Upload
others
View
1
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
) (
.
.
2008
) (
11/1/2009 .
1 . . /
......................
2 . . /
......................
3 ../
......................
.
:
) (
.
Declaration
The work provided in this thesis, unless otherwise referenced, is the
researcher's own work, and has not been submitted elsewhere for any other
degree or qualification.
: Student's name:
: Signature:
: Date:
:
1
2
6
6
7
7
8
8
10
:
14
15
21
24
25
27
27
32
38
41
43
45
48
51
54
:
63
64
70
71
76
85
91
95
:
101
102
102
102
103
103
104
105
107
107
120
130
:
144
145
150
155
157
Abstract b
) (
.
.
.
)(
.
:
.
.
.
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
2
""1
.
1994
.
.
1 : . :5/6/2006 :http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/02A83F7F-349D-43E1-8BBC-F39D2269C810.htm
3
1.
:
""
.
.
:
"
"2
.
1 :"
"
-20031-
75.3. 2 : : .1981 .11.
4
-
-
.
.
)(
" "
.
/2007" :
.!
"1.
2
" "27 /
1 . 14/10/2008. 2 : . ..3839
28/6/2006 .4.
5
2006
.
.
.
.
.
.
)(
.
6
.
.
.
.
.
7
.
:
1-
.
2- .
3- .
:
1-
2-
3-
4-
8
5-
:
1-
.
2-
.
3-.
4-
.
:
: :" :" :
: : . :
: : :1.
1 :4 : .
1998 .13.
9
:
:
"1.
:
2
.
:
.
:
.
:8//2007
.
:
17
2007
.
1 :. 2007 .
14. 2
.11.
10
:
1997 2008
.
:
""1994
14/6/2007.
.
:
: :
1- ) 1981(
""
.
11
1.
2- ) 2005( )
(
1994
2004
.
.
.
3- )2008 ("
)( 2"
""
)/(2008.
) (
1 :. 2 :)(
: .2008 .49 -63.
12
.
.
::
1- )2004(1
) .(
.
.
.
.
.
2-
)1964(""
1 :)
( : .2004.
13
" ".
1.
3-
""
2.
1 : : :
.1964. 2 :
.
14
15
.
.
.
1.
.
.
:"
"2.
.
1 :30/3/2003 . :http://www.alriyadh.com/2003/03/30/article22432.html
2 Warren A. Peterson and Noel P.Gist: Rumor and Public Opinion. The American Journal of Sociology, Published by: The University of Chicago Press ,Vol. 57, No.2,(Sep.,1951). pp.159-
167 .
16
1.
.
.
" ."
.
""
.
.
1 : :
.1998 .168.
17
.
:
.
.
1.
.
1
:
: .2001 .88.
18
.
.
.
.
:
)(
.
1
."
"2 .
1 :
7. 2
:)7( :
.1998 .153.
19
--
.
2006
/2006
.
1996:
66
66.
" """74
132""45
1.
""
.
.
1 -2006 .21/9/2008
:http://www.elections.ps/pdf/ResultFinal_SEATS_DISTRIPUTION-Ar.pdf
20
- -.
""
""11 1 .""
.
""
""
.
:
:)(
.
1 :. 2006-2007.
-2008 .12.
21
:
.
:
)(
.
""
.
"
1"
:
1 :
.15.
22
:
-- -:
1-1
.
2-
.
2.
:
:
1 :
79. 2 .125.
23
1.
3-:
...
.
-
.
-
.
.
:
1- :
.
2.
1 Robert H. Knapp: A Psychology of Rumor,The Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 8, No. 1, (Spring, 1944), pp. 22-37. Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of the American
Association for Public Opinion Research. 2
126.
24
2- :
.
3- :
1.
.
2.
3 .
.
:
.
1
: . :
3/3//2007 / :http://www.falasteen.com/spip.php?article4532&vo=77- 2 H. Taylor Buckner: A Theory of Rumor Transmission, Source: The Public Opinion Quarterly,
Vol. 29, No. 1, (Spring, 1965), pp. 54-70. Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Association for Public Opinion Research.
3 -129.
25
1.
.
.
.
2.
.
3:
1 : : .1982 .115. 2 Warren A. Peterson and Noel P.Gist :
Rumor and Public Opinion. The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 57, No. 2, (Sep.,1951),pp.159-167, Published by: The University of Chicago Press.
3 .169. : :
. : .1969 .256-279.
26
1- -
.
2-
.
3-
.
:
1-
.
2-
.
.
.
1.
-
: How to Spread Rumors Fast :George Fan C. Kenneth, and Poonen, Bjorn and Poonen, Source: Mathematics Magazine. Published by: Mathematical Association of America, Vol. 70,
No. 1, (Feb., 1997), pp 40-42.
27
:
1- .
2- .
3- .
4- .
5- .
6- .
."
"1.
.
1 204.
28
".. "
.
).(
)(
)...(
" "
.
: "
"1.
.
300
2.
1 :" " .22/4/2007 .6. 2: .5/2/2007 .3.
29
.
.
-- /
/2005
1 .
.
2.
.
1 :-
9/12/2005 . :
http://www.maannews.net/ar/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&ID=14120 . 2 : ... /20/6/2004:
http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/news/2004-06/20/article07.shtml
30
"."
" "
.
1.
.
.
1- .
1 206.
31
2-
.
3-
.
-
-
.
"
") (
.
.
""
.
32
.
.
:
:
.
: .
1.
