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BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY
"FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS"on
Sponsored by :
Department of Renewable Energy Engineering
College of Technology and Engineering
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur (Raj.)
Ph. : 0294-2471068, +91-9414160221 ; E-mail : [email protected]
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India, New Delhi
BIOGAS DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING CENTRE
DR. DEEPAK SHARMA
ER. KAPIL SAMAR
BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
DR. DEEPAK SHARMA
ER. KAPIL SAMAR
BIOGAS DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING CENTRE, UDAIPUR
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
(MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENRGY, NEW DELHI)
(2016)
FAQ's
ON
In the recent years our mother, earth has come under the severe threat due to the
environmental stresses caused by ever increasing use of fossil fuels based energy. This has
attracted the attention of scientists, environmentalists, governments and civil societies as
well as common people all over the world. India has taken a bold decision to supply
electricity from renewable sources to 18,000 villages, which cannot be connected to
gridpower supply.
During the recent years, biogas generation and biogas plant slurry management as
bio-manure systems have attracted considerable attraction, not only as an alternative
source of energy, but also as a promising source of decentralized sustainable rural
development through its entrepreneurial scope at local level and environment protection
capabilities. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India,has been
makingcontinuous progress in promotion of biogas technology for domestic, industrial and
agricultural application, and also energy recovery from Waste to Energyfrom urban &
municipal wastes. Biogas Technology is a promising one for meeting the sustainable
development goals and social cause.
I convey my best wishes to Dr. Deepak Sharma and his team for bringing out a Book
on “Frequently Asked Questions” on Biogas Technology and hope that it would play a
ready-reckoner for all the users of biogas plants including potential and new stakeholders in
biogas sector, a prominent sub-sector of the Bio-energy.
Ms. Varsha Joshi
Joint Secretary
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
Govt. of India
Foreword
Introduction
Traditionally, biomass had been utilized through direct combustion. Cow dung
cake is one of the most important and widely used biomass for the production of daily
energy needs. It has been estimated that 2.5 billion people around the world are not being
able to access the modern fuels. They are highly dependable on locally available wood and
cow dung cakes.
About nine-tenth of the rural households in India uses traditional biomass-wood
and dung-as a household fuel annually. Burning of biomass or cow dung cakes through
direct combustion creates indoor air pollution and ultimately contributing to serious health
problems, particularly cancer and respiratory infections. Approximately half a million
premature deaths and nearly 500 million cases of illness are estimated to occur annually as a
result of exposure to smoke emissions from biomass use by households in India, making
indoor pollution the third leading health risk factor.
Biogas represents renewable source of energy that derives mainly from
decomposition of organic wastes in the absence of oxygen. In India, biogas mainly
produced from cattle dung. The biogas technology is being promoted by Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India since 1981-82.
Usually it is difficult to understand about biogas technology at once. Here some
questions and answers are listed that are commonly asked by a new user in the field of
biogas technology. This book also includes method of economics evaluation, address of
Biogas Development and Training Centres and list of state nodal agency that makes users
easy to approach for getting more information about biogas technology.
01
FAQ'S ON BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY
1. What is biogas?
Biogas is a combustible gaseous fuel that is collected
from the microbial degradation of organic matter in
anaerobic conditions. Biogas is principally a
mixture of methane (CH ) and carbon dioxide (CO ) 4 2
along with other trace gases. Biogas can be collected
from landfills, covered lagoons, or enclosed tanks
called anaerobic digesters. The biogas typically has
60% methane and 35% carbon di oxide. There is also some percentage of hydrogen,
nitrogen, oxygen, ammonia, moisture etc
2. What is organic material?
Organic material is something that was living and can decay. Wasted or spoiled food,
plant clippings, animal manure, meat trimmings and sewage are common types of
organic material used with anaerobic digestion. In contrast, inorganic material
includes things like rocks, dirt, plastic, metal and glass.
3. What are the sources of biogas generation?
Biogas is commonly made from animal slurry, sludge settled from wastewater and at
landfills containing organic wastes. However, biogas can also be made from almost
any organic waste has the ability to produce biogas: human excreta, slurry, animal
slurry, fruit and vegetable waste, slaughterhouse waste, meat packing waste, dairy
factory waste, brewery and distillery waste, etc. Fiber rich wastes like wood, leaves,
etc. make poor feed stocks for digesters as they are difficult to digest. Many
wastewaters contain organic compounds that may be converted to biogas including
municipal wastewater, food processing wastewater and many industrial
wastewaters. Solid and semi-solid materials that include plant or animal matter can
be converted to biogas.
Cattle Dung Kitchen Waste Agritulture Waste
02
4. How is organic matter decomposed?
Organic matter anarobically decomposed in the presence of bacteria. The bacterial
decomposition of organic matter takes place in three phases namely hydrolysis, acid
phase and methane phase.
5. What happens in all these three phases?
In the hydrolysis phase, heavier hydrocarbons are broken into smaller molecules,
which are then converted to organic acids by acid forming bacteria. In the methane
phase, fermentation of acids, hydrogen and CO produces methane. 2
6. What are the major applications of biogas plant?
Biogas plant produces biogas and bio manure. Biogas can be used for thermal
application like cooking, lighting and power generation through diesel/petrol
gensets. Bio manure can be used as fertilizer in agriculture. Bio manure increases
annual grain yield.
7. What are the salient benefits of biogas technology?
It provides clean gaseous fuel for cooking and lighting.
a. Digested slurry from biogas plants is used as enriched bio-manure to supplement
the use of chemical fertilizers.
b. It improves sanitation in villages and semi -urban areas by linking sanitary
toilets with biogas plants.
c. Biogas plants help in reducing the causes of climate change.
8. How electricity could be produced by using
biogas?
Biogas operated gensets are available for generation
of electricity. One cubic biogas can produce 4-5
kWh electricity depends on efficiency of genset and
average methane content in raw biogas.
03
9. In which conditions biogas can be produced?
Biogas production is obtained by anaerobic decomposition (absence of oxygen) of
biomass in the presence of bacteria. The bacterial decomposition of biomass takes
place in three phases, namely hydrolysis phase, acid phase and methane phase.
10. Can biogas be used in place of fossil fuels? How?
Methane is the principal gas in biogas. Methane is also the main component in natural
gas, a fossil fuel. Biogas can be used to replace natural gas in many applications
including: cooking, heating, steam production, electrical generation, vehicular fuel,
and as a pipeline gas.
11. What is the potential of implementation of biogas plant in India?
According to statistical data of availability of cattle dung, there is a potential of
construction of 12 million family size biogas plants in India.
12. What are the environmental impacts of
producing/using biogas?
One of the gases produced by the decomposition of
slurry is methane gas, which is estimated to trap 20 to
30 times as much atmospheric heat as carbon
dioxide and reducing methane releases into the air is
a crucial element of fight to limit the global
warming.
The important substance for plant growth is
nitrogen, which remains in place after extraction of
biogas. This leads to further environmental advantages. By reducing the weight and
volume of fertilizer and increasing the amount of fertilizer available from composted
waste reduces the need for chemical fertilizers, which release the extremely powerful
greenhouse gas nitrous oxide.
13. Does biogas contribute to climate change?
During combustion of biogas, carbon dioxide (CO ) 2
is released that is reabsorbed by plant matters for
their growth. Carbon in biogas comes from plant
matter that fixed this carbon from atmospheric CO . 2
Thus, biogas production is carbon-neutral and does
not add to greenhouse gas emissions. Further, any consumption of fossil fuels
replaced by biogas will lower CO emissions. 2
04
14. How much energy is contained by biogas?
One cubic meter biogas is equivalent to about 4700 kCal energy.
15. How can we compare the quality of biogas equivalent to other hydrocarbon
fuels?
3Quantities of various hydrocarbon fuels that will have energy equivalent to 1m of
biogas are given in as under-
16. What are the quantities of biogas consumption for its different applications?
Consumption of biogas is mentioned as under
17. For an 8 members family, what will be the capacity of the biogas plant to meet
their daily energy requirements ?
Approximately 0.24 cum biogas is consumed by a person daily for completing his
cooking needs. According to this, a total of 1.92 cum biogas is required for complete
daily cooking needs. 2 cum biogas plant is the standard design next after the 1.92 cum
biogas, so the appropriate size of the biogas plant would be 2cum.
18. What are the standard designs of biogas plant available?
Under the family size biogas plant 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 CUM plants are considered as
standard design.
19. Does the biogas plant smell bed?
In case of appropriate operation, a biogas plant does not release any bad odour into
the environment. Hydrogen sulphide produced in the course of decomposition is
converted to odourless elementary sulphur biologically or chemically in a closed
space. Only incoming substrates (like manure, organic waste, etc.) can be a source of
bad smell. In the course of biogas production, microorganisms use the components of
manure for their vital processes, which are responsible for bad smell, so fermentation
effluent is practically odourless, and it is a good-quality fertilizer for the vegetation.
Name of the fuel Kerosene Firewood Cow dung Charcoal Furnace oil Electricity LPG
Equivalent quantity
to 1m3
of biogas
0.60 lit.
3.50 kg
12.3kg
1.50 kg
0.40 lit.
4.70kWh 0.43 kg
S.N. Application Consumption
1
Cooking 0.25m
3/person/day
2
Lighting 0.13 m
3/hour/lamp
3 Engine operation 0.5 m3/hour/horse power
05
20. How much cattle dung is required daily for feeding of different sizes of biogas
plant?
21. How much area is required for installing a biogas
plant?
It depends on the size of the biogas plant. Generally 2
cum biogas plant requires 15 feet × 15 feet plane
surface. The site must be open to receive sun
radiation for most part of the day that keep the plant
warm.
22. Are there any criteria for selection of best site for installation of biogas plant?
Following points should be considered while selecting a site for installation of biogas
plant-
�It should be close to the kitchen to minimise cost on gas pipeline
�It should be near to cattle shed to minimise the
distance for carrying cattle dung.
�There should be enough space for storage of
digested slurry or construction of compost pit.
�It should be 10-15 meters away from any
drinking water well to prevent contamination of
water.
�The area should be free from roots of tree which are likely to creep into the
digester and cause damage.
�It should be open to receive the sun radiation for most part of the day to keep the
digester warm.
�It should be on an elevated area so that plant does not get submerged during
normal rains.
Size of biogas3
plant (m )/day
Amount of wet dung
required daily (kg)
Approximate numbers of adult cattle heads Local Cross breed
1 25
2-3
1-2
2 50
4-5
2-3
3 75
6-7
3-4
4 100
8-10
4-5
6 150 12-14 6-8
06
23. What are the components of a biogas plant?
A biogas plant consist of the following parts-
a. Mixing tank and inlet
b. Digester
c. Gas holder or gas storage dome
d. Outlet and compost pit
e. Gas main outlet valve, pipeline, gas stove
24. Why methane produced better in the absence of air (anaerobically)?
Most bacteria grow more rapidly when they have a source of oxygen. When they run
out of “free oxygen” in the air, some can obtain it from other compounds. Bacteria
which use these compounds produce methane gas (CH ) as a waste product.4
25. Biogas production from both traditional and newly pre fabricated type biogas
plants are same. Which should be preferred & Why?
Life of brick masonry constructed biogas plants are around 20 years while life of
prefabricated biogas plants are 10 years only. But the prefabricated biogas plants can
be shifted as per the requirement. According to suitable condition, beneficiary can
make his choice.
26. By which Ministry, this programme is initiated?
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) Govt. of India is implementing
'National Biogas and Manure Management Programme' (NBMMP) for installation
of family size biogas plant since 1981-82.
27. Please mention the details about NBMMP?
National Biogas and Manure Management Programme is a Central Sector Scheme,
which provides for setting up of family type biogas plants mainly for rural and semi-
07
urban/households. A family type biogas plant generates biogas from organic
substances such as cattle –dung, and other bio-degradable materials such as biomass
from farms, gardens, kitchens and night soil wastes etc.
28. What are the main objectives of NBMMP scheme?
The objectives of the scheme are as follows:
�To provide clean gaseous fuel mainly for cooking purposes and organic manure
to rural and semi urban households through family type biogas plants.
�To mitigate drudgery of rural women, reduce pressure on forests and accentuate
social benefits.
�To improve sanitation in villages by linking sanitary toilets with biogas plants.
�To provide bio-digested slurry (liquid / semi-solid and dried) as an upgraded
source of enrichment for manure to reduce and / or supplement use of chemical
fertilizers; by linking biogas digested slurry with enrichment units such as
wormy-composting plants and other organic enrichment facilities of slurry.
�To meet 'lifeline energy' needs for cooking as envisaged in “Integrated Energy
Policy” report of the Planning Commission.
�To help in combating and reduction in causes of climate change by preventing
emissions of carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere.
29. What is the physical target of biogas plant in this scheme?
The programme will be implemented with a physical target of 6.50 lakh biogas plants th
for the 12 plan period.
30. Is there any financial support by Govt.of India?
Sl.
No
Particulars of Central Financial Assistance (CFA)
& States / Regions and Categories
Family Type Biogas Plants under NBMMP
(1 to 6 cubic metre capacity per day )
A. Central Subsidy Rates Applicable (In Rs.)
1 Cubic Metre
2-
6 Cubic Metre
1. NER States, Sikkim (except plain areas of Assam) and
including SC and ST Categories of NE Region States.
15,000
17,000
2. Plain areas of Assam.
10,000
11,000
3. Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttrakhand,
Niligiri of Tamil Nadu, Sadar Kurseong & Kalimpong
Sub-Divisions of Dar jeeling, Sunderbans (W.B.) and
Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
7,000
11,000
4. Scheduled castes / Scheduled Tribes of other than NE
Region States including Sikkim & other Hilly States /
regions as given in Sl.no.3 above.
7,000
11,000
5. All Others 5,500 9,000
08
31. Is there any financial support by Govt. of Rajasthan?
Please visit website of Govt. of Rajasthan for updates.
32. Is there any condition for claiming CFA on biogas plant?
First farmer intimate the respective State
Nodal Agency for construction of biogas
plant. Technical staff from SNA once
verifies the biogas plant constructional
site, than he/she can construct biogas and
claim for subsidy. Beneficiary may be male
or female, businessman or serviceman,
private employee or Govt. employee or
student. It should be ensured that user has a bank account and an identity proof. If
user belongs to SC and ST category, he must have caste certificate to avail the
additional grant.
33. Which family size biogas models are approved for claiming CFA?
The list of MNRE approved models of Biogas Plants (Family Size) capacity 1 m³ to 6
m³ per day is as given below:
*New innovative and cost effective models of plants may be added depending upon
the technology development and their field worthiness.
S.No. Biogas Plant Models* Specifications/ Ministry’s letter No. and
date of approval. 1.
Fixed Dome Biogas Plants:
(i) Deenbandhu fixed dome model with
Brick masonry construction.
(ii) Deenbandhu ferro -cement model with
in-situ technique.
(iii)Prefabricated RCC fixed dome model.
Ministry’s letter No.13 -10/96-BG dated
10-1-2002
Code of Practices (Second Revision), IS
9478:1989 of the BIS, New Delhi.
Ministry's letter No.13 -11/99-BG dated 5 -
3-1999
2.
Floating Dome Design Biogas Plants:
(i) KVIC floating steel metal dome with
brick masonry digester.
(ii) KVIC floating
type plant with Ferro -
Cement digester and FRP gas holder.
(iii)Pragati Model Biogas Plants.
Code of Practices (Second Revision), IS
9478:1989 of the BIS, New Delhi.
Code of practice IS -12986:1990 of BIS,
New Delhi.
Code of Practices (Second Revision),
IS
9478:1989 of the BIS, New Delhi.
3.
Prefabricated model Biogas Plants:
(i) Prefabricated Reinforced Cement
Concrete (RCC) digester with KVIC
floating drum.
Ministry's letter No.13 -1/2007-BE, dated
29.02.2008.
4.
Bag Type Biogas Plants (Flexi model)
Ministry's letter No.7 -39/89-BG dated
14.7.95
09
34. What are the materials required for construction of a biogas plant?
Bricks, cement, sand, concrete, is required for construction of a biogas plant. PVC or
asbestos pipe is used for inlet and outlet as required. For KVIC biogas plant,
additional GI sheets are needed for fabrication of gas holder. (Table 2 & Table 5.)
Recently, HDPI material based readymade biogas products are available in market.
They could be used for biomethanation.
35. From the above said approved models, which one is best for the state of
Rajasthan?
Deenbandhu biogas plant is one of the most suitable biogas plants according to
geographical conditions. Cost wise it is also cheaper than all others.
36. How would I ensure that biogas plant constructed meets all technical condition
as desired by MNRE?
Beneficiary must check the dimensions of biogas plant at constructional stages and
cross check it with standard designed dimensions. After construction, the gas portion
should be painted with di-epoxy. Initially the plant would be fed with 1:1 dilution of
cattle dung and water. ISI marked (BIS code IS - 8749: 1988) burners having a
minimum thermal efficiency of 55% biogas stoves / chullhas should be used for
safety. Use HDPI pipes for biogas distribution is technically and economically best.
37. Why the gas holder portion is painted with di-epoxy paint?
The conventional method of repairing is either with applying oil paint or tar coat over
plastering. The inner surface has not proved to be result oriented as a film of oil paint
10
is too thin and tar does not have good bonding with any cemented surface and even
new plaster also develops cracks and peels off due to change in compressive strength
between the old and new plaster.
Epoxy paint has two part- a Hardener and Resin. Both are mixed in equal ratio for
application. After application, it becomes a thin harder surface that enables gas to
escapes from cracks.
38. Is it possible to construct a biogas plant on hilly region?
In the hilly region, there are two major issues-
A. Loss in temperature from digester during night which downs the rate of gas
production.
B. Digging of pit for deep construction due to stones.
In such situation, KVIC biogas plants are not suitable for optimum production. Fixed
dome biogas plants could be functioning well. Deenbandhu biogas plant would be
economically sounds better due to its less excavation work.
39. Can a sanitary toilet be linked with the biogas plant?
Yes sanitary toilets can also be linked with biogas plant. The
additional CFA of Rs.1,200/- per plant as subsidy can be
granted to biogas users.
40. Can I burn biogas in a common LPG burner?
LPG stoves can be modified to fit the properties of biogas but
the efficiency will often not be as good as with a genuine
biogas stove. It is also a risky task. It is advised to buy a new
biogas stove for better use.
41. The above said biogas burners are not commonly available in the retail market.
From where it can be purchased? Are there any Govt. approved vender?
Presently there are no government approved vendors but there is a list of
manufactures that are certified by ISI and KVIC. They may address their dealers
nearer to beneficiary's location. Beneficiary must visit to MNRE website, respective
state nodal agency or BDTC's for the list.
42. How the excess biogas can be utilized?
Excess biogas can be stored in balloons for use in
near future. But while using stored biogas,
calculated amount of dead weight such as scraped
tyre, gunny bags filled with sand etc. could be used
to create pressure.
11
43. Such a big target cannot be completed without the help of those entrepreneurs
who are working in rural areas like NGOs, Gram panchayat etc. Is there any
financial benefit to NGO for taking such projects?
The Turn-key job fee is linked with five years warranty for trouble-free functioning
of biogas plants set up on Turn-Key Work basis. Turn-key job fee of Rs. 1500/- is
payable for biogas plants involving part construction work either for digester or
dome. Only MNRE approved family type biogas plants are eligible for this
assistance. This is subject to the condition that the Turn-Key Worker would visit the
plant at least twice in a year during the warranty period. The fee is paid to turn key
worker as per MNRE norms.
44. As mentioned, a biogas plant can be constructed by a skilled and trained labour.
How we can contact with those trained biogas masons?
Every year MNRE approved training centres organise trainings to create a cadre of
masons and technicians skilled in the construction and maintenance of approved
models of biogas palnt. List of those training centre is given in Annexure-1 with
contact details. It is better for beneficiary to contact once at these training centres
before planning for construction of biogas plant.
45. Why aren't we doing more with biogas? What are the barriers to increasing
biogas production and use?
Biogas is being collected and used to generate electricity or steam at many landfills,
wastewater plants. However, many opportunities for biogas production are yet to be
implemented. Until recently, the low cost of fossil fuels has hindered implementation
of biogas production. There is a limited awareness of the potential and advantages of
biogas production by citizens, government officials, and in the business sector that
has limited interest in biogas production. More education, demonstration and
investment in biogas technology would help overcome these barriers.
46. Feed stock for cattle is varying from season to season. In respect to this, dung
quality varies. By this factor, is there any effect on production of biogas?
Yes, but this effect is avoidable. There will be no much difference in gas production.
12
47. Biogas is a prominent fuel for cooking in rural areas. But villagers are not aware
with this technology. The Ministry must promote this technology to the rural
people. Is there any provision to conduct such
camps for promoting this technology?
The training centres (as mentioned in Annexure 1)
conduct one day camp for raising awareness about
the benefits of biogas plants among users specially
women beneficiaries, and for imparting awareness
on operation and maintenance and day to day upkeep
of biogas plants. Villages having about 1-5 biogas
plants in operation will be selected as venue and 40-
60 household of the selected village will be
contacted and invited for attending User's Course.
Efforts should be made for involving in all such
courses.
48. A biogas plant is fed with cattle dung and water in 1:1 ratio for getting biogas. In
this situation, the technology couldn't be used in water scare areas.
Design of biogas plant on only fresh cattle dung has been developed approved by
MNRE, GoI. In such plants, fresh cattle dung (16-18% solid content) is directly fed to
biogas plant without mixing of water. This design is gaining popularity in desert
districts of Rajasthan.
49. Is there any role of earth condition in laying foundation for biogas plant?
Of course, if the earth is sandy, hard brick ballast is laid by an ordinary procedure
using cement, sand and brick ballast (1:4:8) or cement, sand and gravel mortar
(1:2:4) without reinforced.
If during wet earth is observed, there is a possibility of water seepage through the
ordinary laid foundation in rainy season. Therefore under these circumstances, a 75
13
mm thick layer of dry brick ballast (without cement) is spread and is well compacted.
Above this a 150 mm thick layer of cement, sand and brick ballast at a ratio of 1:4:8 is
laid. In this layer a net of steel rods of 15 mm diameter (tied by binding wire) bound at
a distance of 10.5cm each is also used as reinforcement.
50. What would be the mortar ratio maintain at different constructional stages?
The mortar ratio to be maintained at different constructional stages of a biogas plant
is mentioned as under
51. In many cases, partition wall collapsed in KVIC biogas plant. Why?
Partition wall is constructed to divide the circular 3
well into two equal halves in biogas plant of 4m or
above. It controls the flow of slurry. It is
recommended to feed slurry on both side of partition
wall with equal quantity at the time of initial feeding.
It maintains equal pressure on partition wall.
Pressure difference causes collapse situation.
Constructional stage Material Ratio
Laying foundation
(in dry earth condition)
Cement : Sand : Brick Ballast
Cement : Sand : Gravel
1:4:8
1:2:4
Laying foundation
(in dry earth condition)
Cement : Sand : Brick Ballast
And reinforcement
1:4:8
15 mm diameter
Construction of digester (wall
thickness 115mm)
(wall thickness 230mm)
Cement : Sand
1:4
1:6
Construction of dome
Cement : fine sand : Coarse sand
1:1:2
Outer Plaster I (12 mm thick)
Cement : fine sand : Coarse sand
1:2:3
Outer Plaster II (12 mm thick)
Cement : fine sand : Coarse sand
1:1:2
Inner Plaster at dome ceiling (12
mm thick)
Cement : fine sand
1:2
Inner plaster at digester (12mm
thick)
Cement : fine sand : Coarse sand 1:1:3
Coating Cement : water 1:2
14
52. Fabrication of steel drum for gas holder in floating drum biogas plant at
beneficiary level is a tough task. The holder may be fabricated with improper
dimensions. Which is the easiest point to
purchase it as readymade?
