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© Ahura Scientific, Inc. 2007
FirstDefenderExplosives Application Overview
October 08
2© Ahura Scientific, Inc. 2007Slide 2
© Ahura Scientific 2008
Explosives Applications
Domestic Terrorism• Border Crossings• Critical Infrastructure• Liquid Explosives / Checkpoint Screening
Improvised Explosive Devices (IED)• Home Made Explosives (HME) - Wartime• Manufacturing Process
Chemical Hazards • Common Industrial Chemicals • Clandestine Laboratories
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Typical Scenario for Potential Explosive Threats
CHALLENGE: Identify unknown chemicals
• Increased Risk/Exposure
• Delayed Decision Making
• Resource drain
• Unstable/Toxic Sample
• Still unknown chemical
• Takes time/delays operations
• Destroys evidence
• Detonating unknown
• Spread chem hazard
Drawbacks
Wait on Scene
Collect/Transport Sample
Blow-and-Go
Responder’s Options• Limited data
• Limited equipment
• Limited time
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Robots
Radio Frequency Jammers
Vapor / Particulate
Chemical (Solid & Liquid)
Bomb Tech’s Technology Toolbox
Bomb Suit
Explosives containment box
Fiber optic camera
Portable X-ray
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Raman versus Trace
Raman Spectroscopy Identification
• Used to identify bulk liquids and solid materials that are visible to the human eye
• Raman spectroscopy has extremely high accuracy and very low false alarm rate (< 1%)
• Capable of identifying thousands of chemicals and mixtures
• Can identify raw materials used in manufacture of HMEs, not just finished explosives
• FirstDefender is field instrument, rugged and decon-able
• Ready to go – no warm up time required
• No consumables• FD can be upgraded in the
field with new library items as new threats emerge
IMS Trace Detection
• Used to identify the presence of trace explosives that cannot be seen
• High nuisance alarm rate (~10%) and cannot be used on bulk quantities (will saturate the detector)
• Only identifies finished explosives• Can identify 5 – 10 single
chemicals• Not typically decon-able• Dopant and dessicant
consumables typically required• ~2 - 24 hour warm up time
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Bomb Technician – Critical Needs
Bomb Technicians
Military Public Safety
HazMat - JPEOBomb Squads
- JIEDOFire Dept –
HazMatLaw
Enforcement
Outside the U.S. bomb technicians are typically under the central military group
Portable – Rugged Design
Easy to Use
Requires Minimal Training
Low Maintenance
Out of the Box Ready
Reliable
Rapid Response
Remote Scanning
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Explosives 101
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Explosives Overview
BombClassification
Model
Ordnance
bombs built in factories
ImprovisedExplosive Devices
IEDs
(bombs built by individuals)
Primary Secondary Nitrates Peroxides Precursors
All bomb technicians are trained at the Hazardous Device School (FBI Sponsored)
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Commercial High Explosives (Ordnance)
Primary ExplosivesVery sensitive explosives used in detonators
Lead Azide Lead Styphnate Mercury Fulminate Diasodintitrophenol (DDNP) Tetrazene
Secondary ExplosivesMostly insensitive and require a booster or detonator to initiate
Ammonium Nitrate Trinitroltoluene (TNT) Petaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN) Cyclo-Trimethylene Trinitramine (RDX) Dynamite
EmulsionWater based explosives solutions of oxidizers and fuel, typically contains ammonium nitrate
BoostersExplosive charge with high detonation velocity, used to amplify the primary explosive
Sheet ExplosivesFlexible and moldable high explosives with mixtures of PETN or RDX and nitrocellulose
SemtexHighly moldable, plastic explosives manufactured in Czech Republic containing RDX and PETN, sometimes TNT with plasticizers
C-4Composition 4, WWII, white, odorlesss, moldable containing RDX and plasticizers
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Explosives Substance Overview - IEDPeroxide Explosives
• TATP – Triacetone Triperoxide(Acetone, Hydrogen Peroxide, Strong Acid)