.
.
1 : . .1/10/2007 .4.
33
.
1 .
)( )(
.
"
"2.
:" "
1 : ... .
:- .28/2/2006 .
: http://home.birzeit.edu/cds/arabic/news/other/2006/peaceconf.html 2 / 928 16/6/2007.
34
.
1.
:" "
.
2 .
""
B.M.W
241
3.
"" :
1 : .8
2006 -101427-3758. 2 . 3 : .12/3/2006 :
http://www.pal-media.net/main/main.php?catid=1&did=3876
35
250"1.
":
."
"2.
""""
.
"
"
3 .
26/4/2006"450
1 :241 .2/3/2006
:http://www.maannews.net/ar/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&ID=21105 2 . 3 : :
29/ 3/2006 :
http://www.alzaytouna.net/arabic/PlsToday_Word_Archive/PlsTdy_W_Mar_3_2006/Palestine-
36
"
1.
2
.
""
""
.
)(
.
3.
1 : .27/4/2006 :
http://news.media.gov.kw/2006/4/27-4-2006A.doc. 2 : . : .1977 .283. 3 : .06
1427 .22/6/2006 .1.
37
.
.
.
"" 1
.
""""
.
1 :" ."16/9/2008 :http://www.alkhaleej.ae/portal/28146ae6-064a-4e6b-b6ab-e0863212ca42.aspx
38
1.
.
" :
" .
.
" :
"2.
.
3.
1 : .3 . : .2005 .12. 2 : . : .1999 .11. 3 7.
39
1 ""2
.
.
.
"
".
)(
.
.
1 Robert H. Knapp: A Psychology of Rumor, The Public Opinion Quarterly, Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Association for Public Opinion Research,
Vol. 8, No. 1, (Spring, 1944), pp. 22-37. 2
.201 .
40
" "
.
1 .) (
"
"2 .
:
"."
:
.
1 : . :
. 2002.
109. 2 : : :- :
.1999 .105.
41
"
1 ."
.
:""
.
"
"2 .
.
.
1
: :
.28/3/2006 . .
: http://www.alarabiya.net/Articles/2006/03/28/22350.htm 2 .99.
42
1 .
.
--
.
--
"
"2 .
"
"3.
.
1 :
.2002255. 2 254. 3 : : .2000 .281.
43
.
1447
.
189011920
:
"
1873
.
"2.
.
.
:
1-
.
Newspapers: A Brief History, World Association of newspaper 1http://www.wan-press.org/article.php3?id_article=282
2
:
. : .
:http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Ithaca/8257/arabref.doc
44
2- .
3- .
4- .
5- .
6- .
7- .
8- 1.
. "
"2.
.
1 The Future of Newspapers Printed newspapers should remain. By Jessica Osterhout
06/07/07 10:10 pm http://losgatosobserver.com/los-gatos/Article.php?article_id=0382 2 : . : .
2004 .110.
45
.
"
"1.
.. 2.
1 : :
: . . .181. 2 The media s role in society The University of the West Indies Mona, Jamaica 7/14/2007
http://www.mona.uwi.edu/jct/documents/scott.pdf
46
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
"
47
"1 .
.
-
2:
.
.
1 : . :. .
.1979 .22. 2 . :.2006.2.
48
.
.
.
" :
"1.
.
.
.
1 25/7/2005 :http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_archive.asp?FileName=36596074220050724223339
49
.
.
.
""" "" "
) (
""""""
"".
.
"
"1.
.
1 : : .19968.
50
1.
.
.
.
" :
"2.
1 :
) (!
20-10-2006
:http://www.alasr.ws/index.cfm?method=home.con&contentID=8323 2
: : . :
22232005 :http://www.awu-dam.org/politic/22-23/fkr22-23-
002.htm . :
362 1989.
51
" :Political
modernization
"1 .
.
:
1- .
2- .
3-
.
.
.
.
:
1-
.
2- .
3- .
1 11.
52
4- .
5- 1.
6-
2.
7- .
3
.
.
4.
1 : .:
. : .. .422. 2 : 7 /2007
:http://www.amin.org/look/amin/article.tpl?IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=7&NrArticle=41245
&NrIssue=1&NrSection=2 3 : : .199975. 4 : . :
: . .. .302.
53
1.
:"
"2.
.
.
.
1 : . : .1982 .
270271. 2 : . :
.2004170.
54
. .
.
:
1- :
1
" "Bullet Theory
Hypodermic Needle Magic Bullet
"2.
1 : . . .1999 .202. 2 : .2 . : .2000 .172.
55
1.
.
.
.
2- :
.
.
2:
- --
.
1 :12/2/2008 . :http://www.almarrakchia.net/iilamn.htm
2 : 205.
56
-
.
1.
3- :
"
"2.
.
.
1 .177. 2
: . .14/5/2007
:http://www.ao-academy.org/wesima_articles/library-20060523-456.html
57
.
.
.""
.
4- :
1.
""
.
1 Spiral of Silence Information of public opinion 09/09/2004 :www.tcw.utwente.nl/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Mass%20Media/spiral_of_
silence.doc
58
:
1-
.
2-
.
3-
1 .
" " .
.
--
.
1 : .25/7/2007
:http://www.alitthad.com/paper.php?name=News&file=article&sid=12750
59
1.
5- :
2
... .
.
:
3.
