Bell Work

◦Grab textbook, Nystrom atlas and folders

◦Pick up Unit 1 Checklist and outline map Fill out Ch. 1 on outline map w/colored

pencils

  “You may only be someone in the world, but to someone else, you may be the world.”

Chapter 1

Compass Rose◦ directional indicator that shows the Cardinal Directions on a

map Cardinal directions are north, south, east, and west.

Map Legend-◦ Or KEY, tells reader about the symbols used in that map◦ Example: Page 10; what do red lines mean?

Black crossed lines? Scale

◦ Tells the reader about the size of a map in relation to the size of the real world. Which map on page 10 shows a more detailed map?

The one on the right b/c the mile scale is smaller.

Map Concepts: pg.10

Map Types (3)◦ Physical: Shows physical features like mountains,

rivers, lakes of an area◦ Political- shows political features, things

determined by people! State/nat’l boundaries What is capital of Iran of pg. 14

◦ Special purpose: designed to show specific data; labeled what they show

Map Concepts: pg.10

Hemispheres: means half of a sphere When divided along the equator the earth is

split into two? What would they be called?◦ North/South Hemispheres

When divided along the Prime meridian what would they be called?◦ East/West Hemispheres

Map Concepts: pg.10

Map Types

Political Physical

Back

Political Physical

Special Purpose• What is this a map of?

• Climate map• Where is a majority of the Temperate?

• Southeast• What does the dark red represent?

• Equatorial

Back

Latitude◦ Also called parallels bc they run parallel to the

equator Run east to west, measured north and south

Longitude◦ Also called meridians; run from pole to pole

Run north to south, measured east to west

Latitude/Longitude

Get Worksheets◦ With your 9 o’clock partners begin working on

them for tomorrow◦ When finished or with a minute to go in class

make sure to load them up in your folders and put everything back neatly!!

◦ Have a great day! Be diligent Finish as much as can!

Anchor Work

Get books, folders Sit w/3 o’clock partners

◦ Every group to come back to me w/the 3 CORRECT answers the 1st time gets a prize!!

Using the text pages 16,17, and 22 Answer◦ 7 North, 2 East◦ 60 north, 11 East◦ 42 north, 19 east

Bell Work: Brinnnnggg, Bringggg

Lome, Togo

Oslo, Norway

Tirane, Albania

What is it?◦ Study of where people, places, and things are

located and how they relate to each other Technology: Read/define these 4 concepts

from pages 35-37◦ Sonar◦ Remote Sensing◦ GPS◦ GIS

GEOGRAPHY

Sonar◦ Analyzes sound to determine distance/directions. Used

to study ocean floor Remote sensing (satellites)

◦ Compares older/newer images of regions to identify changes in land use, vegetation, growth

GPS: Global positioning system◦ Uses satellites to broadcast accurate time

measurements on distance and location GIS: Geographic Information systems

◦ Computer technology to solve geographic problems Like where to put a nuclear power site b/c it could show

what type of area could handle it

Technology

5 Important ?’s that geographers use to help them organize info about the world◦ Location: 2 types

Absolute: exact position of a place Latitude and Longitude

Relative: Location of a place described by its relation to another place Example

Grand Island is around 100 miles west of Lincoln as the next major city west near the Platte river

5 Themes of Geography

5 Important ?’s that geographers use to help them organize info about the world◦ Place: consists of a places physical and human

characteristics (2 types) Helps geographers show the distinctness and

similarity of one place to another Physical: every place has unique physical aspects

like landforms, ecosystems, and climate to help separation from other places

Human Characteristics: How many people live, work, or visit there? What are languages, customs, beliefs? How are they governed? How does their economy work?

5 Major Themes of Geography

Tying in the 1st 2 themes of Geography◦ w/6 o’clock partners

Cut out picture of magazine article (nat’l geog. In back)

Find 2 pictures and list each thing for their location and their place

Example: if I found a picture of chimney rock I could give its absolute and relative location I could give a physical and human characteristic of the

place

Will need to explain tomorrow

Lesson Closing

Get Books and folders Answer questions

◦ What is the absolute and relative location of Denver and Detroit?

◦ What are 2 of 4 ?s geographers ask for Human characteristics?

◦ What are the two characteristics of a place?◦ What are the two types of location?

Bell Work

Review◦ Location: Has both absolute (lat/long.) and

relative◦ Place: consists of a places physical/human

characteristics

Themes of Geography

Regions: (3 types)◦ Group of places w/at least one common characteristic

Can be determined by physical/human characteristics Or by people’s perception

◦ Formal: certain characteristics found throughout area Ex: states, countries, cities all political regions, cornbelt

◦ Functional: consists of a central place and the surrounding areas effected by it Amazon drainage basin: drained by Amazon river so it effects the

entire regions rivers and tributaries ◦ Perceptual: defined by people’s feelings/attitudes towards an

area U.S. regions like upper midwest and middle states Mexico is another b/c they are part of N. America but often linked

w/ S.America b/c of their similar culture/norms

Themes of Geography

Movement: b/c places have different characteristics; ◦ people, places, goods, and ideas will move between them

Read movement section on pg.41 and apply to these (History of New Orleans)◦ 1700s

Major French port that shipped goods from Mississippi to ocean

◦ 1800s RR expansion cut down the river trade importance

◦ 1900s Cities importance limited to surrounding states, became a

major tourist hub and important center for oil/gas

Themes of Geography

Human-Environment Interaction◦ Concerned with…….

