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Single word approaches Metaphors Similes Ideographs Word clusters Myths Arguments Narrative paradigm: people are storytellers Chapter Eight - Language FORM AND LANGUAGE
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Chapter OverviewDefines meaning and details the characteristics of languageRelays some basic forms of language that help construct messagesProvides guidelines for determining the most effective language choices when constructing a speech
Chapter Eight - Language
CHAPTER EIGHT - LANGUAGE
Arbitrary- meanings can change, and even disappear, and are known as a dead language
Ambiguous- no fixed meaning Abstract- separate from what it represents Hierarchical- places values of more an less
on language
Chapter Eight - Language
LANGUAGE CHARACTERISTICS
Single word approaches Metaphors Similes Ideographs
Word clusters Myths Arguments
Narrative paradigm: people are storytellers
Chapter Eight - Language
FORM AND LANGUAGE
Repetition Same word pattern Emphasizing by repeating
Alliteration-repeating the same sound Parallelism-using similarly constructed
words Antithesis- compare and contrast ideas
against one anotherChapter Eight - Language
STRUCTURING LANGUAGE
Profanity damages ethos Can be caused by emotion Novice speakers think it is clever If needed, alert the audience first
Hate speech Offensive and emotional Can be used to promote violence
Chapter Eight - Language
LANGUAGE ETHICS
Use familiar language Don’t try to “sound smart” Present ideas in a clear manner Complex words can confuse the
audience Should have conversational qualities
Chapter Eight - Language
LANGUAGE GUIDELINES
Don’t be too wordy Concise and clear Unnecessary words can be a distraction
Thesaurus Useful for synonyms
Be comfortable with new words Varying words can be pleasing
Chapter Eight - Language
LANGUAGE GUIDELINES CONT.
Active language shows language
Use inclusive language to help connect with the audience “We” “Us”
Chapter Eight - Language
LANGUAGE GUIDELINES CONT.
Language use can greatly enhance a speaker’s performance and helps the speech to have a more powerful impact upon the audience
Chapter Eight - Language
FINALLY…