1 292293. 2 Cook,Fay Lomax, Tyler,Tom R ,And others: Media and Agenda Setting: Effects on the
Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy Makers, and Policy. Source: The Public Opinion,. Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Association for Public
Opinion Research, Vol. 47, No. 1, (Spring, 1983), p. 16 3 281.
60
" "
:
:
1
.
2 .
.
3
""""
"".
1 Agenda Setting Theory 09/02/2004 :http://www.tcw.utwente.nl/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Mass%20Media/Agenda-
Setting_Theory.doc/ 2 HONORS: COMMUNICATION CAPSTONE SPRING 2001 THEORY WORKBOOK
Agenda Setting Theory 12/6/2007 :http://www.uky.edu/~drlane/capstone/mass/agenda.htm
3 :-
2008 .150.
61
.
.
""
2007
)(
1.
""
""""
""
""
.
1 :
2006. . .
.2009.
62
63
"1"
.
.
.
.
.
1 :11/4/2008http://www.alrai.com/pages.php?opinion_id=1947
64
1.
2.
.
"
"3 .
.
-
.
1 Siune Karen :The Political Role of Mass Media in Scandinavia Source: Legislative Studies, Published by: Comparative Legislative Research Center.
Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 3, (Aug., 1987), pp. 395-414 2 .17/3/2008 . 3 15: ..
26 :11749 :18232=arabic&sid=php?lng.newsweekarticle/net.sep26.www://tpht
65
.
.
.
.
66
1.
.
.
.
2
1 : :15/8/2004
:http://www.islamonline.net/arabic/arts/2004/08/article10.shtml 2 Author(s): Roger Giner-Sorolla, Shelly Chaiken, Stacey Lutz: Validity Beliefs and Ideology
Can Influence Legal Case Judgments Differently, Source: Law and Human Behavior, Vol. 26, No. 5, (Oct., 2002), pp. 507-526 .
67
.
1.
"
.
"2.
.
1 : . : .1977 .21. 2
:_ -
:1186 - 2005/5/ 3 http://www.rezgar.com/debat/show.art.asp?aid=36615
68
1.
.
.
.
"" ""
""2
:
.
1 : :
- 20/2/2008: http://www.minfo.gov.ps/Docs/saha4.doc
2
14/8/2007 :http://alminbar.al-
islam.com/images/books/192.doc: .
1993 .
69
.
.
1:
1- .
2 -
.
3-
.
.
1 20/2/3008.
70
.
1965-1973
1948
19671.
2421967
""
2.
1970
.3
1 :- . .
:http://www.minfo.ps/menu_details.php?pid=62 2 . 3 Amal, jamal :The Palestinian Media: An Obedient Servant or a Vanguard of Democracy
Source, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 29, No. 3, (Spring, 2000), p. 43, Published by: University of California Press on behalf of the Institute for Palestine Studies
71
.
" ""
"""
1.
.
2:
1- .
2-
.
.
1
http://www.pnic.gov.ps/arabic/culture/press/press_nakba.html 2 .
72
:
1.
" .
"2.
/1973
""3.
""
1 : 1967-1985 : :
859) -1986( .. 39-54. 2 : . :
.1993 .37. 3
:
) 1/9-6/1974( :http://www.pnic.gov.ps/arabic/palestine/semester12.html
73
-
1 .
.
.
1975
.
1979
1982
2.
1 :13/5/2007 . :http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/CC562C2A-05DC-4023-9FEE-AFD0AC689D67.htm
2: :17102) -
-1995 .123- 153.
74
.""
""1981
1 .
".."
"."
.
.
2.
1973- 1987
1 /25/ /2007 http://arabmag.blogspot.com/2007/05/blog-post_6518.html
2 : :17
102) --1995( .
75
1
1988.
:
.
.
.
1987
""1987
""
1 : 1967-1985 : .
.
76
1 .
""
1988
""
""
""2.
.
3.
""
""
:
1-
.
2-
.
1 ::. 2003 .104. 2 .106. 3 .
77
1.
.
2.
""
.
3
:
.
1 :
:1990 .. 37-45. 2 . 3
18] [1988
:http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/doc/2004/03/article11.SHTML
78
""1988
181 2421
" "
".. "
.
)
(
.""
""
2.
)
(
.
."
"""
"
1 1947
221967 : "
. : / .2006 .88. 2 : .30/10/2004 .:
http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/827D13E9-B128-47F8-9EA3-7BF560815E63.htm
79
1994"1.
.
:
1-
.
2-
.
3-
.
: :
:
""
.
1 14/8/2007.
80
.
1994"
"1.
""
.
)(
1994-1996
" """
8/12/1994
2 "".
)(
1 :
) :(
1989 1993. . : .1995/ 874 - 879. 2 .
81
.
" "
".."""
" "
.
""
""
""
""
.
)
(
""
""
.
""1
.
1 :
.
21/3/1996 . /17/ /
/2005 :http://www.alresalah.info/alresalah/alkhalas%20movment/ta3reef.htm
82
1997""
1.
2001
2003 2.
.
)(
.
1995" :
"3.
) (
1 5/2/2007 :http://www.alresalah.info/alresalah/about%20us.htm 2 . 3 : . :
/1995 .29.
83
.
)
(
.
2000
" ."
)(
" "
.
) (
""
""
.
)( 2000 2005:
200320051.
1 : . : .2003 .113 -114 .
.312005 . : .35.
84
""
1.
:
1-
.
2-
.
3-
2005
"""".
2/3/2005.
""
1 : .114.
85
1996.
""
"" "
""1 .