• HMTD – Hexamethylene Triperoxide Diamine(Hexamine, Hydrogen Peroxide, Citric Acid)
• MEKP – Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide (Methyl ethyl ketone, Hydrogen Peroxide, Strong Acid)
Nitrated Explosives
• NG – Nitroglycerin(Glycerin, Nitric Acid + Sulfuric Acid)
• EGDN – Ethylene Glycol Dinitrate(Ethylene Glycol, Nitric Acid + Sulfuric Acid)
• Methyl Nitrate(Methyl Alcohol, Nitric Acid + Sulfuric Acid)
• Urea Nitrate (Urea, Nitric Acid)
• Nitrocellulose (Gun Cotton)(Cotton, Nitric Acid + Sulfuric Acid)
Common Precursors
• Strong Acids • Sulfuric ‘battery’ H2SO4
• Nitric HNO3
• Hydrochloric ‘ Muriatic HCl
• Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2
• Urea
• Acetone
• Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)
• Alcohol
• Ethylene Glycol (Antifreeze)
• Glycerin (Glycreol)
• Hexamine (Camp Stove Tablets)
• Citric Acid (sour salt)
A variety of chemical precursors can be reacted together to create explosives
X
X
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Explosives Substance Overview – Oxidizers - IEDOxidizer Names
• Perchlorate CLO4
• Chlorate CLO3
• Hypochlorite OCl
• Nitrate NO3
• Peroxide O2
• Permanganate MnO4
• Iodate IO3
• Chromate CrO4
• Dichromate Cr2O7
Oxidizers serve as a source of oxygen or can be blended with fuels in IED mixtures
Reactive Elements combined with Oxidizers• Sodium (Na)
• Potassium (K)
• Barium (Ba)
• Calcium (Ca)
• Ammonium (NH4)
• Lithium (Li)
• Strontium (Sr)
• Lead (Pb)
• Silver (Ag)
• Hydrogen (H)
Oxidizer Compounds• Ammonium Perchlorate NH4CLO4
• Sodium Chlorate NaCLO3
• Calcium Hypochlorite Ca(OCl)2
• Ammonium Nitrate NH4NO3
• Potassium Nitrate KNO3
• Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2
• Barium Peroxide BaO2
• Potassium Permanganate KMnO4
• Lead Iodate Pb(IO3)2
• Lithium Chromate Li2CrO42H2O
• Potassium Dichromate K2Cr2O7
Nitrate Blends
• ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate, Diesel Fuel)• ANAI (Ammonium Nitrate, Aluminum Powder)• ANS (Ammonium Nitrate, Sulfur Powder)• ANIS (Ammonium Nitrate, Icing Sugar)• Black Powder (Potassium Nitrate, Charcoal, Sulfur)
Chlorate / Perchlorate Blends
• Flash Powder (Potassium Chlorate, Aluminum Powder, Mg Powder, Sulfur)
• Poor Man’s C-4 (Potassium Chlorate, Vaseline)• Armstrong’s Mixture (K-Chlorate, Red
Phosphorous)X
X
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FirstDefender&
Use Scenarios
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FirstDefender Explosives Identification Hand Held Chemical Identification System
• > 6500 Substance Library• Explosives & Precursors• CWA and Industrial Chemicals
Simple User Interface• Designed for Tactical Field User• Point & Shoot, Vial or Flex Probe Mode• Samples Through Containers
Quick – Accurate Response• Unknown substance is scanned with 785nm laser – scattered light is measured and
compared to library of chemical spectrum• Capable of identifying mixtures
Light Weight – Ergonomic Design• < 4 pounds• Rugged exterior can be submerged and decon’d
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Principles of Operation Detection Method – Raman Spectroscopy
• No Sample Handling or Preparation
• Designed for tactical, point and shoot applications
• Unaffected by Strong IR Absorbers (Water, CO2, Glass)
• Excitation Wavelength Can Penetrate Container Materials
Beer bottles, wine bottles, water bottles, zip-lock bags, etc.
• Unique spectrally rich signature for identification
Limitations
• Does not penetrate opaque containers
• Dark colored solid materials, black powder
• Fluorescence can limit household product identification
• Fluorescence can increase measurement time
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Vial Point-and-Shoot
Use ModesUse Modes
Ideal when environment does not allow for point and shoot, and for when sampling is done for evidence
collectionUse caution on dark colored substances
Flex Probe
Ideal when you do not want to open
container
Best Tactical Sampling Option
Ideal for hard to reach locations, and
for freeing hands and fixing probe on
sample
Sample Time will be longer than point and
shoot
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What can Raman “see” through?
Can laser light get through it?