The gas holder and guide frame can be purchased
from a nearby approved workshop of a State Agro
Industries Corporation, a fabricator recognised by a
State Government/KVIC Board or State Nodal
Agency.
53. What are the components in gas distribution
pipeline?
The gas distribution pipeline includes the gas vent
pipe, gate valve, hose pipe, moisture trap, pipe,
bends, joints, stop cock, pressure tube clips etc.
54. What would be the appropriate size of pipe in gas distribution line?
The size of the pipe depends upon the distance between the plant and the kitchen. The
greater the distance, the larger should be the diameter of the pipe. With the pressure of
approximately 8 cm water column, one cubic meter biogas can be transported in one
hour in a 12mm pipe over about 20m, in a 19mm pipe over about 150m and in a
25mm pipe over 500m.
55. Is it possible to flow back of fire from the burner? If this happens, the biogas
plant may causes fire accident.
Flow back of fire might be possible. In order to stop
accidental flow back of fire from burner to gas
holder, a flame arrester must be incorporated in the
pipe line as a safety device.
56. Where should fire arrester be placed?
Fire arrester is placed just after the main gas valve near the digester or just before the
gas stove. It is safer to have one at both place.
Diameter of pipe (mm) Distance between plant to kitchen (meter)
12 30
19
50
25 100
15
57. What would be the size of the fire arrester with respect to pipe line?
For a 12mm main gas pipe use a 19mm arrester and for a 25mm pipe use a 32mm
arrester.
58. If a biogas plant stops generation of gas, how a farmer can detect the reason?
There are a number of things that can affect the biogas production in a biodigester.
A. Biogas leaks
If there is very little biogas, there may be a leak somewhere. The biogas gas holder
and biogas pipeline should be checked for leakage. A simple soap solution can be
used to detect the leakage
B. Temperature problems
0
If ambient temperatures reach below 20 C, you will experience a drastic decrease in
biogas production. If this is the case, look to adapt a heating system to your
biodigester
C. Problems with the biodigester's pH
The pH in the biodigester tank should be as close to neutral as possible. Since the
anaerobic processes in a biodigester produce acids. The most common pH problem is
one of acidity. Beneficiary can do a simple litmus test on the biodigesters content. If
the results are below 7, beneficiary must add a small amount of lime or grounded lime
stone to normalize the digester's pH. Since excessive amounts of lime will not be
soluble in the mixture and may harm the bacteria, beneficiary should never exceed a
lime concentration of 500mg for every litre of mixture in the biodigester tank.
D. Other problems
There are a number of other problems that can arise during the life of a biodigester. To
investigate problems, it is best to think back to the basics of what makes a biodigester
work (organic material, strong seals, warmth) and eliminate anything else that could
possibly harm its functioning. For example be careful not to introduce unnecessary
chemicals into the tank, and try not to use livestock that has recently been given
antibiotics or other medications, for these chemicals present in the manure may cause
damage to the bacteria in the biodigester tank. Also, make sure to use non-corrosive
materials for handling the gas and water. Cement and plastic cause no harm to the
mixture in the tank, but metals should be avoided for use in the tank, or any of the
tubing through which the biogas travels.
16
59. How can we examine KVIC gas holder for gas
leak?
The steel gas holder should be tested for gas leaks by
keeping water in it overnight. It can be put to a smoke
test by burning a cloth dipped in kerosene inside the
holder and watching for the smoke coming out of
any joints. Only the tested and painted gas holder
should be placed on the digester.
60. How can we examine Deenbandhu gas dome for
leak?
Its a slight tough task than KVIC gas holder. The gas
storage dome can be examined by fixing a U shaped
safety valve made of glass tube at the gas outlet pipe
and then filling the digester with water or inflating with air using a manually operated
air pump to make the column of water in safety valve rise to at least 90 cm. After 24
hours, the water column should be checked for a drop in level. If water column drops
or gas escapes, the leak must be located by pouring soap water on all suspected
locations outside the gas chamber and around the gas vent pipe joints.
61. Is there any general procedure for initially feed the biogas plant?
Fill the plant with a correct mixture of dung slurry
(dung and water in ratio 1:1) through the inlet
chamber. The gas pipe should be disconnected. The
digester should not be filled to more than 75 – 80%
of its volume, under any circumstances thus
allowing some volume for storage of gas. The
quantity of slurry recommended for the particular
size of plant should be added daily.
62. Is the first gas is flammable?
The production of gas after filling of the gas chamber
would take about 7 – 20 days. The initial gas stored
may not be combustible and should be allowed to
escape. Purge air from all delivery lines by allowing
gas to flow out prior to first use. Ensure that
condensed water is able to flow out from the pipeline
through the water trap.
17
63. Can biogas be fed just after the initial feeding? Is it the right way?
The slurry should be added only after the production of inflammable gas has started,
i.e. after about 20 days from initial filling of the plant up to the recommended level.
The stirring can be done in a fixed dome plant by moving a bamboo pole up and down
in the inlet and outlet openings. This will help in breaking of scum if done at least
once a day.
64. Are digesters cold or hot?
The optimum temperature for bacteria to remain alive and multiply is above 30 to 38
degrees Celsius. Digesters can also work at temperatures that are both lower and
higher than this. Because the bacteria working in the digester are very sensitive to
temperature, cooler digesters take more time to break down the biodegradable
feedstock, while hotter ones may not break down the biodegradable feedstock due to
bacteria remaining in dormant stage.
65. In the winter season, with a drop in temperature, production of biogas also
drops. In such situation what would we do for optimum production?
Following tips may be useful-
i.) Warm water from solar water heaters can be used for dilution of dung.
ii.) Diluted dung slurry can be prepared in the mixing tank and kept all day to warm
up. Than the digester may be loaded in the evening.
iii.) Addition of organic matter containing high percentage of nitrogen like urine,
nightsoil etc.
iv.) The gas holder should be covered with plastic sheets in day so the digester
temperature can be increased. During night time, the same will be covered with
gunny bags that remains insulated and heat loss can be minimised.
v.) The digester should be recycled along with fresh slurry in order to increase the
bacterial population in the digester.
66. As the biogas plant is charge with fresh slurry, a black liquid is discharge from
opposite side. What is that liquid?
That liquid is digested slurry. This slurry is a natural substance used for enriching the
soil. It is a by-product obtained from the biogas plant after the digestion of dung or
other organic matter.
67. How is biogas slurry beneficial?
Biogas slurry is free from weed seeds, foul smell and pathogen. It contents major
plant nutrients which nourish the soil to accelerate the growth of plants, especially for
18
root growth which enhances crop yield in a sustainable manner. It enhances the
aeration and water holding capacity of soil for root penetration resulting in better
growth.
68. Generally it is saying that application of biogas
slurry is good. What are the scientific points
behind this statement?
The application of biogas slurry enhances the
fertility of the soil to optimize quality production.
Secondary, its dark colour, absorbs more sunlight
which results warming up of soil.
69. Is it best to apply liquid slurry to crop?
Yes, application of liquid slurry to crop is one of the best methods for increasing
overall yield. Some advantages are mentioned as under-
a. It has better nitrogen component compared to dry and semi dry slurry.
b. It acts as a soil conditioner. Aggregated soil communicates the absorption of the
slurry. Moreover the bacteria and fungi growth is enhanced on application of
biogas slurry, which is crucial for plant crop yield.
c. Good for acidic soils.
d. Reduces harmful elements like aluminium and minimizes toxicity.
e. Supplies nutrients to beneficial microbes.
f. Changes membrane permeability of root hairs and enhances nutrient uptake.
g. The water holding capacity of the soil increases.
70. Handling of liquid slurry is not more convenient. Are there any machines
available for handling?
Liquid biogas slurry can be handled with equipments or manually. The equipment
becomes necessary for community biogas plant, which yield large quantity of slurry.
It is therefore necessary to develop suitable equipment for handling the slurry and for
field application. A few equipments which are in use at different places are as
follows:
�Low cost wheel barrow
�Slurry injector
�Slurry cart
�Slurry tanker
19
For the effective use of slurry, a beneficiary must use the liquid slurry as far as
possible. After the application of liquid slurry, excess slurry can be dried in open sun
condition. The dried slurry can be converted in to powder form by hitting wooden
bamboos. The dried powder can be used in the next sowing period.
71. Is there any other method for storing and transporting the biogas liquid slurry?
From the outlet of the tank, a channel leads Biogas
slurry to a filter bed with opening at both ends. A
compact layer of green or dry leaves is made in the
filter bed. Biogas slurry flows down and gets filtered
allowing the preparing fresh slurry. The semi solid
residue left on top of the bed can be transported and
stored in a pit use when required.
72. Is there any harm in handling the slurry manually?
No. there is no harm in handling the slurry manually as it is free from pathogens
which otherwise causes diseases. Most of the harmful organisms like eggs of
hookworms are killed in the process of anaerobic digestion. Moreover, the pathogen,
which pollutes the ground water gets eliminated.
73. What are different types of Biogas slurry?
Liquid biogas slurry: It has a solid content about 6%, pH value of about 8 to 9 and
nitrogen 1.8% along with other nutrients. This is the best form for use.
Semi Dried biogas slurry: It is with solids varying from 15 to 20%, pH value varies
from 7 to 9%.This is the next best form for use.
Dry biogas slurry: The slurry coming out from the plant remains in drying pit for
some period without application. The solids vary from 50 to 70% and the pH value
from 7 to 8. Dry slurry micronutrients but very less as it lost if sun dried.
74. When dung and other fertilizers are available than why biogas slurry alone is
preferred?
Fermentation reduces the C/N ratio by removing some of the carbon, which has the
advantage of increasing the fertilizing effect. Another favourable effect is that
20
nitrogen and other plant nutrients become mineralizes and hence more readily
available to plants. Moreover, well digested slurry is practically odourless, easier to
spread and does not attract weeds and insects flies. The following table indicates how
biogas slurry is more effective than other organic slurries in relation to NPK.
75. What are the differences in the uses of biogas slurry and urea in general?
The differences are as under:
SI.NO. Slurry % content N2 % content P2O5
% content K2O
1. Fresh cattle dung 0.3-0.4 0.1-0.2 0.1-0.3
2. Farmyard slurry
0.4-1.5
0.3-0.9
0.3-1.9
3. Compost
0.5-1.5
0.3-0.9
08.-1.2
4. Biogas slurry
1.5-2.5
1.0-1.5
0.8-1.2
5. Poultry slurry
1.0-1.8
1.4-1.8
0.8-0.9
6. Cattle urine
0.9-1.2
Trace
0.5-1.0
7. Paddy straw
0.3-0.4
0.8-1.0
0.7-0.9
S.NO. Biogas slurry Urea
1. Balances Nourishment Imbalanced Nourishment
2. Pollution free
Causes pollution of water, air etc.
3. Eco Friendly
Damage to the Ecology
4. Defense against pests
Vulnerable to pests
5. Can be made at home
To be bought from outside only
6. Cost effective
Fluctuating cost
7. Needs less water
Needs more water
8. Maintains soil fertility
Spoils the soil
strength
9. No side effect
Many adverse effects
10. Quality food
Less healthy food
11. Better health
Poor health
12. Wholesome
One-sided
13. Less yield but sustainable returns More yield and quick returns
14. Increasing returns Diminishing returns
21
76. Chemical fertilizers are easily available in market. Why do we choose a hard
way for biogas slurry?
The inorganic chemical fertilizers are harmful in the long run as they do not provide
balanced diet to plants, severely affecting the physical, chemical and microbial
properties of the soil. The impact of extensive use of inorganic fertilizer is shown as
under-
i.) Destroys soil micro flora, especially the nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
ii.) Causes pollution of fresh water reserves.
iii.) Reduces soil porosity, aggregation and ultimately leads to infertility
iv.) Erodes top soil due wind because of missing organic matter in the soil.
v.) It is not cost effective on long term basis.
77. What is the difference between composting & biogas slurry?
S. No. Composting Biogas slurry
1. Unselective degradation by both aerobic and
anaerobic microbes causing more weight loss
without proportional enrichment of fertilizer
value. Both carbon and nit rogen are
consumed during degradation.
Selection anaerobic digestion. Weight
loss is less. Mainly carbon is consumed for
producing methane.
2. Proper degradation time is 90 to 120 days.
Proper degradation time is 30-40 days.
3. About 30 -40 % Nitrogen is lost
due to
evaporation of Ammonia
Loss by evaporation is negligible.
4. Compost has bad odour.
Odour is minimized.
5. Some quantity is blown off by wind.
No such loss.
6. N is less
N, P, K is comparatively more.
7. Compost has limited macro and micro
nutrients.
Biogas slurry has more macro and micro
nutrients.
22
78. Is it possible to replace inorganic fertilizers totally?
It is not possible as to totally replace inorganic fertilizers by biogas slurry use alone.
We cannot meet the food needs of billion Indian people. However, to increase the
quantity of food, we need to gradually change from inorganic to organic for
sustainable returns.
79. Which combination with biogas slurry yields better results?
Biogas slurry along with Gypsum and NPK is showing significant results in the
production of crops compared to other combinations.
80. Today, I am switching over to biogas slurry from fertilizers. I think, I will get
more yield from today. Is it right?
There will be no instant increase in production due to the switch over. In fact, initially
there will be decrease in the yield. But over a period of two to five years, there will be
an increase in the quantity and quality of the yield.
81. What are the other uses of biogas slurry?
Biogas slurry is also being used for fish culture,
which acts as a supplementary feed. On an average
15-25 litres wet slurry can be applied per day in a
1200 sq. ft. pond. Biogas slurry mixed with oil cake
or rice bran in 2:1 ratio increased the fish production
remarkably. Biogas slurry can be also used for the
production of bio fertilizers like Azolla and aquatic
biomass Spirulina.
82. What are the benefits of other nutrients in biogas slurry?
It was noticed from 2 samples of soil collected-one from biogas slurry paddy
cultivated land and another from chemically applied land that the bacterial count
was 23.3 % more in the slurry applied soils than in the chemical applied soils,
resulting in-
�Increase of micronutrients in the soil.
�Improved drainage and better aeration to the root system.
�Improvement in the soil structure.
23
�Strong Immune system.
�Less number of weeds.
�Less Methane exposure.
�Qualitative improvement in taste, smell, size, colour etc.
83. Why we need to manage the use of Biogas slurry?
The management of slurry is very important in the effective utilization. At present the
users just allow biogas slurry to enter lower surface areas resulting in loss of nitrogen.
The slurry will be effective if only farmer uses it properly. The farmers are still not
aware of the value of biogas slurry and resort to the traditional ways of using the
biogas slurry with the agriculture/farm/ cattle waste.
84. Whether biogas slurry can be used daily/fortnightly/ monthly basis?
Yes. It can be used as needed depending on the species grown / compost preparation and
its availability.
Daily:
Biogas slurry can be applied daily in kitchen gardens, for vegetables and horticultural
plants, this act as a soil conditioner. The biogas slurry can be directly connected to an
irrigational channel or applied while watering the plants. However, a study to evolve a
proper system to meet the requirement of different crops based on the output and fertility
of soil is necessary.
Fortnight/Weekly:
Storage capacity, availability of biomass for compost making and alternate methods for
use of biogas slurry through pelletization are to be considered for fortnight/weekly
applications.
For dry land and cash crops, the slurry can be applied weekly/fortnight.
Monthly:
For paddy and horticultural plants biogas slurry can be used periodically where the
application of inorganic fertilizer is less as it is a better substitute without detriment to the
yield.
85. How much quantity of digested slurry can be
added into fresh slurry?
For about 100 litres of fresh slurry about 2 litres of
digested slurry can be added. This will speed up and
increase gas production.
24
86. What are the common operational problems generally encountered with biogas
plant?
87. What are the maintenances and general care must be taken up after installation
of a biogas plant?
Daily
�Add dung slurry to the plant. Keep ratio of dung and water as 1:1.
�Make sure that no stones and sand is getting into the plant during feeding.
�Clean the gas burner.
�The water traps should always contain water otherwise the gas will leak out
through the gas trap.
Monthly
Check gas pipeline for leaks with a soap solution.
Defect Cause Remedy
No gas after the first filling
of the plant.
Lack of time. It may take 3 – 4 weeks
Slurry level does not rise in
inlet and outlet chambers
even though gas is being
produced.
i.
Gas pipe blocked by
water condensate.
ii.
Insufficient pressure.
iii.
Gas outlet blocked by
scum.
a. Add more slurry. b. Check and correct
c. Rotate the agitated slurry
with a wood pole.
No gas at stove but plenty
in the plant.
i.
Gas pipe blocked by
water condensate.
ii.
Insufficient pressure.
iii.
Gas outlet blocked by
scum.
a. Remove water condensate
from moisture trap. b.
Increase weight on
gasholder.
c. Disconnect the outlet
valve from the hosepipe and
clean it by pouring water.
Gas does not burn.
Wrong kind of gas
Add properly mixed slurry
Flame far from burner.
Pressure too high or deposition
of carbon on the nozzle.
Adjust gas outlet valve and
clean nozzle.
Flame dies quickly
Insufficient pressure
Check quantity of gas.
Increase pressure by
breaking the scum by
stirring the slurry.
Unsanitary condition
around biogas unit.
- Improper digestion
- Improper disposal of slurry
- Add correct quantity of
slurry
- Use slurry for composting
of crop residues
25
Annually
Check for gas and water leaks and repair them.
�Check gas pipelines for leakages.
�At intervals of 5-6 years, check for any solid sediment at the bottom of the
digester plant by inserting a long stick in the plant and determining the change in
depth. It should be completely emptied to allow for removal of the solids and
plastering of the inside portion of the plant. Take the necessary safety
precautions when performing this task.
88. What are the safety measures to be taken during the operation of the biogas
plant?
Safety measures for floating drum type biogas plant are mentioned as under-
a. It is essential that all the air in the gas holder is released to environment whenever
the holder is removed for cleaning, painting and any other purpose.
b. Do not weld the gas holder when it full of gas.
c. Corrosion of the gas holder should be avoided by water jacket seal.
Safety measures for fixed dome type biogas plant the mentioned as under-
a. The main gas outlet valve at the top of the dome must be kept open while feeding
dung slurry into the plant for the first time after installation or during the cleaning
of the plant.
b. Gas must not be lighted at the main valve on the top of the dome. Otherwise
sometimes due to negative pressure or back fire, explosion can take place
resulting in damage to the dome and other part of the plant.
c. Inlet and outlet chambers should be covered firmly with stone or concrete slab to
prevent children or animals falling in accidently.
�
26
89. Are there any other safety measures?
Other safety measures are-
�Check the right position of flame arrester in the pipe line and change it over the
period.
�If there is a smell of unburnt gas due to leakage, then the gas must not be lighted
and doors and windows should be open to let the gas dissipate.
�Sometimes the upper layer of digested slurry gets dried up but lower remains
watery. Nobody should be allowed to walk on the slurry as it may give way and
the individual can sink into the plant.
90. Is a biogas facility dangerous?
A biogas plant is a closed system, and the biogas produced therein remains within the
system, so if plant operation is done with due care and caution, neither the workers
nor the environment are endangered. Even if methane escaped into the atmosphere
there would be no serious explosion hazard, since methane is lighter than air.
According to its characteristics, biogas mixes easily with air. An air biogas mixture
containing 5% methane is explosive, but if a higher air concentration is reached
(above 15%), biogas is not flammable anymore. The oxygen concentration in the
anaerobic digesters is so low that the content is safe.
91. Is this gas poisonous?
Biogas shouldn't be breath. Due to its methane content (a flammable gas), it should be
dealt with in a safe and secure manner. Some of the trace gases that make up about 1%
or less of biogas are acidic and can be corrosive to certain kinds of metals and need to
be dealt with carefully.
92. Is there any other composition in biogas?
Some properties of naxious gases present in biogas are given in below Table.
Gas Explosive range Physiological effect
Minimum (%) Maximum (%)
Ammonia 16 - Irritant
Carbon di oxide
-
-
Asphyxiate
Hydrogen sulphide
4
46
Poison
Methane
5
15
Asphyxiate
27
93. Economically wise which biogas plant is better to
install?
The cost of installation of the floating drum type
biogas plant is about 20-30% higher than of a fixed
dome type plant. Maintenance of floating drum
biogas plant is also higher than fixed dome biogas
plant as the steel drum of the gas holders require
painting at least once a year.
94. It is claimed that bio CNG is better than conventional CNG. What does Bio-
CNG means?
Bio - CNG means methane gas derived from organic material. It is identical in
properties to natural gas, but it is not derived from fossil fuels. Bio - CNG can be
produced from biogas which has been cleaned or upgraded to meet natural gas
specifications, by the removal of gases such as CO and hydrogen sulphide to leave 2
an almost pure (90 - 98%) methane gas.
95. What will be the major application area for Bio-CNG?
Bio - CNG can be injected into the gas network or
compressed for use in natural gas vehicles. Once fed
in the gas network, it can provide domestic or
commercial cooking and heating, or be used as
vehicle fuel in locations remote from the source of
the gas.
96. Is Biogas a kind of renewable energy?
Yes, anaerobic digester technology is employed world-wide to create renewable
energy. Biogas produced from an anaerobic digester is comprised primarily of
methane gas, which can be used instead of fossil fuels to produce energy. This
"renewable natural gas" can substitute fossil fuel natural gas for any need including
heating, cooking and motive power. Biogas can also be used as fuel to make clean
28
electricity. All of these options provide us with the opportunity to turn organic
"waste" and into a valuable renewable energy resource in a sustainable manner.
97. What has been your experience in the niche sector of biogas? Are biogas plants
making headway in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Diu-Daman?
There is an ample potential of biogas plant installation in these state. Gujarat has
already covered more than 70% of its estimated potential whereas Rajasthan and
Diu-Daman have still a lot of scope to work upon. The biogas technology can play an
important role in rural and semi urban sectors for fuel and fertilizer production apart
from sanitation and environmental benefits in urban areas. Waste recycling through
biomethanation is a promising option for electricity generation. The climatic
conditions are also favourable in all these three states for biogas generation.
98. How many family type biogas plants has been setup so far in the country?
A total of 4.81 million family type biogas plants have been setup in the country as on
Dec, 2015.
99. What steps can be taken for creating better awareness?
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, GoI, has introduced a unique strategy to
ensure mass adoption of biogas plants countrywide. This will require a well
developed promotion strategy to activate the sector and incentivize stakeholders.
The University's awareness creation and consumer education programme will take
into consideration and address concerns related to the challenges, barriers, risks,
constraints and the lessons learned in the biogas sector in India and elsewhere.
100. What is the existing level of awareness among the users?
In India, 4.81 millions of family biogas plants have been built to provide cooking fuel
and lighting in rural areas. Over the last 35 years remarkable progress has been made
in the development of anaerobic digesters (bioreactors) to increase methane (CH ) 4
yield and improve its process flow technologies.
Nowadays, thousands of projects around the world, from small dairy farms to large
municipal waste water treatment plants, are demonstrating that biogas recovery
systems are environmentally and economically sound.