25/1/2006.
""
) (.
."
"2.
""""
"
1 : :
-)/
-/2005 ( :http://www.pogar.org/arabic/govnews/2005/issue4/palestine.html
2
:
.14- 04- 07 20 :17
)1428 /2007 "( :http://www.elmokhtar.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=582
86
""
)( .
""
""""
1.
""
"".
19962.
" """
24/1/2006
3.
""
""
1: .
15/1/2006 . .http://www.maannews.net/ar/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&ID=17095
2
15/1/2006
:http://www.elaph.com/ElaphWeb/Politics/2006/1/120501.htm 3 :. 2006-2007
-200824/1/2006.
87
1.
"".
" "-
2.
)(
.
""""
" "" "
3 .
""""
" "
: """
" ""
1 :» «
31/1/2006 .
http://www.assabeel.info/inside/article.asp?version=628&newsid=12012§ion=77 : 2 : : ..
.19/4/2006 :http://www.maannews.net/ar/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&ID=25596
3 19/2/200636221.
88
""
.
""
"".
1.
)(
""
" "
" ".
" """
)("
."21/6/2006
:
"
"2.
.
1 : : 31/1/2006
:http://www.elaph.com/ElaphWeb/Politics/2006/1/124608.htm 2 :.
89
1/10/2006
""
""
""131001.
)(
14/6/2007
"".
: "
"
.
11/9/2007
""" "2006
.
.
1 :.... 16/1/2008 . : http://www.mediapal.org/printout.php?id=66&type=news
90
" "
"".
1.
2006
)(
.
."
" "
"2.
"".
1 12/1/2009. 2
: .1/2006/2
1426 :http://www.al-ayyam.com/znews/site/template/Doc_View.aspx?did=31200&Date=1/1/2006
91
)(
.
"
"1.
.
" "
.
) (2006 2007.
1 : : .
2003 18/7/2007 :http://www.adabwafan.com/display/product.asp?id=54127
92
.
2006""
""
.
" "
""
.
)(
.
.
93
.
""
1996.
.
1.
" "
.
)(
:
"
1 Kenneth Janda, Political Parties: A Cross-National Survey (New York: The Free Press, 1980http://janda.org/icpp/ICPP1980/Book/PART1/Ch.10_Centralization_of_Power/Ch.10p
114.htm
94
1.
)(
""
2.
" :- -
) (
"3.
"
"4
...
1 20/7 /2008. 2 :.. .11/12/2007 :
http://www.menassat.com/?q=ar/news-articles/2431 3. 4 :.4 . : .2004 .307.
95
.
.
:
1- :
.
:
- .
-
.
2- :
:
.
""
)(
96
2006.
""""
""
.
)
( :
1-
) (
.
2-
.
3- ) (
.
4-
.
5-
.
97
6-
.
.
86 %
-20%
36% 30 %14 %
1.
"
"2.
""
.
1 :)(
199620072008. 2 : .. .12/5 /2005 .
http://www.libya-almostakbal.net/MinbarAlkottab/May2006/essa_addawwama120506.htm
98
)(""
""""
.
.
.
.
1.
"
) " (
1 : . : . /
.2006 .
28-29.
99
) (
.
)(:
1-
.
2-
.
3-
.
4-
20/8/2008
27/8/2008
51.5%
26.35 %22.16 %
1." "
.
1 :
28/8/2008
:http://ekhbaryat.net/internal.asp?page=poll&pollid=7
100
101
:
""
""""
.
"" "".
:
1- :
) (
.1/1/2007
30/5/2007
)22(
""
)()(.
2- :
:
102
-
-
-
.
"
"
:
.
.
:
1-
2- )
.(
3-
4-
5-
103
"
"
)(
.
:
:
)1(
""
""
""
:
"
1997
"2.
""
.
1 .www.alresala.org .2007. 2 .
104
:
1999
.
16/5/2004.
:
.
.
2007
.
:1
""
-
1 :
. .2006.
105
21/3/1995 1997
1999
2006
14/6/2007
.
""
65-75 %
2001
".
2000
2005
2006
50002000
.
""
""
.
106
1
.
)( .
:
1-
.
.
1
: :
:http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/840/1/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%84%2033.doc
107
.
.) :
(.
.
.
.
.
)(
.
108
"" " .."1
53
"."
19/12/200632
2.
53.
""""
.
""
""
" :
:"
3".
:
1 : 7/1/20075. 2 1/1/2007 :http://www.fm-
m.com/2007/Jan2007/story17.htm 3 :
8/1/2007 .11 .
109
)(
.
" :.. " "
""
""
"1.
""
""
.
""
.
""
96
1.." " .
25/2/2007 .13.
110
21.
.
)(
2007
.
")80 (
""
802.
.
." :
"3.
1 :96
.22/1/200711. 2 :)80 (". 21/1/20073. 3 .
111
2007
.
" "":
" :"
"1.
-
.
""
.
" )) (1(..
"" :
)(:
1 : :. 26/3/2007.3.
112
...1."
:
.
--
.
.
"
"
.
")2 (
)"( 2
.
)(" :
.500.000.000) (
1 :)) (1 ( ."1/4 /2007
13. 2 :)2 () "( .
8/4/20078- 9.
113
"
40
12.500"1.
--
20035
2.
.
""
""
.
"..)3(
)("" :
)()()()
1 :)2 (. 2 2/5/2008 :http://www.guhaina.com/days0.html
114
()(
"1.