YesTransparent or Translucent
NoOpaque
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Call to action simple results
Good result always confirm with other info and technologies
Poor spectra, complex mixture, poor sampling, difficult sample, fluorescence could give this result
See if spectra was acquired – call for Reachback support - Ahura 911
Good result always be aware of what a mixture means to other technologies
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Tactical Advantages
Applications
Analyze Unknown’s in Their Container
Analyze Unknowns Without Handling
Possible to Analyze Outside of Hot Zone
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Typical Scenario for Potential Explosive Threats
CHALLENGE: Identify unknown chemicals
• Increased Risk/Exposure
• Delayed Decision Making
• Resource drain
• Unstable/Toxic Sample
• Still unknown chemical
• Takes time/delays operations
• Destroys evidence
• Detonating unknown
• Bad public relations
Drawbacks
Wait on Scene
Collect/Transport Sample
Blow-and-Go
Responder’s Options• Limited data
• Limited equipment
• Limited time
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Proposed Solution
Technology allows paradigm shift in field identification tactics
On scene Commander
Declare Non-Threat
Blow-and-Go
Retain sample
• Understand threat
• Retains evidence
• Quickly assume operations
• No extra resources needed
• Clear scene
• Collect evidence
• Safely detonate
• Continue operations
Increased Troop
ProtectionSituation Awareness
• Instant data• Real time decisionsFirstDefender Immediate
IdentificationConclusion
Increased Operator
Protection
21© Ahura Scientific, Inc. 2007Slide 21
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Home Made Explosives (HME) One of the greatest challenges for EOD
•Easy to Make – Internet Recipes
Can be extremely sensitive, rough handling may cause detonation
The FirstDefender can scan through translucent containers
Allows you to take a scan without disturbing the sample
Most of the known precursors for HME are detectable by the FirstDefender
•Hydrogen Peroxide•Sulfuric Acid•Acetone
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Scenarios
Clandestine Laboratories• Home made Laboratory discovered in residence or
abandoned building filled with unlabeled flasks and containers
• Could be narcotics, explosives or benign liquids• Taking a sample can risk detonation• FirstDefender’s ability to sample through
containers facilitates non-contact sampling
Methamphetamine Labs• Home made drug labs is residence or buildings• Many dangerous toxic chemicals and booby traps• Possible chemical vapor spread in detonation
Post Blast• Residual Material from an explosion scene can be
scanned to identify the remaining explosive material
• Cannot identify ash or post-explosive material• Chemical enhancers and precursors can be tested
as well
23© Ahura Scientific, Inc. 2007Slide 23
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Success Stories
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U.S. State & Local Orlando International Airport April, 2008
• “A Jamaican planning to board a flight at Orlando International Airport was detained and questioned by FBI agents Tuesday after they found components for pipe bombs and explosive and flammable liquids in his checked luggage…….including two vodka bottles with flammable nitro methane” Orlando Sentinel, June 23, 2008
• “I definitely want to commend AHURA on its ease of access to the analyzed data” Law Enforcement official onsite at the incident
Key Customers• St. Paul MN PD Bomb Squad • Oklahoma Highway Patrol• Albuquerque Police Dept• Tampa International Airport Police Explosives unit • Tallahassee Bomb Squad• Florida Fire Marshall's office• Massachusetts State Police EOD• Austin Police Dept
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U.S. Federal Military
U.S. Military FirstDefender Customer• “To whom it may concern, my team is currently deployed to
Iraq. We use your FirstDefender on most every mission. It is one of the best if not the best instruments we use. I am in need of a price list for all of the expendable items that you have listed on your website under Parts and Accessories. If you could send me the prices I would appreciate it. Thank You”
Key Customers• U.S. Military (Air Force, Army, Marine Corp, National Guard) • Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms and Explosives• Department of Homeland Security - Customs and Border
Protection• Federal Bureau of Investigation• Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
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International
Canadian Department of Defense
Japanese Ministry of Defense
United Kingdom MOD
China Olympics
Israel Military
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Key Partnerships – U.S. ATF (Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives agency within
the Dept of Justice)• Provides Training to Bomb Techs ATF Teams• FirstDefender incorporated into training curriculum
HDS (Hazardous Device School for FBI)• All certified bomb technicians attend HDS• FirstDefender incorporated into training curriculum
NBRCT (Louisiana State University) (National Center for Biomedical Research & Training Academy of
Counter-Terrorist Education) http://www.ncbrt.lsu.edu/
IABTI Recommended Product List• International Association of Bomb Technicians - pending approval
Tom Thurman • Former FBI Agent and Director of Explosives Center• 3rd party performance and capability testing complete
28© Ahura Scientific, Inc. 2007Slide 28
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Key Partnership Targets – International
DSTL Defense Science & Technology LaboratoryUK
HOSDB Home Office Scientific Development BranchUK
• IEDs for Police
London Metropolitan Police
BKA Bundeskriminalamt Germany• National Investigative Police Agency (Federal Ministry of the
Interior)
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500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
TATP (triacetone triperoxide)
MEKP (methylethylketone peroxide)
HMTD (hexamethylene triperoxidediamine)
Raman shift ( cm-1)
O
O
O
O
CH3CH3
OOCH3
CH3CH3
CH3
O
N
O O
O
NOO
O
OCH3
CH3
OH OH
Spectra for explosives: Peroxide-basedSpectra for explosives: Peroxide-based