The FamilyChapter 12

Introduction The most universal social institution

is the family- every society organizes its members into families.

What constitutes a family varies widely from culture to culture.

Families throughout the world follow similar organizational patterns and fulfill common functions.

Family Systems A family is a group of people who are

related by marriage, blood, or adoption and who often live together and share economic resources.

A nuclear family consists of one or both parents and their children.

The nuclear family is the family form most recognizable to Americans,

Family Systems An individual’s family of

orientation is the nuclear family into which the person is born or adopted.

This family is composed of the individual and his or her siblings- brothers and sisters- and parents.

Family Systems When an individual marries, a

new nuclear family is formed. The new nuclear family is now a

family of procreation- consisting of the individual, his or her spouse, and their children.

Family Systems In many societies the nuclear family

is embedded in a larger family group. Sociologists refer to this family unit

as the extended family. An extended family consists of two or

more generations (grandparents, parents, and children) who may live in the same house, a cluster of homes, or separate homes.

Family Systems Nuclear families and extended

families are often part of a much larger kinship system.

Kinship refers to a network of people who are related by marriage, birth, or adoption.

Kinship systems can be quite large (in some kinship systems there are close to 200 possible categories of relatives).

Family Systems Kinship categories can be organized into 3

broad groupings- Primary- Mother, father, sister, brother,

spouse, daughter, and son. Secondary- The primary relatives of an

individual’s primary relatives. Grandparents, grandchildren, in-laws, aunts, uncles, nephews, and nieces.

Tertiary- Primary relatives or an individual’s secondary relatives. Great-grandparents, great-grandchildren, great-aunts, great-uncles, cousins.

Marriage and Kinship Patterns

Some form of family organization exists in all societies.

However, the exact nature of the family varies from society to society and even within societies.

Family organization is determined by how a society or group within a society answers four questionso How many marriage partners may a person have?o Who will live with whom?o How will family membership be determined?o Who will make the decisions in the family?

Marriage and Kinship Patterns

Before we get into the 4 questions, let’s define what we mean by marriage.

Sociologists use the term to refer not to the married couple but to the set of norms that establishes and characterizes the relationship between married individuals.

Marriage Partners No universal norm limits the number of marriage

partners an individual may have. In most industrialized nations, however, an

individual is allowed to be married to only one person at a time.