29
Fig. 1 Layout of Deenbandhu Biogas plant
30
Symbol
Plant Capacity m / day3
Table 1. Dimensions of Deenbandhu Biogas Plant
For 40 Days Retention Period
All Dimensions are in Centimeter
1 m3
2 m3
3 m3
4 m3
6 m3
A
105
127.5
145
159
180
B
42
51
58
63.6
72
C
7.5
7.5
7.5
10
10
D
210
255
290
318
360
E
7
24.5
35
42
57
F
18
17.5
20
24
29
G 0 7.5 10 15 20
H 29.5 47.0 57.5 64.5 77
I 50.7 59.7 66.7 74.8 83.2
J 40 57 70 81 96 K
3
40
43
46
46
L
25.7
26.2
27.7
31.7
32.7
M
100
100
100
100
120
N
94
165
232.5
289
362
O
13.8
14.8
18.3
102
26.8
P
7.5
7.5
7.5
10
10
Q
15
15
15
15
20
R1
105
127.5
145
59
180
R2
169.5
201.5
228
242
287
S
181.4
212.9
237.4
263.5
292.9
T
7.5
7.5
7.5
11.5
11.5
31
Ta
ble
2
3m
/day
32
Fig. 2. Layout of KVIC Biogas Plant
33
Table 3. Dimensions of KVIC Biogas Plant
Code
For 40 Days Retention Period
Bio-Gas Plant Capacity m / day3
All Dimensions are in
Centimeter
1 m3
2 m3
3 m3
4 m3
6 m3
V
2.16
4.32
6.48
8.64
12.96
A
118
128
155
182
220
B
198
336
344
332
341
B1 175 313 321 209 318
C 108 206 214 202 211
D 60 60 60 60 60
R 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.16 T
3.92
3.92
3.92
3.92
3.92
V = volume of digester in cubic meter A = inside diameter of digester in centimeter
B1 = depth of digester from ground level
B = depth of degester from lower end of outlet in centimeter
C = depth of degester below the central guide frame
D = distance between inlet pipe
and bottom of digester
R = ratio of digester and plant capacity
T = ratio of digester and gas holder capacity
34
Parameter
Size of the gas plant (m3)
1
2
3
4
6
Volume of the gas holder (m3)
0.55
1.10
1.65
2.20
3.30
Diameter of the gas holder (G) (in cm)
108.0
118.4
145.0
167.5 205.0
Height of the gas holder (in cm) 60 100 100 100 100
Slope (E) (in cm) 5 5 10 10 15
Thickness of M.S. sheet in SWG 14 14 12 12 12 Size of the MS Angle (in mm)
25×25×4
35×35×5
35×35×5
35×35×5
35×35×5
Size of the
MS flat (in mm)
40×6
40×6
40×6
40×6
40×6
Size of the GI pipe (in mm)
50
50
50
80
80
Fig. 3 Design of Gas Holder for KVIC Biogas Plant
Table 4. Dimensions of gas holder for KVIC Biogas plant
35
Fig. 4 Details of Gas Holder for KVIC Biogas Plant
36
Fig. 5 Details of Gas Holder for KVIC Biogas Plant
37
Table 5. Material Required for KVIC Biogas plant
1. Material required for construction
(1) Bricks (no.s) 2460 2770 3210 3730 4430 46503
(2) Sand (m ) 1.97 2.52 2.90 3.46 4.05 4.183
(3) Stone Chips 1/2" or 3/4" (m ) 0.60 0.85 0.95 1.25 1.40 1.60
(4) Cement (bags) 13 17 19 23 26 28
(5) A.C. pipe 100 mm internal 3.8 3.6 6.3 6.5 6.6 7.1
diameter (R.M.)
II. Material required for central guide frame
(1) 35 x 35 x 4 or 5 mm 10.9 11.9 12.7 14.3 15.0 16.5
angle iron (R.M.)
(2) M.S. Pipe 40/68/80 mm 32 mm 1.85 1.85 2.15 2.15 2.20
diameter (R.M.)
(3) Square plate 250 x 250 x 6 mm (nos.) 2 2 2 2 2 2
(4) 14 mm diameter and 32 mm long 16 16 16 16 16 16
bolts with nuts (nos.)
III. Materials required for gas holder
(1) 35 x 35 4 x 5 mm angle iron (R.M.) 16.8 19.4 21.0 30.6 35.3 40.4
(2) M.S. Pipe 50 /80 / 100 mm 1.15 1.15 1.25 1.25 1.45 1.50
internal diameter
(3) 250 mm diameter and 6 mm thick 2 2 2 2 2 2
flange plate (nos.)
(4) Flats 40 x 6 mm thick (R.M.) 4.2 4.2 4.3 3.5 4.1 4.2
(5) Gas outlet pipe flange 25 mm 1 1 1 1 1 1
diameter (nos.)
(6) G.I. bend 25 mm diameter (nos.) 1 1 1 1 1 1
(7) Heavy duty gas value 25 mm 1 1 1 1 1 1
diameter (nos.)
(8) M.S. sheet (2.5 m x 1.25 m) (nos.) 2.25 3.0 3.25 4.25 4.50 5.5
(12 guage) (2.5 mm)
Size of plant (m3) 2 3 4 6 8 10
38
Fig. 6. Layout of Pragati Biogas Plant
39
Table 6. Dimensions of Pragati Model Bio-Gas Plants and Details for Various Capacities
Description
Code
Plant Capacity m3
All Dimensions are in Centimeter
1 m3
2 m3
3 m3
4 m3
6 m3
Digester
Excavation diameter
Excavation (excluding conical portion) depth
ED
GD
255
185
280
210
310
220
330
225
400
250
Brick Masonry Work
Hemispherical portion radius
Width (thickness) of shell
Top opening of shell (diameter)
Top to toe level height
Top
Diameter
Cylinder Height
portion Width
R
B
D1
H
D
H1
B1
120
7
75
115
110
100
11
125
7
110
125
135
110
11
140
7
140
130
160
110
11
150
7
150
140
180
110
11
180
11
180
165
215
110
11
Inlet Chamber
Masonry (Inside clear) diameter
Masonry height
Masonry (thickness) width
Centre to centre distance from digester
Centre to centre distance from outlet and digester
Inlet pipe length
Outlet pipe length
If required latrine connection pipe length
DC
CCD
COD
IPL
OPL
50
11
-
-
210
-
180
60
11
190
150
215
136/170
180
70
11
210
165
220
145/180
180
80
11
225
175
225
160/195
180
100
11
265
205
250
180/115
180
NOTES
1 Height of gas holder is taken as 100cm. (Depending on the width of M. S. sheets available)
2 Partition wall in the digester not required for 3 m3
or below.
3 R.C.C. raft in place of bottom concrete is recommended in seismic zone and weaker fundable
strata.
Depending on fundable strata
40
All Dimensions are in Centimeter
Table 7 Details of Gas Holders for Pragati Model Bio gas Plants
Parameter
Size of the gas plant (m3)
1
2
3
4
6
Diameter
100
120
150
170
200
Radius
50
60
75
85
100
Height
100
100
100
100
100
Skeleton of 12 mm bars Top and bottom rings
315
377.5
472.5 534
628.5
Vertical support
Nos.
100
100
100
100 100
6
6
6
6
6
Horizontal support spoke of 12 mm diameter
Bars, Top
Nos.
50 60 75 85 100
4 4 4 4 4
Bottom Nos.
50 57.5 75.5 82.5 97.5 6
6
6
6
6
12mm bar
95
95
95
95
95
Bottom ring
scum breaker 4Nos.
111
116
125
131
141
MS. Sheet (2.5m long) Nos.
2
2.5
3
3.5
4.25
M.S. pipe 63 mm diameter
132
132
132
132
132
25 mm Dia
B.G. sockets Nos.
2
2
2
2
2
12 mm handles 4 nos. each
90
90
90
90
90
M.S. Sheet cut flaps
To be used out of wastage of M.S. Sheets
NOTE -
Height of gas holder is taken as 100 cm.
41
Returns from Biogas Plant
(i) For 2 cubic meter biogas plant, daily 50 kg of cattle dung and 50 kg of water is
required.
Cattle dung requires throughout the year = 365 days × 50 kg = 18250kg
Water required throughout the year = 365 days × 50 kg = 18250 kg
Total quantity = 36500 kg
(ii) If a 2 cubic meter biogas plant is used continuously for a month, it can save 26 kg of
L.P.G. that is equivalent to 2 cylinders.
Monthly Saved Cost of 2 LPG cylinders = 2No. × Rs. 380 = Rs. 760
(Assume cost of one cylinder is Rs. 380)
Yearly saving = Rs. 760 × 12 = Rs. 9120
(iii) Approximately 25% of fed slurry is converted into biogas and remaining 75% portion
will be back from outlet as digested slurry. This digested slurry is dried upto 25% w.b.
moisture content. A total of 10.8 ton dried digested manure can be utilized as
fertilizer.
(iv) Total investment
Constructional Cost- = Rs. 27860
If cattle dung buy at a cost of Rs. 1 per kg,
Yearly expenditure incurred for purchasing of 18.25 ton of dung = Rs. 18250
Total = Rs. 46110
(v) Returns
First year returns
Subsidy = Rs. 9000
L.P.G. saving = Rs. 9120
If digested slurry is sold out at a cost of Rs. 3 per kg
Yearly income from 10.8 ton slurry = Rs. 32400
Total = Rs. 50520
On the basis of above calculation, it can be evaluated that there is no income and no loss in
the first year of installation. After the first year, income from the biogas plant is mentioned
as under:
It can be resulted that a 2 cubic meter biogas plant can save Rs. 23000 approx every year.
Year Expenditure
Returns
Benefits
Second year Rs. 18250 Rs. 9120 + Rs. 32400 = Rs. 41520 Rs. 23270
Third year Rs. 18250 Rs. 41520 Rs. 23270
Fourth year Rs. 18250 Rs. 41520 Rs. 23270
Fifth year Rs. 18250 Rs. 41520 Rs. 23270
42
Glossary
1. Acid: Traditionally considered any chemical compound that, when dissolved in
water, gives a solution with a pH less than 7.
2. Acetic acid- A carboxylic acid, acetic acid is a relatively weak acid mainly used as a
pH buffer (chemical formula CH COOH). 3
3. Acidogenic Acid-forming- used to describe microorganisms that break down
organic matter to acids during the anaerobic digestion process
4. Ammonia: A gaseous compound of hydrogen and nitrogen, NH , with a pungent 3
smell and taste.
5. Anaerobic bacteria: Micro-organisms that live and reproduce in an environment
containing no "free" or dissolved oxygen. Used for anaerobic digestion.
6. Anaerobic digestion (Digestion, fermentation): A microbiological process of
decomposition of organic matter, in the complete absence of oxygen, carried out by
the concerted action of a wide range of micro-organisms. Anaerobic digestion (AD)
has two main end products: biogas (a gas consisting of a mixture of methane, carbon
dioxide and other gases and trace elements) and digestate (the digested substrate).
The AD process is common to many natural environments and it is applied today to
produce biogas in airproof reactor tanks, commonly named digesters.
7. Anaerobic digester A device for optimizing the anaerobic digestion of biomass
and/or animal manure, often used to recover biogas for energy production.
Commercial digester types include complete mix, continuous flow (horizontal or
vertical plug-flow, multiple-tank, and single tank) and covered lagoon.
8. Barrel of oil equivalent (BoE): The amount of energy contained in a barrel of crude
oil, i.e. approx. 6,1 GJ, equivalent to 1 700 kWh. A "petroleum barrel" is a liquid
measure equal to 42 U.S. gallons (35 Imperial gallons or 159 litters); about 7,2 barrels
are equivalent to one tonne of oil (metric).
9. Base: Traditionally considered any chemical compound that, when dissolved in
water, gives a solution with a pH greater than 7,0.
10. Batch feed: A process by which the reactor is filled with feedstock in discrete
amounts, rather than continuously. Biochemical conversion: The use of biochemical
processes to produce fuels and chemicals from organic sources.
11. Bioenergy (Syn. Biomass energy): Conversion of biomass into energy. Organic
matter may either be used directly as a fuel or processed into liquids and gases.
43
12. Biogas: A combustible gas derived from decomposing biological waste under
anaerobic conditions. Biogas normally consists of 50-60% methane.
13. Biogas upgrading: A process whereby a significant portion of the carbon dioxide,
water, hydrogen sulfide and other impurities are removed from raw biogas (digester
gas) leaving primarily methane.
14. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD): Chemical procedure for determining how fast
biological organisms use up oxygen in a body of water.
15. Biomass feedstock: Organic matter available on a renewable basis. Biomass
includes forest and mill residues, agricultural crops and wastes, wood and wood
wastes, animal wastes, livestock operation residues, aquatic plants, fast-growing
trees and plants, and municipal and industrial wastes.
16. Bio-methane: Biogas which has been upgraded or “sweetened” via a process to
remove the bulk of the carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen sulfide and other impurities
from raw biogas. The primary purpose of upgrading biogas to biomethane is to use the
biomethane as an energy source in applications that require pipeline quality or
vehicle-fuel quality gas, such as transportation.
17. Bioreactor (Syn. Digester): Device for optimising the anaerobic digestion of
biomass and/ or animal manure, and possibly to recover biogas for energy production.
18. Capacity: The maximum power that a machine or system can produce or carry safely
(The maximum instantaneous output of a resource under specific conditions). The
capacity of generating equipment is generally expressed in kilowatts or megawatts.
19. Cellulose: A complex carbohydrate, (C6H10O5)n, that is composed of glucose units.
Cellulose forms the main constituent of the cell wall in most plants.
20. Compressed biomethane: Compressed biomethane (CBM) is basically equivalent
to compressed natural gas (CNG). The main difference is that CNG is made by
compressing natural gas (a fossil fuel) whereas CBM is made by compressing
biomethane (a renewable fuel).
21. Compressed natural gas: CNG is natural gas that has been compressed to 3,000 to
3,600 pounds per square inch, gauge (psig), usually for purposes of onboard fuel
storage for natural gas vehicles.
22. Conventional pollutants: As specified under the Clean Water Act, conventional
pollutants include suspended solids, coliform bacteria, biochemical oxygen demand,
pH, and oil and grease.
44
23. Centralised Anaerobic digestion (CAD): Supplying slurry from several animal
farms to a centrally located biogas plant, to be co-digested with other suitable
feedstock.
24. Combined heat and power generation (CHP) (Syn. Co-generation): The
sequential production of electricity and useful thermal energy from a common fuel
source. Reject heat from industrial processes can be used to power an electric
generator (bottoming cycle). Conversely, surplus heat from an electric generating
plant can be used for industrial processes, or space and water heating purposes
(topping cycle).
25. Desulfurization: Any process or process step that results in removal of sulfur from
organic molecules.
26. Dew point: The temperature at which vapor in a gas-vapor mixture starts to
condense.
27. Digester gas: Biogas that originates from an anaerobic digester.
28. Digestate: The treated/ digested effluent from the AD process.
29. Digester gas: Biogas that originates from an anaerobic digester. The term is often
used, and used in this report, to represent only biogas from a wastewater treatment
plant.
30. Economy of scale: The principle that higher volume production operations have
lower unit costs than smaller volume operations.
31. Effluent: The liquid or gas discharged from a process or chemical reactor, usually
containing digestate from that process.
32. Emissions: Fumes or gases that come out of smokestacks and tailpipes, seep from
inside factories or enter the atmosphere directly from oil well flares, garbage dumps,
rotting vegetation and decaying trees and other sources. They include carbon dioxide,
methane and nitrous oxide, which cause most of the global greenhouse effect.
33. Endothermic: A process or reaction that absorbs heat. For example, ice melting is an
example of an endothermic process because it absorbs heat from its surroundings.
34. Energy balance: Quantify the energy used and produced by the process.
35. Enteric fermentation: A digestive process by which carbohydrates are broken down
by microorganisms in the rumen to simple molecules for absorption into the
bloodstream of a ruminant animal, such as a cow.
36. Exothermic: A process or reaction that releases heat. For example, wood burning in
the presence of oxygen is an example of an exothermic reaction.
45
37. Feedstock: Any material which is converted to another form or product.
38. Fossil fuel: Solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels formed in the ground after millions of years
by chemical and physical changes in plant and animal residues under high
temperature and pressure. Crude oil, natural gas, and coal are fossil fuels.
39. Gigawatt (GW): A measure of electric capacity equal to 1 billion watts or 1 million
kilowatts.
40. Global warming: A gradual warming of the Earth's atmosphere reportedly caused by
the burning of fossil fuels and industrial pollutants.
41. Greenhouse effect: The effect of certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere in trapping
heat from the sun.
42. Greenhouse gas (GHG): Gases that trap the heat of the sun in the Earth's
atmosphere, producing the greenhouse effect. The two major greenhouse gases are
water vapor and carbon dioxide. Other greenhouse gases include methane, ozone,
chlorofluorocarbons, and nitrous oxide.
43. Grid system: An arrangement of power lines connecting power plants and
consumers over a large area.
44. Heat exchanger: Device built for efficient heat transfer from one fluid to another,
whether the fluids are separated by a solid wall so that they never mix, or the fluids are
directly contacted.
45. Heat transfer efficiency: Useful heat output released/ actual heat produced in the
firebox.
46. Heating value: The maximum amount of energy that is available from burning a
substance.
47. Hemi-cellulose: A carbohydrate polysaccharide that is similar to cellulose and is
found in the cell walls of many plants
48. Hydraulic retention time (HRT): HRT is the average time a 'volume element' of
fluid resides in a reactor. It is computed from liquid-filled volume of an anaerobic
digester divided by the volumetric flow rate of liquid medium.
49. Joule (J): Metric unit of energy, equivalent to the work done by a force of one Newton
applied over a distance of one meter. 1 joule (J) = 0.239 calories; 1 calorie (cal) =
4.187 J.
50. Kilovolt (kV): 1 000 volts. The amount of electric force carried through a high-
voltage transmission line is measured in kilovolts.
46
51. Kilowatt (kW): A measure of electrical power equal to 1 000 watts. 1 kW = 3,413
Btu/hr = 1,341 horsepower.
52. Liquefied biomethane: Liquefied biomethane (LBM) is basically equivalent to
LNG (liquid natural gas). The main difference is that LNG is made using natural gas
(a fossil fuel) as a feedstock whereas liquefied biomethane is made using biomethane
(a renewable fuel) as a feedstock.
53. Landfill gas: Biogas produced as a result of natural, anaerobic decomposition of
material in landfills. Landfill gas (LFG) is typically composed of approximately 55%
methane and 45% CO2, with variable air content due to air introduced during the LFG
collection process. Small amounts of H2S, siloxanes, other sulfur compounds,
various trace hydrocarbons and other impurities can be present which provide a
significant challenge in LFG handling and upgrading.
54. Liquefied natural gas: A natural gas in its liquid phase. Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
is a cryogenic liquid formed by cooling natural gas to approximately - 260º F at
atmospheric pressure. In practice, LNG is typically stored at somewhat elevated
pressures (e.g., 50 to 75 psig) to reduce cooling requirements and allow for pressure
increases due to LNG vapor “boil off.” LNG is stored in doubleinsulated, vacuum-
jacketed cryogenic tanks (pressure vessels) to minimize warming from the external
environment. LNG is typically greater than 99% methane.
55. Kilowatt-hour (kWh): The most commonly-used unit of measure telling the amount
of electricity consumed over time. It means one kilowatt of electricity supplied for
one hour.
56. Mesophilic digestion: Takes place optimally around 37°-41°C or at ambient
temperatures between 20°-45°C where mesophiles are the primary micro-organism
present.
57. Methane (CH ): A flammable, explosive, colourless, odourless, tasteless gas that is 4
slightly soluble in water and soluble in alcohol and ether; boils at – 161,6ºC and
freezes at –182,5ºC. It is formed in marshes and swamps from decaying organic
matter, and is a major explosion hazard underground. Methane is a major constituent
(up to 97%) of natural gas, and is used as a source of petrochemicals and as a fuel.
58. Municipal solid waste (MSW): All types of solid waste generated by a community
(households and commercial establishments), usually collected by local government
bodies.
59. Nitrogen or nitric oxides: NOx is a regulated criteria air pollutant, primarily NO (nitric
oxide) and NO (nitrogen dioxide). Nitrogen oxides are precursors to photochemical 2
smog and contribute to the formation of acid rain, haze and particulate matter.
47
60. Nitrous oxide: N O, a greenhouse gas with 310 times the global warming potential of 2
carbon dioxide.
61. Nonconventional pollutants: Pollutants not classified as conventional or toxic but
which may require regulation. They include nutrients such as nitrogen and
phosphorus.
62. Oil equivalent: The tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a unit of energy: the amount of
energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil, approx. 42 GJ.
63. Power: The amount of work done or energy transferred per unit of time.
64. Process heat: Heat used in an industrial process
65. pH: An expression of the intensity of the alkaline or acidic strength of water. Values
range from 0-14, where 0 is the most acidic, 14 is the most alkaline and 7 is neutral.
66. Plant: A facility containing prime movers, electric generators, and other equipment
for producing electric energy.
67. Renewable resources: Naturally replenishable, but flow-limited energy resources.
They are virtually inexhaustible in duration, but limited in the amount of energy that
is available per unit of time. Renewable energy resources include: biomass, hydro,
geothermal, solar and wind. In the future they could also include the use of ocean
thermal, wave, and tidal action technologies. Utility renewable resource applications
include bulk electricity generation, onsite electricity generation, distributed
electricity generation, non-grid connected generation, and demand-reduction
(energy efficiency) technologies.
68. Sludge: Bio-solids separated from liquids during processing. Sludge may contain up
to 97% water by volume.
69. Sustainable: An ecosystem condition in which biodiversity, renewability and
resource productivity are maintained over time.
70. Thermophilic digestion: Anaerobic digestion which takes place optimally around
50°C-52°C but also at elevated temperatures up to 70°C, where thermophiles are the
primary micro-organisms (bacteria) present.
71. Total Solids: Total solids (TS) means the dry matter content, usually expressed as %
of total weight, of the prepared feedstock. By definition, TS = 100% – moisture
content % of a sample.
72. Volatile organic compounds: VOCs are non-methane, non-ethane, photo reactive
hydrocarbon gases that vaporize at room temperature (methane and ethane are not
photo reactive).
48
73. Volatile Solids: Volatile Solids (VS) are the organic (carbon containing) portion of
the feedstock. It is usually expressed as a fraction of total solids, but sometimes
expressed as a fraction of total sample (wet) weight. The amount of VS in a sample is
determined by an analytical method called “loss on ignition.”
74. Volatile fatty acids (VFA): These are acids that are produced by microbes in the
silage from sugars and other carbohydrate sources. By definition they are volatile,
which means that they will volatilise in air, depending on temperature. These are the
first degradation product of anaerobic digestion prior to methane creation.
75. Volts: A unit of electrical pressure. It measures the force or push of electricity. Volts
represent pressure, correspondent to the pressure of water in a pipe. A volt is the unit
of electromotive force or electric pressure analogous to water pressure in pounds per
square inch. It is the electromotive force which, if steadily applied to a circuit having a
resistance of one ohm, will produce a current one ampere.
76. Watt (W): A standard unit of measure (SI System) for the rate at which energy is
consumed by equipment or the rate at which energy moves from one location to
another. It is also the standard unit of measure for electrical power. The term 'kW'
stands for "kilowatt" or 1 000 watts. The term 'MW' stands for "Megawatt" or
1000000 watts.