How people use their environment How they have changed it What are the consequences of those changes? How have they responded to those changes?

◦ Example: American SW had few residents before technology

made it capable to increase habitation Rapid growth in population is now putting a strain on

water supply and other areas

Themes of Geography

Grab colored paper and 1-2 Markers Create a concept map over the 5 themes of

Geography, using as little of your notes as possible◦ List the themes as well as the main concept w/in

each theme Example: Region= definition, and 1-3 types

Keep in folders Finish Picture activity from Tuesday Video

Anchor Activity

Get book and folders Finish Concept Map and completion check

by me (keep in maps) You and your partner, Find at least the

absolute location of the two pictures you took out of the nat’l geo!

NO ONE SHOULD TAKE A BOOK OUT OF ROOM W/OUT PERMISSION; IF YOU SHARE IT

Bell Work: 10 minutes

Location◦ Absolute -Relative

Place◦ Human and Physical Characteristics

Region◦ Group of places with at least 1 common trait◦ Formal, Functional, Perceptual

Movement◦ Exchange/mvmnt. Of people, goods, ideas◦ N.Orleans Example

Human/Environment Interaction◦ How have people changed environment?◦ How have they dealt with those changes?

5 Themes

Section 2 Changes within the Earth

Geology: Study of the earth’s physical structure and history

Divided up into 2 main Areas◦ Earth’s Layers◦ Land/Air/Water

Physical Characteristics

Core (Center)◦ Consists of very hot metal, mainly iron mixed with

some nickel. Inner Core- is thought to be dense and solid Outer Core metal is molten, or liquid

Mantle- around the core◦ Thick layer of rock, est. to be 1,800 mi. thick◦ Rock is mostly solid but some upper levels may be

more flexible

The Earth’s Layers

Crust◦ Thin Rocky surface layer on top◦ Thinnest below oceans (5 mi. thick)◦ Thickest below continents (22+ mi. thick)

The Earth’s Layers (cont’d)

A= B= C= D=

Finish any activity that is in your folder that is not done

We will be speeding up the process in the next few weeks!!

Finish Video while working Stay Quiet

Lesson Closing

Watch 20 Minute Video◦ Physical Features of Earth

25 Minutes of Work time on projects

Differentiated Friday

Grab books and folders Be ready to answer questions about earth’s

layers?◦ What is the center of the earth that is mainly iron

mixed with some nickel? Core

◦ What is the thinnest rocky layer? Crust

◦ The pit of the peach? Inner Core

◦ Up to 1800 miles thick and the biggest of the layers Mantle

Bell Work

Divided into spheres by various physical forms

Lithosphere◦ Soils, rocks, landforms, and other surfaces

Atmosphere◦ Layer of air, water, and substances above the

surface

Land/Air/Water

Hydrosphere◦ Water in oceans, lakes, rivers, and even under the

ground….called a ? Aquifer

Biosphere◦ Is the world of plants, animals, and other living

things that occupy the land/water of the earth

Land/Air/Water (cont’d)

Large landmasses in the oceans are called?◦ Continents

How many Continents are there?◦ 7, N.America, S. America, Asia, Europe, Africa,

Australia, and Antarctica◦ What is the smallest?

Australia

◦ Biggest? Asia

Land/Air/Water

Classified according to differences in relief Relief

◦ The difference in elevation bt. The highest and lowest points

◦ Whether they rise gradually or steeply Major types of Landforms

◦ Mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains

Landform Classifications

Mountains◦ Rise at least 2000 ft above surrounding terrain

Hills◦ Lower, rounded, and generally less steep

Plateau◦ Raised Area, but surface is generally level

Plain◦ Flat or gently rolling area w/few elevation

changes

How are The 4 different

What are the forces that shape an area◦ Two major types:

Volcanism (movement of magma) Movements affecting the earth’s crust.

Physical Processes

Volcanoes

Can have three types:

Most famous is distinctive cone like Mt. Fuji in Japan◦ From alternating

explosive eruptions and smooth lava flow.

