68-69

43

TernopiI oblast' where as of 20 october.l948 o|letive farms om-prised 22.9 percent of a|l peasant homesteads.

A|| the evidene points to the fat that the immense efforts ofthe Soviet government notwithstanding, the sIow pace of o|lec-tivization in the western oblasts was the result of the vigorous ationson the part of the Ukrainian nationalist armed underground.

The information war, to use a modern term, between theUkrainian independence movement and the Soviet totalitarian regimea|so had an unompromising harater. For examp|e, whereas inGerman.oupied Ukraine during 1941_1944 the oUN and the UPA'sagitation and propaganda work was almost on a par with that of theCommunists, in the postwar years Communist propaganda wasunquestionably superior to that of the insurgents and undergroundmembers, Pressed into the Soviet government's service were all theurrent mass media-press, radio, and pub|ishing-a huge network ofshools and pa-poIitia| eduation groUps, and thousands of agita-tors and propagandists.

The information war oupied a entra| role in the mass-po|it-icaI work that the Soviet party organs onduted among the popu|a-tion of the western region. ln this struggle top priority was given toagitation and propaganda activity in the form of the living word, in thespread of which the local population was also widely engaged. Thegoal of mass-politia| work Was to inulate the inhabitants of theWestern oblasts with a be|ief in the soia|ist ideal and Communist va|-ues and to incite hostility toward the members of the OUN and theUPA and their struggle for an independent Ukraine.

A review of the agitation and propaganda campaign in thewestern region reveals the fo||owing fats. In June-Ju|y 1948 ob|astparty organs in Ternopi| onduted 1B1 seminars with |eaders andmembers of agitation ol|etives, involving more than 18,000 peo.p|e, and held 3,269 pubIic instrution sessions and Iectures attend-ed by 312'000 peop|e5. In this same period the ranks of agitationcoI|etives in the Stanys|aviv region numbered approximate|y22,000 individuals, who presented a total of 4,452 instruction ses-

3a Dokladnaia zapiska o khode bar'b s ostatkami band i podpol,ia ukrain-sko-nemetskikh natsionalistov po Ternopol'skoi oblasti za oktiabr 1948 goda.TsDAHo Ukrain, fond 1, list 23, fi|e 5046' fols' 47_59

35 Dokladnaia zapiska Ternopol'skogo obkoma KP(b)U o khode vpolneniiapostanovleniia sK KP(b)U ot 1 iiunia 1948 g, ',ob uluchshenii massovo-politicheskoirabot, dal,neishem razvitii kolkhoznogo stroitel,sfua i likvidatsii ostatkov band ukrain-sko-nemetskikh natsionalistov v zapadnkh oblastiakh Uss.. 29 iiulia 1948 g, -TsDAo Ukrain' fond 1' list 23' tile 504' fols. 93-114

44

sions and |ectures to 660'000 peop|e and onduted .|73,000 talksin which 1.6 mi||ion people took part6' During September 194B,40'000 taIks took p|ace in Lviv ob|ast, invo|ving approimate|y350,000 peopIe7.

Regard|ess of the might ons|aught of the Soviet tota|itarianregime on the Ukrainian nationaI-Iiberation movement, disussedearlier, throughout 't948 insurgents and underground membersmanaged to arry out more than 1 ,440 anti.Soviet ations, more thanha|f of whih were defensive batt|es and Iashes. of this number. ] 36were surprise attaks, ad 144 were terrorist ats. Besides the west-ern oblasts, UPA units also operated on the territories of Zhytomyr,Kam,ianets'-Podi|'s'ki, Kiv, and Chernihiv ob|asts, as we|| as in theBerestia (Brest) obIast of BeIarus, where they carried out 42 attakson enem insta|lations.

AIthough the ations of the armed underground and remnantsof UPA fighting groups had a dynami harater and aused onsid-erable diffiulty for the Soviet government, these were most|y minorations with doubtfu| results. For examp|e'' ''on 25.7.48 in the vi||ageof Budy|iv (Kozova ount, Ternopi|' ob|ast), there was a lashbetween underground members and an MGB unit"; "On 26.7. 48 inthe village of Stupnytsia (Dub|ian oUnty, Drohobyh oblast) under-ground members fired on a MGB unit"; "On 2.8.48 in the village ofMa|,hytsi (!.{orodok raion, L,viv ob|ast) underground members firedon MGB troops, after whih the GB troops fled from the village'';'.on 3.B.4B in the vi||age of Arestiv (Mizoh count, Rivne ob|ast)insurgents disarmed and euted two party members for abusingthe popu|ation.'' More suessfu| were ations aimed at destroyingoIletive farm property, vi|lage Soviet buiIdings, smaIl businesses,teIephone ommuniations lines, et.s

6 otchet Stanislavskogo obkoma KP(b)U o khode vpolneniiapostanovleniia TsK KP(b)U ot 1 iiunia 1948 g, "Ob uluchshenii massovo-politicheskoirabot, dal,neishem razvitii kolkhoznogo stroitel'sfua i likvidatsii ostatkov band ukrain-sko-nemetskikh natsionalistav v zapadnkh oblastiakh Uss. " 7 avgusta 1948 g' _TsDAHo Ukrain, fond 1, list 23, fi|e 5044' fols' 41_59