Kilowatt (kW) = 1 000 Watts
Megawatt (MW) = 1 000 kW
9Gigawatt (GW) = 10 Watt
Terawatt (TW) = 1 thousand million kW
-61 Joule (J) = 1 Watt second = 278 x 10 Wh 1Wh = 3 600 J 1 cal = 4,18 J
1 British Thermal Unit (BTU) = 1 055 J
1 cubic meter (m³) = 1 000 liter (L)
1 bar = 100 000 pascal (Pa)
1 millibar = 100 Pa
1 psi = 689476 Pa
1 torr = 13332 Pa
1 millimeter mercury (0°C) = 13332 Pa
1 hectopascal (hPa) = 100 Pa
Conversion units
49
POSITIVE EFFECTS OF BIOGAS PLANTS
A Survey Report by BDTC, Udaipur
1. Reduction in bad smell of raw materials presently fed to the biogas plant mentioned
by 96% of the owners
2. Produced biogas was used for cooking by 97% of the owners and for lighting by 12%
of the owners.
3. Most of the female users (94%) mentioned that the amount of gas was sufficient to
meet the cooking needs.
4. Approximately 90% of female users mentioned Biogas plant is a time saving product.
Now these users spending their time especially on education of children (mentioned
by 50% of all female users), household works (mentioned by 33% of all female users)
and gardening (mentioned by 27% of all female users).
5. Biogas plants save time of cooking (mentioned by 97% of all female users)
6. No smoke during use of biogas stoves (mentioned by 98% of all female users)
7. Cooking utensils do not become dirty (mentioned by 89% of all female users)
8. Use of biogas for cooking is safe (mentioned by 95% of all female users)
9. Bio-slurry used by 79% of all biogas plant owners, mostly as fertiliser (74%), but also
as fish feed (5%).
10. Remaining owners drained the slurry (12%), sold it (2%) or gave it to others (6%).
11. Increased crop production through use of bio-slurry was reported by 60% of the
owners.
12. Increased fish production through use of bio-slurry was reported by the owners.
13. Application of biogas for cooking can save approximately Rs. 6000 per annum per
household.
14. Biogas helps to keep the environment hazard free and hygienic
15. Use of biogas helps to keep kitchen and clothes clean
16. Use of biogas does not irritate eyes
17. Biogas plants have encouraged people to rear more cattle heads
18. Bio-slurry is used in sericulture
19. Biogas plants save forests and trees
50
BIOGAS DEVELOPEMNT & TRAINING CENTER (BDTCs)
S.No
Locations
Name of Institution
States Covered
1.
Guwahati
Dr. Pinakeswar Mahanta,
Assistant Professor & Head,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati,
North Guwahati, Guwahati-
781039
Ph: 0361-258-2651/2662 (O), Fax: 0361-
2690762
Mob:-
09435734561
E-mail: [email protected]
All North-Eastern
Region States
including Sikkim
and West Bengal
2.
Bangalore
Dr. V. Kumar Gouda,
Biogas Development and Training Center,
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK,
Bangalore-
560065
Ph: 080-
23330153/335, 080- 23640206 ®
M-9901069131
E-mail: [email protected]
Goa and Karnataka
3. Indore Prof. S.P. Singh
Director, Biogas Development and Training Centre, Centre of Energy Studies and Research (CESR),
Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Khandwa Road,
Indore-
452017. Ph: 0731-
2460309, Fax: 0731-
2467378/2462366 ®
0731-
2446803 Mob: 09424009418
Email: [email protected]
Chhattisgarh,
Madhya Pradesh
and Maharashtra
4.
Ludhiana
Dr. Sarabjit Singh Sooch, (PI)
Research Engg & Incharge BDTC
Dept. of Civil Engg.
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana141004,
Punjab
Ph: 9872084513 (M), 09501034513 (M), 0161-
2401655(F)
Punjab, Himachal
Pradesh,
Uttrakhand and
Jammu & Kashmir
Annexure - 1
51
5.
Udaipur
Dr. Deepak Sharma
Head, Deptt. of Renewable Energy Engineering
Coordinator,
Biogas Development and Training Centre,
College of Technology &
Agricultural Engineering,
Maharana
Pratap University of Agriculture &Technology, Udaipur-313001 (Rajasthan)
Ph: 0294-2471068 (O), 0294-2414021(R)
Mob.: 9414160221
Email: [email protected]
Web.: www.ctae.ac.in
Gujarat, Rajasthan
and Daman & Diu
6.
Coimbatore,
Tamil Nadu
Prof. (Dr.) S. Kamaraj 094439-34139
Coordinator,
Biogas Development and Training Centre,
Agricultural Engineering and Research Institute,
Tamilnadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore -
641003.
Ph: 0422- 6611526, 527, 545 Fax: 0422- 6611454
Email., [email protected] ,
[email protected] Mob.: 9442961793
Tamil Nadu,
Pondicherry,
Kerala, Andaman
& Nicobar and
Lakshadweep
7. Delhi Prof. V.K. Vijay Programme Coordinator,
Biogas Development and Training Centre,
Center for Rural Development & Technology
(CRDT), IIT Hauz Khas, New Delhi-
110016 M-
9871366611
Ph: 011-
26596351, 26596311, Fax: 011-
26591121,
26596351
Email: [email protected]
Haryana, Uttar
Pradesh and NCR
Delhi
8.
Odisha
Dr. Snehasish Mishra,
Associate Professor (PI-BDTC), School of
Biotechnology,
Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KiiT),
Bhubaneswar 751024. Odisha,
Email: [email protected],
Mob.: 9437110305, 9438669414
Fax No. 0674-2725732
Andhra Pradesh,
Odisha, Bihar and
Jharkhand
52
List of officers
Ministry of New & Renewable Energy
Block No. 14, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New-Delhi
S.no. Name and Designation Contact Details
1 Sh. Upendra Tripathy Secretary
Off:+91-11-24360359 Fax:+91-11-24367861 Res:+91-11-23388368
Email:
2
Ms. Varsha Joshi
Joint Secretary
Off:+91-11-24361027 Fax:+91-11-24367413 Res:+91-11-28052890 Email:
3
Sh. G.L. Meena
Advisor, Bio Energy
Head NBMMP & BDTC
Off: +91-11-24368904
Email: [email protected]
4
Dr. B.S. Negi
Director, R&D Coordination and Biogas
Power (Off Grid Programme)
Off: +91-11-
24368581
Email: negi.nic.in
5
Sh. Sita Ram Meena
Biogas R&D
Email: [email protected]
S.no. Name and Designation Contact Details
1 Dr. P. K. Dashora Vice Chancellor
0294-2471101
2
Dr. B. P. Nandwana
Dean, CTAE
3
Dr. Deepak Sharma
Coordinator-BDTC& Head, Deptt.of REE
09414160221
Email: [email protected]
09414472732
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur
53
54
Activity at a Glance
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2016
ck;ksxSl
vDlj iwNs tkus okys ç'u
çFke laLdkj.k fnlEcj 2014 200 çfrfyihf}rh; laLdkj.k
¼la'kksf/kr½
uoEcj 2016 500 çfrfyih
Hkkjr ns'k mUur'khy gksus ds ckotwn Hkh loZlaiUu gSA ;gk¡ xzkeh.kksa }kjk fn;k tkus okyk lfØ; ;ksxnku u dsoy egRo dks bafxr djrk gS cfYd ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkkxhnkjh fuHkkrk gSA ns'k dh çxfr ds fy, mfpr ek=k esa ÅtkZ dk feyuk vfr vko';d gSA orZeku esa rsth ls ?kVrs thok'e b±/ku vkSj çfrfnu c<+rs ÅtkZ dh vko';drkvksa dks ns[krs gq, ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd çR;sd O;fDr] fo'ks"kdj xzkeh.k O;fDr dks ÅtkZ ds {ks= esa Hkkxhnkj cuuk gksxk ,oa blds fy;s uohdj.kh; laLkk/kuksa dk mi;ksx djuk lHkh ds fgr esa gksxkA egkjk.kk çrki Ñf"k ,oa çkS|ksfxdh fo'ofo|ky; ds rgr ck;ksxSl fodkl ,oa çf'k{k.k dsaæ ¼uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ vfHk;kaf=dh foHkkx½] mn;iqj fiNys rhu n'kd ls ck;ksxSl la;a= fuekZ.k] lapkyu] vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl xfrfof/k;ksa ls tqM+k gSA uohu ,oa uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ ea=ky; ¼Hkkjr ljdkj½] ubZ fnYyh }kjk pyk;s tk jgs jk"Vªh; ck;ksxSl ,oa [kkn çca/ku dk;ZØe dks bl foHkkx us jktLFkku vkSj xqtjkr jkT; esa ,d ldy çk:i nsrs gq, xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa c<+rs ?kjsyq ÅtkZ ladV dks jksdus dh fn'kk esa ,d fodYi çnku fd;k gSA vk'kk vkSj fo'okl gS fd ck;ksxSl fodkl ,oa çf'k{k.k dsUæ] uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ vfHk;kaf=dh foHkkx] lh-Vh-,-bZ-] mn;iqj }kjk çdkf'kr ;g iqfLrdk ̂ ^ck;ksxSl&vDlj iwNs tkus okys ç'u** ds f}rh; laLdj.k xzkeh.kksa dh 'kadkvksa dks nwj dj] ck;ksxSl laca/kh mfpr ,oa cgqewY; tkudkjh fey ldsxhA ;g iqfLrdk jk"Vªh; ck;ksxSl ,oa [kkn çca/ku dk;ZØe ds lkFk tqM+s gj jkT; ds fy, ck;ksxSl laca/kh leL;k dk mfpr fuokj.k djsxh vkSj ck;ksxSl ,oa ck;ksxSl la;a= ls fudyh mPp xq.kksa okyh [kkn dk vf/kd ls vf/kd ç;ksx djus dks c<+kok nsxhA
th- ,y- eh.kklykgdkj ¼ck;ksxSl½
lans'k
th- ,y- eh.kk
lykgdkj ¼ck;ksxSl½
uohu ,oa uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ ea=ky;
¼Hkkjr ljdkj½] ubZ fnYyh
orZeku esa ÅtkZ dk gekjs thou esa cgqr mi;ksx gSA fdlh Hkh ns'k ds vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd mRFkku ds fy;s ;g vko';d gS fd ogka çfr O;fDr de ewY; ij i;kZIr ek=k esa LoPN ÅtkZ feyrh jgsA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vf/kdka'k ?kjsyw ,oa Ñf"k dk;ks± esa ekuo ,oa i'kq 'kfDr dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl deh dks iwjk djus ds fy, gesa uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ L=ksrksa tSls lkSj ÅtkZ] iou ÅtkZ] ck;ksxSl ÅtkZ dks viukuk iM+sxkA ck;ksxSl ÅtkZ ,d ,slk uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ L=ksr gS ftldk mi;ksx ge LoPN ?kjsyw b±/ku ,oa jks'kuh ds fy, vklkuh ls dj ldrs gSaA uohu ,oa uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ck;ksxSl ÅtkZ dks fodflr djus ds fy;s jk"Vªh; ck;ksxSl ,oa [kkn çca/ku dk;ZØe dk lapkyu fd;k tk jgk gSA bl dk;ZØe dk eq[; mís'; ck;ksxSl lEcU/kh vuqHkoksa dks xzkeh.kksa rd igqapkuk vkSj çpkj&çlkj dks c<+kok fnykus ds fy;s dk;Zjr jguk gSA eSa fo'ofo|ky; ç'kklu dh vksj ls Hkkjr ljdkj ds uohu ,oa uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ ea=ky; }kjk çk;ksftr ck;ksxSl fodkl ,oa çf'k{k.k dsUæ ds çHkkjh leUo;d MkW- nhid 'kekZ ,oa lg;ksxh dfiy lkej dks bl çdk'ku ds f}rh; laLdj.k gsrq c/kkbZ nsrk gw¡A vk'kk gS fd ;g iqfLrdk ck;ksxSl rduhdh dh 'kadkvksa dk fuokj.k djus esa l{ke gksxhA
¼çks- mek 'kadj 'kekZ½
lans'k
çks- mek 'kadj 'kekZdqyifr
egkjk.kk çrki Ñf"k ,oa çkS|ksfxdhfo'ofo|ky;] mn;iqj
ÅtkZ ds L=krksa ds fodkl dh dgkuh oLrqr% ekuo lH;rk vkSj
laLÑfr ds fodkl dh dgkuh gSA ÅtkZ ds mi;qDr vikjEifjd L=ksrksa esa
ck;ksxSl dk vR;ar egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA ;g xSl ekuo] i'kq vkSj çÑfr }kjk
mRlftZr vif'k"V inkFkks± rFkk ehyksa] dkj[kkuksa vkfn ls fudyus okys
vuqi;ksxh dkcZfud inkFkZ ls iSnk dh tkrh gSA bl iqLrd esa ck;ksxSl
mRiknu ds rduhdh vkSj mi;ksfxdk i{k dks ç'uksÙkjh ds ek/;e ls ljy
'kCnksa esa ck;ksxSl dh vko';drk] rgRo] fofHkUu çdkj ds çpfyr ck;ksxSl
la;a=ksa ds fuekZ.k] muds eki ,oa fuekZ.k dh lkexzh blesa Li"V djus dk
ç;Ru fd;k x;k gSA ck;ksxSl la;a=ksa ds fuekZ.k dk;Z esa yxs fefL=;ksa]
dkfjxjksa] vfHk;arkvksa ,oa miHkksDrkvksa ds fy, ;g iqLrd cgqr mi;ksxh gSA
fo'ofo|ky; ds ofj"B rduhdh lgk;d MkW- lquhy dqekj
[kaMsyoky] ,e-ch-ch-Vh- foHkkx] vkj-lh-,-] mn;iqj us bl iqLrd dh
ik.Mqfyih dks i<+dj dfri; cgqr vPNs lq>ko fn, gSa] ge buds çfr
vkHkkjh gSA ge] uohu ,oa uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk
iqLrd ds çdk'ku gsrq vkfFkZd lg;ksx ds fy, Hkh vkHkkjh gSaA
MkW- nhid 'kekZ
baft- dfiy lkej
çkDdFku
01
ifjp; %
ck;ksxSl ,d Toyu'khy xSlh; feJ.k gS ftls eq[;r% ?kjsyw b±/ku ds :i esa mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA ck;ksxSl la;a= yxkdj ?kj esa gh ,d vfrfjDr ÅtkZ dk Hk.Mkj LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g ,d cgqr gh lk/kkj.k la;= gS ftlesa xkscj o vU; okuLifrd inkFkksZa dks ok;q dh vuqifLFkfr esa lM+kdj xSl cukbZ tkrh gSA
ck;ksxSl la;a= i'kqikyd [ksrhgj ifjokjksa ds fy;s cgqmís'kh; egRo j[krk gSA ;g vPNh [kkn ,oa LoPN b±/ku ds lkFk gh okrkoj.k dks çnwf"kr gksus ls Hkh jksdrk gSA
xkaoks esa xkscj dks çk;% lM+us ds fy;s lM+d ds fdukjs Mky fn;k tkrk gS ftlls okrkoj.k çnwf"kr gksrk gS vkSj dbZ çdkj fd fcekfj;k Hkh QSyrh gSA vr% la;= LFkkfir djus ls xkaoksa dk okrkoj.k LoPN jgrk gS lkFk gh xSl dk b±/ku ds :i esa mi;ksx dj ouksa ds dVko dks jksdk tk ldrk gSA ck;ksxSl la;a= fuekZ.k ls LFkkuh; dkjhxjksa dks jkstxkj miyC/k gksrk gSAck;ksxSl fodkl ,oa çf'k{k.k dsUæ %
xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ck;ksxSl la;a= fuekZ.k lEcU/kh çf'k{k.k o iqjkus ck;ksxSl la;=ksa dh ejEer ,oa j[kj[kko ds fy;s ck;ksxSl fodkl ,oa çf'k{k.k dsUæ] mn;iqj }kjk jktLFkku] xqtjkr ,oa fno&neu jkT; ds fofHkUu ftyksa esa ftyk ifj"kn~ ,oa Lo;a lsoh laxBuksa ds la;qDr rRoko/kku esa xzkeh.k dkjhxjksa dks çf'kf{kr fd;k tkrk gS rkfd mUgsa vius gh fudVorhZ xkaoksa esa Lojkstxkj fey ldsA blds vykok xzkeh.k bykdksa esa ,d fnolh; ck;ksxSl miHkksDrk f'kfoj yxkdj xzkeh.kksa dks ck;ksxSl la;=] bldh mi;ksfxrk ,oa çfrfnu gksus okys Qk;nksa ls Hkh voxr djk;k tkrk gS Ajk"Vªh; ck;ksxSl ,oa [kkn çca/ku dk;ZØe %
uohu ,oa uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk lapkfyr bl dk;ZØe dk eq[; mís'; NksVs vkdkj ds ?kjsyw ck;ksxSl la;=ksa ds ek/;e ls xzkeh.k ifjokjksa dks [kkuk idkus ds fy;s b±/ku ,oa [ksrh ds fy;s tSo [kkn miyC/krk djokuk gSA bl dk;ZØe ds vUrxZr fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa ,oa {ks=ksa ds ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks ck;ksxSl la;a= dh LFkkiuk ds fy;s dsfUæ; vuqnku fn;k tkrk gSA;kstuk ds mís'; %
1- xzkeh.k {ks= esa lLrk] lqyHk o LoPN b±/ku dh miyC/krk lqfuf'pr djukA2- Ñf"k ds fy;s ck;ks[kkn miyC/k djkuk A3- ydM+h gsrq taxy dh dVkbZ dks de djuk A4- xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa jks'kuh ,oa iafiax ds fy;s oSdfYid lqfo/kk miyC/k djkukA5- i;kZoj.k laj{k.k A
02
1- D;k gS Ckk;ksxSl \
Xkkcs j xSl dk oSKkfud uke Ckk;kxs Sl gSA ck;kxs Sl ,d LoPN] izn"w k.k jfgr] i;kZoj.k fe=] ,o Toyu'khy xSlh; bZ/ku gSA Ckk;kxs Sl eas eq[;r;k feFkus 55&60%] dkcZu&MkbZ&vkDlkbZM 35&40% ,oa vYi ek=k eas ok"i ik;h tkrh gSA bls ck;kxs Sl ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
2- Ckk;ksxSl ds D;k&D;k mi;ksx gS \
Ckk;kxs Sl l;a =a ls izkIr xSl dk mi;kxs Hkkts u idkus o jk”s kuh djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ck;kxs Sl ls f}bZ/kuh; b±tu Pkyk dj 100% iVs ªkys ,oa 80% rd Mhty dh cpr Hkh dh tk ldrh gSA bl rjg ds b±tukas dk mi;kxs fctyh mRiknu ,oa dq,¡ ls ikuh iia djus eas fd;k tkrk gSA vktdy M~;qy xSl vk/kkfjr b±tu cktkj eas miyC/k gS ftudk mi;kxs ck;kxs Sl dh 'kqf)dj.k i'pkr~ dj fo|qr mRiknu ,oa fofHkUu ;kfa =d dk;kZsa ds fy;s fd;k tk ldrk gSA
3- Ckk;ksxSl dk mRiknu fdl izdkj ds vif'k"Vksa ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA
dksbZ Hkh tSfod ¼dkcZfud½ vif'k"V inkFkZ tSls fd xkscj] isM+ iÙkh] Qlyksa ds rus vkSj euq";ksa dk vif'k"V] tydqEHkh] rsy fu"dkflr [kyh bR;kfn ls ck;ksxSl dk mRiknu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
4- Ckk;ksxSl fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mRiUu gks ldrh gSA
Ckk;kxs lS dk mRiknu vkWDlhtu xlS ¼vok;oq h;½ dh i.w kZ vuiq fLFkfr ea s
03
tfS od inkFkkZs ds vi?kVu ls gkrs k gAS blds fy;s fof'k"V fMtkbuZ dk ikfp= d{k dke ea s fy;k tkrk gS rFkk mRiUu xlS lxa gz .k grs q Mkes vFkok xlS gkYs Mj dk mi;kxs djrs gAaS bl lEi.w kZ bdkbZ dks gh ck;kxs lS l;a =a dk uke fn;k x;k gAS
5- Ckk;ksxSl esa fdruh ÅtkZ gksrh gS ?