")4(16.000.000.000
""
2003
)4.(
:"
3
"" :)6(
)16.000.000.000(." :
""
2.
"
)5(.. "
" :""
1: ..) () 3 .(
15/4/2007 9. 2: )4 (16.000.000.000 .22/4/2008 .
7.
115
)2005()5000(
)0.004(%)100 (
)50(:
"1.
.
2.
29/3/2006""
""
.
1: .. .29/4/2007
8- 9. 2 . : .6/3/2008 :
http://www.insanonline.net/news_details.php?id=2953
116
)(
)(
.
" :
"1.
.
"""
. :
1 :19/7/2008.
117
"
"".
1 .
.
"2.
""
3 .
1: .29/3/2007 .11. 2 Youngjin Yoo and Maryam Alavi Media and Group Cohesion: Relative Influences on
Social Presence Task Participation, and Group Consensus, Source: MIS Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 3, (Sep, 2001), p. 383. Published by: Management Information Systems Research Center,
University of Minnesota 3 : .25/3/20074.
118
23/4/2007) (
"" :"
"1 .
6/5/2007" :
)(...
"."
" :
)
()(
)(
)(
"2.
.
1 : .23/4/200711. 2 :....)
.(6/5/20077.
119
)(
.
" :
"1.
2-
2007
-
"2 ".
1 15/4/2008. 2 . .9/2/2007 .13461 .1- 22 .
120
.
"
.
.
""
1/2/2007 "
" .
" :
"1.
1: .1/2/2007 .19.
121
"
"" :
... "1. "" :
"2.
)
(
.
""
.
25/2/2007"
"3.
.
1: .28/1/20072. 2 . 3 : .25/2/2007 .1.
122
1.
2
.
15/2/2007
--
)(
3.
"
"4.
1 :.11/3/2007 .16. 2 : :" " . .- 62007-
14134. 3 : .15/2/2007 .19. 4 .
123
.
.
25/3/2007
1.
"
"" :
"2.
""
.
1 : .25/3/2007 .2. 2 .11/3/2007 .6.
124
.
.
"".
)(
.
.
" "
.
""
.
)(
-
:"
125
"1.
""
...
-
2.
"
":"
""""3 .
..."
"4 .
.
1 : : .. .26/3/2007 .3. 2 :
.25/3/2007 .15. 3 : .15/4/2007 .14. 4 : .15/4/2007.12.
126
.
""
2007.
"..
" :"
.
" :
"1.
"
..":"
.
1: .. .12/4/2007 .3.
127
"1.
" :
...
"2.
".:"
:"
B
"3.
1 :... 13/5/2007 .
11. 2 .11. 3 :. : .9/4/2007 .2.
128
.
.
:"
2007
"1.
" :
.
"2.
1 .14/10/2008 2 .
129
" :
...
"1.
.
""
.
3-
""
.
1 .
130
.
.
.
"
"" :
"1 .
.""
1 :.11/1/2007
6.
131
.
""
)(
.
""
" :
.
...)(
)(
26"1.
""
"
"":
300
"2 .
1 : .11/2/2007. 2: .5/2/20073 .
132
""
.
""" :17
""
][
"1.
.
.
" :" "
" :
)(
1 : .3/2/20075.
133
."
1.
.
.
"
)(" :"
.
"2.
.
.
.
1: .12/2/2007 .7. 2 : .25/2/20072.
134
.
.
1432200
120
1.
:"
".... 2.
" :
""
)2/2("
"3.
""
1 : .3/2/200710. 2: .5/2/2007 .6 . 3 .
135
"1 :"
".
-
"
"2.
" :
)(.
"3 .
.
.
1 :" " .22/4/20076. 2 6 3: : 1/2/2007 .2.
136
""
.
:"
"1.
)(
)(
"2.
""
.
"
"" :
1 : .8/2/2007 .2 . 2 .
137
.
"1.
""
.
)(
.
"..
"
"
"2.
." :
1: .14/1/2007. 2 : .. .14/5/2007 .2.
138
.
.1.
":"
...
"2.
"
"" :
1200"3.
". "
""
".."
.
"
""." :
""
1 : .. .14/5/2007. 2. 2 : .25/3/2007 .8 3 .7.
139
"1.
.
.
.
.
.
" :
1 :" " .14/5/2007 .2.
140
""
"1.
""
" :
"2.
" :
.
"3.
:
1 16/5/2008. 2 14/10/2008. 3 .
141
%
%
%
5 31.25 10 40 15 36.5
5 31.25 7 28 12 29.2
6 37.5 8 32 14 34.1
16 100 25 100 41 100
:
-
)15 ()36.5 (%
)14 ()34.1(%
)12 ()29.2.(%
-
-
)10 ()40(%
8)32(%
)8 ()28.(%
142
-
)6 (
)37.5(%
)5 ()31.25.(%
" "
""
""
") "10 (40.%
" "
"")6 (
37.5.%
) (2007
14/6/2007 .
""
.
143
144
.
.
"
"
.
.
.
.
145
" :
.
"1.
.
.
" :
.
1 12/5/2008.
146
.
"1.
:
1-
.
2-
)(
.
"
2.
.
1 19/7/2008. 2 : !..
. /928. 16/6/2007 .29.
147
.
.
.
)(
.
" :
)( .
"1.
1" ... "
1/11/2007.
148
: "
1.
)(.
-
.
)(
" :
"2.
1 . 2 :. : .21/6/2008
http://arabic.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=33870&Itemid=35
149
.