7 lnformatsiia o khode vpolneniia postanovleniia sK KP(b)U ot 1 iiunia194B g' ''ob uluchshnii massavo-poIiticheskoi rabot, dal'neishem razvitiikolkhoznogo stroitel'stva ilikvidatsii ostatkov band ukrainsko-nenetskikh natsionalis-tovv zapadnkh ablastiakh USSR'' vo L'vovskoi oblasti. 1 oktiabia 1948 g' TsDAHoUkrain, fond 1' list 2' file 5046' fols. 15_21

38 Lew Shnkovsk, lstoriia ukrains'kohoviis'ka, pp. 178_109 Litops UPA' Vol 10, Ukrains,ka olovna Vzvol,na Rada Knha tretia:

1 949-- 1 952, Toronto, 1 984, pp. 250-253

45

The above-mentioned ations may be charaterized as a ta-ti of inflicting ''harrassing'' b|ows. Natura||y, suh a tacti does notlead directly to serious results, owing to its inabiIity to overome theopponent. But Within the opponent's milieu and espeia|ly among the''|ower ranks'' it serves to reate an atmosphere of onstant psho-logica| oppression and feverish antiipation of future attaks, with nopossibi|ity of timing or determining the diretion of such b|ows. Thistati on the part of the opponent, in this ase the oUN and the UPA,who annot be exposed and attacked in a timely fashion, psyho|og-ia|l weakens the opposing side, i.e., the Soviet authorities, and hasa negative impact on its ability to function. he Germans rea|ized thiswhen they were dealing with the partisans of both the Communistand nationalist undergrounds, and the Communists had now landedin this prediament.

Nevertheless, the continuing struggle and massed blowsinflicted by the MGB and Ministry of Internal Affairs were progres-sively inapacitating the fores of the liberation movement and dis-rupting their fighting effiiency. In 1948 the MGB aptured a docu-ment from 1946, entit|ed .'he Situation of the oUN in the Carpathianland" [Stanovyshche OUN v Karpats'komu krai]. It stated: "As a resultof diffiu|t |iving onditions, intensive psychologia|-physical work,as we|| as a poor and irregular diet, eah member of the oUN and theUPA has heaft ai|ments. Very often peop|e are sik from survy.'' heauthor of the doument goes on to say: ''The mood in the OUN_UPAis not very heerful, every ear they expet war, sine they see theirsalvation only in a war"4o.

Clearly, the situation in the liberation movement milieu did nothange for the better even in the |ate 1940s' on the ontrary, as aresult of mi|itary-Chekist operations and agentura ations of theMGB and the Ministry of lnternalAffairs, onstant deportatlons to theeastern Soviet regions of smpathizers of the insurgents and under-ground members, and the collectivization of agriculture, the massand materiaI base of the oUN and the UPA was ebbing atastrophi-cally, and the ranks of the insurgency and the underground were thin-ning. The balane in the unequaI and exhausting struggIe was tippingultimately in favour of the opponent, and the turning point in theSoviet totalitarian regime's tenacious onf|it with the remnants ofthe Ukrainian liberation movement's forces was drawing near.

A survey of events that ocurred in the Western region during1948' the ourse and results of the Soviet government.s struggle

46

ao Kentii, Narys boro,tb OUN-UPA' p' 56

against the OUN and the UPA, and the retaliatory actions of the insur-gents and underground members are elucidated in great detail in thedocuments ontained in this voIume of Litopys UPA. Among thesedouments are memoranda, reports, and information transmitted tothe CC cP(b)U by oblast party ommittees in the western regions ofUkraine, the MGB and Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Military Tribunaland Mi|itary Prourator of |nterior troops of the Ukrainian district, andthe Ukrainian justie, cinematography, and forestry ministries.

Although the douments oIleted in this vo|ume are of a harsh-ly anti-nationa|isti nature and display an overt|y ideo|ogia| prejudievis-a-vis the paticipants of the Iiberation movement, they a|so containnumerous examples illustrating the heroic and selfless struggle of theUkrainian insurgents and underground members to ahieve theirnationa| ideals. Their ause eliits even greater respet, if one reallsthat the decimated UPA units and ranks of the OUN underground werein fat engaged in a strugg|e to the death, beause in the finalanalysisthey had no prospets for sucess.

|n reading these douments, the reader wi|| be hard put not tonotice the authors' efforts to ompromise the Ukrainian Iiberationmovement and its active partiipants and sympathlzers by |abe|ingthem "bandits" and "Ukrainian-German nationalists." However, in the|ight of ontemporary historia| researh, these phrases have beomedevalued, and the members of the oUN and the UPA ocup a Vener-abIe pIace in a long line of heroi fighters for the freedom and state-hood of the Ukrainian people,

Anatolii Kentii,Honoured Worker of Ukrainian Culture

Volodymyr Lozyts'kyiCandidate of Hrstorical Sciences

***

his voIume of Litopys UPA contains eight-one douments thatwere sent to the Centra| Committee of the Communist Part(Bo|shevik) of Ukraine [C cP(b)U] by party and Soviet governmentorgans, the Ministry of Interna| Affairs, the Ministry of State Seurity,individuaI Soviet officials, and leading members of the P(b)Uapparatus. A|t these douments ontain information on the organiza-tion and implementation by the Communist regime of the struggleagainst the national-liberation movement in Western Ukraine during1948. he o||eted douments are stored in the funds of the Centra|State Arhive of Civic Assoiations of Ukraine [sDAHo Ukrainy], whichinherited the funds of the CC P(b)U.