,d ?ku ehVj Ckk;ksxSl esa yxHkx 4700 fdyks dsyksjh ÅtkZ gksrh gSA
6- Ckk;ksxSl ls izkIr ÅtkZ dh rqyuk vU; ikjEifjd ÅtkZ L=ksrksa ls dSls dh tk ldrh gSA
,d ?ku ehVj ck;ksxSl dh ÅtkZ 0-6 ?ku ehVj izkÑfrd xSl (CNG)] 3-6 ?ku ehVj vkblksC;wVsu (LPG)] 0-7 yhVj xSlksfyu vFkok 0-61 yhVj Mhty b±/ku ds led{k gksrh gSA ,d ?ku ehVj ck;ksxSl 3-5 fd-xzk- tykÅ ydM+h] 12-5 fd-xzk- xkscj ds d.Ms] 0-62 yhVj dsjkslhu ,oa 0-5 ;wfuV fctyh ds cjkcj gksrh gSA
7- fofHkUu mi;ksxksa gsrq Ckk;ksxSl dh fdruh ek=k pkfg;s \
8- ,d lk/kkj.k ifjokj esa Hkkstu cukus ds fy;s fdruh {kerk okys ck;ksxSl dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
Rkhu ls pkj O;fDr;ksa ds ,d NksVs ifjokj ds fy;s [kkuk idkus gsrq yxHkx 1 ?ku ehVj {kerk okys Ckk;ksxSl la;a= dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
9- ns'k esa Ckk;ksxSl la;a=ksa dh laHkkouk D;k gSA
ns'k esa i'kq xkscj dh vuqekfur miyC/krk ds vk/kkj ij yxHkx 12 fefy;u ifjokj vkdkj ds Ckk;ksxSl la;a=ksa dh laHkkouk gSA
10- fdl ea=ky; }kjk Ckk;ksxSl dk dk;ZØe pyk;k tkrk gSA
uohu ,oa uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ifjokj vkdkj ds ck;ksxSl la;a=ksa dh LFkkiuk djus ds fy;s o"kZ 1981&82 ls jk"Vªh; ck;ksxSl ,oa [kkn izca/ku dk;ZØe (NBMMP) pyk;k tk jgk gSA
Ø-l- mi;ksx vko';drk ¼ek=k½
1
2
3
Hkkstu cukus gsrq
jks'kuh ds fy;s
b±tu pykus ds fy;s
0-25 ?ku ehVj@O;fDr@izfr fnu
0-13 ?ku ehVj@?kUVk@ck;ksxSl ySEi
0-5 ?ku ehVj@?kUVk@gkWlZ ikoj
04
11- ns'k esa vc rd fdrus ifjokj izdkj ds Ckk;ksxSl la;a=ksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA
fnlEcj 2015 ds vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj ns'k esa dqy 47-53 yk[k ifjokj vkdkj ds Ckk;ksxSl la;a=ksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA
12- Ckk;kxs lS l;a =a kas ds fuek.Z k ds fy;s fdruk ljdkjh vunq ku fn;k tkrk gAS
13- ,d 2 ?kuehVj nhuca/kq ck;ksxSl la;a= dh ykxr fdruh vkrh gSA
ck;ksxSl la;a= dh ykxr LFkku&nj&LFkku rFkk la;a= ds vkdkj ds vuqlkj vyx&vyx gSA nks ?ku ehVj nhucU/kq Ckk;ksxSl la;a= dh jktLFkku izkUr esa vkSlr ykxr yxHkx 28000@& :Ik;s gSaA
14- D;k Ckk;ksxSl la;a= dk mi;ksx flQZ ?kjsyw@ifjokj mi;ksx esa gh lhfer gS \
ck;ksxSl dks cM+s iSekus ij mRikfnr dj] 'kqf)dj.k ,oa ckSVfyax dj O;olkf;d #i ls ,d lesfdr izkS|kssfxdh isdst cuk;k tk ldrk gSA bl rjg ds la;a=ks dk m)s'; dqafdx] rkiu vko';drk] jsfQztjs'ku ,ao fctyh vko';drkvksa ds iqjk djuk gSA
15- feFksu xSl ,d 'kfDr'kkyh xzhu gkÅl xSl gSA D;k ck;ksxSl ds mRiknu dks c<+kok nsuk ;k ck;ksxSl dks mRiUu djus ls i;kZoj.k dks gkfu gksxh \
Ø-
la-Js.kh
çfr bdkbZ dsUæh; lfClMh ¼:-½
,d ?ku ehVj nks ls N% ?ku ehVj
1
2
vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr
vU; lHkh
7]000
5]500
11]000
9]000
05
;g lp gS fd feFksu xSl dk xzhu gkÅl rkih; dkjd dkcZu&MkbZ&vkWDlkbZM xSl dh rqyuk esa 21 xquk vf/kd izHkko'kkyh gSA ck;ksxSl ls mRikfnr feFksu tyus ds ckn dkcZu&MkbZ&vkDlkbZM es cny tkrh gS ftlls xzhu gkÅl dk izHkko 21 xquk de gks tkrk gSA blds mi;ksx ls i;kZoj.k dks fdlh Hkh çdkj dh dksbZ gkfu ugha gksrh gSA
16- dksbZ fdlku vius ifjokj ds fy;s ck;ksxSl la;a= dh mfpr {kerk dk p;u dSls dj ldrk gSA
la;a= dh {kerk dk pquko i'kqvksa ls izfrfnu miyC/k xkscj dh ek=k rFkk xSl dh lEHkkfor [kir ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA ljy rjhds es dgk tk;s rks la;a= esa ,d ?ku ehVj ck;ksxSl çkIr djus ds fy;s xkscj 25 fdxzk izfr ?ku ehVj {kerk ds fglkc ls izfrfnu Mkyk tkuk pkfg,A vkSlru izfr i'kq ls
izfrfnu xkscj dh miyC/krk 6 ls 10 fdxzk rd gksrh gSA
17- ck;ksxSl dks tykus ;k ck;ksxSl ls [kkuk idkus ds fy;s fdl rjg ds pqYgs dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
pqYgs dh ljpa uk lkekU;Rk;k C;qVus ¼LPG) ij pyus okys pqYgs ds leku gh gkrs h gS ijUrq buds ¼ck;kxs Sl pqYg½s cuZj es ok;q fNnz dk vkdkj cMk+ gkrs k gSA
18- ck;ksxSl ds mRiknu ls Ik;kZoj.k dks D;k&D;k Qk;ns gSA
vif'k"V ,ao [kkn fuiVku] ikuh dk iznw"k.k] dkcZu&MkbZ&vkDlkbZM ,oa feFksu tSls xzhu&gkÅl xSlksa ls tqM+h eq[; lEkL;kvksa dk lek/[email protected] gSA
19- ck;ksxSl la;a= dks LFkkfir djus ds LFkku dk p;u dSls fd;k tkrk gSA
ck;ksxSl la;a= dks LFkkfir djus dk LFkku i'kq'kkyk ds utnhd gks rkfd izfrfnu gksus okyh xkscj HkjkbZ es T;knk esgur uk yxsA nwljk ;g jlksbZ ?kj ds
06
utnhd Hkh gksuk pkfg;s rkfd ¼izfrfnu½ cuus okyh xSl dk iw.kZr;k ¼fcuk fdlh uqdlku ds½ mi;ksx fd;k tk lds ,oa ;g la;a= ihus ds ikuh okys VSad ls de ls de 15 ehVj dh nwjh ij gksA
20- ck;ksxSl la;a= dks LFkkfir djus ds fy;s fdruh Hkwfe dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA
lkekU;r;k ifjokj vkdkj ds ck;ksxSl la;a= LFkkiuk ds fy;s yxHkx 25 QhV yEckbZ x 15 QhV pkSM+kbZ okyh [kqyh tehu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA la;a= LFkkiuk ds i'pkr~ mDr tehu lery lh fn[kkbZ nsrh gS ftldk mi;ksx vkus tkus esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA [kkn ds [kM~Msa cukdj la;a= ls fudyus okyh ikfpr Lyjh dks lq[kk dj vU; txg bdV~Bk fd;k tk ldrk gS vFkok lh/ks Nksjksa ls tksM+dj Qlyksa esa igq¡pk;k tk ldrk gSA
21- D;k ck;ksxSl la;a= ls fudyus okyk ikfpr ?kksy ;k ck;ksxSl] i;kZoj.k esa cncw QSykrs gSaA
Ckk;ksxSl dh [kkn esa fdlh izdkj dh nqxZU/k ugha gksrh gS] vr% bl [kkn ij efD[k;ka ,ao ePNj Hkh iSnk ugh gksrs gSaA ck;ksxSl la;a= dh [kkn gok dh vuqifLFkfr esa 40&45 fnu lM+us ls curh gS] bl dkj.k ls ikS/kksa ,oa euq";ksa esa jksx QSykus okys thok.kq bl çfØ;k ds nkSjku iw.kZ :i ls u"V gks tkrs gSaA
07
22- Ckk;ksxSl la;a= ls ckgj vkus okyk ?kksy D;k gS \
Ckk;ksxSl la;a= ls ckgj vkus okys ikfpr ?kksy dks tSfod [kkn dgk tkrk gSA ;g ?kksy ikS/kksa dh o`f) ds fy;s vko';d iks"kd rRo ukbVªkstu ls le`) gksrk gSA ;g ukbZVªkstu ikuh esa ?kqyu'khy #i esa ik;k tkrk gS tks ikS/kksa }kjk vklkuh ls vo'kksf"kr dj fy;k tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr blesa jksM+h dh [kkn dh rqyuk esa nks ls rhu xq.kk vf/kd QkWLQksjl vkSj iksVk'k lajf{kr jgrk gS rFkk lw{e iks"kd rRo Hkh Qly dks vko';drkuqlkj çkIr gksrs gSaA
23- Ik'kqvksa ls mIkyC/k xkscj esa ,oa ck;ksxSl la;a= ls ckgj vk jgs ikfpr ?kksy es ukbVªkstu] QkWLQksjl ,ao iksVsf'k;e dh fdruh ek=k gksrh gSA
24- ukbZVªkstu] QkWLQksjl ,oaa iksVk'k dh bl ek=k esa c<+ksrjh ck;ksxSl la;a= es dSls gksrh gSA
gok dh vuiq fLFkfr ea s xkcs j ;k vU; tfS od inkFkk± s dks lMk+ us ls muea smifLFkr ukbVZ kª ts u] QkLW Qkjs l ,oa ikVs k'k vkfn rRo ?kyq u'khy voLFkk ea s ikfpr Lyjh ea s lja f{kr jgrs ga S ftlls budh vf/kd ek=k Qlyka s }kjk vo'kkfs "kr dh tk ldrh gAS
25- vxj ck;ksxSl la;a= es IykfLVd] iRFkj ;k feêh pyh tk;s rks D;k gksxkA
IykfLVd] iRFkj vkSj feêh vkfn ikpu ;ksX; ugha gksrs gSa rFkk buds ck;ksxSl la;a= esa xkscj vkfn ds lkFk tkus ls MkbtsLVj dk vk;ru /khjs&/khjs de gksus yxrk gSA bu inkFkksZa esa Hkkjh rRo fupys fgLls esa bdV~Bs gksrs jgrs gSa tcfd IykfLVd vkfn ds gYds gksus ls ?kksy ds Åij eksVh rjy ijr te tkrh gS ftlls xSl dk Mkse esa tkus dk ekxZ vo:) gks ldrk gSA
ukbVªkstu ¼%½
ck;ksxSl Lyjh
xkscj
QkeZ ;kMZ esU;ksj
QkWLQksjl ¼%½ iksVsf'k;e ¼%½
1-5 ls 2-5
0-3 ls 0-4
0-4 ls 1-5
1-0 ls 1-5
0-1 ls 0-2
0-3 ls 0-9
0-8 ls 1-2
0-1 ls 0-2
0-3 ls 1-9
08
26- vxj dksbZ ykHkkFkhZ fdlh dkj.k ls ck;ksxSl la;a= esa xkscj Mkyuk Hkwy tk;s rks bldk D;k ifj.kke gksxkA
ck;ksxSl la;a= ds lQy lapkyu ds fy;s xkscj ?kksy çfrfnu fuf'pr ek=k esa Mkyk tkuk vko';d gS fdarq fdUgha dkj.kksa ls 2&4 fnu xkscj ?kksy ugha Mkyus ij la;a= ij fo'ks"k foijhr çHkko ugha gksxk ;|fi ck;ksxSl mRiknu dqN fnuksa ds fy;s t:j dqN de gks tk;sxkA
27- ck;ksxSl la;a= esa xkscj dks cjkcj ek=k esa ikuh ds lkFk feykuk D;ksa vko';d gSA
ck;ksxSl dk mRiknu vf/kdre ek=k esa djus ds fy;s la;a= esa Mkys tkus okys ?kksy esa Bksl inkFkZ dh ek=k 8 ls 10 izfr'kr rd gksuh pkfg;sA lkekU;r% Ik'kqvksa ls izkIr xkscj esa 80 izfr'kr ikuh ,oa 20 izfr'kr Bksl inkFkZ ik;s tkrs gSaA vxj cjkcj ek=k esa ikuh feyk;k tk;s rks Bksl inkFkZ dh ek=k 8&10 izfr'kr rd dh tk ldrh gSaA
28- jktLFkku ds ftu ftyksa esa ikuh dh deh gS tSls tSlyesj] chdkusj] ukxkSj] ckM+esj bR;kfn] D;k bu LFkkuksa ij ck;ksxSl dHkh ugha yxk;s tk ldrs gSa \
,ls k ugha gS fd ikuh dh deh okys {k=s ka s ea s ck;kxs lS l;a =a ugha yxk, tk ldrs gAaS 'k"q d {k=s ka s ds fy;s fo'k"s k çdkj ds ck;kxs lS l;a =a dh fMtkbuZ miyC/k gS ftlea s rktk xkcs j fcuk ikuh feyk, Mkyus ij Hkh ck;kxs lS dk mRiknu gkrs k gAS lkekU;r;k ,ls s l;a =a ka s ds lpa kyu ea s dNq fo'k"s k ckrka s dk /;ku j[kuk gkrs k gAS
09
29- D;k ck;ksxSl dk mi;ksx eksVj lkbdy ;k dkj pykus esa fd;k tk ldrk gSa \
CNG pfyr okgu dks ck;ksxSl ls Hkh pyk;k tk ldrk gSA bl gsrq ck;ksxSl essa ekStwn dkcZu&MkbZ&vkWDlkbZM] lYQj&MkbZ&vkWDlkbZM ,oa ok"i d.kksa dks fudky dj yxHkx 95 çfr'kr feFksu dks mPp nkc ij fo'ks"k vkdkj ds flys.Mj esa Hkjk tkrk gSA bu flys.Mj dks okgu esa CNG flys.Mj dh txg mi;ksx esa ysdj okgu pyk, tk jgs gSaA
30- ck;ksxSl mRiknu dh izfØ;k D;k gSa \
;g izfØ;k nks pj.kksa esa iwjh gksrh gSa] bu pj.kksa dks Øe'k% vEy fuekZ.k Lrj ,oa feFksu fuekZ.k Lrj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSaA izFke Lrj esa xkscj esa ekStqn vEy fuekZ.k djus okys thok.kqvksa ds lewgksa }kjk dpjs esa ekStwn tSfod ¼rjhds ls½ lM+ ldus okys tfVy dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa dks lfØ; fd;k tkrk gS] pwafd vkxsZfud ,flM bl Lrj ds eq[; mRikn gksrs gSa blfy;s bls ,flM QkfeZx Lrj ¼veu mRikfnr Lrj½ dgrs gSa] nwljs Lrj esa feFksukstsfud thok.kq dks feFksu xSl cukus ds fy;s vkxsZfud ,flM ij lfØ; fd;k tkrk gSA
31- fofHkUu mRiknksa ls vf/kdre vkSlr ck;ksxSl fdruh ek=k esa mRiUu gksrh gSA
Ø-la-
1
2
3
4
5
mRikn yhVj@fdyks lq[kk inkFkZ feFksu ¼çfr'kr½
xkscj
ekuo ey
eqfxZ;ksa dh chV
lq[kh ifÙk;ka
Hkwlk
350&400
400
440
450
830
55&60
60&65
60&65
40&44
40&46
lkHkkj IIT fnYyh
10
32- fofHkUu tkuojksa ls izfrfnu xkscj dh fdruh izkfIr gksrh gSA
33- ck;ksxSl mRiknu esa rkieku dk D;k çHkko iM+rk gSA
ck;ksxSl la;a= ds ikfpr {ks= esa ok;q dh vuqifLFkfr esa feFksu cukus okys thok.kq mRiUu gksrs gSa tks 35 ls 38 fMxzh lsfYl;l rkieku ij iw.kZ n{krk ds lkFk dk;Z djrs gSaA rkieku ?kVus ls ck;ksxSl mRiknu esa deh vkrh gS ,oa ;fn rkieku 10 fMxzh lsfYl;l rd iagqp tk;s rks la;a= esa xSl mRiknu gksuk can gks tkrk gSA vr% blds fy;s 35 ls 38 fMxzh lsfYl;l rkieku lcls mi;qDr gSA
34- ck;ksxSl la;a= esa gok vkSj vkWDlhtu dh vuqifLFkfr D;ksa t:jh gS\
feFksu cukus okys thok.kq vkWDlhtu dh vuqifLFkfr esa gh lqpk: :Ik ls dk;Z djrs gSa] vxj laxzkgd esa vkWDlhtu gksxh rks dkcZu&MkbZ&vkWDlkbZM dh ek=k c<+ tk;sxh ,oa feFksu cuuk can gks tk;sxhA
35- yxHkx lHkh {ks=ksa esa fofHkUu izdkj ds d`f"k vo'ks"k ftlesa eq[;r% Qly rFkk taxyksa ds vo'ks"k vkrs gSa] ;s vo'ks"k yxHkx lHkh {ks=ksa esa lqpk: :Ik ls miyC/k Hkh gS] vxj xkscj dh rqyuk esa d`f"k vo'ks"k ls ck;ksxSl mRiUu dh tk;s rks gesa fdu&fdu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk gksxkA
dkcZu&ukbZVªkstu dk vuqikr fofHkUu d`f"k {ks=ksa dk vyx&vyx gksrk gSA ;g vuqikr {ks= ds vo'ks"k ds izdkj] mez ,oa okrkoj.k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA vr% ;g vko';d gS fd mi;qDr jklk;fud rRoksa ds feJ.k ls dkcZu&ukbZVªkstu vuqikr lgh djk tkos tks fd 20 ls 30 ds chp esa gSA
rktk d`f"k vo'ks"kksa dk ?kuRo xkscj dh rqyuk esa de gksrk gSA vr% ;g la;a= ds iM+ko d{k esa rSjrk gS] ,d le; ds ckn rSjus okys inkFkZ mij dh rjQ ,d ijr cuk nsrs gSa ftlls xSl mRiknu cUn gks tkrk gSA vr% ;g vko';d gS
Ø-la-
1
2
3
4
5
6
mRiknd xkscj miyC/krk ¼fd-xzk-@çfr fnu½
xk;
cSy@?kksM+k
HkSal
xk;@HkSal@?kksM+k ds cNM+s
cdjh@HkSM+@eseuk
ekuo
10
14
15
5
0-5
0-4
11
fd Qlyksa dh dVkbZ NaVkbZ ds le; buds vkdkj ij /;ku fn;k tk;sA Qlyksa ds vo'ks"kksa dk xkscj ,oa vU; jklk;fud inkFkksZ ds lkFk feyk dj ?kuRo c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA
;fn d`f"k vo'ks"kksa dks ok;q jfgr d{k esa Mkyus ls igys ,d lIrkg ;k 10 fnuksa rd ckgj ok;q dh mifLFkfr esa lM+k;k tk;s rks la;a= dk dqy lao/kZu dky de fd;k tk ldrk gSA
36- D;k dsoy euq"; ds ey ls ck;ksxSl mRiknu fd;k tk ldrk gS \
Ekuq"; ey&ew= ls ck;ksxSl mRiknu fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk ey ls QSyus okyh chekfj;ksa ls cpk tk ldrk gSA ,d ?ku ehVj ck;ksxSl mRiUUk djus ds fy;s djhc 40 euq";ksa ds ey dh vko';drk gksrh gSA fu"d"kZr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd dsoy euq"; ey ls vko';d ek=k esa xSl dh vkiwfrZ ugha dh ldrh gS blfy;s xkscj ij vk/kkfjr xSl la;a= ds lkFk euq"; ey&ew= dks tksM+us ls xSl dh ek=k c<+k ldrs gSA
37- dkSu&dkSu ls dkj[kkuksa ds vo'ks"k ls ck;ksxSl vRiUu dh tk ldrh gS\
1- dikl@diM+k lEcaf/kr vo'ks"k
2- isij dk dpjk
3- lkoZtfud dwM+k&djdV] xUnxh] cqpM+[kkusa ds vif'k"V] lhost vkfn
4- efnjk dkj[kkuksa ds vif'k"V
12
38- ck;ksxSl dks laxzg dj mldk LFkkukUrj.k dSls fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ck;ksxSl dks laxzfgr dj mldk vU;= mi;ksx djus ds fy;s ck;ksxSl cSywu ¼xqCckjs½] ck;ksxSl flys.Mj ;k ck;ks CNG flyS.Mj dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA bldk p;u bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd çfrfnu fdruh ek=k esa ck;ksxSl dh vko';drk gksxh rFkk fdl dk;Z ds fy;s ck;ksxSl dk mi;ksx fd;k tkuk gSA
39- D;k fctyh mRiknu djus ds fy;s ck;ksxSl dk 'kqf)dj.k djuk t:jh gS \
fctyh mRiknu ds fy;s ck;ksxSl dk 'kqf)dj.k djuk vko';d ugha gS D;ksafd ck;ksxSl dk f}bZ/kuh; b±tu ¼tujsVj lsV½ esa mi;ksx dj fctyh cukbZ tk ldrh gSA
40- ck;ksxSl [kkn ds mi;ksx ls Qlyksa dh iSnkokj esa D;k QdZ vkrk gSA
Hkkjr ds fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij ck;ksxSl [kkn dk izR;{k ;k jklk;fud [kkn ds lkFk feyk dj [ksrksa esa mi;ksx fd;k x;k ,oa bu iz;ksxksa ls ;g fl) gqvk fd Qlyksa dh iSnkokj 20&25 izfr'kr rd c<+rh gS lkFk gh [kjirokj dh ek=k esa Hkh deh vkrh gSA ck;ks[kkn Hkwfe dh ok;qlapj.k {kerk rFkk ty/kkj.k {kerk esa c<+ksrjh djrh gS ftlls tM+ksa dk fodkl csgrj gksrk gSA ck;ks[kkn esa vU; lw{e iks"kd rRoksa dh mifLFkfr ls feêh dk mitkÅiu cuk jgrk gS ,oa blh dkj.k Qly mRiknu esa o`f) gksrh gSA
41- D;k vki dg ldrs gaS fd vkt ds le; esa ck;ksxSl vU; ÅtkZ L=ksrksa dh rqyuk esa ,d vf/kd O;ogk;Z fodYi gS \
ck;ksxSl ,d lLrk] dq'ky ,oa ,d LoPN ÅtkZ dk L=ksr gSA [kkuk idkus] okgu pykus] fo|qr mRiknu vkfn dk;ksZa esa bldk mi;ksx loZfofnr gSA ck;ksxSl mRiknu esa fdlh Hkh ckgjh ra= ij fuHkZjrk ugha gksus ls ;g vf/kd O;ogkfjd gSA
13
42- ck;ksxSl la;a= dk çkjfEHkd Hkjko dc djuk pkfg;sA
la;a= dk fuekZ.k iqjk gksus ds ckn 7&8 fnu rd la;a= dh rjkbZ dh tkuh pkfg;sA ;fn vkius turk ;k nhuca/kq ekWMy cuok;k gS rks rjkbZ ds ckn mlds Mkse ds vUnj dh vksj nks ckj biksDlh isUV djkuk vko';d gSA isUV djus ds i'pkr la;a= çkjfEHkd HkjkbZ ds fy;s rS;kj gSA
