1

wju ñ, w¾:j;a lr .ekSu i|yd rchla wkq.ukh lrk l%shdud¾.

wju ñ, w¾:j;a lr .ekSu i|yd rchla wkq.ukh lrk iqúfYaI l%shdud¾.hla f,i ñ, wdOdrl m%;sm;a;s ±laúh yels h'

ñ, wdOdrl m%;sm;a;s j, § wju ñ, ksIamdolhdg ,efnk nj iy;sl ùula iÿsfõ' ta wkqj tys § wju ñ, iy;sl ñ,la fia ie,efla'

wju ñ, iy;sl ñ,la fia i,lñka ksIamdolhd wdrlaId lr .ksñka ksIamdolhkaf.a wdodhu by< kexùu i|yd rchla wkq.ukh lrk ñ, wdOdrl m%;sm;a;s iajrEm folls'

1 rcfha ñ,§ .ekSï iys; ñ, wdOdrl m%;sm;a;s

2 W!k mQrK f.ùï l%uh

rcfha ñ,§ .ekSï iys; ñ, wdOdrl m%;sm;a;s

rcfha ñ, § .ekSï iys; ñ, wdOdrl m%;sm;a;sh hkq" rch úiska kshu lrkq ,nk wju ñ, hgf;a ksIamdolhd fjf<|fmd<g iemhSug leu;s uq¿ NdKav m%udKfhka wju ñ, hgf;a mdßfNda.slhd ñ, § f.k b;sß jk w;sßla; iemhqu rch ñ, § .ekSu hs'

fuf,iska jk w;sßla; iemhqu rch ñ,g .ekuS yd ta wdY%s; we;s jk m%;súmdl my; f,i rEm igykla u.ska ±laúh yels h'

1. iy;sl ñ,g fmr" mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h = A+B+C

iy;sl ñ,g miq mdßfNd.asl w;sßla;h = A

mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;fha wvq ùu = A+B+C – A

2. iy;sl ñ,g fmr ksIamdol w;sßla;h = B+C

iy;sl ñ,g miq ksIamdol w;sßla;h = Q+E

ksIamdol w;sßla;fha jeä ùu = B+C+J

2

3. iy;sl ñ, hgf;a w;sßla;h ñ,g .ekSu fjkqfjka rchg ±Íug isÿjk msßjeh = C+E+G+H+K+J

mdßfNda.slhdf.a meyeou = B+D+F

ksIamdolhdf.a whNdrh = mdßfNda.sl meyeou ++ rcfha msßjeh

= B+C+J+D+E+F+G+H+K

Y=N idOkhg jQ n,mEu

= ksIamdok w;sßla;fha jeä ùu - (mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;fha wvq ùu + rcfha msßjeh )

= B+C+J – ( B +C+E+G+H+K+J)

= - ( C + E +G+ H + K)

( C + E +G+ H + K) m%udKfhka w;sßla;h ñ, § .ekSfï ñ, wdOdrl m%;sm;a;sh ksid iudc Y=N idOkfha wysñ ùula isÿ j we;'&

3

W!k mQrK f.ùï l%uh

W!k mQrK f.ùï l%uh hkq wju ñ, iSudj hgf;a ksIamdolhka fjf<|fmd<g iemhSug leue;s uq¿ NdKav m%udKh u mdßfNda.slhka f.ùug leu;s fjf<|fmd< ;SrKh jk ñ,;a rch úiska mkjk ,o wju ñ,;a w;r m%udKh rch úiska ksIamdolhdg f.ùu h

K m%udKfhka iudc Y=N idOkfha wysñ ùula iÿsj we;' W!k mQ¾K f.ùu - K

mdßfNda.sl meyeou - D+E+H W!k mQ¾K f.ùu ksid ksIamdolhdf.a whNdrh = rcfha msßjeh + mdßfNda.sl meyeou

B+J+K+C+F+G+D+E+H

4

ñ, ia:dhslrK ls%hdud¾.

ksIamdÈ; NdKavj, ñ, .Kka ks;r ks;r WÉpdjpkh ùu ñ, wia:dhS;djhla f,i ie,fla' ñ, .Kka wia:dhS jk úg ksImdolhskfa.a wdodhïys o wia:dhS;djka we;s fõ'

