CHAPTER 18---PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

WHAT ARE PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS? Behaviors patterns or mental

process that cause serious personal suffering or interfere with a person’s ability to cope with everyday life.

1/3 of all adults have experienced some type of psychological disorder.

 

IDENTIFYING AND SYMPTOMS

WHAT IS NORMAL? What is average for most people?

Laughing/ too much at nothing.

PROBLEMS WITH DEFINING PSYCH DISORDERS The behavior of the majority is

not always wise or healthy Some Atypical behaviors are

eccentric (artistic geniuses) rather than indicative of a disorder

People with psych disorders usually do not differ much from “normal” people

SYMPTOMSTypically what is most common not a good guide

MALADAPTIVE impairs an individual’s ability to function in everyday life.

hazardous to oneself or others

alcohol and drug use

EMOTIONAL DISCOMFORT anxiety and depression feelings of hopelessness,

extreme sadness, worthlessness, Guilt, thought of suicide severe emotional discomfort

SOCIALLY UNACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOR violates society’s accepted norms

cultural differences a problem

 

CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Change with each edition of the DSM

or diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

The 3rd DSM edition in 1980 psychological disorders have been categorized on the basis of observable signs and symptoms rather than presumed causes.

ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS1. Identify three problems with defining

normal behaviors as the behavior displayed by the majority of people.

2. How have the criteria for the classisification of psychological disorders been arranged since 1980’s?

3. Give an example of a feeling or a behavior that would be considered normal in one circumstance but a sign of psychological disorder in a different circumstance.

CHAPTER 18SECTION 2Anxiety Disorders

ANXIETY DISORDERS A state of dread or uneasiness in response to a vague/ imagined danger

CHARACTERIZED by Persistent, excessive, irrational fear, nervousness, concern for lost of control, inability to relax

PHYSICAL SIGNS- trembling, sweating, rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, increase blood pressure, flushed face, feeling of faintness/ light head

PHOBIC DISORDERS (MOST COMMON)

Persistent, excessive, irrational fear, of a object or situation

Most common Types zoophobia—fear of animals claustrophobia—enclosed spaces acrophobia---heights arachnophobia---spiders

SOCIAL PHOBIA- FEAR OF SOCIAL SITUATIONS

Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia (50-80% of phobic individuals)Panic attack (recurring and

unexpected) a short period of intense fear (1 min –

few hours) shortness of breath, dizziness, rapid hart

rate, sweating, choking, nausea, trembling, shaking,

going to die for no apparent reason

Agoraphobia (common among

adults)

Generalized anxiety disorder

fear of being in places/ situations in which Impossible to escape

have panic attack by avoiding behaviors

excessive or unrealistic worry about life circumstances that lasts for at least 6 months

common anxiety disorder typically focus on

finances, work, interpersonal problems,

accidents or illness

Obsessive-Compulsive

disorder (OCD)

Obsessions --unwanted thoughts ideas or mental images.

Compulsions---- repetitive ritual behaviors

cleaner, checkers, washers, Hoarders, repeaters, orderers.

POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER---CAUSED BY A

TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCE.

flash back, nightmares, numbness of feelings, avoidance increased tension causes- rape, severe child abuse,

assault, serve accident, airplane crash, natural

disasters, war experiences

PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEWPsychoanalytic view

•Anxiety is the result of forbidden childhood urges that have been repressed. •When surfaced may become obsessions and compulsive behaviors

Learning view Cognitive

Phobias are conditioned or learned in childhood

May occur from traumatic events

People make themselves feel anxious by responding negatively to most situations

Feel helpless to control what happens to them

Biological viewsHeredity plays a role in most

psychological disorders

Interaction factors- both bio and psych together

SECTION 2 REVIEW

1. How does anxiety differ from fear?

2. Describe the relationship between panic disorder and agoraphobia.

3. Explain why studies of twins are important for determining whether a disorder has a biological basis.

CHAPTER 18 SECTION 3DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS REFERS TO THE SEPARATION OF

CERTAIN PERSONILITY COMPPONENTS OR MENTAL PROCESSES FORM CONSCIOUS THOUGHT.