47

he ompilers assigned tit|es to al| the douments, whih indi-ate the hronologial number of the doument, its type, addresser,author, ontents, date, and issuing number' |f the date of issue of adocument has not been asertained, it is dated acording to its on-tents, aompanying materia|s, date of reeipt by the CC CP(b)U' etc.

he ompi|ers of this pub|iation have retained the |exion. aswell as the authorial and editorial attributes of the texts. ln keepingwith the norms of urrent orthography, the compi|ers have si|ent|ycorreted errors of orthograph and puntuation and distortions ofgeographi place names'

The texts of the doUments and materials are presented on thebasis of ontemporary ru|es governing the publiation of historialdouments. Double ita|icized letters in a|phabetial order (a a)indiate handwritten setions of texts inluded in this pubIicatiorr.Under|ined sections of texts, titles in partiular, are marked by letter-spacing. In cases where parts of a text have been lost or omitted,omitted text has been reproduced to facilitate reading and appearswithin square brakets (t(]),

Supersriptions on douments and reso|utions (if the |ravehistoria|value) are reprodued in the footnotes, whih a|so indiatethe institutions that sent out a given doument on its Ietterhead orwhether it was transmitted by high.frequeny communication, Sea|sstating ' (Specia| sector of the P(b)U' Secret Unit), andsupersriptions stating ''To the arhive,. have not been reprodued.

|f a doument is signed' the surname of the person who affixedhis signature appears within parentheses, e.g.' (Strokah). |f a sig-nature below a surname is missing, it is marked by parentheses, e.9,,(-) Strokach. Only surnames are listed on documents transmitted byhig h -frequenc ommUniation.

ach document is aompanied by a |egend indiating itsp|ae of storage (the abbreviated name of the arhive, number of thefond, |ist, file, fo|ios), authentiity (origina|, certified copy, copy).Since a||the documents in|uded in this co||etion were typeset, thisharateristic has not been indiated.

The modified Library of Congress system of transliteration isused in the nglish-language texts.

AnatoIii Kentii, Vo|odymyr Lozyts'ki, Iryna Pav|enko andKateryna Abramova Were responsibIe for the oIlection and shoIar.ly-archeographi preparation of the douments and footnotes. Weare partiular|y gratefu| to Myko|a Derkah, and ol.ha Sobahko,who provided tehnical assistane.

48

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51

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53

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55

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57

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B peyae poeeH| oBeH| Mepop opaa oa M epae Mee Ha Teppop oa to .KBpoBaHo HaeHoe oeo aKx py, ec-Be eo aKHo a.o ta peeea. Koeo a.-K poBe Mape Mee o paHe Hape e-paeM coc o HaooHy. Ec I]ape oa tooBepeHo 34apoe epae 27,o ape - 15.

B ex ceH opt oCaKaM a oo K-paHcKo-HeMeK HaoaoB opaa oa M eKeM Mee poeeHo p opaHaoHHlX Mepop-, V| oTop|x aoee Ba)Hoe - o o.aHe Mepaotx opaoH|x eKco-ocoBIX p, a Koop|M aKpe.eHl oTeHe ae pl o oo |v|KBa.

Beo o oac oaHo B epaoH|x eKcco-o-KoB|x p, a Koop|M aKpeeo 14 a p'ey a clKax X HeKox paoo, 34 o-paolx, a Koop|M aKpeeo 50 atx p oHo cKx poBooB, e BaI^ o pa e po.

aale eKKo-oote p| HapaBeH BMea CoKa a p .

ApoaH polK aH Ko pKootX oHoKpoooB: epaHoo, KpaeBoo' oKpyHIx apaotx. 3aKa,|M H aKpeel aoee o|THle oepae pa-6o oacoo ypae M .

Peyal paot opaHoB o M o ope o.-oeM oH eo oopeHH|M aa oac B MapTe Me.e xapaKTepyT cey aHH|M :

o ao eo oH - 63.Apeoao ao, eHoB oH x ocoo _ 70.Bceo K.poao ao, Haoaco

ooo _ 121 ' ao acKo oH o:

Pt eMeoBAoaoBoo

5B

-1

-23-28

Peoepopaaapoo

-7-01-200

oapxeo papeo ax ye _ 20'poaH o H aoHa e o p poa a -

KL py _ 8. ca pKooeo oaa o.o oH aop-

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