úfYaIfhkau lDIld¾ñl NdKavj, ñ, .Kka ks;r WÉpdjpkh ùu m%dfhda.sl f,dalfha iq,nj ±lsh yels lreKls' lDI s NdKavj, ñ, .Kka WÉpdjpkh ksrka;rfhka isÿ jk úg f.dùkaf.a wdodhï wi:adhS ùu m%n, .eg¨jla ù we;'

fun÷ wjia:djkays § j.d lrejkaf.a wdodhï ia:dhS lsÍu i|yd wdKavqjla úiska úúOdldr jQ ñ, ia:dhlSrK jev ms<sfj<j,a l%shd;aul lrkq olakg ,efí'

ksIamdolhkau; i,dl kshu lsÍu ksIamdolhka u; i,dl kshu lsÍu ta w;r jeo.;a jk ia:dhlS rK jev ms<sfj<ls' lsishï ksYaÑ; ld,hla ;=< ksmoúh yels ksuejqï m%udKh ms<sn| Wmßu iSudjka wdKavqj úiska kshu lsÍu ksIamdok i,dl lsÍu hkafkka woyia flf¾' fjf<|fmd<g <Õd jk iemhqu iSud lrñka ñ, by< uÜgul mj;jad f.k hdug fuu.ska wfmaËd flf¾

f;d. /ia lsÍu yd uqod yeÍu

bvï j.d lrk m%udKh iSud lsÍu

wdkhk ;Sre nÿ mekùu

wdkhk i,dl lsÍu

wNsu;h mßÈ wdkhk iSud lsÍu jeks l%shd ud¾. ñ, ia:dhSlrKh i|yd fhdod .kq ,nhs'

පැවරුම - 2018 AL

1

ksIamdok wdh;k

wd¾Ólhla ;=< ñksia wjYH;d bgqlr .ekSu i|yd wjYH NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh fldg fjf<|fmd<g imhkq ,nkafka úúO ksIamdok msrsia úisks'

fuu ksIamdok ld¾hfha oS M,odhs wd¾Ól iïm;a tlsfklg uqiq lsÍula iÿs fõ'

tf,i ksIamdok iïm;a wjYH mßÈ uqiq lrñka ksIamdokh ixúOdkh lrk tallhla ksIamdok wdh;k ^jHdmdrsl wdh;k& kñka ye|skafõ'

fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla ;=< lghq;= lrk ksIamdok wdh;k úúO iajrEmhka f.k ahqla; h'

;ks mqoa., jHdmdr ^flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr& yjq,a jHdmdr ixia:dmss; iud.ï iuqmldr jHdmdr rdcH jHjidh ^rdcH ixia:d" rdcH fomd¾;fïka;= " rdcH iud.ï wdos&

ksIamdok wdh;kj, uQ,ls wruqK jkafka ,dN Wmrsu lsÍu hs' tfia jqj o ta ta ksIamdok wdh;k w;r wfmalaIs; ,dNfhys úúO fjkilaï mj;S'

ksIamdok Y%s;h

ksIamdok iïm;a NdKav yd fiajd njg mßj¾;kh lsrsfï l%shdj,sh ksIamdokh f,i ye|skafõ' fuys § fhojqï lsishï ;dlaIKsl l%ufõohla Tiafia ksuejïq njg m;a fõ' fhojqï yd ksuejqï w;r mj;akd ;dlaIKsl iïnkaO;dj ksIamdok Y%s;h kï fõ'

ksIamdok Y%s;h

Q = f (L, K)

Q = ksuejqu

f = Y%s;hla fõ

L = Y%uh

K = m%d.aOkh

by; Y%s;fhka fmkakqï flfrkafka lsishï NdKavhl ksuejuq" Y%uh iy m%d.aOkh hk fhojqï u; r|d mj;akd nj hs'

ksIamdolhdg fhojqï wvq jeä lsÍu u.ska ksuejuq wvq jeä l< yels h' fuys oS we;eï fhojqï blaukska fjkia l< yels w;r we;eï fhojqï tfia bluakska fjkia l< fkdyels h' ksuejuq wvq jeä lsÍfï yelshdj r|d mj;afka fld;rï blaukska fhojqï fjkia lsrsug ksIamdolhdg yelshdjla ;sfí o hkak u; h'

fuf,iska fhojqu fjkia lsÍug .; jk ld,h u; ksIamdokh yd iïnkaO m%Odk ld, iajrEm folla y÷kd.; yels h' tkï

