© ASTM International. All Rights Reserved. F38 – UAS Standards Gap Analysis Gap Analysis Lead Author: F38 Member Laurence Newcome

© ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.

F38 – UAS Standards Gap AnalysisF38 – UAS Standards Gap Analysis

Gap Analysis Lead Author:F38 Member Laurence Newcome


SupplementSupplement- Gap Analysis in Detail- Gap Analysis in Detail

Recalling Subcommittee Structure:• F38.01 Airworthiness Standards• F38.02 Operations Standards• F38.03 Pilot & Maintenance Qualifications

The Gap Analysis Will• provide guidance for standards bodies and user groups engaged in developing or

adopting standards governing unmanned aircraft system design, manufacture, test, training, operation, and maintenance

• preclude duplicating existing standards already applicable to unmanned aviation• identify gaps in standards coverage unique to needs of unmanned aviation

• Roadmap Key: ASTM F38 standards in progress - in orange ASTM approved standards – in yellow

Outstanding needs – in red


Crew QualificationsAirframe Maintainers Crew

MaterialsStructuresLanding GearLaunch DevicesMaintenanceEnvironmentalGeneral

ReciprocatingTurbineGeneratorsLaunch DevicesFuelsGeneralElectric

PilotNon-PilotSchoolsHuman Factors

- Batteries - Solar - Radioisotope

- Certificates - Ratings

ASTM WK5423 Certificates and Ratings Issued for UAV Pilots and Operators

The ASTM F38 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38 Standards Roadmap: WBS Example FormatWBS Example Format

UAS Operations

Airframe Power Plant Ground



TaxiTakeoffLandings

- Batteries - Solar - Radioisotope

- GSE

ASTM

AirworthinessLevel 2 Airframe Power Plant Avionics



Comm/NAVData LinksGeneral

Safety /SA

Level 3

Level 4 - Batteries - Solar - Radioisotope

- De-Anti-Icing - Transponders - See & Avoid

Level 5ASTM F2111-04 Standard Specification for Design & Performance UAS Airborne Sense and Avoid System


AirworthinessLevel 2 Airframe Power Plant Avionics



Comm/NAVData LinksGeneral

Safety /SA

Level 3

Level 4 - Batteries - Solar - Radioisotope

- De-Anti-Icing - Transponders - See & Avoid

Level 5ASTM F2111-04 Standard Specification for Design & Performance UAS Airborne Sense and Avoid System

The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: Level 1 - AirworthinessLevel 1 - Airworthiness


Materials…………………………..MIL HDBK 5 (metals), 17 (composites)Structures…………………………MIL-HDBK 1530; MIL-STD 403ALanding Gear…………………….JIS W2502; FAA TSO-C62d; MIL-T-504; SAE ARP1493A Wheels/Brakes/Skid Control ARP1595A, ARP1907A, ARP813B, SAE ARP1311B,Gears/Struts/ Couplings ARP1598AAIR1494A, AIR4566, SAE AIR5487, AS1188TiresLaunch Devices…………………. ASTM F2585 Standard Specification for the Design

and Performance of a Pneumatic UAS Launch SystemRecovery Devices………………. WK15881 Specification for Design and Performance of UAS Recovery SystemsEnvironmental……………………(see next chart) RTCA DO-160C,

• External MIL HDBK 237• Internal (Onboard)

General…………………………….14 CFR 21, 23, 25, 27, 29; ASTM F2501-06 Standard

Practices for Unmanned Aircraft System Airworthiness, ASTM F2501 Recommended Practices for Unmanned Aircraft System Airworthiness

The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 – AIRFRAME (under Level 1 Airworthiness)Level 2 – AIRFRAME (under Level 1 Airworthiness)


General SAE ARP147E (terminology), ARP780B (symbols)External

• Altitude (TPH) MIL-STD 202, 810; RTCA DO-160; NEBS GR-63-CORE• De-icing/Anti-icing (see Avionics/Safety; SAE AC-9C work)• Rain, ice, lightning, etc. SAE AIR1168/4, ARP 5577; MIL-STD 810; RTCA DO-

160• Salt, fog, dust, etc. MIL-STD 820; ASTM B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray

(Fog) Apparatus• Fungus ASTM D120 Specification for Rubber Insulating Gloves,

D470 Method for Crosslinked Insulations and Jackets for Wire and Cable, D518 Method for Rubber Deterioration-Surface Cracking; MIL-STD 810; RTCA DO-160

• EMI, HERO, etc. MIL-STD 461D, 646; SAE ARP1972, ARP5583, ARP5889• Solar weather JEDEC JESD-89

Internal (Onboard)• Temperature SAE AIR64B, AIR89D, AIR1277B, AS8040A• Pressure SAE AIR1168/7• Humidity SAE AIR1609A, ARP987A• Shock/Vibration/Accel MIL-STD 167, 202, 331 (catapult/arrested landing), 810• Acoustic SAE AIR1826

The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: Level 3/4/5/6 - EnvironmentalLevel 3/4/5/6 - Environmental


Reciprocating Engines 14 CFR 33, 34, 36; SAE AS25109, AS1B, ASTM WK9561 Design and Manufacture of Compression Ignition Engines for Unmanned Aircraft System

• Propellers 14 CFR 35; SAE ARP355, AS107, AIR1872

Turbines 14 CFR 35, 34, 36; SAE ARP748A, AIR1872, ASTM WK9560 Practice for Design and Manufacture of Turbine Engines for Unmanned Aircraft System Electric

• Batteries IEC Std 952-1; MIL-B-8565; IEC 21/466/CD

• Solar (Photovoltaic) IEC 61427:1999• Radioisotope SAE AIR1213

Generators/Starters SAE AS13Fuels ASTM D910 Specification for Aviation Gasolines,

D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels• Systems/Instruments SAE AIR1408, AS407, AS431, AR1326• Tanks SAE AIR4069A, AS5502A, AMSS8802B

General (SAE E-25 works); MIL-STD-8879c

The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - PowerplantsLevel 2 - Powerplants


Comm/Nav RTCA DO-187, DO-208, DO-278

Computers (SAE AS-2 works)

Safety/Sit. Aware MIL-STD 882

• Sense & Avoid ASTM F2411-04 Standard Specification for Design and Performance of an

Airborne Sense-and-Avoid System, RTCA DO-268

• Anti-icing/Deicing SAE AS5498, AIR 4367

• Transponders FAA TSO

Links Security-none; NATO STANAG 4586; RTCA DO-254;

SAE ARP4791

Software RTCA DO-178B

General (SAE AS-1 works); ARINC 429 (analog) and 629 (digital)

The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - AvionicsLevel 2 - Avionics


The ASTM F38.02 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38.02 Standards Roadmap: Level 1 - OperationsLevel 1 - Operations

UAS Operations

General Flight Ground

TerminologySymbology

VFRIFR

Payloads

TaxiTakeoffLandings


Terminology ASTM F2395-05 Terminology for Unmanned Air Vehicle Systems, AIAA R-103-2004

Symbology SAE ARP4155, ARP5289

The ASTM F38.02 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38.02 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - GeneralLevel 2 - General


VFR 14 CFR 91, ASTM WK3135 Guide for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Flight Authorization, WK10504 Practice for Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Visual Range Flight

Operations

IFR 14 CFR 91, 95, ASTM WK3135 Guide for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Flight Authorization

Payloads Universal Interface; IEEE-1394b; SAE AS5609 SAE AS8039

• Data Recorders SAE AS8039

• Returnable

− Sensors SAE AIR4911, AS1212 (SWAP), AIR1277 (SWAP)

− Relay/ Broadcast Eqmt SAE J1113/28, J551/4, ARP5583 (HIRF)

• Deliverable 14 CFR 91

− Weapons Positive Control, Weapon Safing: SAE AIR5532

− Cargo SAE AS1325, AS5385, ARP1409, AS25959

− Aerial Refueling SAE ARP1665, AS1284

Business Aviation Practices WK13989 Mini-UAS, Visual Range Operators

The ASTM F38.02 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38.02 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - FlightLevel 2 - Flight