""
.
1 .
.
1 :
:1/5/20008
:http://www.elaph.com/ElaphWeb/AsdaElaph/2006/11/191186.htm
150
.
:
.
)(
.
.
:
"
"1.
:
1 .15/4/2008
151
1- :
""
""
""
.
2- :
.
""
""
.
3- :
""
""
.
" "
""""
.
152
-
.
.
)(
"")(
" " """ "
"".
" "
153
2007""1.
""
""
:
1-
""
.
2- ""
.
"
87%
20072.
.
1 : .18/2/2008 .1. 2: :20/ .7/2008 .
:http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=ArticleA_C&cid=1216207916305&pagename=Z
one-Arabic-News/NWALayout
154
:
.
:
1-
...
.
2-
.
3-
.
4-
.
155
5-
.
156
: .: .1999.
: :
: . . .
: .4 . : .2004.
:. : .
2000.
: .:
.1982.
: . : .1999.
: .
: .1969.
: : :-
: .1999.
: :
: .1964.
157
: :
.1998.
: .
:. 2002.
" . :
/ .2006 .
:)
( : .2004.
: . :
.1993.
:
: .1999.
:
. :/1995 .
:.
:.. 1979.
: .3 . : .2005.
: .2 . : .2000.
: : .1981.
: :
362 1989.
158
: . :
.2004.
: . : .1977.
: : .1996.
: . :
.2004.
:. : .2003.
:4 :
.1998.
:
.2007.
. :. 2006.
: . : .
/ .2006.
928 16/6/2007.
:)(
:
.2008.49 -63.
159
:
""
20031- 75.
: .
..1993.
:.
2006-2007-2008.
:
)7( : .1998.
: -
2008.
:)
(19962007
2008.
:
.. .
16/5/2008.
160
.15/4/2008.
:. .14/10/2008.
:
12/5/2008.
. : .
. 19/7/2008.
:
. 20/7/2008.
:
.
15/4/2008.
: . .
14/8/2007.
:
:
.2001.88.
:
. : .2001 .16.
161
. :. 2001.201 .
" ..."
1/11/2007.
:
1427 22/6/2006.
:3622 19/2/2006.
: 3758 8/4/2006.
: 1/2/2007 .
:11/1/2007.
: 12/2/2007 .
: 12/4/200.
: 14/5/2007 .
:15/2/2007 .
:22/1/2007.
: 23/4/2007.
: 26/3/2007.
: 29/3/2007 .
162
: 5/2/2007.
:8/1/2007 .
:8/2/2007.
:9/4/2007.
:1/4 /2007.
:11/2/2007.
: 14/1/2007.
: 15/4/2007.
: 21/1/2007.
: 22/4/2008.
: 25/2/2007 .
:25/3/2007.
: 28/1/2007.
: 29/4/2007.
:3/2/2007.
:6/5/2007.
:7/1/2007.
163
:8/4/2007.
11 :/3/2007 .
.312005 . : .
35.
. .9/2/2007 .13461 .122.
) :(
1989 1993 .1 . : .
1995/ 874 - 879.
: . ..
3839 28/6/2006 .4.
A Roger Giner-Sorolla, Shelly Chaiken, Stacey Lutz: Validity Beliefs and
Ideology Can Influence Legal Case Judgments Differently, Source:
Law and Human Behavior, Vol. 26, No. 5, (Oct., 2002), pp. 507-526.
Agenda Setting Theory, 2004/2/2:
http://www.tcw.utwente.nl/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Ma
ss%20Media/Agenda-Setting_Theory.doc/
Amal, jamal :The Palestinian Media: An Obedient Servant or a
Vanguard of Democracy, Journal of Palestine Studies, Published by:
164
University of California Press on behalf of the Institute for Palestine
Studies, Vol. 29, No. 3, (Spring, 2000), p. 43.
C. Kenneth Fan, Bjorn Poonen, George Poonen: How to Spread Rumors
Fast, Mathematics Magazine.Published by: Mathematical Association
of America. Vol. 70, No. 1, (Feb., 1997), pp. 40-42.
Cook, Fay Lomax, Tom R. Tyler, tom and others: Media and Agenda
Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy
Makers, and Policy, The Public Opinion Quarterly, Oxford University
Press on behalf of the American Association for Public Opinion
Research, Vol. 47, No. 1, (Spring, 1983), pp. 16-35.
H. Taylor Buckner: A Theory of Rumor Transmission, Source: The
Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 1, (Spring, 1965), pp. 54-70.
Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of the American
Association for Public Opinion Research.
HONORS: COMMUNICATION CAPSTONE SPRING 2001
THEORY WORKBOOK, 2007/6/12: Agenda Setting Theory,
http://www.uky.edu/~drlane/capstone/mass/agenda.htm.
Kenneth Janda, Political Parties: A Cross-National Survey,The Free
press:
http://janda.org/icpp/ICPP1980/Book/PART1/Ch.10_Centralization_o
f _Power/Ch.10p114.htm
http://www.uky.edu/~drlane/capstone/mass/agenda.htm
165
Osterhout, Jessica: The Future of Newspapers. Printed newspapers
should remain. http://losgatosobserver.com/los-
gatos/Article.php?article_id=0382
Robert H. Knapp: A Psychology of Rumor, The Public Opinion Quarterly,
Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of the American
Association for Public Opinion Research, Vol. 8, No. 1, (Spring,
1944), pp. 22-37.