MAY LOSE THEIR MEMORY OF A PARTICULAR EVENT OR FORGET THEIR IDENTITY

OCCURS WHEN FACED WITH URGES OR EXPERIENCES THAT VERY STRESSFUL

3 TYPES OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

1. DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA Characterized by sudden lost of memory

following a stressful or traumatic event Typically can’t remember any events

that occurred for a certain period of time surrounding the traumatic event

May forget all prior experiences, personal information, own name, family and friends

May last a few hours or years No biologically explanation.

2. DISSOCIATIVE FUGUE

Characterized by forgetting personal information and past events

Taking on a new identity relocating from home and new career

Usually follows a traumatic event When fugue ends will not remember

anything during the fugue state

3.DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER Formerly called multiple personality

disorder Existence of 2 or more personalities Personalities may or may not be aware

of each other Personality: different (age, sex, health) Typically have suffered severe physical,

sexual, and/or psychological abuse.

DEPERSONALIZATION DISORDERS Feeling of detachment from one’s

mental processes or body. Feeling outside of your body/ observing

yourself Common with other disorders Stressful event

EXPLAINING DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW Dissociate in order to prepress

unacceptable urgesDissociative amnesia or fugue – forgets the

disturbing urgesDissociative identity –develops- new

personalities to take responsibility Depersonalization-goes outside of self away

from the turmoil within

LEARNING VIEW Have learned not to think about

disturbing events in order to avoid shame, guilt, and pain

Dissociate themselves from stressful event

Reinforced by reduces anxiety when trauma is forgotten

COGNITIVE / BIOLOGICAL VIEW No complete

explanation as of yet

At present there is no convincing evidence that either biological or genetic factors play a role

SECTION 3 QUESTIONS1.Describe the four dissociative disorders.2. In some cultures people are

encouraged to go into trance like states. Should this type of dissociation be considered a sign of a psychological disorder? Why or why not?

CHAPTER 18 SECTION 4Somatoform Disorders

SOMATOFORM DISORDERS Expression of psychological distress

through physical symptoms Psychological problem along with

physical (paralysis)

MALINGERING The conscious attempt to FAKE an

illness in order to avoid work, school, or other responsibilities

People with somatoform disorders do not fake their illness.

Honestly feel pain and paralysis

6 TYPES OF SOMATOFORM

DISORDERS2 most common

Conversion disorder and Hypochondria

CONVERSION DISORDER Experience change in or loss of physical

functioning in a major part of the body No known medical explanation Patient show little or no concern about

their symptoms.

HYPOCHONDRIA Person’s unrealistic preoccupation with

thoughts of illness or disease. Maintains their erroneous belief despite

medical doctor

EXPLAINING SOMATOFORM DISORDERSPsychological view Primarily psychological Repressing emotions associated with

forbidden urges/ expressed in physical symptoms

Compromise unconscious need to express feelings and fear of expressing them

BIOLOGICAL VIEW Indications that biological and genetic

factors involved.

SECTION 41. Define malingering. How does

somatization differ from malingering?2. How do conversion disorder and

hypochondriasis differ?3. How do you think learning theorists

might explain somatoform disorders? Do you agree with this type of explanation? Why or Why not?

SECTION 5MOOD DISORDERS

NORMAL UPS AND DOWNS Everyone experience life's ups/downs Some people experience mood changes

that seem inappropriate for or inconsistent with the situation to which they are responding.

Life is good= sadness Elated for no apparent reason Abnormal moods like these, you may

have a mood disorder.

2 GENERAL CATEGORIES Depression

Feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, worthlessness, guilt, and great sadness

Bipolar disorderCycles of mood

changesDepression----wild

elation

7 types of mood disorders

divided into Depressive

and bipolar disorders

MAJOR DEPRESSION-MOST COMMON

Must experience at least 5 of the following 9 symptoms for 2 wks/every dayDepressed mood for most of the dayLoss of interest pleasure in all thingsWeight loss/ gainSleep more / lessChange in physical and emotional reactionsFatigue/ loss of energyFeeling worthless/ guilty Inability to concentrate/ make decisionsRecurrent thoughts of death or suicide

SEVERELY DEPRESSED

Consumed by feelings of worthlessness of guilt

Calls for immediate treatment15% or more eventually commit suicide.