Taxi SAE ARP693, AIR1589, AIR4096 (FOD), ARP5898

Takeoff SAE AIR852, AS8044, AIR4096. ARP4104

Landing SAE ARP1070, AIR1739, ARP181, ARP4102, AIR4243, ARP69

Airports UA Accommodation at Alternates-none; 14 CFR 139; SAEARP5910, AIR1845, AIR5387, ARP4084, AIR1335

AGE SAE AIR1247, AIR1375, AIR4286, AS4852, AS5488

The ASTM F38.02 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38.02 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - GroundLevel 2 - Ground


The ASTM F38.03 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38.03 Standards Roadmap: Level 1 - QualificationsLevel 1 - Qualifications

Crew Qualifications

Crew Maintainers Special

PilotsOperatorsSchoolsHuman Factors

A&P MechanicsSchoolsHuman FactorsGeneral

Commercial


Pilots 14 CFR Part 61, 67; F2635 Standard Classification for Unmanned Aircraft Pilot Certification

Non-Pilot Aircrew 14 CFR 63, 65, 67Schools 14 CFR 141, 142; SAE ARP5453Human Factors SAE ARP4033, ARP4107 (HF Glossary), (SAE G-10 works)

The ASTM F38.03 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38.03 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 – Crew, Maintainer, SpecialLevel 2 – Crew, Maintainer, Special

A&P Mechanics JI8152 (in work)

Schools 14 CFR 147; JI8152 (in work)

Human Factors (SAE G-13 works)

General 14 CFR 43; F2584-06 Standard Practice for Maintenance and Development of Maintenance Manuals for Light UAS

Commercial Operators 14 CFR 119, 121, 133, 137

Crew

Special

Maintainer


CASA UA25 Australian regulation for certification and operation of unmanned aircraft; MIL-HDBK 516; ASTM F2501 Recommended Practices for Unmanned Aircraft System Airworthiness

The ASTM F38 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38 Standards Roadmap: GeneralGeneral


Standards exists and explicitly written for UA• ASTM F2411 Standard Specification for Design and Performance of an Airborne Sense-and-

Avoid System, ASTM F2501 Recommended Practices for Unmanned Aircraft System Airworthiness, ASTM F2505 Practice for Application of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Aviation Regulations Part 21 Requirements to Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)

Standard exists and directly applicable to UA (“as is”)• ASTM D910 Specification for Aviation Gasolines

Standard exists and applicable to UA (aviation qualified), but focused elsewhere• SAE AIR4911, video interface for entertainment vice reconnaissance systems “The purpose

of this document is to establish the requirements for sensor/video interconnect subsystems. These requirements have been driven predominantly, but not exclusively, by aerospace-type military platforms and commercial aircraft. These requirements are intended to be used as the criteria to establish a sensor/video interconnection standard that will foster the development of common hardware to simplify the total interconnectivity of future avionics platforms.”

Standard exists on topic, but indirectly applicable to UA (“thread”)• IEC 61427:1999, photovoltaic (solar) cells

No suitable standard exists• UA (none) vice aircraft carrier (MIL-STD 331) catapults

The ASTM F38 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38 Standards Roadmap: Findings – 5 CategoriesFindings – 5 Categories


Many UAS relevant topics covered in existing standards.

Documentation gap for airworthiness now covered in F2501, incorporating over 300 standards.

F38 recognizes these existing standards, and focuses on addressing identified gaps now and in the future.

Subcommittees and lead writers assigned to address the identified ‘gaps’ in UAS standards.

Best Practices draft standards be structured along same lines as briefing and expanded/updated to identify such gaps in standards.

New F38 members sought with expertise directly applicable to these gaps.

The ASTM F38 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38 Standards Roadmap: Conclusions & ActionConclusions & Action


ASTM International Committee F38ASTM International Committee F38on Unmanned Aircraft Systemson Unmanned Aircraft Systems

Daniel A. Schultz ASTM International Director, Committee Services

+1 610-832-9716

[email protected]

www.astm.org

100 Barr Harbor Drive

W. Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959

USA

Documents

© ASTM International. All Rights Reserved. F38 – UAS Standards Gap Analysis Gap Analysis Lead Author: F38 Member Laurence Newcome