43- ck;ksxSl la;a= dks çkjfEHkd Hkjko ds le; dgk rd Hkjk tkuk pkfg;s\
vius tkuojksa ls miyC/k vFkok fdlh Ms;jh ls xkscj dks ,d lkFk bdV~Bk dj ykHkkFkhZ la;a= dks Hkj dj pkyq dj ldrs gSaA blds fy;s feJ.k VSad esa 1%1 vuqikr esa xkscj ,oa ikuh dk ?kksy rS;kj djds la;a= esa tkus nsosA
vxj ykHkkFkhZ us turk ,o nhuca/kq ck;ksxSl la;a= yxk j[kk gS rks çkjfEHkd HkjkbZ vkÅVysV dh vkSj cuh nqljh lh<+h ¼ftlls vkÅVysV dh f[kM+dh cUn gks tk;s½ rd dh tkuh pkfg;sA
ds- oh- vkbZ- lh- ,oa çxfr ekWMy esa la;a= vkÅVysV rd Hkjk tkuk pkfg;sA
44- çkjfEHkd ?kksy ds le; fdu&fdu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kk tkuk pkfg;sA
1- vf/kd iqjkuk ,oa lq[kk xkscj dk ?kksy ugha cuk;s vU;Fkk xSl mRiknu ugha gksxkA
2- xkscj ds lkFk dadj&iRFkj ?kkl iÙks bR;kfn uk tk;sA
3- la;a= dks mij crk;s vuqlkj nwljh lh<+h rd ;k vkÅVysV rd vf/kd ls vf/kd 7&10 fnuksa esa Hkj ns vU;Fkk xSl vkÅVysV ;k buysV ls O;FkZ tk;sxhA
4- la;a= esa ?kksy djrs le; xSl vkÅVysV okYo [kqyk j[ks ,oa jlksbZ rd ikbZi fQVhax iqjh dj ysaA
5- vf/kd fnuksa rd la;a= [kkyh ugha jgs vU;Fkk la;a= dh fnokjksa esa njkj vk ldrh gSA
6- la;a= dks fu/kkZfjr ek=k esa Hkjus ds ckn xSl okYo can djuk uk HkqysA
7- vxj vkl ikl dksbZ iqjkuk ck;ksxSl la;a= gS rks mlds vkÅVysV ls fudyh Lyjh dh 20&30 ckfYV;ka vius la;a= ds rktk xkscj ds lkFk feyk ysaA blls xSl mRiknu tYnh gksxkA
14
45- çFke ckj xSl cuus ds i'pkr~ fdu&fdu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kk tkuk pkfg;sA
la;a= esa çFke ckj cuus okyh xSl dks gok esa NksM+ nsosaA dHkh Hkh Mkse ds mij xSl dks tykdj ugha ns[ks vU;Fkk foLQksV gks ldrk gSA
nwljh ckj xSl mRiknu gksus ij ¼la;a= Hkjko ds yxHkx 14&20 fnuksa ckn½ xSl dke esa ysosaA bl nkSjku la;a= ds ?kksy dks ckl ls vFkok xSl gksYMj ls ?kqekdj fgykrs jgs rkfd la;a= esa iiMh u vk;sA
xlS dks ¼çkjfEHkd Hkjko ds 14&20 fnuka s ckn½ dke yus s ds lkFk gh l;a =a dks jkts kuk fu/kkfZ jr ek=k ea s xkcs j ,oa ikuh dk feJ.k cukdj Mkyuk 'k:q dj nos Aas
46- D;k lHkh _rqvksa esa xkscj ,oa ikuh dh ek=k leku j[kuh pkfg;s \
lnhZ ds fnuksa esa xkscj ds cjkcj ikuh] xehZ ds fnuksa esa xkscj ls 25 çfr'kr vf/kd ikuh ,oa o"kkZ esa xkscj esa de ikuh MkysA
47- fofHkUu {kerkvksa okys la;a= esa çkjfEHkd HkjkbZ ds fy;s vko';d xkscj dh D;k ek=k gksrh gS \
48- ck;ksxSl LFkku pquko dh eq[; ckrs D;k&D;k gS \
�ck;ksxSl la;a= fdlh maps LFkku ij] lery Hkwfe ij gksuk pkfg;s rkfd o"kkZ _rq dk cgko dk ikuh la;a= esa ços'k uk djsA
�la;a= fdlh [kqys LFkku ij gksuk pkfg, rkfd mls lw;Z dh m"ek vf/kdre le; rd fey lds tks fd la;a= dks mfpr rkieku ij cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s t:jh gSA
�la;a= ds vkl ikl cM+s o`{k ¼isM+½ ugha gksus pkfg;s vU;Fkk bldh tM+s la;a= dks uqdlku igqapk ldrh gSA
�l;a =a cukus ds fy;s tehu ea s ikuh ds ry dk Hkh /;ku ea s j[kk tkuk pkfg;As
Ø-la-
1
2
3
4
la;= dh {kerk
2 ?ku ehVj
3 ?ku ehVj
4 ?ku ehVj
6 ?ku ehVj
çkjfEHkd HkjkbZ ds fy;s vko';d xkscj
3 Vu
4 Vu
5-5 Vu
8-25 Vu
15
49- Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk fdu&fdu la;a=ksa dks vuqnku jkf'k ds fy;s ekU;rk çkIr gSA
50- ck;ksxSl la;a= yxokus ds fy;s ykHkkFkhZ dh ik=rk D;k gksuh pkfg;sA
1- ykHkkFkhZ ds ikl de ls de 50 oxZ ehVj dk LFkku gksA
2- çfrfnu vko';d xkscj ,oa ikuh dh miyC/krkA
3- ykHkkFkhZ ds vkdkj dk çkjfEHkd [kpkZ Lo;a fuos'k djus dh vkfFkZd {kerk j[krk gksA
51- ck;ksxSl LVkso dh n{krk cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s fdUk&fdu ckrksa dk
/;ku j[kuk pkfg;sA
�Hkkstu cukus ds i'pkr~ LVkso dks
xhys diMs+ ls lkQ djsaA
�cuZj ds Nsnksa dks lqbZ dh lgk;rk
ls vUud.k ,oa /kqy&feêh ds d.k
lkQ djsaA
�ekg esa ,d ckj cuZj ds lHkh Hkkxksa dks [kksydj dsjksflu ls lkQ djsaA
�cuZj ds py Hkkxksa ij vkW;y yxk;saA
�gok ds cgko dks le;≤ ij leqfpr djsaA
¼v½ b±Vks ls cuk gqvk nhucU/kq fLFkj xqEcnuqek la;a=A
¼c½ çh QsczhdsVsM vkj-lh-lh- okys fLFkj xqEnuqek la;a=A
¼l ½bu lhVq rduhd okyk nhucU/kq Qsjksa flesUV la;a=A
¼v½ ds- oh- vkbZ- lh- rSjrs uqek /kkfRod Mªe okys la;a=A
¼c½ Qsjks lhesUV Mk;tsLVj ,oa ,Q-vkj-ih- xSl gkWYMj
okys la;=A
¼l½ çxfr ck;sxSl la;=
¼v½ çh ÝschdsVsM vkj-lh-lh- Mk;tsLVj ds-oh-vkbZ-lh-
rsjrkuqek Mªe ck;ksxSl la;=
¼v½ ¶ysDlh ekWMy
fQDlM Mke ¼fLFkj
xqEcnuqek ck;ksxSl
la;=½
¶yksfVx Mªe okys
ck;ksxSl la;=
çh ÝsczhdsVsM
ck;ksxSl la;a=
csx okys ck;ksxSl
la;a=
1-
2-
3-
4-
16
52- ck;ksxSl LVkso dh n{krk dk vkdyu ck;ksxSl Tokyk ls dSls fd;k
tk ldrk gSA blds dkj.k ,oa fuokj.k D;k&D;k gS\
izk;% ck;ksxSl dh Tokyk gYdh uhyh jax dh gksuk mPp n{krk dk ladsr
gksrk gSA lkekU;r% tyrh gqbZ ykS dk jax ,oa mlds Å¡pkbZ ds vk/kkj ij leL;k
dk irk ,oa fuokj.k fd;k tk ldrk gS&
leL;k dkj.k lek/kku izyfEcr
ihyh Tokyk
ngu ds fy;s gok
dh deh
gok dh ek=k c<+k;h tk;s blds fy;s ,;j
okYo ,MtLVj dks ?kqekdj gok dh ek=k
c<+k ldrs gSaA
mBrh gqbZ ykS
xSl dk vf/kd cgko
NksVs bUtsDVj dk iz;ksx djsa] xSl ,oa gok
dh ek=k de djsaA
cq>rh gqbZ
Tokyk
xSl dk de cgko
cMs bUtsDVj dk iz;ksx djs] xSl dh ek=k
c<k;s cuZj dk vkdkj de djsaA
cgqr NksVh
Tokyk
bZa/ku dh deh
xSl dk ncko c<+k;sA ncko gsrq NksVs
bUtsDVj dk iz;ksx djsaA
cgqr cM+h
Tokyk
bZa/ku dh vf/kd iwfrZ
xSl ncko dks de djsaA ncko de djus
gsrq cMs bUtsDVj
dk iz;ksx djsaA
ninikrh
Tokyk
ikbZi ykbZu esa ikuh
dk tek gksuk
ikuh gVkus ds okYo dks [kksysA
17
53- ck;ksxSl la;a= dh lgh rjhds ,oa mPp n{krk ij pykus gsrq gj ykHkkFkhZ dks fdu&fdu eq[; ckrksa dk izfrfnu /;ku j[kuk pkfg;s\
�XkSl ikbZi ykbZu dks izkr% esa xSl dh vko';drk iMUks ij gh [kksysA
�ck;ksXkSl Tokyk dk uhys jax dk gksuk egRoiw.kZ gSA ;g iznf'kZr djrk gS fd Hkkstu idkus ds crZu dks vf/kdre m"ek izkIr gks jgh gSA
�ykS crZu ds ry dks Nqrh gqbZ gksuh pkfg;sA Hkkstu idkus ds crZu dk ry lh/kk gks rks vPNk gSA
�Hkkstu cuk ysus ds i'pkr~ la;a= ds mij yxs xSl okYo dks cUn djuk uk HkwysA
54- nhucU/kq la;a= esa xSl ds fjlko dk irk dSls yxk;k tk ldrk gS D;k blds fy;s la;a= dks iqjk [kkyh djuk iMsxk\
xSl dk fjlko irk djus ds fy;s ck;ksxSl la;a= dks [kkyh djus dh vko';drk ugha iMrhA la;a= dk fjlko irk djus gsrq fof/k bl izdkj gS&
1- xSl vkÅVysV ikbZi dks Cyksvj ;k Ñf"k dk;Z esa iz;qDr fd;s tkuk okyk iEi ls tksMs+A vkÅVysV ikbZi vkSj iEi dks tksM+us ds fy;s lkbZdy V~;qc dk iz;ksx djsaA
2- Cyksvj ;k iai ls gok dks 5&10 feuV rd xqEcn esa tkus nsA
3- tc vkÅVysV Vsad esa xkscj 10&15 ls eh- rd mij p<+ tk;s rc xSl okYo can dj nsaA
4- la;a= ds mij lkcqu ;k lQZ dk ?kksy MkysA
5- xqEcn dh lrg ij tgk¡&tgk¡ cqycqys ik;s tk;s ogh fjlko ds fcUnq gSA
fjlko fd ejEer gsrq ck;ksxSl la;a= dks [kkyh djuk iM+ ldrk gSA
18
55- ck;ksxSl mRiknu dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd dkSu dkSu ls gSA
�gok dh vuqifLFkfr dh vfuok;Zrk
�Lyjh dk ih- ,p- ek=k 6-5 ls 8-2 rd gksukA
�rkieku dk 30 ls 35 fMxzh lsfYl;l rd gksuk
�xkscj ,oa ikuh ds feJ.k esa Bksl] inkFkZ dh ek=k dk mls 10 izfr'kr
rd gksuk
�gkfudkjd inkFkZ tSls IykfLVd] yksgk] feêh] fles.V] ued] fuEcq] Hkqlk]
lq[kk pkjk bR;kfn dk xkscj ?kksy ds lkFk ikfp= d{k esa ugha tkukA
56- biksDlh isUV djus fd fo/kh D;k gS\
�la;a= dks lkekU; izfØ;kuqlkj [kkyh djsA
�la;a= dh lQkbZ djsA
�njkjksa dks lko/kkuhiwoZd NhysA
�jsftu isUV HkkXk&v vkSj Hkkx&c dks ,d crZu esa 1 % 1 vuqikr esa
feyk;sA
�isUV ds nksuksa Hkkxksa dks lgh <ax ls feykus ds fy;s bls 2&3 fefuV rd
fgyk;sA
�rS;kj fd;s isUV dks lkQ ,oa uje cz'k ls lkQ dh gqbZ lrg ij
yxk;sA
�cz'k dks ikuh ;k rkjihu vk;y ls /kks ysaA
�nks ?k.Vs i'pkr isUV ds Hkkx v vkSj c dk ,d nwljk lfeJ.k 1 % 1 ds
vuqikr esa iqu% rS;kj djsaA
�isUV fd;s tkus okys feJ.k esa nks Hkkx fles.V feykdj ysi djsA feJ.k esa
fles.V bruk gh feyk;s fd bls cz'k ls ,d lkFk yxk;k tk ldsA
�;g lc djus ij lrg dk jax gYdk Hkqjk gks tk;sxk ftlls vki vk'oLr
gks ldrs gS fd lEiq.kZ lrg ij vfUre ysi fd;k tk pqdk gSA
19
20
57- ck;ksxSl la;a= esa ?kksy cukrs le; ih- ,p- eki dk D;ksa /;ku nsuk
pkfg;sA vxj ih- ,p- dh ek=k ekin.M ds vuqlkj de ;k T;knk
gqbZ rks D;k gksxkA
lw{e thok.kq dh izfrfØ;k ds fy;s ikfp= d{k dk okrkoj.k mnklhu ;k
{kkjh; gksuk pkfg;sA blfy;s Lyjh dk ih- ,p- 6-7 ls 8-5 rd j[kuk pkfg;sA
;fn Lyjh vEyh; gks tk;s rks mles {kkjh; inkFkZ Mkydj mldk ih- ,p- lgh
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ijUrq ;fn ?kksy {kkjh; gks rks mles dHkh Hkh vEyh; inkFkZ
uk Mkys dsoy le; fd izfr{kk djsA
58- ;fn Mk;tsLVj ¼ikfp= d{k½ dk ih- ,p- Lrj eku de gks tk;s rks
bls c<kus ds D;k&D;k mik; gS\
;fn Mk;tsLVj esa ih- ,p- Lrj de gks tk;s rks {kkfj; inkFkZ tSls pquk]
lksMk ,'k bR;kfn feykdj vEyh;rk de dh tk ldrh gSA ijUrq pquk ;k lksMk
,'k feykus ls igys ,d ckn ck;ksxSl ,DliVZ ls jk; ys ysuk mfpr jgsxk rkfd
og Lyjh esa vEyh;rk eki dj {kkjh; inkFkZ dh ek=k dk vuqeku yxk ldsA
59- ck;ksxSl la;a= ds ikfp= d{k eas vEyh;rk c<+us ds D;k&D;k
dkj.k gks ldrs gSA
vEyh;rk c<+us ds eq[; dkj.k fuEu gS &
¼v½ xkscj ,oa ikuh dk feJ.k ¼Lyjh½ izfrfnu dh r; lhek ls T;knk
feykus ijA
¼c½ okrkoj.kh; rkieku dk vR;f/kd de ;k T;knk gksukA
¼l½ vokaNuh; inkFkZ dk feJ.k ds lkFk ikfp= d{k eas tkukA
¼n½ ikfp= d{k esa eksVh ijr ¼xkscj dh Bksl ijr½ dk teukA
60- ck;ksxSl la;a= esa vEyh;rk dSls de dh tk ldrh gS
ykHkkFkhZ dh izfrfnu dh ns[kHkky gh la;a= esa vEyh;rk c<+us esa jksd yxk
ldrk gS tSls dh &
¼v½ xkscj ,oa ikuh dk feJ.k p;fur nj ij MkysaA
¼c½ vokaNuh; inkFkZ tSls uhacq ds fNyds] I;kt ds VqdMs] rSyh; inkFkZ] bR;kfn
uk feyk;sA
21
¼l½ ;fn laxzkgd ;k ikfp= d{k esa eksVh ijr te x;h gS rks mls rksM nsaA
blds fy;s xSl fudkl ikbZi ls ,d iryk lfj;k ysdj vUnj Mkys ,oa
ijr ij ckj&ckj okj djs rkfd og VwV tk;sA
61- ;fn la;a= esa xkscj ;k vU; vif'k"V ikuh ds lkFk feykrs le;
dkcZu&ukbZVªkstu vuqikr dk /;ku uk j[kk tk;s rks D;k gksxk\
Lyjh ds ?kksy esa dkcZu&ukbZVªkstu vuqikr yxHkx 20 ls 30 % 1 gksuk
pkfg;sA dkcZu ls ÅtkZ izkIRk gksrh gS ,oa ukbZVªkstu dk mi;ksx thok.kqvksa dh
dksf'kdk cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn dkcZu dh ek=k T;knk gqbZ rks Toyu'khy
xSl ds feJ.k esa dkcZu&MkbZ&vkWDlkbZM vR;f/kd izkIr gksxhA vkSj ;fn
ukbVªkstu dh ek=k vf/kd gqbZ rks ikfp= d{k esa veksfu;k dh ek=k c<+ tk;sxh
ftlls thok.kq dk;Z djuk can dj nsxsaA vr% nksuksa gh ifjfLFkfr esa xSl ds
Toyu'khyrk ij izHkko iM+rk gSA
62- rkieku esa deh ;k c<ksrjh ls ck;ksXkSl ds mRiknu esa D;k QdZ
vkrk gSA
;fn rkieku mPp gks tk;s rks ikfp= d{k ds thok.kq vf/kd lfØ; gks
tk;sxsa vr% xSl mRiknu c<s+xkA ;fn rkieku de gks tk;s rks thok.kq dh
lfØ;rk de gks tkrh gS vr% xSl mRiknu esa deh vkrh gSA blh
fl)kURk ds vuqlkj] xeZ LFkkuksa ij la;a=ksa dk lo/kZu dky de j[kk tkrk gS ,oa
BUMs LFkkuksa ij lo/kZu dky T;knk j[kk tkrk gSA
63- fdf.or Lyjh ¼Mk;tsLVsM Lyjh½ dk mi;ksx fdl nj ls Ñf"k ds
{ks= esa djuk pkfg;sA
fdf.or Lyjh dk mi;ksx flafpr {ks=ksa esa 10 Vu izfr gsDVj rFkk
vaflfpr {ks=ksa esa 5 Vu izfr gsDVj dh nj ls djuk pkfg;sA
22
64- D;k fdf.or Lyjh ¼Mk;tsLVsM Lyjh½ dks la;a= ls fudyrs gh mi;ksx esa ys ysuk pkfg;sA
Mk;tsLVsM Lyjh nzo :i esa gksrh gS ,oa bl izdkj dh Lyjh esa ikS/kksa dh o`f) ds fy;s vko';d rRo vf/kd ek=k esa gksrs gSa vr% tgk¡ rd lHkao gks nzo :i esa gh Lyjh dk mi;ksx djuk pkfg;sA
65- ;fn Lyjh dk nzo voLFkk esa mi;ksx fy;s tkus dh laHkkouk ;k le; u gks rks D;k Lyjh dks lq[kk dj iqu% mi;ksx esa fy;k tkuk laHko gSA
;fn Lyjh dks lq[kkus dh vko';drk gks rks bls Nk;k esa lq[kkuk pkfg;sA lh/ks /kwi esa lq[kkus ls Lyjh esa mifLFkr rRoksa dh ek=k esa rsth ls deh vkrh gSA
66- D;k Lyjh dks Ñf"k gsrq mi;ksx esa ysrs le; ikuh feykuk pkfg;sA
nzo Lyjh esa yxHkx 20 izfr'kr rd ukbZVªkstu] veksfudy vk;u ds :i esa ik;k tkrk gSA vr% bl fLFkfr eas ;g ,d jklk;fud moZjd fd rjg O;ogkj dj ldrk gSA vr% Lyjh ftruh vf/kd rktk gks mles mruh gh ek=k ;k mlls Hkh vf/kd ek=k esa ikuh feykdj [ksrksa esa Mkyuh pkfg;sA
67- ck;ksXkSl la;a= fufeZr Lyjh ds yxkrkj iz;ksx ls dksbZ nq"izHkko gksus dh laHkkouk gksrh gSA
dHkh Hkh ughaA ,slk laHko gh ugha gSA ijUrq 3&4 o"kksZ ds vUrjky esa [ksr dh feêh esa pquk iRFkj ;k MksysekbV t:j feyk nsuk pkfg;s rkfd ck;ksxSl Lyjh fd otg ls feêh esa vk;h vEyh;rk Hkh lekIRk gks tk;sA
23
68- ck;ksXkSl fd fMtkbZu] mlds eki bR;kfn dgk¡ ls izkIRk dj ldrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; ekud 9478 % 1989 esa ck;ksxSl ds ifjokj vkdkj ds lHkh la;a=ksa dk fp= ,oa eki lfgr o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA bls bUVjusV fd lgk;rk ls dgha Hkh ns[k ldrs gSaA
blds vykok Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk p;fur izR;sd ck;ksxSl ,tsUlh ¼dsUnz½ ij Hkh ;g miyC/k gSA ogk lEidZ dj bls vklkuh ls izkIRk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
69- ck;ksXkSl la;a= ds fuekZ.k ls igys iqjkus ykHkkFkhZ ls blds ckjs esa iwNuk ,oa jk; ysuk LokHkkfod ckr gSA ijUrq iqjkus ck;ksxSl
ykHkkFkhZ tks fd gekjs {ks= ds ikl gks ,slh tkudkjh dgka fey ldrh gSA
iqjkus ykHkkFkhZ dh lwph vkids {ks= ds VuZ dh ,stsUV ds ikl ls ;k ukMy ,stsUlh dh osclkbZV ls miyC/k gks ldrh gSA bls vki dEI;qVj dh lgk;rk ls vklkuh ls ns[k ldrs gSA Hkkjr esa LFkkfir ck;ksxSl dk;ZØe gsrq izR;sd ukWMy ,stsUlh ds uke ,oa osclkbZV dk irk osclkbZV www.mnre.gov.in ij esa fn;k x;k gSA
70- ,d VuZ dh ,tsUV ;k ck;ksxSl lqijokbZtlZ ds D;k mn~ns'; gS\
�,d VuZ dh ,tsUV dks la;a= ds fuekZ.k ls igys ds losZ{k.k ds vkadM+ksa vkSj la;a= ds fufeZr ,oa deh'uhax gks tkus ds i'pkr~ fd fjiksVZ dks O;ofLFkr j[kuk pkfg;sA
�ck;ksxSl la;a= dh dk;Zn'kk dk voyksdu djus ds fy;s VuZ dh ,tsUVks dks le;≤ ij ykHkkFkhZ ds ikl tkuk pkfg;sA
�le;≤ ij ykHkkFkhZ dks ck;ksxSl lEc/kh tkudkjh nsuh pkfg;sA
71- D;k uohu ,oa uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ ea=ky; }kjk flQZ ifjokj vkdkj ds ck;ksxSl la;a=ksa ij vuqnku fn;k tkrk gS\
uohu ,oa uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ e=kay; }kjk ikfjokfjd ck;ksxSl la;a= ds lkFk&lkFk bl ifj;kstuk ds varxZr fo|qr mRiknu ds fy;s 3 fdyks okV ls ysdj 250 fdyks okV rd ck;ksXkSl }kjk ÅtkZ mRiknu dh ifj;kstuk dks Hkh vuqnku fn;k tkrk gSA
24
72- D;k ck;ksxSl rduhdh flQZ ,d ls N% ?ku ehVj {kerk rd gh
lhfer gS\ vxj fdlh ds ikl xkS'kkyk ;k cMh Ms;jh QkeZ gS rks
D;k og cM+s vkdkj ds la;a= dk fuekZ.k dj ldrk gS\
vo'; dj ldrk gSA ifjokj vkdkj ds oxZ esa 1 ls 6 ?ku ehVj {kerk okys
la;a=ksa dks j[kk x;k gSA ijUrq ;fn fdlh ykHkkFkhZ ds ikl vxj T;knk i'kq gS rks
og 6 ?ku ehVj ls T;knk dk Hkh ck;ksxSl la;a= ¼tSls fd 10] 15] 20] 25] 40 ?ku
ehVj bR;kfn½ cuk ldrk gSA
73- ck;ksxSl ÅtkZ ifj;kstuk ds vUrxZr fdu&fdu ?ku ehVj dh
{kerk okys la;a=ksa dks vuqnku gsrq j[kk x;k gS\
bl dk;ZØe ds vUrxZr 25 ?ku ehVj ,oa mlds mij dh {kerk
okys ck;ksxsl la;a= dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