BIPOLAR DISORDER/ ORMANIC DEPRESSION

Dramatic ups and downs in mood Period of mania or extreme excitement

Hyperactivity and chaotic behavior change to Depression very quickly no

apparent reason Traits

Inflated self-esteem Inability to sit stillPressure to keep talking and switching from

topic to topicRacing thoughtsDifficulty concentrating

MANIC PHASE- VERY DISRUPTIVE Highly excited Act silly Argumentative Delusions about

their superior abilities

Others jealous of them

Hallucination hearing imaginary voices

Seeing things that are not there

Impulsive behaviors Quitting their jobs to

pursue wild dreams Spending sprees Foolish business

investments

EXPLAINING MOOD DISORDERS Psychological View

Internalizes anger- directs to themselves Biological view

Has a genetic basis( chemical imbalance) 25 % have family members who have

moods disorders Learning View

Learned helplessness Cognitive View

Habitual style of explaining life events based on prior experiences

SECTION 51. What is the difference between

depression and bipolar disorder?2. List five symptoms of major

depression.3. Describe and explain self-esteem, self-

efficacy and expectancy from the perspective of attribution theory.

SECTION 6 SCHIZOPHRENIA

SCHIZOPHRENIA Considered the most serious Typically Appears in young adulthood May occur suddenly Characterized by

- loss of contact with reality Linked to geneitcs No cure There is effective treatment

SYMPTOMS Hallucinations Delusions Thought disorders Auditory (voices) delusions of grandeur (superior to

others) Persecution (paranoid) Speech( disorganized confused) Social withdraw Loss of social skills Loss of normal emotional

responsiveness

TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA Paranoid

Delusion of auditory hallucinations/ single theme

Grandeur-Jealousy- persecution-CIA after them

Disorganized Incoherent in their thought/

speech/delusions/ hallucinations/emotionless/ inappropriate emotions

CatatonicDisturbance of movement/ slow/ stupor

switching to agitation/ holds body positions

EXPLAINING SCHIZOPHRENIA Psychological View

Overwhelming of the Ego by urges from the ID

Conflict fantasies confused with reality Biological View

A brains disorder/ frontal lobeBio risks- heredity complications during

pregnancy and birth

Multi-factorial model of schizophreniaBiological and psychological factors interactGenetics create a vulnerability + trauma

could = schizophreniaOnce developed family environment can

negatively affect the disorderEnvironmental factors alone does not lead

to schizophrenia.

SECTION 61. List four symptoms of schizophrenia.2. How does paranoid schizophrenia

differ from disorganized schizophrenia?3. Explain why a multi-factorial model of

schizophrenia may help in explaining the disorder?

SECTION 7PERSONALITY DISORDERS

PERSONALITY DISORDERS Patterns of inflexible traits that disrupt

social life and work/ distress the person Late in adolescence/ affect thought

process, emotions and behavior Are enduring traits that are major

components of the individual’s personality

1-10% of the population (Antisocial personality disorder)

TYPES OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS10 TYPES---4 DISCUSSED

Paranoid personality disorderDistrustful-suspicious of othersDifficult- argumentative, cold, aloof, view of

reality is distorted (isolated life) Schizoid personality disorder

No interest in relationship with peopleLack normal emotional responsivenessNo relationships-loners, few friends Do not have delusion or hallucinations

Antisocial personality disorderPersistent behavior pattern of disregard/

violation of the right of other peopleDo not feel guilt or remorseChildhood---Hurt people and animals-stealAdulthood—recklessness, no job, breaks the

law Avoidant personality disorder

Want relationships/ fear and disapproval stops them

Shy, withdrawn,Always have social problems/ phobiasAll encompassing condition

EXPLAINING PERSONALITY DISORDERS Psychological view

Lack of guilt/ failure of developing a conscious or super ego

Harsh punishment/ environment =lack of sense of guilt

experiences influence learning how to relate to people

No role models/ aggressive role models

BIOLOGICAL VIEWGenetic\ runs in familiesFrontal part of the brain/emotionsFewer neurons than other peopleLess responsiveLess likely to show guilt for their misdeeds

Less likely to fear punishment

SECTION 71.What is the major difference between

personality disorders and other psychological disorders they may resemble?

2. Describe three behaviors of an individual with avoidant personality disorder.

3. Why do you think people with antisocial personality disorder are often more difficult to treat than people with other ypes of personality disorders?

ASSIGNMENTPAGE 432 Thinking critically (1-5)

PAGE 433 Interpreting graphs (1+2) Analyzing primary sources

(3+4)