1& flá ld,h

2& os.= ld,h

2

flá ld,h

ksIamdok l%shdj,hs i|yd fhdod .efkk we;eï fhojqï ^ wju jYfhka tla idOlhla j;a& fjkia l< fkdyels ld, mrsÉfÊoh flá ld,h kï fõ'

fï ksid u flá ld,fha ia:djr fhojqï yd úp,H fhojqï f,iska idOl foj¾.hla oelsh yels h'

flá ld,sk ksIamdok Y%s;h

l¾udka; Yd,dfõ ;dlaIKh yd Odrs;dj fkdfjkia j ;sìh § úp,H fhojqï fjkia lrk úg fhojqï yd ksuejqï w;r mj;akd ;dlaIKsl iïnkaO;dj flá ld,kS ksIamdok Y%s;h kñka ye|skafõ tkï"

os.= ld,h

ksIamdok l%shdj,hsg wod< ish¨ u fhojqï fjkia lsÍug m%udKj;a ld,h os.= ld,h hs'

fï ksid u ksIamdok wdh;khl os.= ld,fha oS mj;sk ish¨ u fhojqï úp,H fhojqï fõ'

ksIamdok l%shdj,shg wod< ish¨ fhojqï fjkia lrk úg fhojqï yd ksuejqï w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;dj my; mßos o.s= ld,Sk ksIamdok Ys%;fhka fmkaúh yels h'

Q = F (L1, L2, L3………………..Ln.., K1, K2, K3…………….Kn )

ksIamdok l%shdj,hs m%Odk woshr follg fjka l< yels h'

flá ld,Sk ksIamdok l%shdj,sh È.= ld,Sk ksIamdok l%shdj,sh

3

flá ld,Sk ksIamdok l%shdj,sh

flá ld,fha ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha § isák ksIamdok wdh;k úika úp,H fhojqï yd ia:djr fhojqï hk foj¾.h u Ndú; flf¾'

flá ld,fha § ksIamdok wdh;k" ia:djr idOl fkdfjkia j ;nd .ksñka úp,H fhojqï muKla jeä lrñka ksIamdokfha fhfoa'

ia:djr idOl fkdfjkia j ;ndf.k úp,H fhojqï muKla jeä lrñka ksIamdokh jeä lsßfï § ksuejqu lsishï rgdjla wkqj yeisf¾'

ySk jk wdka;sl M,od kS;sh u.ska meyeÈ,s flfrkafka flá ld,fha ksuejqfuys tu yeisÍï rgdj hs'

ySk jk wdka;sl M,od kS;sh

ksIamdok wdh;khla flá ld,fha § ia:djr fhojqï iuÕ ñY% lrñka úp,H fhojqï muKla jeä lrk úg" úp,H fhojqfï wdka;sl M,odj yd idudkH M,odj tla;rd wjia:djlg miq j my< hEu ySk jk wdka;sl M,od kS;sh kñka ye¢kafõ'

flá ld,Sk ksuejqu yd iïnkaO fuu ySk jk wdka;sl M,od kS;sh mokï jkafka my; Wml,amk u; h'

1 ish¨ úp,H fhojqï tall iucd;sh ùu

2 wod< ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ;=< ;dlaIKh fkdfjkia j meje;Su

ySk jk wdka;sl M,od kS;sh my; ksoiqk weiqßka úuid ne,sh yels h'

ksoiq ( wlalrhl bvul f;a j.d lsÍu i|yd Y%ñlhska fhoùu

ia:djr idOlh - bvu

úp,H idOlh - Y%ñlhska

fuys § úp,H idOl m%udKh jeä lsÍu;a iuÕ ia:djr idOl m%udKh úp,H idOl m%udKh w;r fn§ hk fyhska úp,H idOl tallhlg ,efnk ia:djr idOl m%udKh l%ufhka wvq fõ'

bvfuys f;a j.d lsÍug wvqqfjka Y%uh fhdok úg Y%uh jeä lrk m%;sY;hg jvd jeä m%;sY;hlska ksuejqu jeä lr .ekuSg yelshdj ,efí' tfy;aa wlalrhlg fhdojk Y%u m%udKh iuSdj blaujd hk mßÈ jeä lrk úg ,efnk f;a wiajkq m%udKh Y%uh jeä lrk m%;sY;h fukaa jeä fkdfõ'

wfkla w;g tla tla Y%ñlfhl= ne.ska jeä lsÍfuka uq¿ ksuejuqg w¨f;ka tl;= jk m%udKh;a lu%fhka wvq ù th Y+kH uÜgula lrd <Õd ùug o mq¿jk'