74- D;k brus cM+s ck;ksXkSl la;a= esa xkscj gh Mkyk tk ldrk gS\ vxj
vU; dksbZ vif'k"V miyC/k gks rks D;k mls Hkh xkscj ds lkFk
feykdj Mkyk tk ldrk gSA
fcYdqy gk¡A bl rjg ds ck;ksxSl la;a=ksa dks i'kq vif'k"V ds lkFk jlksbZ
vif'k"V] Ñf"k vif'k"V bR;kfn feykdj Hkh lapkfyr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
75- ck;ksxSl vk/kkfjr fo|qr ÅtkZ mRiUu djus dh iz.kkyh ds D;k D;k
vo;o gksuk vko';d gS\
�ck;ksxSl la;a= % ekud ds-oh-vkbZ-lh- rSjrkuqek ck;ksxSl la;a= ds
fuekZ.k dks leFkZu fn;k tk;sxkA
�ck;ksxSl Dyhuhax ¼lQkbZ½ bdkbZ % ck;ksxSl esa gkbZMªkstu
lYQkbZM ,oa ty ok"i dh dqN çfr'kr ek=k ik;h tkrh gS tks fd
fo|qr tfu= ds fy;s gkfudkjd gSA vr% ck;ksxSl dks bZatu esa
mi;ksx esa ysus ls igys gkbMªkstu lYQkbZM xSl ,oa ty ok"i dh
ek=k dks [kRe djus gsrq 'kqf)dj.k çfØ;k ls xqtkjuk t:jh gSA
�b±tu ,oa vYVjusVj ¼vkofrZr½ % 'kr çfr'kr ck;ksxSl lapkfyr
b±tu ds lkFk ekbØks Vjckbu gksuk vko';d gSA
25
�fu;a=d d{k % Hkkjrh; ekud C;wjks vuqlkj ck;ksxSl ekid ;a= ,oa
ÅtkZ ekid ;a= yxkuk vko';d gSA
�e'khu d{k % ekud vH;kl gsrq mfpr Nko ds lkFk ,d e'khu d{k ds cukus dh ifj;kstuk vko';d gSA
�tSo [kkn çca/ku ç.kkyh % [kkn çca/ku] ck;ksxSl ÅtkZ ç.kkyh dk vfHkUu fgLlk gSA ;g ifj;kstuk dks vkfFkZd :i ls O;ogk;Z lapkyu esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
76- ck;ksxSl ls fo|qr ÅtkZ ifj;kstuk ds vUrxZr la;a= fuekZ.k gsrq vU; fdu&fdu fcUnqvksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg;s\
1- ;g dk;ZØe jkT; uksMy foHkkx@jkT; dh ,stsafl;ksa @ds-oh-vkbZ-lh-@ch-Mh-Vh-lh- laLFkkvksa }kjk ykxq fd;k tk;sxkA
2- ck;ksxSl la;a= dks lqfuf'pr rkSj ij ifjpkyu djus gsrq i;kZIr @vkiwfrZ çnkFkZ gksus ij gh ifj;kstuk ds fodkl dh eatwjh nh tk;sxhA
3- ykHkkFkhZ dks U;wure 10 o"kksZ rd la;a= dks pyk;s j[kus ,oa j[k&j[kko djus dh ftEesnkjh ysuh gksxhA
26
77- uohu ,oa uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ ea=ky; }kjk ck;ksxSl ls fo|qr ÅtkZ
ifj;kstuk ij fdruk vuqnku ns; gS\
3 ls 20
fdyksokV
> 20
fdyksokV ls
100
fdyksokV rd
> 100
fdyksokV ls
250
fdyksokV rd
25 ?kuehVj
ls 85 ?kuehVj
mijksDr la;a=ksa dk
dksbZ Hkh leUo; ;k
vuqeksfnr
{kerk@fMtkbu
mijksDr la;a=ksa dk
dksbZ Hkh leUo; ;k
vuqeksfnr
{kerk@fMtkbu
:- 40]000@&
¼:i;s pkyhl
gtkj dsoy½
çfr fdyksokV
:- 35]000@&
¼:i;s iSarhl
gtkj dsoy½
çfr fdyksokV
:- 30]000@&
¼:i;s rhl
gtkj dsoy½
çfr fdyksokV
:- 20]000@&
¼:i;s chl
gtkj dsoy½
çfr fdyksokV
:- 17]000@&
¼:i;s l=g
gtkj dsoy½
çfr fdyksokV
:- 15]000@&
¼:i;s iaæg
gtkj dsoy½
çfr fdyksokV
lh,Q,
dk 10%
:- 1]00]000@&
:- 1]50]000@&
lh,Q,
dk 5%
:- 50]000@&
:- 75]000@&
mtkZ l`tu{kerk
ck;ksxSlla;a= {kerk
lh,Q,@NwV fuEu lhfyax rdlhfer ;k flLVe dh 40 çfr'kr
tksHkh de gks
,l,u,@,l,uMh@chMhVhlhvkSj vkbZ, ds fy,
ç'kklfud lsok 'kqYd
fo|qrmRiknu
rkih;vuqç;ksx
fo|qrmRiknu
rkih;vuqç;ksx
27
78- la;a= fd ?ku ehVj dh {kerk ds vk/kkj ij ÅtkZ mRiknu dh {kerk
dk irk dSls yxk;k tk ldrk gSA
79- xzkeh.k ch- ih- ,y- ifjokjksa dks eq¶r xSl flys.Mj nsus dk izko/kku
gSA ,sls esa D;k ck;ksxSl la;a= LFkkiuk ij vlj iM ld+rk gS\
ftu ch- ih- ,y ifjokjksa ds ikl 4&5 i'kq gS mUgsa ck;ksxSl la;a= dh
'kq:vkrh jkf'k tqVkrs gq, ck;ksxSl la;a= dk fuekZ.k vo'; djkuk pkfg;sA
ck;ksXkSl la;a= fuekZ.k ls xSlh; bZ/ku ,oa izfr o"kZ [kkn ij gksus okys [kpsZ cpus
ls vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa lq/kkj gksrk gSA
vxj ch- ih- ,y- ifjokjksa ¼ftuds ikl 4&5 i'kq gS½ mUgsa ck;ksxSl ls gksus
okys vkfFkZd ykHk ds ckjs esa crk;k tk;s rks ck;ksxSl la;a= fd LFkkiuk esa lq/kkj
vkus dh laHkkouk gSA
la;={kerk?ku eh-
i'kqvksa dhla[;k
çfrfnu xkscjdh t:jr¼fdyks½
ÅtkZ mRiknu{kerk
¼fdyks okV½
ykxr¼:i;s½
¼yxHkx½
vuqnku¼:i;s½
25
35
45
60
85
140
60&65
85&90
110&115
145&150
210&220
360&365
625
875
1125
1500
2125
3625
3
4
5
7-5
10
15
1]20]000
1]60]000
2]00]000
2]80]000
4]00]000
6]80]000
3]75]000
4]50]000
5]50]000
7]50]000
12]00]000
21]00]000
¼ykxr tujsVj dher lfgr½
28
80- ,slk lquus esa vkrk gS fd ck;ksxSl la;a= yxkus ds fy;s yxHkx 24
ls 25 gtkj dk [kpZ vkrk gSA blds ctk; dqafdx xSl (LPG)
[kfjnuk gh fodYi D;ksa ugha gks ldrk gS\
dqafdx xSl (LPG) dks [kjhnus ds fy;s 'kq:vkrh 'kqYd yxHkx 7000 :i;s
ns; gS lkFk gh gj eghus esa ,d flys.Mj ij [kpZ yxHkx 500 :i;s vkrk gSA
bl vuqlkj çFke o"kZ yxHkx 13000 :i;s ,oa vxys izR;sd o"kZ yxHkx 6000
:i;s dk [kpkZ vkrk gh gSA vc vxj ck;ksXkSl dh ckr djs rks 18000 ls 20000
:Ik;s ds 'kq:vkrh [kpsZ esa yxHkx vkus okys 20 o"kksZ rd dqafdx xSl izkIr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA lkFk gh mŸke fdLe fd [kkn ikdj jklk;fud [kkn ds [kpsZ dks
Hkh de fd;k tk ldrk gSA
81- yksxksa dks T;knk tkx:d cukus ds fy;s ljdkj D;k&D;k dne
mBk jgh gSA
Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk jk"Vªh; ck;ksxSl fe'ku ds vUrxZr izfro"kZ izR;sd jkT;
esa lSdM+ksa miHkksDrk izf'k{k.k f'kfoj djok;s tkrs gSa ftlesa xk¡oksa dh efgykvksa
iq:"kksa ,oa cPpksa dks ck;ksxSl la;a= ,oa ck;ks[kkn ds izfr tkx:d djk;k tkrk
gSA vc bu f'kfojksa dk izHkko lkeus utj vk jgk gSA izfro"kZ ck;ksxSl la;a= ds
LFkkiuk dh nj c<+ jgh gSA flQZ ljdkj ds dk;ZØe ls gh ck;ksxSl ugha yxk;s
tk ldrs gaS] blds fy;s ges vkxs c<+dj] ck;ksxSl dks le> dj] bls yxkus dh
igy djuh iM+sxhA
82- ck;ksxSl [kkn fdl rjg dk gksrk gS\ ck;ksxSl [kkn dh D;k
igpku gS\
vPNh ,oa iw.kZ ifpr [kkn dkys jax dh gksrh gSA ck;ksxSl l;a= ls tks rjy
inkFkZ izfrfnu ckgj vkrk gS ;g ,d mŸke [kkn gSA blesa yxHkx 6 izfr'kr
29
Bksl inkFkZ gksrk gSA bl ?kksy dk ih-,p yxHkx 8 ds vkl&ikl gksrk gSA ;g
[kkn mi;ksx ds fy;s lcls csgrj ekuk tkrk gSaA
83- dkSu lk ck;ksxSl la;a= fufeZr [kkn Qly ds fy;s mŸke gS\
rjy :i esa tks [kkn ck;ksxSl la;a= ls ckgj vk jgh gS ogh [kkn mi;ksx
gsrq vkn'kZ ekuh tkrh gSA vxj rjy [kkn dh ek=k [kir nj ls vf/kd gS rks
cph gqbZ [kkn dks lq[kk dj Hk.Mkj.k Hkh dj ldrs gSaA ftl le; T;knk [kkn
dh t:jr iM+s rc lq[kh [kkn dks rjy [kkn ds lkFk feykdj fQj ls igys
tSlh xq.koŸkk okyk [kkn cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
84- tc jklk;fud [kkn cktkj es feyrs gSa rks ?kj es ck;ksxSl la;a=
D;ksa yxuk pkfg;s \
vxj vkids ?kj ij i'kq gS rks tkfgj lh ckr gS dh os izfrfnu xkscj djxs
ghA ml xkscj dk Hkh fuLrkj.k vkidks izfrfnu djuk gh iM+sxk ;k rks ml xkscj
dk dEiksLV [kkn cuk;k tk;sxk ftlls vkl&ikl dh txg cncw ls Hkj tk;sxh
;k fQj mlds d.Ms cukdj@tykdj jlksbZ ?kj dks /kqa, ls Hkj nsxsaA
nwljh ckr vkidks ;g rks irk gh gS fd jklk;fud [kkn dk nh?kZdkyhu
iz;ksx Qlyks ,oa mitkÅ Hkwfe ds fy;s gkfudkjd gSA ;s jklk;fud [kkn feÍh
dh Åijh lrg dks u"V dj nsrs gSa ,oa /khjs&/khjs ÅitkÅ Hkwfe catj Hkwfe esa
ifjofrZr gksus yxrh gSA
vc vxj ck;ksxSl la;a= ls vkids ?kj dh jlksbZ es /kw¡vk [kRe gks tk;s]
xkscj ds izfrfnu ds fu"dklu dh leL;k [kRe gks tk;s ,oa ck;ks[kkn ds :i esa
Qlyksa dks ve`r feys rks D;k cqjkbZ gSA
30
85- ck;ksxSl [kkn vkSj lkekU; jklk;fud moZjd ds iz;ksx esa D;k
vUrj gSa\
86- xkscj ds vHkko esa D;k dj ldrs gSa\
tc dHkh Hkh xkscj dk vHkko gksrk gS rks bldh iwfrZ LVkpZ;qDr inkFkZ tSls
csdkj vukt] u [kkus ;ksX; rsy dh [kyh ftlls fd ck;ksxSl ds mRiknu esa o`f)
gksrh gSA iz;ksx }kjk n'kkZ;k x;k gS fd tc iw.kZr% xkscj dk vHkko gks rc taxyh
,jaM] egqvk] uhe] jcM+ vkfn dh [kyh ls bldh iwfrZ dh tk ldrh gSA bu ikS/kksa
ls mRiUu ck;ksxSl [kkn vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gksrk gS D;ksafd ;s dEiksLV vkSj
dhVuk'kd nksuksa dk dk;Z djrk gSA
Ø-la- ck;ksxSl [kkn jklk;fud moZjd
1- lUrqfyr iks"k.k vlUrqfyr iks"k.k 2- iznw"k.k eqDr
ty vkSj ok;q iznw"k.k QSykrk gSA
3- izÑfr fe= gksrk gSA
i;kZoj.k dks uqdlku iagqpkrk gSA
4- dhVksa ls lqj{kk
dhVksa ds fy, vkn'kZ gksrk gSA
5- ?kj ij fufeZr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
dsoy ckgj ls izkIr gksrk gSA
6- fdQk;rh nj ij miyC/k
ewY; vfLFkj gksrk gSA
7- flapkbZ ij de ikuh dh
vko';drk
flapkbZ ij vf/kd ikuh dh
vko';drk
8- feÍh dh mit dks cuk,
j[krk gSA
feÍh dh 'kfDr dks {kh.k djrk gSA
9- c<+rk gqvk mRiknu ?kVrk gqvk mRiknu
31
87- fiNys dbZ o"kksZa ls xkscj dk dEiksfLVax dj [kkn rS;kj fd;k tk
jgk gSA vxj ck;ksxSl rduhdh ds ckjs esa lkspk tk;s rks ;g Hkh
yxHkx dEiksLVhax dh rjg gh gSA rks ck;ksxSl rduhdh dks D;ksa
viukuk pkfg;s\
dEiksfLVax vkSj ck;ksxSl [kkn esa fuEufyf[kr Hksn fn, x, gSa%&
Ø-la- dEiksfLVax xkscj xSl [kkn
1- lw{e thok.kq gok dh mifLFkfr vkSj
vuqifLFkfr nksuksa gh ifjfLFkfr esa
moZjd dks csgrj fd, fcuk
blds Hkkj dk {k; djrs gSA bl
izfØ;k ds nkSjku ukbVªksu vkSj
dkcZu esa deh vkrh gSA
blesa gok dh vuqifLFkfr esa xkscj
ds Hkkj dk de {k; gksrk gSA
eq[;r% dkcZu dk {k; gksrk gSA
ftlls feFksu mRiUu gksrk gS ,oa
ukbVªkstu viuh iw.kZ ek=k esa
lqjf{kr jgrh gSA
2- iw.kZ :i ls vi?kVu gksus esa 90
ls 120 fnu yxrs gaSA
iw.kZ :i ls vi?kV~V gksus es 40 ls
50 fnu yxrs gSaA
3- veksfu;k ds ok"ihdj.k ls
yxHkx 30 ls 50 izfr'kr rd
ukbVªkstu dk {k; gks tkrk gSA
ok"ihdj.k ls {k; yxHkx ux.;
gksrk gSA
4- dEiksLVj ls nqxZU/k vkrh gSA
nqxZU/k ugha vkrh gSA
5- dqN va'k gok ds lkFk mM+ tkrk
gSA
,slh dksbZ gkfu ugha
gksrhA
6- ukbZVªkstu de ek=k esa gksrk gSA
dEiksLV dh rqyuk esa ukbZVªkstu
vf/kd ek=k esa gksrs gSA
7- blesa izeq[k vkSj lw{e iks"kd rRo
lhfer ek=k esa gksrs gSaA
xkscj xSl [kkn esa izeq[k vkSj lw{e
iks"kd rRo vf/kd ek=k esa gksrs gSaA
32
88- vU; dEiksLV ds lkFk ck;ksxSl [kkn dk O;kid iz;ksx dSls dj
ldrs gSaA
vdkcZfud moZjd] thok.kq ;qDr dEiksLV] ukWMsi dEiksLV] [ksr [kfygku ds
[kkn vkfn dks ck;ksxSl [kkn ds }kjk ifjiw.kZ fd;k tk ldrk gSA i'kqvksa ds ew=
dk Hkh iz;ksx blds lkFk fd;k tk ldrk gSaA eNyh ds mRiknu dks c<+kus ds
fy, bldk iz;ksx eRL; ikyu esa Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
89- ck;ksxSl [kkn ds fo'ks"k ykHk D;k gSa\
ck;ksxSl [kkn dk iz;ksx ikS/kksa dh yEckbZ] otu] jax vkSj Lokn dks c<+krk
gS] tcfd ,slk vdkcZfud moZjdksa dh fLFkfr esa ugha gksrk gSA
90- D;k vdkcZfud moZjdksa dks iw.kZ :i ls gVk;k tk ldrk gS\
,slk lEHko ugha gS D;ksafd ek= ck;ksxSl [kkn ds iz;ksx ls ge ,d lks
iPphl djksM+ Hkkjrh; turk dh Hkkstu dh vko';drk dh iwfrZ ugha dj ldrsA
fdUrq [kk| inkFkZ dh ek=k c<+kus ds fy, rFkk fVdkÅ mit ds fy, gesa
/khjs&/khjs vdkcZfud ls dkcZfud [ksrh dh rjQ c<+uk pkfg,A
91- moZjd dh vis{kk ck;ksxSl [kkn viukus ls D;k o`f) gksxh\
ck;ksxSl [kkn ds viukus ls rqjUr gh dksbZ o`f) ugha gksxhA okLrfodrk ;s
gS fd izkjEHk esa mRiknu esa ?kVksŸkjh gksrh gSA ysfdu rhu ls ik¡p o"kZ ds ckn
mRiknu dh ek=k vkSj xq.kksa esa o`f) gksrh gSA
92- ck;ksxSl [kkn ds lkFk dkSu&lk feJ.k csgrj ifj.kke nsrk gS\
vU; feJ.kksa dh rqyuk esa ck;ksxSl [kkn ds lkFk ftIle vkSj ,u-ih- ds dk
feJ.k Qly ds mRiknu esa csgrj ifj.kke n'kkZrk gSA
33
93- ck;ksxSl [kkn ds vU; mi;ksx D;k gS\ ck;ksxSl [kkn dk [ksrh esa
moZjd ds vykok dgk¡&dgk¡ mi;ksx esa fy;k tk ldrk gS \
ck;ksxSl [kkn ds iz;ksx
eRl;ikyu esa Hkh djrs gSa] tks eNfy;ksa
ds pkjs dh iwfrZ djrk gSA 1200 oxZ
QhV rkykc esa izfrfnu vkSlru 15&25
yhVj Lyjh dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk
gSA rsy dh [kyh ;k /kku dh Hkwlh ,oa
ck;ksxSl [kkn dks 2%1 ds vuqikr esa
fefJr djds iz;ksx djus ls eNyh ds mRiknu esa Hkkjh o`f) gksrh gSA ck;ksxSl
[kkn dk iz;ksx tSfod moZjd tSls fd vtksyk vkSj tyh; ck;ksekl ds mRiknu
eas Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
94- ck;ksxSl [kkn ds iks"kd rRoksa ds D;k ykHk gSa\
,d 'kk/s k grs q feÍh ds nks ueuw &s ,d ck;kxs Sl dh [kkn ls ikfs "kr /kku ds [krs
ls vkSj nlw jk jlk;u mojZd }kjk ikfs "kr Hkfw e ls ,df=r fd;s x;As 'kk/s k eas ;g
ik;k x;k fd& jlk;u ikfs "kr feÍh dh rqyuk eas ck;kxs Sl Lyjh }kjk ikfs "kr feÍh
eas thok.kqvkas dh l[a ;k 23-3 izfr'kr vf/kd FkhA ftlds fuEu ifj.kke gkrs s gSAa
1- feÍh es lw{e iks"kd rRoksa dh o`f)A
2- csgrj flapkbZ vkSj tM+ra= dks vklkuh ls ok;q miyC/k gksrh gSA
3- feÍh dh lajpuk esa lq/kkj gksrk gSA
4- etcwr izfrjks/kd ra=A
5- ?kkl ikrksa dh la[;k eas ?kVksŸkjhA
6- feFksu dh O;kidrk de gksrh gSA
7- Lokn] lqxa/k] vkdkj o jax vkfn dh xq.koŸkk eas lq/kkj gksrk gSaA
95- ge ck;ksxSl [kkn dk bLrseky dSls djsa\
ck;ksxSl [kkn dks gkFkks ds }kjk ;k vkStkj ls bLrseky dj ldrs gSaA tgk¡
dbZ ck;ksxSl la;a= gks] ogk¡ Lyjh cgqr vf/kd ek=k esa mRiUu gksrh gS vkSj
34
vkStkj j[kuk vko';d gks tkrk gSA blfy, Lyjh ds bLrseky vksj [ksrksa esa
iz;ksx ds fy, mi;qDr vkStkjksa dks fodflr djus dh vko';drk gSA fofHkUu
LFkkuksa ij mi;ksx fd, tkus okys t:jh vkStkj gSA
Lyjh Bsyk] Lyjh iai] Lyjh VSªDVj vkSj nLrkus bR;kfnA
96- D;k Lyjh dks gkFk ls bLrseky djus esa dksbZ gkfu gksrh gSa\
ugha] Lyjh ds gkFk ls bLrseky djus ls dksbZ gkfu ugha gksrh gS D;ksafd ;g
jksx mRiUu djus okys jksxk.kqvksa ls eqDr gksrk gSA gok dh vuqifLFkfr esa ikpu
dh izfØ;k ds nkSjku vf/kdka'kr% gkfudkjd thok.kq tSls fd gqdoeZ ds v.Ms
bR;kfn u"V gks tkrs gSaA blds vykok os jksxk.kq tks HkwLrjh; ty dks iznwf"kr
djrs gSa] lekIr gks tkrs gSaaA
97- D;k eanhdky ds nkSjku Lyjh dks izHkko'kkyh <ax ls ,df=r fd;k
tk ldrk gS\
Lyjh dks ,df=r djus ds dbZ rjhds gS%& tSls fd ck;ksxSl la;a= ds lkFk
tqM+k gqvk x<~<+kA lkekU;r% x<~<s+a ds vkdkj dks ,d ehVj xgjk j[kk tkrk gSA
tgk¡ dgh Hkh ikuh dk Lrj Å¡pk gks] ogk¡ fNNys x<+<~sa dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A
35
98- Lyjh dks laxzfgr vkSj <qykbZ djus dh vU; fof/k;k¡ D;k gSa\
ck;ksxSl la;a= ds fudklh ls xkscj [kkn ,d ukyh ds }kjk fQYVj csM rd
tkrk gSA fQYVj csM ds Hkhrj gjh ;k lw[kh ifŸk;ksa dh ,d ?kuh ijr rS;kj dh
tkrh gSA blls gksdj ck;ksxSl [kkn dk ikuh cg tkrk gS vkSj Nuh gq;h
ck;ksxSl [kkn cprh gSA rkth Lyjh cukus esa bl ikuh dk iqu% mi;ksx fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
fQYVj csM ds Åijh fgLls esa cph gq;h v/kZ&Bksl vo'ks"k dks x<~<s esa
,df=r fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj t:jr iM+us ij mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
99- xhys ikpu okys ck;ksxSl la;a= ds ctk; Bksl ikpu okys ck;ksxSl
la;a= dk bLrseky djus ls D;k Qk;ns gSa
xhys ikpu okys ck;ksxSl la;a= esa Bksl inkFkZ dh vf/kdre ek=k 10
çfr'kr rd j[kh tkrh gSA blds fy;s rktk xkscj esa Hkh ikuh feykus dh t:jr
iM+rh gSA xkscj dks vPNs ls feykus gsrq ;kaf=d midj.kksa dh vko';drk iM+rh
gS ;kfu fd ftrus vf/kd midj.k mruh gh mudh j[k&j[kko ,oa j[k&j[kko
dk lkykuk [kpkZA
blds foijhr Bkslh; ikpu okys ck;ksxSl la;a= esa rktk xkscj dks fcuk
ikuh feyk;s la;a= esa Mky fn;k tkrk gSA fudyus okyh ikfpr Lyjh Hkh Bkslh;
voLFkk esa gksus ds dkj.k vklkuh ls mBkbZ tk ldrh gSA
100-lk/kkj.k rjhds esa ge fdlh Hkh dkcZfud inkFkZ dh tk¡p dSls djsa
dh og ck;ksxSl esa Mkyus gsrq yk;d gS ;k ugha \
oSls ns[kk tk;s rks vok;qoh; fLFkfr esa dksbZ Hkh dkcZfud inkFkZ ck;ksxSl