Siune, Karen: The Political Role of Mass Media in Scandinavia, Source:
Legislative Studies, Published by: Comparative Legislative Research
Center. Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 3, (Aug., 1987), pp. 395-414.
Spiral of Silence, Information of public opinion ,/2004 9/9:
http://www.tcw.utwente.nl/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Ma
ss%20Media/spiral_of_silence.doc
The University of the West Indies Mona, Jamaica: The media s role in
society: http://www.mona.uwi.edu/jct/documents/scott.pdf
Warren A. Peterson and Noel P.Gist: Rumor and Public Opinion. The
American Journal of Sociology, Published by: The University of
Chicago Press. Vol. 57, No. 2, (Sep.,1951),pp.159-167.
Newspapers: A Brief History, World Association of newspaper:
http://www.wan-press.org/article.php3?id_article=282
http://losgatosobserver.com/los-gatos/Articlehttp://www.mona.uwi.edu/jct/documents/scott.pdfhttp://www.wan-press
166
Youngjin Yoo and Maryam Alavi, Media and Group Cohesion: Relative
Influences on Social Presence Task Participation, and Group
Consensus, Source: MIS Quarterly, Published by: Management
Information Systems Research Center, University of Minnesota, Vol.
25, No. 3,(Sep, 2001), p. 383.
:
. :3/3//2007 / :
http://www.falasteen.com/spip.php?article4532&vo=77
: :
20//7/2008 . :
http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=ArticleA_C&cid=12162079
16305&pagename=Zone-Arabic-News/NWALayout
. : .6/3/2008
:http://www.insanonline.net/news_details.php?id=2953
: :
-
)/-/2005 (
:
http://www.pogar.org/arabic/govnews/2005/issue4/palestine.html
: .
25/7/2007 :
167
http://www.alitthad.com/paper.php?name=News&file=article&sid=12
750
:
14/8/2007 :
http://alminbar.al-islam.com/images/books/192.doc
:_
- :1186 .3/5/2005 :
http://www.rezgar.com/debat/show.art.asp?aid=36615
:
:
1/5/20008 :
http://www.elaph.com/ElaphWeb/AsdaElaph/2006/11/191186.htm
:» «
31/01/2006 .
http://www.assabeel.info/inside/article.asp?version=628&newsid=12012&s
ection=77
:
) (!
20-10-2006 :
http://www.alasr.ws/index.cfm?method=home.con&contentID=8323
: : . :
22 232005 :
http://www.awu-dam.org/politic/22-23/fkr22-23-002.htm
168
: :
.29/3/2006 :
http://www.alzaytouna.net/arabic/PlsToday_Word_Archive/PlsTdy_W_Ma
r_3_2006/Palestine
: 7/7
2007 :
http://www.amin.org/look/amin/article.tpl?IdLanguage=17&IdPublica
tion=7&NrArticle=41245&NrIssue=1&NrSection=2
:
28/8/2008 :
http://ekhbaryat.net/internal.asp?page=poll&pollid=7
: .12/3/2006
:http://www.pal-
media.net/main/main.php?catid=1&did=3876
:. : .
21/6/2008 :
http://arabic.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3
3870&Itemid=35
: :
15/8/2004 :
http://www.islamonline.net/arabic/arts/2004/08/article10.shtml
169
: .. .12/5 /2005 .
http://www.libya-
almostakbal.net/MinbarAlkottab/May2006/essa_addawwama120506.
htm
: .. . /20/6/2004
:http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/news/2004-
06/20/article07.shtml
:
. :
. :
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Ithaca/8257/arabref.doc
: .1/
2006/21426 :http://www.al-
ayyam.com/znews/site/template/Doc_View.aspx?did=31200&Date=1
/1/2006
: . :5/6/2006
:http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/02A83F7F-349D-43E1-
8BBC-F39D2269C810.htm
: :
28/3/2006 .
. :
http://www.alarabiya.net/Articles/2006/03/28/22350.htm
-
2006 .21/9/2008 :
170
http://www.elections.ps/pdf/ResultFinal_SEATS_DISTRIPUTION-
Ar.pdf
: :
http://www.pnic.gov.ps/arabic/culture/press/press_nakba.html
:
)
1/9-6/1974( :
http://www.pnic.gov.ps/arabic/palestine/semester12.html
15: ..
26 :11749
:
http://www.26sep.net/newsweekarticle.php?lng=arabic&sid=18232
: .
.14/5/2007 :http://www.ao-
academy.org/wesima_articles/library-20060523-456.html
:
18
] [1988 :
http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/doc/2004/03/article11.SHTML
: .27/4/2006
:http://news.media.gov.kw/2006/4/27-4-2006A.doc
: : .
2003 18/7/2007 :
http://www.adabwafan.com/display/product.asp?id=54127
171
:-
9/12/2005 . :
http://www.maannews.net/ar/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&ID=14120
:241
.2/3/2006 :
http://www.maannews.net/ar/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&ID=21105
: : ..
