INSECT DEVELOPMENT AND LIFE CYCLE

INSECTS LARVAE CAMPODEIFORM elongated, flattened, active Weel developed legs & antennae Many beetles & Neuroptera (lace- wing)

CARABIFORM (pg 29) flattened, well-developed legs Carabidae (beetle) short legs, short cerci and a flattened

body.

SCARABAEIFORM sluggish, cylindrical, c-shaped well-developed head and thoracic legs Scarabaeidae (beetle)

ELATERIFORM Wireworm elongate, cylindrical, with a hard

exoskeleton and tiny legs Elateridae (click beetle)

ERUCIFORM Catterpillar-like Cylindrical, obvious head, short antennae Butterflies and moths

PLATYFORM Very flattened larva Leg hidden or none Diptera (flies), Lepidoptera, Coleoptera

(beetle)

VERMIFORM Maggot (berengga) legless, head undeveloped Diptera (flies) circular in cross section and tapering to a

point, they do not possess legs

INSECTS PUPAE EXARATE (EKSARAT) the appendages, legs etc., are free and

capable of movement Most orders except butterflies

(lepidoptera) & flies (Diptera)

OBTECT (OBTEK) the legs and other appendages are

closely appressed to the rest of the body not capable of free movement butterflies

COARCTATE (KOARKTAT) Enclosed within the last larval skin acts as a cocoon protects the pupa flies (Diptera, of the sub-order

Cyclorrhapha.).

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Benefit: Rapid increase in number Close match between organism & environment Save time: don’t have ti find and court mate

Disadvantage: offspring (anak) not variable 3 modes(cara):

1) HERMAPHRODISM: egg & sperm produce by same individual

2) GYNOGENESIS: egg is activated by the presence of sperm in order to develop. However, the sperm cell does not contribute any genetic material to the offspring.

3) PARTHENOGENESIS: reproduction without fertilization (persenyawaan)

PARTHENOGENESIS

1) ARRHENOTOKY unfertilised eggs develop into males Bees, ants, wasps

2) THELYTOKY Unfertilized eggs turn to female aphid

EGG LAYING use ovipositor variaton:

long, tubular- sticking eggs into hard suface Long-horned grasshopper, parasitic wasp Some are short

ovipositor♀

6-7 cm

Eggs hatch to produce larva/nymph METAMORPHOSIS:

1) AMETABOLOUS Without metamorphosis or unclear Silverfish (Thysanura)

2) HEMIMETABOLOUS (EXOPTERYGOTA) Incomplete m/morphosis (eggnymph/naiadadult) a) Paurometabolous: the nymph and the adult would

live in the same environment (grasshopper,cricket) b) Heterometabolous: the nymph & adult live in

different environments. For example, Odonata naiad live in the water and cicada nymph underground, whereas the adults are aerial.

3) HOLOMETABOLOUS (ENDOPTERYGOTA) Complete m/morphosis (egglarvapupaadult)