mRiUu dj ldrk gS ijUrq loksZRÑ"V mRiknu gsrq fuEu fcUnq /;ku j[kus ;ksX;
gS &
1- dkcZfud inkFkZ dk ih-,p ¼pH½ yxHkx 7 ds vklikl gksA
2- dkcZu ukbZVªkstu vuqikr 30 ds vklikl gksA
3- QkbZcj inkFkZ dh ek=k de gksA
36
ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ls ckrphr ds nkSjku iwNs x;s iz'u
1- D;k vkidks dHkh ikfpr ?kksy ds vkl&ikl eD[kh ;k ePNj utj vkrs gS \
UkghaA fiNys pkj o"kksZa esa dHkh Hkh eD[kh] ePNj ;k dksbZ Hkh thok.kq ikfpr ?kksy ds vklikl ugha fn[ks gSaA
oSKkfudksa dh utj esa ,slk Da;ksa \
eD[kh ,oa ePNj vDlj ,sls LFkkuksa ij ik;s tkrs gSa tgka dqN ÅtkZ [kk| lkexzh miyC/k gksA iw.kZ ikfpr ?kksy esa ,slh dksbZ ÅtkZ [kk| lkexzh ugha ik;h tkrh ftldh otg ls eD[kh ;k ePNj mlds vkl&ikl igqapsA
2- ck;ksxSl la;a= dks pykus ds fy;s D;k fdlh rjg ds j[k&j[kko dh t:jr iM+rh gS\
fiNys pkj lkyksa esa ;g ik;k x;k gS fd ck;ksxSl la;a= ds lM+ku d{k ¼Mk;tsLVj½ ds j[k&j[kko dh dksbZ t:jr ugha iM+rhA lkIrkfgd xSl ikbZi dh tkWap djuh iM+rh gS rkfd mlls ;g fuf'pr gks tk;s fd blesa dksbZ xSl fjlko rks ughaA
oSKkfudksa dh utj esa ,slk D;ksa \
Mkseuqek ck;ksxSl la;a= b±V&lhesaV ls cuk gksrk gS ftlesa lkekU;r;k fdlh çdkj ds j[k&j[kko dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA Mªe uqek ck;ksxSl la;a= esa le;≤ ij yksgs ds Mªe dks tax ls cpkus ds fy;s ckgjh lrg ij jax fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
3- ck;ksxSl la;a= dh vok;qoh; izfØ;k dh 'kq:vkr djrs gq;s vkidks fdlh pqukSrh dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA
ughaA oSKkfudks }kjk crk;s x;s ekid fu'kku rd ikuh ,oa xkscj ds ?kksy dks ,d lkFk Hkj fn;k rRi'pkr~ xSl lqpk# #i ls mRiUu gks jgh gSA blds fy;s ges fdlh Hkh izdkj dh e'khu] fctyh bR;kfn dh vko'drk ugha gqbZZA
oSKkfudksa dh utj esa ,slk D;ksa \
vok;qoh; izfØ;k ,d rjg ls izkÑfrd ,oa lkekU; izfØ;k gSA bl izfØ;k ls fdlh Hkh izdkj ds dkcZfud inkFkZ ls ck;ksxSl cuk;h tk ldrh gSA vxj dHkh bl izfØ;k ls xSl dk mRiknu cgqr nsjh ls gks rks ,slh fLFkfr esa ikl ds
37
fdlh iqjkus la;a= ls fdf.or Lyjh ykdj Mky nsuh pkfg;s rkfd feFksu mRiUu djus okys thok.kqvksa dh ek=k es o`f) gks tk;sA
4- izfrfnu xkscj ,oa ikuh ds ?kksy djus esa dksbZ ijs'kkuh \
ughaA izfrfnu ds xkscj dks i'kq'kkyk ls mBkdj jksM+h esa Mkyus ds ctk; xkscj xSl la;a= ds fefDlax VaSd es Mky fn;k tkrk gSA fefJr ¼ fefDlax Vsad ½ esa yxk;s gq, >sjus dh enn ls ?kksy vklkuh ls rS;kj gks tkrk gSA ?kksy rS;kj djus ds fy;s dksbZ vfrfjDr ÅtkZ dh vko';drk ugha iM+rhA
5- ck;ksxSl dks mi;ksx ysus esa dksbZ ijs'kkuh gqbZ \
'kq#vkrh fnuksa es ck;ksxSl de tyrh Fkh ijUrq ckn es ck;ksxSl iw.kZ #i ls viuh n{krk ds lkFk tyrh gSA
osKkfud utj es ,slk D;ks \
'kq#vkrh fnuksa eas ck;ksxSl ds xSl feJ.k esa dkcZu&MkbZ&vkWDlkbZM T;knk gksrh gS ,ao feFksu deA bl otg ls 'kq#vkrh fnuksa esa ck;ksxSl ds tyus esa fnDdr vkrh gS ijUrq 7&8 fnuksa ckn tc feFksu dh ek=k dkcZu&MkbZ&vkWDlkbZM ls T;knk gks tkrh gS rc ;g iw.kZ #i ls viuh n{krk ds lkFk Tofyr gksrh gSA
Ckk;ksxSl dk mi;ksx pqYgs }kjk [kkuk idkus esa ysrs le; fdu&fdu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk iMrk gS \
Ikgyh /;ku j[kus ;ksX; ckr ;g gs fd ck;ksxSl gYdh uhyh ykS ds lkFk tyuh pkfg;s ,oa nwljh] ykS dh mapkbZ pqYgs ls 2-5 ls 3-0 ls-eh- gksuh pkfg;sA
38
ck;ksxSl la;a= ykHk&gkfu dk ys[kk&tks[kk1- nks ?kuehVj ds ck;ksxSl la;a= ds fy, izfrfnu 50 fd-xzk- xkscj rFkk cjkcj
ek=k esa ikuh dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
izfro"kZ xkscj dh vko';drk 365 x 50 = 18250 fd-xzk-
izfro"kZ ikuh dh vko';drk 365 x 50 = 18250 fd-xzk-
dqy ek=k ¼xkscj $ ikuh½ = 36500 fd-xzk-
2- ,d 2 ?kuehVj ds ck;ksxSl la;a= dks yxkrkj ,d eghus rd dke esa ysa rks 26.5 fd- xzk- nzohHkwr isVªksfy;e xSl ¼,y-ih-th-½ dh cpr gksrh gS ;kfu yxHkx nks xSl flys.Mj dh cprA
nks xSl flys.Mj dh ykxr ¼fcuk vuqnku½ 2 x 530 = 1060 #-
¼izfr flys.Mj dher orZeku nj yxHkx 530 #-½
izfr o"kZ cpr 1060 x 12 = 12720 #
3- la;a= esa Mkyh ck;ksxSl Lyjh dk yxHkx 25 izfr'kr Hkkx xSl esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gS ,oa yxHkx 75 izfr'kr Hkkx ck;ksxSl Lyjh ¼ck;ks[kkn½ ds :i esa izkIr gksrk gS ;kfu 9 Vu ek=k xSl esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gS rFkk 27 Vu xhyh Lyjh ds :i esa izkIr gksrh gSA ck;ksxSl Lyjh dks gok esa 25&30 izfr'kr ueh rd lq[kkus ij izkIr [kkn dh ek=k 10800 fd- xzk- ;k 10-8 Vu gksrh gSA
dqy O;; ¼izFke o"kZ½
nks ?kuehVj ck;ksxSl la;a= fuekZ.k [kpZ # 27860.00
;fn xkscj 1 # izfr fd-xzk- dh nj ls [kjhnk tk;s #- 18250.00
dqy [kpZ = #- 46110.00
izkfIr;k¡ ¼izFke o"kZ½
vuqnku #- 9000.00
xSl ¼bZa/ku ds :i esa½ #- 12720.00
ck;ksxSl Lyjh ¼10-8 Vu½ dks ;fn #- 54000.00
5 #- izfr fd-xzk- dh nj ls cspk tk;s
dqy izfkIr;k¡ = #- 75720.00
39
bl vk/kkj ij ge ekudj py ldrs gSa fd izFke o"kZ esa ykHk ugha gksrk gSA vkus okys o"kksZa esa ykHk&gkfu dh ek=k bl izdkj jgsxh %&
bl vk/kkj ij 2 ?kuehVj ck;ksxSl la;= çfro"kZ yxHkx 48000@& dh 'kq) cpr djk foÙkh; ykHk çnku djrk gSA
o"kZ
f}rh;
r`rh;
prqFkZ
iape
O;; ¼:-½
18250-00
18250-00
18250-00
18250-00
çkfIr ¼:-½
66720-00
66720-00
66720-00
66720-00
dqy
48470-00
48470-00
48470-00
48470-00
48470-00
'kq) ykHk ¼:-½
dSls yxok;s ck;ksxSl la;a=
jktLFkku jkT; ds fdlh Hkh ykHkkFkhZ dks ck;ksxSl la;a= cuokus ds fy;s
lcls igys ck;ksxSl fodkl ,oa çf'k{k.k dsUæ] mn;iqj ij lEidZ djuk gksrk
gSA ykHkkFkhZ ds ikl miyC/k i'kq ,oa ifjokj esa jgus okys lnL;ksa ds vk/kkj ij
ck;ksxSl la;a= dh {kerk dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA ck;ksxSl la;a= ds fuekZ.k
ds fy;s ,d çf'kf{kr dkjhxj dh t:jr gksrh gS ftldh lwph ykHkkFkhZ dks
ck;ksxSl fodkl ,oa çf'k{k.k dsUæ] mn;iqj ls fey ldrh gSA
fdlh Hkh ck;ksxSl la;a= ij dsfUæ; fofÙk; lgk;rk çkIr djus ds fy;s
mDr la;a= dk ck;ksxSl fodkl ,oa çf'k{k.k dsUæ ds deZpkfj;ksa }kjk la;a=
fuekZ.k ds LFkku dk ,oa la;a= cuus ds ckn la;a= dks pkyq voLFkk dk HkkSfrd
lR;kiu djokuk vfuok;Z gSA nksuksa lR;kiu ds ckn ykHkkFkhZ dks dsfUæ; vuqnku
jkf'k pSd }kjk nh tk;sxhA la;a= dks cuokus ds fy;s la;a= dh dqy ykxr dk
çkjfEHkd Hkqxrku Lo;a ykHkkFkhZ dks djuk gksxkA
40
nhuca/kq ck;ksxSl la;= dks cuokus gsrq vko';d lkexzh dh ek=k
*ck;ksxSl dks jlksbZ ?kj rd ys tkus ds fy;s HDPE ,p-Mh-ih-bZ- ikbZi dk bLrseky djsaA
lkexzh
b±V ¼iDdh] LVS.MMZ lkbt½
lhesUV ¼50 fdyks csx½
fxêh ¼?k-eh½
jsrh ¼?k-eh½
ih- oh- lh- ikbZi ¼1" o " O;kl½
ck;ksxSl pwYgk o xSl okYo lsV ¼ux½
biksDlh isUV ¼yhVj½
dqy yscj fnol
dqy dkjhxjh fnol
la;= dh {kerk ¼?ku ehVj esa½
,d nks rhu pkj N%
800
9
1
2
2
1
1
20
10
1100
15
1-27
3-50
2
1
1-5
24
12
1500
19
1-55
4-50
2-3
1
1-5
32
16
1900
25
1-98
6-0
2-6
1
2-5
40
20
2500
33
2-54
8-0
2-6
1
3
60
30
34
nhuca/kq ck;ksxSl la;= ds eki ¼IykLVj ds ckn dk eki½
41
42
nhu ca/kq ck;ksxSl la;a= cukus ds fofHkUu pj.k
43
ds-o
h-v
kbZ-l
h- e
kWMy
ds-o
h-v
kbZ-l
h- e
kWMy
44
¶ysfVax Mªe ¼[kknh deh'ku ekWMy½ ds- oh- vkbZ- lh- la;a= ds uki
ladsr
d[kx?kpNt>VBM<uiQcHke;jyo'klg{k=K
uksV & lHkh uki ls-eh- esa gSA
2 ?k-eh- 3 ?k-eh- 4 ?k-eh- 6 ?k-eh-
135231502801007040301815523100381540-5381035-51545504525715&303015
160231703001006075302065523807515504515381545504527715&303015
1802318531510060783022660236576155547-51545154555452921515303015
23023185315100607530266402345901552-5451545154545502921515303015
45
LV
hy M
ªe ¼
ds-o
h-vkb
Z-lh-
ekWMy
½ c
k;ksx
Sl l
a;a= e
sa yku
s oky
h lke
xzh d
k foo
j.k
Ø- l
a-
1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7-
lke
xzh
dk
foo
j.k
2 ?
k-e
h-3
?k-
eh-
4 ?
k-e
h-6
?k-
eh-
LVhy
Mªe ¼xSl g
ksYMj½
b±V ¼ux½
lhesaV ¼cksjh½ 50
fd-xzk-@
cksjh
jsr ¼?k-eh-½
fxêh 1@
2** ;k 3@
4** ?k-eh-
,-lh-
ikbZi
4**
O;kl
dk ¼ehVj½
ikbi
fQfVax l
kexzh
1
2460 13 2 0-60
3-30
1
2765 17 2-55
0-90
4-60
1
3205 19 2-90
0-95
6-30
1- 3730 23 3-40
1-25
6-50
vko';
drkuql
kj LFkkuh; fLFkfr
dks /;
ku e
sa j[krs
gq,
46
uki ¼eh-½la;a= dh {kerk ¼?kuehVj½
2 3 4
d[kx?krFkn/ku
1-2501-1500-1001-0001-1600-3000-4000-5000-250
1-5001-1500-0751-0000-2500-4000-4500-5500-250
1-6501-2500-1501-0000-2500-4000-5500-6000-250
2] 3 rFkk 4 ?kuehVj {kerk dsds-oh-vkbZ-lh- la;a=ksa ds Mªe
47
lkexzhla;a= dh {kerk ¼?kuehVj½
2
,axy vk;ju ¼eh-½
35 x 35 x 4 fe-eh-
35 x 35 x 6 fe-eh-
45 x 45 x 6 fe-eh-
dsUæh; ikbi ¼eh-½
65 fe-eh- O;kl
80 fe-eh- O;kl
100 fe-eh- O;kl
¶ysUt IysV ¼la-½
250 fe-eh- O;kl ( 6 fe-eh- eksVkbZ
300 fe-eh- O;kl ( 6 fe-eh- eksVkbZ
yksgs ds ¶ysV~l ¼eh-½
40 fe-eh- pkSM+kbZ ( 6 fe-eh- eksVkbZ
xSl fudkl ¶ysUt ¼la-½
25 fe-eh- O;kl
th-vkbZ-cS.M ¼la-½
25 fe-eh- O;kl
xSl okYo ¼la-½
25 fe-eh- O;kl
yksgs dh píj ¼la-½
2-5 x 1-0 eh- ( 14 xst
2-5 x 1-25 eh- ( 12 xst
3 4 6
16-8
&
&
1-15
&
&
2
&
4-2
1
1
1
2-25
&
19-4
&
&
1-15
&
&
2
&
4-2
1
1
1
&
3
&
21-0
&
&
1-25
&
2
&
4-3
1
1
1
&
3-25
&
&
30-6
&
&
1-25
&
2
3-5
1
1
1
&
4-25
ds- oh- vkbZ- lh- ck;ksxSl la;a= ds Mªeksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, vko';d lkexzh
48
uki ¼eh-½la;a= dh {kerk ¼?kuehVj½
2 3 6
d
[k
x
?k
M-
1-850
0-880
1-810
0-300
0-250
1-850
1-005
2-060
0-300
0-250
2-150
1-290
2-660
0-300
0-300
4
1-850
1-105
2-260
0-300
0-250
ds-oh-vkbZ-lh- la;a=ksa dh LFkkid la?kkj
49
ds- oh- vkbZ- lh-ds fy, vko';d lkexzh
ck;ksxSl la;a=ksa dh LFkkid la/kkjksa ds fuekZ.k
lkexzhla;a= dh {kerk ¼?kuehVj½
2
,axy vk;ju ¼eh-½
35 x 35 x 4 fe-eh-
35 x 35 x 6 fe-eh-
45 x 45 x 6 fe-eh-
dsUæh; ikbi ¼eh-½
40 fe-eh- O;kl
50 fe-eh- O;kl
65 fe-eh- O;kl
¶ysUt IysV ¼la-½
250 x 250 x 6 fe-eh-
300 x 300 x 6 fe-eh-
cksYV ,oa uV ¼la-½
14 fe-eh- O;kl ( 32 fe-eh- y-
3 4 6
10-9
&
&
1-85
&
&
2
&
16
11-9
&
&
1-85
&
&
2
&
16
&
12-7
&
&
1-85
&
2
&
16
&
&
14-3
&
&
2-15
&
2
16
50
ds- oh- vkbZ- lh- ck;ksxSl la;a= cukus ds fofHkUu pj.k
51
52
ch-Mh-Vh-lh-]mn;iqj
ch-Mh-Vh-lh-]vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh-fnYyh
ch-Mh-Vh-lh-]Vh-,u-,-;w-dks;EcVwj
ch-Mh-Vh-lh-]vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh-]xqokgkVh
ch-Mh-Vh-lh-bUnkSj
ch-Mh-Vh-lh-]ih-,-;w-]ywf/k;kuk
ch-Mh-Vh-lh-]ds-vkbZ-vkbZ-VhHkqous'oj
ch-Mh-Vh-lh-]cSaxyksj
dsUæ ds uke
MkW- nhid 'kekZ
MkW- oh- ds- fot;
MkW- ,l- iqxkysa/kh
MkW- fiuds'ojegark
MkW- ,l- ih-flag
MkW- ljcthrflag lwp
MkW- Lusgkf'k"k feJk
MkW- oh- dqekjxkSMk
fMikVZesUV vkWQ fjU;wcy ,uthZ baftfu;fjax] lh-Vh-,-bZ-] mn;iqjlEidZ % 0294&2471068 ¼vkW½eks- % 9414160221
lsVj QkWj :jy MoyiesasV ,.M VsDuksyksth vkbZvkbZVh fnYyhQksu % 011&26596351
fMikVZesUV vkWQ ck;ks,uthZ] ,xzhdYpj baftfu;fjax dkWyst ,.M fjlpZ baLVhV~;wV] rfeyukMw ,xzhdYpj ;wfuojflVh] dks;EcVwjQksu % 0422&6611526] 527
fMikVZesaV vkWQ esdsfudy baftfu;fjax vkbZvkbZVh] xqokgkVh] vklkeQksu % 0361&2582651@2662
lsaVj vkWQ ,uthZ LVMht ,.M fjlpZ nsoh vfgZY;k fo'ofo|ky;] bUnkSjQksu % 0731&2460309
fMikVZesaV vkWQ flfoybathfu;fjaxiatkc ,xzhdYpj ;wfuojflVhyqf/k;kuk eks- % 09872084513
dfyaxk baLVhV~;wV vkWQ b.MLVªh;y VsDuksyksth] Hkqojs'ojeks- % 9437110305
fMikVZesaV vkWQ ,xzhdYpj bathfu;fjax;wfuojflVh vkWQ ,xzhdYpjy lkbZUl th-ds- oh-ds- csaxykSjeks- % 9901069131
jktLFkkuxqtjkr,oafno&neu
gfj;k.kkmÙkjçns'k,oa ,u-lh- vkj-]fnYyh
rfeyukMqikafMpsjhdsjsykvaMeku fudksckj ,oa y{;nhi
lHkh mÙkjh iwohZ jkT; flDdhe ,oa if'pe caxky ds lkFk
NÙkhlx<+e/;çns'k ,oa egkjk"Vªk
iatkc fgekpy çns'k mÙkjk[k.M ,oa tEew d'ehj
vka/kz çns'k] mfMlk] fcgkj ,oa >kj[k.M
xksok ,oa dukZVdk
dk;ZØe
leUo;d ds ukeirk dsUæ esa vkus
okys jkT;
rkfydk&1 % ckjgoha iapof"kZ; ;kstuk ds rgr ck;ksxSl fodkl ,oaçf'k{k.k dsUæ dh Hkkjr ljdkj ds }kjk ekU;rk çkIr dsUæksa dh lwph
53
'kCnkoyh
vEy
vEyrk
miyfC/k
oSdfYid L=ksr
vok;qoh;
okf"kZd
esgjkc
thok.kq
ck;ksxSl
tSo b±/ku
tSo çnkFkZ
b±Vsa
i'kqvksa dk xkscj
dsUæh; ikbi
[kkuk idkus gsrq
m"eh; eki
xkscj ds d.Ms
ikpu
ikfp=
fd.ou@lMu
midj.k
?kuRo
f}&b±/kfu; bZatu
ifj:i
Acid
Acidity
Achievement
Alternate Source
Anaerobic
Anum
Arch
Bacteria
Biogas
Bio Fuel
Biomass
Bricks
Cattle Dung
Central Pipe
Cooking
Calorific Value
Dung Cake
Digestion
Digester
Decomposition
Device
Density
Duel Fuel Engine
Design
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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-
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-
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-
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54
f}&eq[kh pqYgk
dfBu ifjJe
rRo
mRltZu
le`)
ÅtkZ
fo|qr
n{krk
cjkcj@lerqY;
moZjd
b±/ku
ykS&vojks/kd
gfjr x`g xSl
xSl fudkl
xSl laxzkgd
xSl Hkkx
tfu=
ços'k VSad
ykxw@dk;kZfUor djuk
jlksbZ vif'k"V
jks'kuh
fNæ
;kaf=d
ea=ky;
feJ.k VSad
Double Burner Stove
Drudgery
Element
Emission
Enrich
Energy
Electricity
Efficiency
Equivalent
Fertilizer
Fuel
Flame Arrester
Green House Gas
Gas Outlet
Gas Holder
Gas Portion
Generator
Inlet Tank
Implement
Kitchen Waste
Lightining
Leak
Motive
Ministry
Mixture Tank
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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-
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55
vikjEifjd
fudkl VSad
dkcZfud inkFkZ
çnq"k.k
'kfDr
la;a=
foHkktd nhokj
ik;k
cuk gqvk
mRikfnr djuk
dk;ZØe
çxfr
lao/kZu dky
uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ
çkS|ksfxdh
LoPNrk
pqYgk
ijr
ey
vuqnku jkf'k
vfLFkj Bksl
vk;ru
ikuh fudkyus dk midj.k
Non - Conventional
Outlet Tank
Organic Matter
Pollution
Power
Plant
Partition Wall
Pillar
Pre Fabricate
Produce
Programme
Progress
Retention Time
Renewable Energy
Technology
Sanitation
Stove
Scum
Sludge
Subsidy
Volatile Solid
Volume
Water Removal Device
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-
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-
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-
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56
rjyhÑr isVªksfy:e xSl
laihfMr çkÑfrd xSl
mPp ?kuRo ikWyh bFkkbZyhu
uohu ,oa uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ ea=ky;
ck;ksxSl fodkl ,oa çf'k{k.k dsUæ
jk"Vªh; ck;ksxSl ,oa [kkn çca/kd dk;ZØe
[kknh vkSj xzkeks|ksx vk;ksx
Qkbcj çcfyr IykfLVd
VuZdh dk;ZdÙkkZ
dsfUæ; fofÙk; lgk;rk
uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ feL=h
L. P. G.
C. N. G.
H. D. P. E.
M. N. R. E.
B. D. T. C.
N. B. M. M. P.
K.V.I.C.
F.R.P.
T.K.W.
C.F.A.
R.E.Ts
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Liquified Petroleum Gas
Compressed Natural Gas
High Density Polyethylene
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
Biogas Development & Training Center
National Biogas & Manure Management
Programme
Khadi and Village Industries Commission
Fibre Reinforced Plastic
Turn Key Workers
Central Financial Assistance
Renewable Energy Technicians
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