.19/4/2006.
http://www.maannews.net/ar/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&ID=25596
:
.15 / 01 / 2006 . .
http://www.maannews.net/ar/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&ID=17095
:11/4/2008
http://www.alrai.com/pages.php?opinion_id=1947
: 30/3/2003 . :
http://www.alriyadh.com/2003/03/30/article22432.html
25/7/2005 :
http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_archive.asp?FileName=365960742200
50724223339
172
1/1/2007 :http://www.fm-
m.com/2007/Jan2007/story17.htm
:.. .11/12/2007
:http://www.menassat.com/?q=ar/news-articles/2431
:
.14- 04- 07 20
:17) 1428 /2007 "( :
http://www.elmokhtar.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&si
d=582
2/5/2008 :
http://www.guhaina.com/days0.html
/25/5 /2007
http://arabmag.blogspot.com/2007/05/blog-post_6518.html
:" ."16/9/2008 :
http://www.alkhaleej.ae/portal/28146ae6-064a-4e6b-b6ab-
e0863212ca42.aspx
An-Najah National University Post Graduate Faculty
Palestinian Partisan Journalism Reliance on Rumors and the Impact on Political Development in the West Bank and Gaza
Strip (Fatah and Hamas Movements as a Model)
Prepared by Khalaf Jamal Yousef Khalaf
Supervised by Dr. Raed Nairat
This thesis was submitted to complement the requirements of the Masters Degree in Planning and Political Development at the Post Graduate Faculty at An-Najah National University in Nablus, Palestine.
2008
b
Palestinian Partisan Journalism Reliance on Rumors and the Impact on Political Development in the West Bank and Gaza Strip
(Fatah and Hamas Movements as a Model) Prepared by
Khalaf Jamal Yousef Khalaf Supervised by
Dr. Raed Nairat
Abstract
Traditionally, the Palestinian interest was focused on liberation and
the establishment of the Palestinian state, or specifically, on the pattern of
relationship with the Israeli occupation. However, thanks to a number of
developments, most important among which is the creation of the
Palestinian National Authority, the Palestinians began to form other
interests that could be summarized in achieving development, a great part
of it was in the political arena. However, a number of obstacles appeared
thwarting all theoretical and practical efforts to achieve this development,
among which was the absence of political stability.
After reviewing a group of factors that negatively impacted the
political stability, it became clear that one of the most important of these
factors could be framed within what this researcher had called "the rumors
in the partisan journalism," thus the researcher's interest in this topic, such
that this study is an attempt to reveal the form, nature, and the direction of
the relationship between rumors and political stability, and political
development, which is a compound relationship in that more than one
factor are tied to this relationship .
c
Building on that idea, the research was based on a basic hypothesis,
the gist of which says: that rumors in the Palestinian partisan journalism
negatively impact political development in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
This is illustrated by a few points, most prominent of which is that rumors
in the partisan journalism contributes to the eventual disintegration of the
Palestinian society, as well as create confusion among the citizens. Rumors
in partisan journalism creates a glum atmosphere, stirring tempers, making
the internal situation more tense, and creating a culture of hostility that
prevents the Palestinian national dialogue, given that every party uses it to
weaken, and libel the other party.
Testing the hypothesis required the researcher to divide the study
into five chapters. The First Chapter discussed the importance of the study,
its background, its hypothesis, and method, in addition to presenting a
literary review of the study. The Second Chapter, the researcher presented
a conceptual detailed description of the rumors, types, goals, methods of
influence, journalistic relevance, the public opinion, and the political
decision, to be immediately followed by the Third Chapter which presents
an introduction of the Palestinian partisan journalism, and including a
summary of its goals, history, and its relationship with rumors.
The goal of the last two chapters is to lay the foundation for a
theoretical rule, through which abstract concepts are converted into
procedural reality. This is what became apparent in Chapter Four which
included an analysis of a sample of the partisan journalism depending on a
scientific model developed by the research to measure the credibility of the
d
partisan journalism and its role in the internal Palestinian harmony, which
came as result of discussing three issues in which partisan journalism
played an influential role, they are: corruption within the Palestinian
Authority's ministries and institutions, the national unity government, and
the internal strife between Fatah and Hamas.
The Fifth and last chapter of the study included analysis of the
conclusions, most prominent among which is the Palestinian partisan
journalism as represented by a sample of the study, did not pay much
attention to the requirement of creating a dynamic atmosphere for a vital
civil society capable of making progress. Rather, it helped fuel the
Palestinian internal strife and reinforced the division among the political
parties over the national common denominators when it relied mostly on
misleading information and rumors.
The conclusions show that the partisan journalism played a major
role in simmering the emotions and promoting animosity within the
society. It even went further than that when it legitimized infighting as a
prelude to justifying it and making it more palatable. This thwarted the
possibility of creating a harmonious political body with all the parts
working in full cooperation and coordination, and forced the door wide
open for dissention in the West Bank and Gaza.
At the end of the study, the researcher recommended that Palestinian
partisan journalism take a number of coordinated and orderly steps in order
to improve its performance and enhance its situation, as well as gradually
strengthen its position. Among such recommendations was seeking
e
honesty, integrity, and thoroughness when covering events, as well as
eschewing rumors that only serve to confuse the Palestinian society as well
as disintegrate its stability and progress. Moreover, the researcher
recommended avoiding negative terms and expressions, adopting the
principle of accountability instead of mistrust and attacks.
Finally, the researcher recommended that Palestinian factions sign a
Letter of Media Principles or a Covenant of Media Honor that may lead to
crating a system to regulate the workings of partisan journalism in the
future, and specify its tasks. Moreover, the researcher recommended
organizing training courses and seminars for those working in the partisan
journalism.
This document was created with Win2PDF available at http://www.win2pdf.com.The unregistered version of Win2PDF is for evaluation or non-commercial use only.This page will not be added after purchasing Win2PDF.
http://www.win2pdf.com