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© David Last
Institut für Erdmessung und NavigationUniversität der Bundeswehr, München
15 March 2007
Satellite Navigation – Truths & Myths
Professor David LastRoyal Institute of Navigation
Picture: earthobservatory.nasa.gov//ewsroom/BlueMarble/
From: Kelvin Hughes Ltd.
From: May, V., ‘The first handheld aviation navigator’, Navigation News Nov/Dec 2001, pp8-9..
From: www.garmin.com/marine
From: Simmons, ‘Practical applications of GPS for GIS and civil engineering’, Suppl. To Civil Engineering, 114, Sp. Issue 2, pp30-34.
Photo: Ashtech Inc., Optron Pty.
From: www.cellphonesforbusiness.com/ www.samsung.com
Contents: www.cellpoint.com/Presentation/CellPoint-LondonMLSOctober2002.pdf and http://www.telecomsys.com/
• Threats from intentional (malicious) interference• Threats from unintentional interference• Risks can be reduced but not eliminated• Consequences severe for safety, economic damage• A tempting target for those hostile to the US• GPS can be jammed• GPS can be spoofed – gives misleading information• Minimise consequences by awareness and planning• Need backup system & procedures in critical applications
Dice is 1mW GPS jammer
© David Last
Picture: Google Earth
Source: Clynch et al, ‘Multiple GPS RFI Sources in a Small California Harbor’, ION GPS02, Portland OR.
Observer, London, 29 Jan 2003
www.rin.org.uk
http://www.kenneke.com/plans.html#
• UK accepts total reliance on GPS not acceptable
• Marine Navigation to retain traditional aids
• Aviation: terrestrial backup except over North Sea and North Atlantic, “benign environments for interference”
David Jamieson, Under Secretary of State, Dept. of Transport
Mobile phones 73%
Car navigation 23%
Aviation 1%Fleet management 1%Leisure 1%Surveying 1%Augmentation 1%
© David Last
… fewer than 40 of the 137 applicationsanalysed would remain operationalfollowing the loss of GPS andits augmentations …
http://europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/energy_transport/galileo/documents/doc/2004_12_22_ernp_study_en.pdf
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
Loran-CTransmittertower
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
Loran as a complement to satellite:
Satellite Loran-C
Low powered: vulnerable
High-frequency
Line-of-sight: easily blocked
A navigation and timing system
High-powered: robust
Low-frequency
Groundwave: penetrates cities
A navigation and timing system
© David Last
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
• Commission has taken account of Volpe
• Galileo has taken potential threats into account
• Galileo far less vulnerable than current GPS
• Galileo to transmit on ‘variety of different and separated frequencies’, thus eliminating most concerns expressed in Volpe report
Heinz Hilbrecht, Director, Inland Transport,European Commission DG for Energy and Transport
Picture: europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/energy_transport/galileo/intro/index_en.htm
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
GPS & Galileo- so different:
• GPS military, Galileo civil• GPS single-nation, Galileo multi-nation• Frequencies, codes, timing, geodetics• GPS free-to-air, Galileo user-pays• GPS military-operated, Galileo PPP
It’s hard to imagine a more different approach …
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
GPS began life as:
• A “weapons aiming system and force enhancer”• A US Air Force system with no civil applications
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
Macrometer V-1000 2 boxes, 91kg
Picture: Alison Brown, “A perspective on land navigation – the evolution from man-packs to modules”, Navsys Corporation
David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
Picture: Admiralty List of Radio Signals
Differential GPS (DGPS)
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
March 29, 1996 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
PRESIDENT OPENS DOOR TO COMMERCIAL GPS MARKETS; MOVE COULD ADD … NEW JOBS TO ECONOMY BY YEAR 2000
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
• The U.S. Government also maintains the capability to prevent hostile use of GPS and its augmentations while retaining a military advantage in a theater of operations without disrupting or degrading civilian uses outside the theater of operations.
U.S. Policy Statement Regarding GPS Availability,
March 21, 2003
Source: www.navcen.uscg.gov/gps/default.htm
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
• Encourage acceptance and integration of GPS into peaceful civil, commercial and scientific applications worldwide.
• … advocate the acceptance of GPS and U.S. Government augmentations as standards for international use.
US policy will be to:
‘U.S. Global Positioning System Policy’, Fact sheet ,Office of Science and Technology Policy,National Security Council 29 March 1996
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
GPS is … . an integral component of the … global information infrastructure, with applications … from mapping and surveying to… air traffic management
‘U.S. Global Positioning System Policy’, Fact sheet ,Office of Science and Technology Policy,National Security Council 29 March 1996
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
GPS has … generated a US commercial equipment and service industry that leads the world.
White House Press Release, 29 March 1996
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
“Limit availability of radionavigation systems … in the event of a real or potential threat of war or impairment to national security.”
The US government will …
1999 Federal Radionavigation Plan, Section 1.5(l)
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
GALILEOEuropean Satellite NavigationSystem
What’s new?
• Real-time integrity - warning of failure• Legal service guarantees• Multi-nation control• Commercial service-provider• Civil, not military
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
War is glorious!
Picture: europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/energy_transport/galileo/intro/index_en.htm
© David Last
Picture: M Dillon, CEO ESYS plc, Royal Institute of Navigation, 19 Dec 2005
GNSS market size (receivers) by market - all regions
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Mill
ion
s Others
Survey
EmergencyServicesMaritime
Rail
Aviation
CommercialvehiclesMass marketvehiclesPersonalmobility
Picture: europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/energy_transport/galileo/applications/index_en.htm
+
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
Mr. V.T. ImpalerA Mongol horde from the East
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
GALILEOEuropean Satellite NavigationSystem
A threat to GPS?
• Challenges US lead• Undermines selective denial• Shares frequencies
Godet et al, ‘Galileo spectrum and interoperability issues’
GNSS2003, Graz, Austria April 2003
Robert G. Bell, GPS and Galileo – Capabilities and compatibility European satellites for security conference,Brussels, Belgium, 19 June 2002
NATO does have a very clear interest in making sure that (it) is able … to deny a potential adversary's access to … any other satellite navigation services during a conflict.Robert G. Bell
NATO Assistant Secretary General for Defence
Support
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
GPS & Galileo- cooperation:
• Brussels, Feb 25 2004 • Europe to move PRS away from M-Code• Common baseline signal structures• Compatible timing and geodetics• Open trade
A common goal: the best possible GNSS for users …
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
Galileo- the challenges:
• Recovering the investment• Who will take legal liability?• Securing the frequencies and codes• Ceding control to new partners• Access to advanced GPS technology
… and the dream of independence …
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
Galileo- still independent?
• Combined GPS-Galileo receivers• Agreements over security• Level commercial playing field• Common interference vulnerability
When would GPS be withdrawn, and Galileo continue, independently?
© David Last
15 March 2007München
Satellite Navigation – Truths & Myths?
Professor David LastRoyal Institute of Navigation
“A generation ago, navigation was a specialised art practisedby a small number of professionals. GPS brought radio-navigation to every yachtsman. Then it developed into a powerful utility that will serve all our navigation, tracking and timing needs at sea, on land, and in the air. Soon, Galileo will join GPS, giving Europe independence of the US in satellite navigation, and a vigorous new industry.”
How many of these statements are true? And which of them are myths?
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
• Galileo - Combined with GPS• Contributions from other nations• A Global Satellite Navigation System
GPS & Galileo: Where are we headed?