Plate Tectonics Theory:◦ Theory that the earths outer shell is not one solid

sheet of rock. ◦ Instead broken into a number of moving plates

varying in size and thickness◦ Slide/move over a hot/flexible layer of the mantle;

helps explain earthquakes/volcanoes

Movements in the Crust

Theory that continents were once joined together in a super-continent

The continents slowly shifted positions due to their movement on what????◦ Their tectonic plates

Continental Drift Theory

Read Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift Answer Question to caption on pg. 47

◦ Moving east/west towards each other◦ Volcanoes/Tornadoes

Work on Section 2 Guided Reading/Review

Lesson Closing

Look at two Theory Questions What was done to support the continental drift

theory?◦ Wegener found identical fossils from various continents

List the three volcanoes types given by the book◦ Small cinder cone, distinctive cone mtns., plateau like

Answer questions to caption on pg. 48◦ Bt. 135 million and 65 million years ago◦ Laurasia and Gondwana

Bell Work

Another theory supporting Plate tectonics Using Sonar Scientist began to see that

the ocean floor had similar land formations as the continents did. But that rocks were much younger

Theory stated that molten rock came up beneath the underwater ridge system, broke through a split at the top.◦ The new rock spreads out both ways as if on a

conveyer belt.

Seafloor Spreading

Sea Floor Spreading

Plate Movements

Convection◦ Circular movement caused when a

material is heated, expands and rises, then cools and falls.

◦ 4 Major Types of Plate movement Spreading, Subduction, Convergence, Faulting

◦ Spreading When plates pull away from each other Form a diverging plate boundary Likely to have rift valleys, earthquakes, or volcanic

action

When Plates Meet

Outcomes when plates meet depends on the density of those plates◦ Oceanic plates (ocean) are denser than

continental plates Subduction- when an oceanic (denser)

plate meets a continental plate it slides beneath the lighter plate.◦ Ocean material will sink/melt; some coming

back up in volcanic action before it cools◦ Cascade Range/Andes Mountains were formed

by this.

When Plates Meet Cont’d

When two oceanic plates collide the denser will slide beneath.◦ Can form an arc of volcanic islands

When two continental plates collide, NEITHER will sink◦ Buckling, folding will result in great Mountain

ranges.

Convergence

When plates slip or grind past one another◦ Example is the San Andreas fault in CA.

Ring of Fire◦ Circle of volcanoes surrounding the pacific ocean,

look on pg. 47.

Faults

Activity With 6 o’clock partners you will be given

two vocab. Words that you need to draw clues on the board for other teams to answer!◦ Will Draw tomorrow

Lesson Closing

Finish Game: Draw clues on board Answer these questions Write down this assignment for Thursday and will

start at end of period!◦ Pg. 58

1-16, 18-19 Time to work on Thursday!!

Bell Work

What are the 4 main sphere’s? And describe◦ Hydrosphere, Biosphere, Lithosphere, Atmosphere

What are the Earth’s 3 main layers?◦ Core, Mantle, Crust

What are the four major types of plate movement, and describe them?◦ Spreading-plates moving away from each other◦ Subduction- oceanic plate going under continental plate◦ Faulting- Plates sliding/grinding past one another◦ Converging- Similar plates colliding with each other

Review

Section 3Changes on the Earth’s Surface

Last Section We talked about what?◦ How internal Forces change the earth◦ Like convection, subduction, continental drifting

ect. This section will be focused on how external

forces of the earth are affecting its appearance

Review

Examples

Weathering◦ The breakdown of rock at or near the earth’s

surface into smaller and smaller pieces.◦ Two Main types:

Mechanical Chemical

Changes on the Surface

Occurs when rock is actually broken or weakened physically

Breaks large masses of rock into boulders, stones, pebbles, sand, and even dust.◦ Frost Wedging: Most common type

When water freezes into ice in a crack in rock Water expands when frozen and slowly widens the

crack Ever frozen a can of pop?

◦ Another type is when seeds rook in rock cracks

Mechanical Weathering

Process of altering a rock’s chemical makeup by changing the minerals that form the rock, or by combining them with new chemical elements

Important Factors◦ Water and Carbon

Dioxide

Water/Carbon Dioxide◦ Combined form a

carbonic acid that can dissolve certain rock (limestone)

◦ Ex.: Caves Type: Chemical Rain

◦ Can destroy forests/water as well as eat surfaces of stone buildings/rock formations.

Chemical Weathering

Erosion

Most common Causes◦ Water, Wind,

Glacier Erosion

◦ The movement of weathered materials such as gravel, soil, and sand.

Water Erosion

Moving water is greatest cause of erosion.

Sediment:◦ Small particles of

soil, sand, and gravel carried by rivers/streams. Acts as sandpaper to rock surfaces

Wind Erosion

Second major cause of erosion

Loess: ◦ Wind-blown

deposits of mineral-rich dust and silt.

Sandstorms are one major cause of erosion.

Glaciers:◦ Huge, slow-moving sheets of ice◦ As they move they carry dirt, rocks, and boulders

along their bottom edge◦ The terrain is worn away by the debris dragging

along with the ice◦ Moraines

Ridge-like piles of rocks and debris left behind by melted Glaciers.

Glacier Erosion

What are the 3 main types of erosion? Why is erosion important? Why is sediment important? Where is wind erosion especially important?

◦ What are some reasons its important

◦ Pg. 58 1-16, 18-19 Time to work on Monday!!

Questions