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The Protestant Reformation
Church hierarchy developed
from Roman government Roman government was a rigid
pyramid/top-down political system
When Roman government collapsed, The Church was the only structure left
Roman Emperor had been seen as a God/god like
Pope seen as link to God/Christ’s representative on earth
Do these traits compliment or conflict with Renaissance ideals?
Catholic Church
Wealth and Political Power Had to defend the Papal
States from French and Italian Enemies
Lower clergy was often times illiterate and unofficially married
As literacy spread during the Renaissance, people began to expect more from their priests
Renaissance Popes
From a copper mining family Father wanted him to be a
lawyer When caught in storm, he
promised to become a monk Fasted and prayed but still
felt like a sinner “The just shall live by faith” Faith alone was needed for
salvation
Martin Luther
Prompted by
selling of indulgences by Johann Tetzel
Posted on the church door in Wittenberg
Within 6 months printing presses had spread it all over Germany
Called for a full reform of the Catholic Church
Did not call for a split from the Church
The 95 Theses
I. Salvation was
by faith alone (not faith and good works)
II. Bible was the only authority (not Church tradition)
III. Priesthood of all believers (no need for priest class)
Three Main Points of Luther’s 95 Theses
Pope Leo X
excommunicates Martin Luther
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V sides with the Pope against Luther
Reactions of the Holy Roman Emperor and the
Pope
From the
Hapsburgs, an Austrian noble family
The most powerful man in Europe
Won many lands through marriages
Charles V
European Lands of Charles V
German Princes who had remained loyal to Pope signed
agreement to join forces against Luther 1529- German Princes who had agreed with the teachings
of Luther signed a protest against this Catholic league of princes and become known as Protestants
1530- Augsburg Confession signed- asserts main tenants of what will become the Lutheran Church
1531- The Protestant Princes form the Schmalkaldic League for mutual protection against the Catholic Princes And Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
1544- Charles V feels safe form the French and Turks and attacks the Schmalkaldic League.
Charles V vs. Protestant Princes
Founders of the Schmalkaldic League
Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse
John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony
1546-1547- Charles V could never wipe out
the Protestant faith with initial military victories even though he won the Schmalkaldic War
1552- He provoked another revolt of Protestant Princes by trying to force them back into the Catholic Church
Charles V flees from superior Protestant forces 1555- Charles V agrees to the Peace of
Augsburg
Schmalkaldic War
1555 Each prince could
choose his own religion
Catholic or Lutheran- Not Calvinist
Retain loyalty to Holy Roman Emperor
Peace of Augsburg
Retires to
monastery Gives Spain,
Netherlands, Americas to his son, Philip II
Gives Holy Roman Empire to his brother, Ferdinand I
Charles V Disillusioned
Philip II of Spain